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YESDİL – Türkiye’nin ÜDS & KPDS Markası yes grammar

1 YESDİL Eskişehir – Başka ilde şubemiz bulunmamaktadır.

TIM E & T ENSES IN ENGLISH İngilizcede on iki tense bulunmasına karşın past ve present olarak niteleyebileceğimiz sadece iki time bulunmaktadır. Bütün bu on iki tense ; past ve present dediğimiz zamanların türevleridir. Aşağıdaki tabloda bu tense’lerin isimleri ve kullanım biçimleri bulunmaktadır.

1. The Present Continuous Tense am/is/are + V ing He is running along the street.

2. The Simple Present Tense V1; am/is/are, do/does Sinan is a doctor. He likes playing basketball.

3. The Simple Past Tense V2; was/were, did Ali was my friend. He played chess very well as a child.

4. The Past Continuous Tense was/were + V ing My father was watching TV when

I left for school.

5. The Present Perfect Tense have/has + V 3

Steve has been the top student up to now.

6. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense have/has been + V ing It has been rainning since

yesterday.

7. The Past Perfect Tense had + V3 She had already left when her husband came.

8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense had been + V ing They had been cycling for two

hours before I ran into them.

9. The Simple Future Tenses will + V 1 / be going to + V1

Cenk will be a millionaire one day. He is going to be a father – his wife is pregnant.

10. The Future Continuous Tense

will be + V ing They will be working for us when our plane arrives tonight.

11. The Future Perfect Tense will have + V 3 They will have finished the meal when we reach there.

12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense will have been + V ing

He will have been working at the same company for ten years when he gets retired next year.

Şimdi sırasıyla tablodaki tense’leri inceleyeceğiz. 1. The Present Continuous Tense

� am/is/are + V ing � Beş yerde kullanılır. � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları: Now, right now, at the moment, at present,

for the time being, currently, these days, etc.



1. At the Time of Speaking(now) Konuştuğumuz anda yapıyor olduğumuz eylemleri ifade ederken bu tense’i kullanırız. Yapmıyor olduğumuz eylemleri de ifade edebiliriz.

� “What are you doing here in the room alone?”

“I am just trying to concentrate on my project.” � She is not talking now.

� They are listening to the radio. � Is he reading his book?

2. When Talking about Ongoing Events

Konuştuğumuz anda yapmadığımız ama bu aralar , bu sıralar yaptığımız eylemlerden de bahsederken yine bu tense’i kullanırız. Bu anlamda; nowadays, these days, this term, this year, this semester, at the moment,etc. gibi zaman zarfları kullanılabilir. Not: Aşağıda bulunan örnekler bir restoranda çay yudumlarken kullanılabilir.

� “Have you seen Merve these days?”

“Yes, she is looking after her little sister. You know her mother is in the hospital now.” � “Where do you work now?”

“I work at a company.” (Şirkette çalışmaya devam edeceğim kesin.) “I’m working at a company.” (Şu anda çalışıyorum ama devam edip etmeyeceğim kesin değil.)

� I’m reading the book Animal Farm.

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE

NOW



3. When Talking about Changes Happening around Now

Belli bir süreç içerisinde değişen olayları ifade etmek için yine bu tense’i kullanırız. Burada gitgide, gittikçe anlamına gelen comparative (more and more, -er –er) yapıları çok sık kullanılır.

� It is getting darker and darker.

(Gittikçe hava kararıyor.) � Walking uphill is becoming more and more difficult.

(Yokuş yukarı yürümek gittikçe daha da zorlaşıyor.) � He’s getting fatter and fatter.

(Gitgide şişmanlıyor.) 4. When Complaining about Something(always) Bizi kızdıran ve sürekli tekrar eden bir durumdan rahatsızlığımızı ifade etmek için bu tense’i kullanırız. Bu kullanım Simple Present Tense’e benzese de şikayet anlamında olduğu için bu tense’ten ayrılır. Burada “always, constantly, repeatedly, etc.” gibi zarflar kullanılır. � You are always breaking something. Try to be more careful!

� She is constantly talking . I wish she would shut up.

� You are repeatedly interrupting me when I talk. Please don’t do that again.

5. With Future Meaning Gelecek zamanda kesin olarak yapmayı düşündüğümüz eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız.

� I am sitting the history exam tomorrow. (Yarın kesin sınava girecek, sınav yarın.)

� I am going on holiday next Monday. (Yolculuk bileti Pazertesi’ye alınmış.) � He is giving a lecture on human rights tomorrow. (Programa göre yarın ders verecek.)

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



� Bu kullanımı diğer “future” anlam ifade eden iki tense’le karşılaştıralım. 1. She will leave tomorrow. 2. She is going to leave tomorrow. 3. She is leaving tomorrow. = She will be leaving tomorrow.

Yukardaki üç cümleyi gerçekleşme olasılığı açısından ele alırsak, gerçekleşme ihtimali en yüksek olan sırasıyla üçüncü, ikinci ve birinci cümlelerdir. Yani kesinliği en yüksek olan “She is leaving/will be leaving tomorrow” cümlesidir. Birinci cümle konuşma esnasında düşünülüp verilen kararlarda ifade edilir. İkinci cümle ise planlanmış gelecek olarak düşünülebilir; ancak yine de üçüncü cümleye oranla gerçekleşme olasılığı daha azdır. 2. The Simple Present Tense � V1; am/is/are, do/does � Altı yerde kullanılır. � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları: Always, often, sometimes, seldom, never,

etc., every day(daily), every week(weekly), every month, every summer, every year, etc. 1. Repeated Actions Sürekli tekrarlanan eylemlerde, alışkanlıklarda, hobilerde ya da zaman çizelgelerinde kullanılır.

� Sema usually gets up at seven o’clock. � Do you speak English? � They sometimes dine out . � I go to the cinema every week. � She never eats meat. � The train leaves every morning at 9:00. � He is a teacher. � She is afraid of dogs.

Not : Gelecek tabloda Present Tense’le yaygın olarak kullanılan Sıklık Zarfları (Adverbs of Frequency) gösterilmiştir.

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

1. always(constantly) her zaman, sürekli + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

2. nearly always(almost always) neredeyse her zaman + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

3. usually(generally, normally) genelde + + + + + + + + + + +

4. regularly (often, frequently) sıklıkla + + + + + + +

5. sometimes(periodically) bazen + + + +

6. occasionally(now and then, once in a while) ara sıra + + +

7. rarely(seldom, infrequently) nadiren + +

8. hardly ever(scarcely ever, almost never)

neredeyse hiçbir zaman +

9. Never asla

2. Natural Events and General Truths Doğa kanunlarını ve her zaman geçerliliği olan kanunları ya da kuralları bu tense ile ifade ederiz. Aynı zamanda bir kişinin karakterinden ya da nasıl biri olduğundan bahsettiğimiz zaman yine bu tense’i kullanırız. � Water boils at 100°C.

� The earth revolves around the sun.

� Mount Everest is the highest point in the world.

� Dogs hate cats.

� The atmosphere of the world is composed of several gases.

� Steve is a truly loyal student.

� Merve has brown eyes.

� The camera never lies .

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



3. Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Yakın gelecekte olacak herhangi bir etkinliğin başlangıç ve bitiş saatlerinden bahsettiğimizde bu tense’i kullanabiliriz. Genelde toplu taşımacılıkla ilgili zaman çizelgelerinde kullanılsa da diğer programlanmış etkinlikler için de kullanılabilir. � The train leaves at 7 pm .

� The plane departs at 12. � The bus doesn’t arrive at 6 pm , it arrives at 6 am .

� The party starts at 9.

� Aşağıdaki cümlelerin arasında bulunan farka dikkat ediniz.

1. Our lessons normally begin at 9 am and finish at 2 pm every day . (Repeated Action)

- The lesson begins at 9 am tomorrow and finishes at 2 pm . (Near Future)

2. The first ferry to Kınalı Ada leaves at 5 am daily . (Repeated Action)

- The first ferry to Kınalı Ada leaves at 5 am tomorrow . (Near Future) 4. Headlines Gazete manşetlerinde Simple Past Tense ile aktarılması gereken gerçekleşmiş, bitmiş olaylar bu tense ile aktarılabilir. � The police eventually capture the murderer. (captured)

� The prime minister assembles his cabinet. (assembled)

� Galatasaray gets the UEFA cup. (got)

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



5. When Reporting Matches

Maç anlatımları bu tense ile yapılır. � Gerard passes the ball to Beckham. He kicks it and he scores a goal.

6. When Using Non-Continuous Verbs with Present Con tinuous Meaning

Hareketsiz fiillerle. Daha önce; konuştuğumuz anda yaptığımız eylemleri ifade etmek için Present Continuous Tense’i kullandığımızı belirtmiştik. Ancak ingilizcede Non-Continuous Verbs olarak adlandırılan hareketsiz fiiller “V ing ” alamadığı için bu tarz fiillerle Present Continuous Tense kullanılamaz . Bu durumda Simple Present Tense kullanılır . Bu konuyu daha iyi anlamak için İngilizcedeki fiil yapısına bir göz atalım. Types of Verbs İngilizcede fiiller; 1.Normal Verbs , 2.Non-Continuous Verbs ve 3.Mixed Verbs olmak üzere üç gurupta incelenebilir. 1. Normal Verbs Bu fiiller; walk, eat, run, fly, talk, etc. gibi dışarıdan gözlemlenebilen hareketli fiillerdir. “V ing ” ile kullanılabilirler. � I am walking now. � The kids were swimming .

� She is walking every day. � He was singing .

2. Non-Continuous Verbs Bu fiiller; duyu, his, durum bildiren hareketsiz fiillerdir. Hareketsiz oldukları için de “V ing ” ile kullanılamazlar . Şimdiki zamanda Simple Present Tense(yapar, ister, vs.) ile kullanılsalar da Türkçeye Present Continuous Tense(yapıyor, istiyor, vs.) biçiminde çevrilirler. Like, love, hate, fear, be, want, wish, understand, need, seem, belong, own, etc. gibi fiiller harektsiz fiillere örnek olarak verilebilir.

PAST FUTURE

NOW



� I want / am wanting to stay at home. (Evde kalmak istiyorum.) � I like / am liking classical music. (Klasik müzikten hoşlanıyorum.) � She hates / is hating horror films. (Korku filmlerinden nefret eder/ediyor.)

Yukarıda gördüğünüz gibi harektsiz filler Present Continuous Tense ile kullanılamaz. Hareketsiz fiiller tabiki sadece yukarıdaki fiiller ile sınırlı değildir. Ancak bütün hareketsiz fiillerin bazı ortak özellikleri vardır. Bunlar: 1- Eylem asla dışarıdan gözlemlenemez. 2- Eylem asla hareketli olamaz. 3- Eylem asla bir gayret, güç gerektirmez. Şimdi isterseniz bunu ispatlamak için mini bir test uygulayalım. - love (Non-Continuous Verb) • Biri size bakarak neyi sevip sevmediğinizi anlayamaz. • Sevmek hareketli bir fiil değildir. • Birini sevmek için herhangi bir gayret ya da güç harcamanıza gerek yoktur. - run (Continuous Verb) • Biri size bakarak koşup koşmadığınızı anlar. • Koşmak hareketli bir fiildir. • Koşmak için gayret ya da güç harcamanız gerekmektedir. Bu formülü uygulayarak herhangi bir fiilin hareketli olup olmadığını anlayabilirsiniz. 3. Mixed Verbs Bu fiillerin biri hareketli diğeri hareketsiz olan iki anlamı vardır. Hereketli olan anlamlarıyla “V ing ” ile kullanılabilirler. Ancak hareketsiz olan anlamlarıyla “V ing ” ile kullanılamazlar . Şimdi çift anlamı olan bu fiilleri inceliyelim. � Smell:

- “kokmak” → hareketsiz

� The flower smells wonderful.

- “koklamak” → hareketli

� She is smelling the flower now.(Şimdi çiçeği kokluyor.) � She smells the flowers every day.(Çiçekçiyse hergün koklayabilir.)



� Taste:

- “Bir nesnenin tadından bahsetti ğimizde” → hareketsiz

� The coffee tastes good.(Kahvenin tadı güzeldir.)

- “tatmak” → hareketli

� She is tasting the soup.(Çorbayı tadıyor.) � Have:

- “sahip olmak” → hareketsiz

� I have a car.

- “have + a noun(a walk, a run, a talk, a shower, l unch, breakfast, etc.)” → hareketli

� She is having lunch with her friends at the moment.(Burada bir eylem söz konusudur.

Bu yüzden sahip olmak anlamı yok.) � Think:

- “sanmak, farzetmek” → hareketsiz

� I think you are right.

- “dü şünmek, akıl yürütmek, tasarlamak” → hareketli

� He is thinking about leaving her present job.

� Weigh:

- “X ağırlığında olmak” → hareketsiz

� The butcher weighs 90 kg.(Kasap 90 kilo ağırlığındadır./Kasap 90 kilodur.)

- “tartmak” → hareketli

� The butcher is weighing the meat.(Kasap eti tartıyor.)

� See:

- “görmek” ve “anlamak” → hareketsiz

� Now I see her walking across the street. (Şu anda caddeyi geçtiğini görüyürum.) � Oh! I see what you mean. (Ne kastettiğinizi anlıyorum.)



- “görü şmek” → hareketli

� Mr. Tunaveli is seeing some clients now. � The boss is seeing the maneger right now. � The doctor is seeing some patients.

� Appear:

- “görünmek” → hareketsiz

� Alex appears confused.

- “ortaya çıkmak” → hareketli

� A mouse is appearing from under the sofa. � Look:

- “görünmek” → hareketsiz � Donna looks tired.

- “bakmak” → hareketli

� Donna is looking at the picture.

� Be:

- “Sabit bir durum oldu ğunda” → hareketsiz

� She is a nurse. � They are very rich.

- “Konu şma anındaki bir de ğişimi ifade ederken” → hareketli

� He is being rude. (Normalde kaba değil “bu aralar kabalaşıyor” anlamını verir.)

� Miss:

- “özlemek” → hareketsiz

� I miss my country a lot.

- “kaçırmak” → hareketli

� Jack is missing his favourite program.



� Feel:

- “hissini vermek” → hareketsiz

� This chair feels comfortable (Sandelye çok rahat.) � Silk feels smooth. (İpek pürüzsüzdür.)

- “hissetmek” → hareketli ve hareketsiz olarak kullanılabilir.

� I am feeling better today. (Kendimi daha iyi hissediyorum.) � I feel better today. (Kendimi daha iyi hissediyorum.)

- “elle yoklamak” → hareketli

� The tailor is feeling the material. (Terzi kumaşı elle yokluyor.)

Not : “Have” and “Have got” Sahiplik bildiren “have/has” ve “have got/has got” anlamca eşittir. Ancak aralarında yapısal bir farklılık vardır. Negatif cümlelerde ve sorularda her ikisinin farklı yardımcı fiillerle kullanıldıklarına dikkat ediniz. � I have a lot of money. = I have got a lot of money.

� I don’t have any friends. = I haven’t got any friends.

� He has a big house. = He has got a big house.

� “Do you have any magazines?” = “Have you got any magazines?”

“Yes, I do ./No, I don’t .” “Yes, I have ./No I haven’t .” � “Does he have a good memory?” = “Has he got a good memory?”

“Yes, he does ./No, he doesn’t .” “Yes, he has ./No, he hasn’t . � “Did he have a problem?” = NO USAGE

“Yes, he did ./No, he didn’t .” = NO USAGE Not : Sahiplik anlamında “had got” ve “hadn’t got” diye bir kullanım yoktur.



EXERCISE 1: 1- 25. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. Whom ---- you ---- to see?

A) do / want B) are / wanting

2. I ---- to talk to Mr. Smith right now.

A) am wishing B) wish

3. The curtain ---- very soft. A) feels B) is feeling

4. Özkan ---- 63 kilos.

A) weighs B) is weighing 5. Look! Fatma ---- the wood she has

brought from the forest.

A) is weighing B) weighs

6. What the hell are you talking about? Stop it! You ---- nasty!

A) are B) are being

7. Women, whether by nature or not, always ---- good.

A) are smelling B) smell

8. The coffee ---- good, and it is tasty as

well.

A) smells B) is smelling 9. My father ---- the news every night.

A) is watching B) watches

10. It is time to go! It ---- dark.

A) gets B) is getting 11. Tolga ---- a big mansion in the centre of

the city.

A) has B) is having

12. She ---- difficulty speaking to her native friends in England currently.

A) is having B) has

13. “Would you like to have some tea?” “No, thanks. I ---- tea.”

A) am not liking B) don’t like

14. Please wait! I ---- to talk to you.

A) am needing B) need

15. “Do you read books regularly?” “Yes. I ---- books almost every day.”

A) read B) am reading 16. “What are you doing here alone?” “I ---- about how to cope with my

mischievous students.” A) think B) am thinking

17. Hi from Alanya! I ---- a fantastic time

here. My holiday is just wonderful.

A) have B) am having 18. To be honest, sometimes I ---- my family.

A) miss B) am missing

19. Bears mostly ---- in forests.

A) live B) are living



20. Debbie ---- tired.

A) is looking B) looks

21. Ray and Dick ---- glasses.

A) are wearing B) wear

22. This jacket ---- to me.

A) belongs B) is belonging

23. You ---- what I mean.

A) are knowing B) know 24. Gases ---- when heated.

A) are expanding B) expand

25. I ---- you well.

A) understand B) am understanding

3. The Simple Past Tense � V2; was/were, did � Üç yerde kullanılır. � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları: Two years ago, five months ago, yesterday,

last week, last year, in 1980, in 2001, etc. Simple Past Tense fiillerin ikinci hali ile kullanılır. Fiillerin ikinci halleri düzenli(regular) olabildiği gibi düzensiz de (irregular) olabilir. Düzenli fillere çeşitli şekillerde –ed takısı eklenerek receive – received, save – saved, talk – talked, stop – stopped, grab – grabbed, try – tried, cry – cried, play – played, betray – betrayed etc. Simple Past Tense yapılır. Ancak düzensiz filler için belli bir kural eat – ate, speak – spoke, drink – drank, keep – kept, take – took, hold – held, make – made, bring – brought, teach – taught, spend – spent, send – sent, etc. yoktur. 1. Completed Action in the Past Geçmişte tamamlanmış olayları, eylemleri, durumları aktarırken bu tense’i kullanırız. � I graduated from university two years ago. � They washed their car yesterday.

� They left the country last year. � Did you see your uncle last week?

� Did you go to the cinema last night? � I didn’t see Jim yesterday.

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

X



2. Duration in the Past Geçmişte başlayıp geçmişte biten süreçleri bu tense’le ifade edebiliriz. Bu uzun zaman dilimlerini; for two years, for three weeks, all year, all day, etc. gibi zarflarla belirtebiliriz. � I lived in New York for three years. � They played chess all day.

� He studied Japanese for six years. � He watched TV all night.

3. Habits in the Past(used to) Geçmişte belli bir süre devam eden ve yine geçmişte biten alışkanlıklarımızı aktarırken bu tense’i kullanırız. Bunun bir önceki maddede bulunan kullanımdan farkı; genelde always, often, usually, when I was a young man, as a child, etc. gibi ifadelerle kullanılmasıdır. Böylelikle alışkanlık olduğu daha iyi anlaşılmaktadır. Burada “V 2”; yapardım anlamına gelen ve alışkanlıklarda kullanılan “used to V 1” ile aynı anlama sahiptir. � When I was a kid, I played the violin. (Çocukken keman çalardım.)

� I wore braces as a child. (Çocukken diş teli takardım.)

4. The Past Continuous Tense � was/were + V ing � İki yerde kullanılır. � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları: This time last year, this time yesterday, this

time last week, at this hour two days ago, etc. 1. Specific Duration in the Past Bu tense geçmişte belli bir noktada gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu eylemler genellikle çok uzun davam eden eylemler de ğildir .

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



� This time yesterday, I was driving the car to home. � This time last week, I was lying on my back listening to my favourite song.

� When you phoned, I was watching TV.

� The phone rang while I was studying .

� Two years ago between April and May, my friends were traveling around the country.

(“Between April and May” nispeten uzun bir zaman aralığı olduğu için burada “were taveling” yerine “traveled” da kullanılabilir.)

� Our teacher was studying History at İstanbul University from 1998 to 2000.

(“From 1998 to 2000” ifadesi yine uzun bir zaman aralığı olduğu için burada da “was studying” yerine “studied” kullanılabilir.)

� Daha önce de değinildiği gibi geçmişte uzun süre ya da sürekli yaptığımız eylemleri ya da

alışkanlıklarımızı ifade ederken Simple Past Tense’i kullanırız. Bu anlamda “used to V 1” ya da “would do” da kullanılabilir. Aşağıda bulunan örneklerimizin birincisinde uzun bir zaman dilimi olduğu için Simple Past Tense, ikincisinde de kısa süreli bir zaman dilimi olduğu için Past Continuous Tense kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz.

1. She danced/used to dance/ would dance professionally in her twenties. (Yirmili yaşlarındayken profesyonelce dans ederdi.) Uzun bir zaman dilimi söz konusu. 2. She was dancing frantically when I saw her at the party yesterday. (İçeri girdiğimde dans ediyordu.) Geçmişte nispeten daha kısa süreli belli bir nokta söz konusu. “Used to” and “Would do” Şimdi yeri gelmişken “used to V 1” ile “would do” arasındaki farkı görelim. Her iki yapıyı da geçmişte uzun bir zaman diliminde yaptığımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanabiliriz; ancak aralarında ufak bir fark vardır. “Used to V 1” yapısı hem hareketli fiillerle, yani “V ing ” alabilen fiillerle, hem de hareketsiz fillerle, yani “V ing ” alamayan fillerle kullanılırken “would do” sadece hareketli fiilerle kullanılır. Şunu da belirtmek gerekir ki “would do” nun başka anlamları da vardır. � I used to speak / would speak English fluently when I was in England. (speak hareketli

fiil.) � People used to think / would think that the world was flat. (think hareketsiz fiil.)

Examples: 1. I ---- stroll around here in my heydays.

A) used to B) would

2. She ---- believe that she was going to be a prin cess.

A) used to B) would



3. Ali ---- swim very fast when he was at universit y.

A) used to B) would

4. They ---- have a miserable life in their hometow n.

A) used to B) would

5. He ---- play basketball in high school.

A) used to B) would

Explanation: Hangi şıkkın doğru olduğuna karar vermek için fiillerin hareketli ve hareketsiz olma durumlarına dikkat edilmelidir. 2. ve 4. soruların doğru cevabı sadece A şıkkı olurken diğer sorularda her iki seçenek de doğrudur. Not :

When and While Past Contınuous Tense; when ve while zaman bağlaçlarıyla çok sık kullanılır. When ; genelde “was/were + V ing ” yapısını karşı cümlesine alırken while bu yapıyı hemen yanına alır. Bir eylem devam ederken başka bir eylemin meydana geldiğini ifade etmek istiyorsak aşağıdaki cümle yapılarını kullanırız. � When I spotted her, she was driving her car. (When + nokta) - While she was driving her car, I spotted her. (While + süreç) � Her friends were singing when she got in. (When + nokta) - She got in while her friends were singing. (While + süreç)

2. When Complaining about Something(always) Geçmişte bizi kızdıran ve sürekli tekrar eden bir durumdan rahatsızlığımızı ifade etmek için kullanırız. Şikayet anlamındaki bu kullanım daha önce Present Continuos Tense’te de geçmişti. Burada da “always, constantly, repeatedly, etc.” gibi zarfların kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz. � I didn’t like her as she was always complaining .

� He was constantly asking personal questions. I got fed up with his questions.

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



5. The Present Perfect Tense � have/has + V 3 � İki yerde kullanılır. Present Perfect Tense, Simple Present Tense ve Simple Past Tense arasındadır. Yani bir ayağı geçmişte diğer ayağı da şimdiki zamandadır. Bu tense’in diğer dillerde tam karşılığı olmadığı için ve aktarılan mesajın muhatap tarafından net bir biçimde algılanmasını sağladığı için kusursuz anlamına gelen “perfect” kelimesiyle ifade edilmiştir. Bu tense’in bir dizi kullanım biçimini gelecek iki ba şlık altında toplayabiliriz. Şimdi sırasıyla bunları görelim. 1. Unspecified Time Before Now 6 ayrı maddede inceleyece ğiz. Madde 1: Geçmişte yaptığımız olayları, yaşadığımız deneyimleri spesifik bir zaman ifadesi (yesterday, two years ago, last week, when I was a child, at that moment, that day, etc.) vermeden aktardığımızda Present Perfect Tense’i kullanırız. Ancak aynı eylemleri spesifik bir zaman ifadesi kullanarak aktarıyorsak bu sefer Simple Past Tense’i kullanırız. � Hakan has moved to another house. → Hakan moved to another house last week.

� She has resigned from her job. → She resigned from her job last month.

� They have sold their car. → They sold their car two years ago.

� Geçmişteki eylemleri spesifik bir zaman ifadesi kullanmıyor fakat past bir zaman ifadesi ima ediyorsak yine Simple Past Tense’i kullanırız. Aşağıdaki iki örneği inceleyelim.

� I didn’t visit the museum during my holiday in İstanbul. (Tatilin past zamanda olduğu ima

edilmiş.)

- I haven’t visited any museum in my life. (Hem zaman ifadesi yok hem de past bir ima yok.)

� They gave us all the information we needed when we asked them. (Past ima var.)

- They have given us all the information we needed. (Hem zaman ifadesi yok hem de past

bir ima yok.)

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?



Present Perfect Tense ile ever, never, once, twice, three times, many times, several times, before, up to now, etc. gibi spesifik olmayan zaman ifadeleri kullanılabilir. � She hasn’t seen this place in her life. � I have never heard such rubbish.

� She has come here two times before. � They have played well up to now.

� I have been to Spain three times. � “Have you ever met her?” “No, I have not

met her.” Madde 2:

Yakın geçmişte meydana gelen fakat etkisi ya da sonuçları günümüzde devam eden olayları aktarırken Present Peprfect Tense kullanırız. Bu durumu tam olarak kavrayabilmek için bu tense’in İngilizcede günlük konuşmada en fazla kullanılan tense olduğunu göz önünde bulundurmak gerekir. Yani aslında Türkçede de günlük konuşmada en fazla kullandığımız tense bu tense’tir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyelim. � I have broken my leg. (Bacağımı kırdım ve hala ağrısı geçmedi.)

- I broke my leg. (Bacağımı kırdım fakat şu an iyileşmiş durumda.)

� I have lost my keys. (Anahtarlarımı kaybettim, dışarda kaldım ya da eve giremiyorum.)

- I lost my keys. (Anahtarlarımı kaybettim fakat olayın şokunu üzerimden atmış

durumdayım.) Madde 3:

Present Perfect Tense ve Simple Past Tense arasında “this morning, this afternoon, today, this week, this year, etc.“ gibi present olan zaman ifadelerinin kullanımında önemli farklılıklar vardır. Şimdi bu farklılıklara dikkat edelim. � I haven’t seen my teacher today.(Günün bitmediğini ve hocasını görme şansının hala

devam ettiğini anlıyoruz.

- I didn’t see my teacher today.(Gün henüz bitmese de artık hocasını görme şansı kalmamıştır.)

� She has passed all her exams this year.(Yıl içinde hala girecek olduğu sınavlar olduğunu

anlıyoruz.)

- She passed all her exams this year.(Henüz aynı yıl içerisinde olmasına rağmen artık sınav dönemi bitmiştir.)

� Galatasaray has won all of its matches this season.(Sezon içerisinde Galatasaray’ın daha

oynayacak maçları olduğunu anlıyoruz.)

- Galatasaray won all of its matches this season. (Galatasarayın maçları bitmesine rağmen sezon daha bitmemiştir.Galatasaray’ın maç fazlası olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.)



Madde 4: Daha önce gerçekleşen ya da yapılan bir olayın tekrarlanma ihtimali varsa Present Perfect Tense

kullanılır; ancak tekrarlanma şansı yoksa Simple Past Tense tercih edilir. � He has written five books. (Beş adet kitap yazdı bir altıncısını yazabilir.)

- He wrote five books. (Beş kitap yazdı ama altıncısını yazma ihtimali yok.)

� The artist has painted three pictures. (Ressam üç adet resim çizmiş dördüncüsünü

çizebilir.)

- The artist painted three pictures. (Ressam üç adet resim çizmiş dördüncüsünü çizme ihtimali yok.)

� Henüz tamamlanmamış fakat yakında tamamlanmasını beklediğimiz bir olayı ifade etmek için Simple Past Tense değil Present Perfect Tense kullanırız.

� Cenk hasn’t finished his homework yet.

� Tolga has still not come .

� The snow hasn’t stopped yet.

� Top yekün insanlığın ya da birey olarak tek başına bir insanın elde etmiş oldukları başarılar spesifik bir zaman ifadesi kullanılmaması şartıyla Present Perfect Tense ile ifade edilir.

� Man has set foot on the Moon.

� Scientists have split the atom.

� Serkan has learned how to swim.

Madde 5: - This is the first / second / third, etc. time (tha t) + Present Perfect Tense

� This is the first time I have seen a hyena.

� This is the second time she has ridden a horse, so she should be careful.

- This is + Superlative (that) + Present Perfect Ten se � This is the best film I have ever seen .

� Michael Schumacher is the world's fastest racing driver that has ever competed in

Formula 1.



Madde 6: Present Perfect Tense’in “gone” ve “been” fiilleri ile kullanımı. • Eğer kişi, bir yere gitmiş ise “gone” fiilini kullanırız. Sözü edilen kişinin diyalo ğun geçti ği

yerde bulunmaması gerekmektedir. � “Where is the teacher?” “He has gone to hospital to visit his mother.” (Annesini ziyaret için

hastaneye gitti.) Öğretmen şu an diyaloğun geçtiği yerde değil. � “Have you seen the president?” “Don’t you know he has gone to Ankara for a meeting.”

(Toplantı için Ankara’ya gitti.) Başkan şu an diyaloğun geçtiği yerde değil.

• Eğer daha önce herhangi bir yerde bulunduğumuzu belirtmek istiyorsak “been” fiilini kullanılırız. � “Have you been to Ankara before?” (Daha önce Ankara’da bulundun mu?)

“Yes, I have been there three times.” (Evet daha önce Ankara’da üç kez bulundum.) 2. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Geçmişte başlayıp konuştuğumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için Present Perfect Tense’i kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu kullanım daha çok be, have, know, love, etc. gibi hareketsiz fiillerle yaygındır. Hareketli fiillerde daha çok biraz sonra ayrıntılı bir şekilde göreceğimiz Present Perfect Continuous Tense tercih edilir. � I have had this car for two years.

� Ceren’s school work has been much better recently.

� I have known all about you since last week.

Üstteki bütün örneklerde fiiller geçmişte başlayıp konuşulan ana dek devam etmektedir.

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



6. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense � have/has been + V ing Present Perfect Continuous Tense tıpkı Present Perfect Tense gibi geçmişte başlayıp konuştuğumuz ana kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında ikisi birbirine eş değer tense’ler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak aralarında benzerlikler olsa da farklılıklar da vardır. Şimdi maddeler halinde bu iki tense arasında bulunan farklılık ve benzerliklere bir göz atalım. The Present Perfect Tense & The Present Perfect Con tinuous Tense Bu iki tense arasında bulunan farklılık ve benzerlikleri beş maddede inceleyeceğiz. Madde 1: Bazı fiiller her iki tense ile de kullanılır. Geçmişte başlayıp konuştuğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da daha yeni bitmiş eylemleri ifade etmek için aşağıdaki fiilleri her iki tense ile de kullanabiliriz. expect lie rain snow study want hope live sleep stand teach work learn work sit stay wait � She has lived/has been living in Ankara since last year.

� Cathy has worked/has been working for the General Electric Corporation lately.

Yukarıda bulunan örneklerde her iki tense’i kullanmak mümkünse de geçmişten günümüze uzunca bir süredir devam edegelen eylemler kısa bir süre sonra bitecek ise Present Perfect Tense yerine Present Perfect Continuous Tense’i kullanmamız daha doğru olur. Çünkü geçici durumları ifade etmek için Continuous Tense’ler tercih edilir. Not : Hareketsiz olsalar da “want” ve “wish” fiilleri Present Perfect Continuous Tense ile kullanılır. Ancak diğer hareketsiz fiillerde Present Perfect Continuous Tense yerine Present Perfect Tense kullanılmalıdır.

� My parents have been wanting to live in a big house since we moved out of the village,

but they can’t afford one.

� I have been wishing to teach at the university since I got my teaching diploma. � Jack has had/has been having his house for three years.( “have” hareketsiz bir fiildir.)

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



� Dick has been/has been being out of prison for five months.( “be” hareketsiz bir fiildir.) � Ever since Nancy met Brian at a party, she has loved/has been loving him. ( “love”

hareketsiz bir fiildir.) Madde 2: Bir olay bitmiş ancak olayın fiziksel sonuçları gözle görülür derecede açık ise ya da koku, sıcaklık, ses, vs. yoluyla hissediliyorsa bu durumda olay konuştuğumuz anda devam etmiyor olsa bile Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanmalıyız. Burada Present Perfect Tense’in kullanılmadığına dikkat ediniz. Kısacası bir olayın devam etmese de gerçekleştiğine dair bir kanıt varsa Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılır. � You are out of breath! What have you been doing ?

(Nefes nefesesin! Neler yapıyordun?) Burada “What have you done?” diyemeyiz. Çünkü olayın gerçekleştiğine dair kesin bi kanıt var.

� Ercan’s hair is wet! He has been swimming in the pool. (Saçları ıslak! Havuzda

yüzüyordu.) Yüzdüğüne dair kesin bi kanıt var. � They look tired! They have been working in the garden. (Yorgun görünüyorlar! Bahçede

çalışıyorlardı.) Çalıştıklarına dair kesin bi kanıt var. � Have you been smoking ? (Sigara içiyor muydun?) Ortamda sigara kokusu vardır.

Madde 3: Son zamanlarda anlamına gelen recently, lately ve şimdiye kadar anlamına gelen so far, up to now, (up)until now ifadeleri geçmi şten günümüze bir süreç belirttikleri için hem Present Perfect Tense hem de Present Perfect Continuous Tense ile kullanılabilir. � The company went through a bad time last year, but recently things have been improving .

� “What have you been doing lately?”

“I've been really busy lately, so I haven't been out much.” � Linda graduated from university last year, but she has worked for three different firms so

far. � Charles has been waiting for us in the café up to now.

� Until now, there has been no effective treatment for this disease.

� Recently ve lately zaflarının bir de kısa bir süre önce (a short time ago) anlamı vardır. Bu anlamlarıyla Simple Past Tense ile kullanılırlar.

� They paid their dept recently/lately. (Kısa bir süre önce borçlarını ödediler.)



� The people have protested against the new tax regulations recently/lately. (Son zamanlarda insanlar yeni vergi düzenlemelerine karşı protestoda bulunuyorlar.)

� Until recently , (up)until yesterday , (up) until last week , etc. gibi zaman zarfları geçmişle ilgili zaman ifadeleri olduklarından Simple Past Tense ile kullanılırlar.

� Until recently, Martha worked as a teacher in Greece.

� Up until last year, we didn't even own a car.

Madde 4: Since (-den beri) ve for (-dır, -dir) zaman zarflarıyla Present Perfect Tense’in yanı sıra Present Perfect Continuous Tense de kullanılabilir. Çünkü hem since hem for geçmişte başlayıp günümüze kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılabilir. Şimdi since ve for ’u daha ayrıntılı görelim. • Since(-den beri) �Since V2 + Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Since’in önüne “ever” (ever since) gelebilir. Bu, since’in kullanımında herhangi bir değişiklik yapmaz. Since ; anlamca birbirine bağlı olan herhangi iki cümlenin başında, ortasında ya da sonunda kullanılabilir. Her üç durumda da since ; yanına “V 2” , temel cümleye ise “have/has been (V ing )” alır. 1. (Ever) since they came here, they have been arguing with each other. 2. They have been arguing with each other (ever) since they came here. 3. They came here, they have been arguing with each other since .(Since en sonda

kullanıdığından yan cümlesi ilk cümledir.) Not : “And ever since…” formatında kullanıldığında since ; kendisinden sonra “V 2” yerine “have/has been (V ing )” alır. � They came here. And ever since , they have been arguing with each other.

� Since + V 2 yerine since + a past noun (last week, yesterday, 1987, that day, then, etc.) biçiminde kullanımlar da vardır.

� I haven’t eaten any delicious meal since yesterday / last month / then.

� Since the disaster, the causes of the accident have been examined in great detail.

� Treatment for childhood cancers has improved since 1986.



Not : Since’in from the moment, from the instant, from the minute, from the day, etc. gibi eş anlamlıları vardır. Bunlar since’in yerine kullanılabilir. � Ayşe has been longing for her family from the moment (since) she came to İstanbul.

� It is / has been + süreç(two weeks, three hours, etc.) + since + V 2 / have / has + V 3

kalıbıyla since’in kullanımı çok yaygındır.

� It is / has been two years since I read a book. - It is / has been two years since I have read a book.

(Kitap okumayalı iki yıl oldu.)

� It is / has been three months since I went to the cinema. - It is / has been three months since I have gone to the cinema.

(Sinemaya gitmeyeli üç ay oldu.)

Not : Since’den sonra “last” ifadesi varsa genelde “V 2” kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz. � It is / has been ten hours since I last ate something.

(Bir şey yemeyeli on saat oldu.) • For(-dır, -dir) � “For + süreç (two weeks, three hours, etc.)” ; Present Perfect Tense ve

Present Perfect Continuous Tense’in yanı sıra daha sonra göreceğimiz diğer dört Perfect Tense’le kullanıldığında –dır, –dir anlamındayken perfect olmayan tense’lerle kullanıldığında –lığına, için anlamındadır. Demek ki, “for” sadece Perfect Tense’lerle değil Simple Tense’lerle de kullanılabilir .

Simple Tense’ler : for + süreç = –lı ğına, için � When I was in İzmir, I worked as a teacher for six months.(Altı aylığına öğretmen olarak

çalıştım.) � I will stay with my friend for a week.(Bir haftalığına arkadaşımda kalacağım.)

� I’m going to France for two days.(İki günlüğüne Fransa’ya gidiyorum.)

Perfect Tense’ler : for + süreç = –dır, –dir � They have lived in the same house for ten years.(On yıldır aynı evde yaşıyorlar.)

� He has been playing football for a long time.(Uzunca bir süredir futbol oynuyor.)



Görüldüğü gibi “for + süreç” hem Perfect Tense’lerle hem de Simple Tense’lerle kullanılabilmektedir. Çünkü bu haliyle “for + süreç” kalıbı; geçmi şte belli bir süreci, geçmi şte başlayıp günümüze kadar devam eden bir süreci ya da gelecekte belli bir süreci ifade edebilmektedir. Ancak aşağıda belirtilen kalıpta (FIDO); son iki saattir, son üç haftadır, son dört aydır, vs. gibi yalnızca geçmi şte başlayıp günümüze kadar devam eden süreçler anlatıldığı için sadece Present Perfect Tense ya da Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılır. F I D O For In

During

Over � I've known Daniel for the last two years.(Son iki yıldır.)

� Kim has been complaining of a stomach ache in the past three days.(Son üç gündür.)

� We have been waiting for the bus during the past half an hour.(Son yarım saattir.)

� The economy in Turkey has steadily improved over the last five years.(Son beş yıldır.)

Aynı şekilde “for + süreç(three weeks, six years, etc.) + now” kalıbıyla sadece Present Perfect Tense ya da Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılır. Çünkü buradaki süreç de geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz anı kapsayan bir süreçtir. � Cenk has been studying English for two years now .(İki yıl öncesinden bu yana.)

� They have been discussing the agenda for three hours now .

� Çiğdem and her family have been on holiday for four weeks now .

Madde 5: Bu maddede, Present Perfect Tense’le kullanılabilen ama Present Perfect Continuous Tense’le kullanılamayan üç ayrı yapıyı inceleyeceğiz. 1. Present Perfect Tense’in already , just ve yet ile kullanımı Already , just ve yet zarflarının üçü de bir olayın bittiğini ifade ettikleri için Present Perfect Continuous Tense ile kullanılamaz. Already ; zaten, çoktan anlamındadır. Olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır. Bir eylemin ya da olayın beklenilenden daha önce gerçekleştiğini vurgulamak için kullanılır. Already başka tense’lerle de kullanılabilir.

the + past / last + süreç (two years, four hours, etc.) + Present Perfect T. Present Perfect Cont. T.



� “I’m going to the cinema to see the new film tomorrow. Would you like to come with me?” “Thank you, but I have already seen it.” (Ben zaten o filmi izledim.)

� She has already done her homework. (O zaten ödevini yaptı.)

� They have already left the country. (Onlar çoktan ülkeyi terkettiler.)

Just ; olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır ve “only recently” yani daha yeni, henüz anlamındadır. Just , başka tense’lerle de kullanılabilir. � The boss has just come and he is now in his office. (Patron daha yeni geldi.)

� The workers have just finished their work. (İşçiler işlerini daha yeni bitirdi.)

Yet; genelde sorularda ve olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılır. Çoğunlukla cümlenin sonunda yer alır. Henüz anlamına gelir. Başka tense’lerle kullanılması mümkündür. � He hasn’t paid his debt yet . (O henüz borcunu ödemedi.)

� Haven’t you seen your doctor yet? (Doktorunla henüz görüşmedin mi?)

� Have you finished your homework yet? (Ödevini bitirdin mi acaba?)

2. Present Perfect Tense’in sıklık bildiren zarflar ile kullanımı Present Perfect Continuous Tense zaten, geçmişte başlayıp günümüze kadar devam eden süreçleri belirttiği için aynı şekilde yine süreç belirten always, usually, often, sometimes, never, etc. gibi sıklık zarflarıyla kullanılmaz . Çünkü İngilizcede genelde aynı anlama gelen iki yapı tek bir cümlede kullanılmaz. Sıklık bildiren zarflar daha önce gördüğümüz gibi daha çok Simple Present Tense ile kullanılır; ancak biz bu zarfları ufak bir anlam değişikliğiyle Present Perfect Tense ile de kullanabiliriz. � He usually goes to work early. (Genelde işe erken gider.)

- He has usually gone to work early. (Bu güne kadar işe genelde erken gitmiştir.)

� Sıklık bildiren zarfları yine ufak bir anlam değişikliğiyle Simple Past Tense ile de kullanmak mümkündür. Aşağıdaki örnekleri inceleyelim.

� I always visited my grandma before she died.(Her zaman ziyaret ederdim.)

- I always visit my grandma.(Her zaman ziyaret ederim.)

- I’ve always visited my grandma.(Her zaman ziyaret etmişimdir.)



� Tıpkı sıklık bildiren zarflar gibi bir olayı kaç kez yaptığımızı ifade eden once, two times, three times, several times, etc. gibi yapılar da süreç belirttiği için Present Perfect Continuous Tense ile kullanılmaz . Bu durumda Present Perfect Tense’ i kullanırız.

� It’s rained three times this week. (Bu hafta üç kez yağmur yağdı.) Hala haftanın içindeyiz. - It rained three times last week. (Geçen hafta üç kez yağmur yağdı.)

� I’ve only met her twice .

� I’ve seen this film several times .

3. Present Perfect Tense’in sayısal ifadelerle(two, three, four, etc.) kullanımı Sayısal ifadelerle (two, three, four, etc.) Present Perfect Tense kullanılabilir . Ancak Present Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılamaz . � She has been reading / has read five books until now. (Beş kitap okudu.)

� The cleaner has been cleaning / has cleaned three rooms since the morning.

� Andy has been eating / has eaten seven sandwiches today.

7. The Past Perfect Tense � had + V3 � İki yerde kullanılır. � Bu tense’te çoğunlukla iki ayrı olay söz konusu olduğu için öncelik ve sonralı ğı belirtmek

amacıyla genelde after, before, when, by the time, etc. gibi zaman zarfları kullanılır. 1. Completed Action Before Something in the Past Geçmişte tamamlanmış iki olay, eylem, ya da durumdan ilkini aktarırken bu tense’i kullanırız. Aşağıdaki bütün örneklerde koyu harflerle yazılan fiiller altı çizili olan fiillerden daha önce gerçekleşmiştir. � The phone was ringing, but by the time I got indoors, it had stopped .

� Jane went to bed after she had eaten her supper.

� The family had left the country before the war broke up.

� I understood the movie because I had read the book before.

FUTURE PAST PRESENT

X PAST PERFECT



2. Duration Before Something in the Past(Non-Contin uous Verbs) Geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte belli bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için Past Perfect Tense’i kullanabiliriz. Ancak bu kullanım be, have, know, love, etc. gibi hareketsiz fiillerle sınırlıdır. Hareketli fiillerle biraz sonra daha ayrıntılı göreceğimiz Past Perfect Continuous Tense kullanılır. � I had had that car for two years before I sold it.

� Steve had been much more successful until he lost interest in his school work.

� I hadn’t known anything about the secret plan until I accidentally saw the hidden files.

Yukarıdaki bütün örneklerde koyu harflerle yazılan fiiller geçmi şte olan bir süreci ifade etmektedir. 8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense � had been + V ing Past Perfect Continuous Tense tıpkı Past Perfect Tense gibi geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte belli bir noktaya kadar devam eden eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılabilir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında her iki tense birbirine eşit kabul edilse de aslında aralarında bazı farklılıklar vardır. Past Perfect Tense ile Past Perfect Continuous Tense arasında bulunan farklar tıpkı daha önce gördüğümüz Present Perfect Tense ile Present Perfect Continuous Tense arasında bulunan farklar gibidir . Bu durumda karşımıza Tense Paralelli ği çıkmaktadır. Tense Paralelli ği Adından da anlaşılacağı gibi Tense Paralelliği; bir yapı içinde beraber kullanılan farklı iki fiilin aynı zaman kuşağında bulunması esasına dayanır. Başka bir deyişle Past Tense’lerle Past Tense’lerin Present Tense’lerle de Present Tense’lerin ya da Future Tense’lerin kullanılması anlamına gelir. Bu bağlamda gelecek noktalara dikkat edelim. • Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense ’in bir derece past’ı olsa da aslında her iki tense

aynı yapısal özelliklere ve kullanım alanlarına sahiptir. Aralarındaki tek fark sadece birinin present diğerinin past zaman kuşağında bulunmasıdır. Örnekleri inceleyelim.

PAST PERFECT FUTURE PRESENT

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PRESENT



� This is the first time I’ve ridden a horse, so I am very excited. - That was the first time I had ridden a horse, so I was very excited.

� Michael Schumacher is the world's fastest racing driver that has ever competed in

Formula 1. - Michael Schumacher was the world's fastest racing driver that had ever competed in

Formula 1. � “We’re going to the cinema to see the new film tomorrow. Would you like to come with

us?” “Thank you, but I have already seen it.” (Ben zaten o filmi izledim.)

- “We went to the cinema to see the new film yesterday . Why didn’t you come with us?” “Thank you, but I had already seen it.” (Ben zaten o filmi izlemiştim.)

� The boss has just come and he is now in his office. (Patron daha yeni geldi.) - The boss had just come and he was in his office. (Patron daha yeni gelmişti.)

� He hasn’t paid his debt yet , so he is going to be warned . (O henüz borcunu ödemedi.) - He hadn’t paid his debt yet , so he was going to be warned . (O henüz borcunu

ödememişti.) � It has snowed four times this week , so all the roads are icy. - It had snowed four times that week , so all the roads were icy.

� It is said that Frank has been ill since midnight . - It was said that Frank had been ill since midnight .

� I know that they have been on holiday for four weeks . - I knew that they had been on holiday for four weeks .

� It is clear that they have known each other for the last two years . - It was clear that they had known each other for the last two years .

• Past Perfect Continuous Tense de Present Perfect Continuous Tense’in bir derece past’ıdır.

Buradaki fark yine daha önceki maddede gördüğümüz gibi birinin present diğerinin past zaman kuşağında bulunmasıdır.

� I have been wishing to teach at the university since I got my teaching diploma. - She said that she had been wishing to teach at the university since she got her teaching

diploma. � They are sweating a lot, because they have been working hard since the morning . - They were sweating a lot, because they had been working hard since the morning .

� It is two weeks since I have had a shower. - It was two weeks since I had had a shower.



� Selin has been playing for Eczacıbaşı for so many years. - Selin had been playing for Eczacıbaşı for so many years before she was transferred to

another team.

EXERCISE 2: 1- 40. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. The police ---- the famous criminal

today, so the journalists rushed to the police station to take his photo.

A) have been catching B) caught

2. “I ---- Jane today. I’m worried about her.”

“Don’t worry, it’s not too late, she must be at home studying for her final exam.”

A) didn’t see B) haven’t seen

3. The conference ---- at 10 am yesterday.

A) started B) has started

4. The new owners ---- over the company

last week.

A) took B) have taken

5. Thousands of illegal immigrants in

America ---- to police.

A) surrendered B) have surrendered

6. When I was in Adana, I ---- as a teacher

for two years.

A) worked B) have worked

7. My parents ---- married for nearly a half century, and they are still very happy.

A) have been B) were

8. I ---- 20 cards so far.

A) have been receiving B) have received

9. I ---- onions for ten minutes now.

A) have been cutting B) am cutting

10. Sevgi is very tired. She ---- all day.

A) has been typing B) has typed

11. I ---- to him only two times before.

A) have been talking B) have talked

12. We’re late. The meeting ---- already ----.

A) has … been starting B) has … started

13. Your plane ---- just ---- off.

A) has … taken B) has … been taking

14. ---- he ---- to the bank yet?

A) Has … gone B) Has … been going



15. ---- he ---- to the bank at lunch time?

A) Has … been going B) Did … go

16. I ---- this room. It will look good when it

is finished.

A) have decorated B) have been decorating

17. I ---- this room. Doesn’t it look good?

A) have decorated B) have been decorating

18. Since the last survey ----, conditions ----

considerably.

A) was made / have changed B) have been made / changed

19. He last ---- to me about his plans four

weeks ago. I ---- in touch with him since.

A) spoke / haven’t been B) has spoken / wasn’t

20. It is ten years since I ---- him.

A) had met B) have met

21. It’s been two years since I last ---- to the

dentist.

A) have gone B) went

22. I ---- three holidays abroad for the past five years.

A) have spent B) spent

23. Before we took Tuncay to the theatre, he ---- never ---- a stage play.

A) has … seen B) had … seen

24. Pelin’s eyes are red. It’s clear she ----.

A) has cried B) has been crying

25. “I knew you ----.” “How did you know?” “Your hair was covered with paint.”

A) had been painting B) had painted

26. He is 45 and he ---- never ---- a book in

his life.

A) has … read B) had … read

27. They hardly recognized each other,

because they ---- since they were children.

A) haven’t met B) hadn’t met

28. They immediately recognized each

other, although they ---- for years.

A) hadn’t met B) haven’t met

29. We all know Paul ---- heavily since he

lost his wife. A) has been drinking B) had been drinking

30. We all knew he ---- heavily since he lost his wife.

A) has been drinking B) had been drinking



31. “What ---- you ---- here during the last hour?” I’ve been working at a problem.”

A) have … been doing B) had … been doing

32. The man suddenly saw the answer to the

problem that ---- his mind during the last two months.

A) has occupied B) had occupied

33. Before I joined the army at the age of 27,

I ---- as a civil servant for five years.

A) worked B) have worked

34. When she finally bought a new car, she -

--- her old one for fifteen years.

A) has driven B) had driven

35. Up to now I ---- twenty countries.

A) have visited B) have been visiting

36. I ---- here since 6 o’clock.

A) stood B) have been standing

37. She ---- alcohol until she was 25.

A) hasn’t taken B) didn’t take

38. You were out of breath when you came

in this morning. ---- you ----?

A) Have … been running B) Had … been running

39. How many questions ---- you ---- up to

now?

A) have … answered B) had … answered

40. This is the third time you ---- me this

evening.

A) have interrupted B) had interrupted



9. The Simple Future Tenses

İki başlıkta incelenebilir. 1. will + V 1 2. be going to + V 1

Simple Future Tense, “will + V 1” ve “be going to + V 1” olmak üzere iki biçimde ifade edilebilir. Aralarında ufak da olsa bazı kullanım farklılıkları olsa da aslında bu iki yapı çoğu zaman birbirlerinin yerine kullanılmaktadır. Şimdi sırasıyla bu iki kullanım biçimini daha ayrıntılı görelim. 1. The Simple Future Tense: [will + V 1] Not : Will / Won’t yerine British English’de shall / shan’t kullanılabilir. � I / We will see you tomorrow. = I / We shall see you tomorrow. - I / We will not(won’t see ) you tomorrow. = I / We shall not(shan’t see) you tomorrow.

“will + V 1” aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanılır. ─ Announcing Decisions at the Time of Speaking: Konuşma anında bir şey yapmaya karar

verdiğimizde ya da bir şeyi yapmaya gönüllü olduğumuzda kullanırız. � “I’m hungry.” “I’ll cook something for you.” � “I’ve lost my wallet.” “Don’t worry. I’ll lend you some.” � “I can’t do my homework.” “Don’t worry. I’ll help you.” � I’ll move this heavy box.(Gönüllü olduğumuzu ifade ediyoruz.) � I won’t do all the washing up myself! (Gönüllü olmadığımızı ifade ediyoruz.)

─ Promises: Bir şeyi yapacağımıza dair söz verdiğimizde kullanırız. � I won’t tell anyone about your secret. � I promise I’ll take my medicines regularly.

─ Threats: Birini tehdit ederken kullanırız. � They’ll pay for this! � You’ll regret this! � If John comes here again, I'll smash his head!

─ Requests: Bir şey rica ederken kullanırız. � Will you open the window, please? � Will you carry this for me? � Will you help me do my homework?

PAST FUTURE PRESENT



─ Giving Information about the Future: Gelecekte olacak olaylarla ilgili bilgi verince kullanırız. � The wedding will take place next Monday. � The guests will be here in a couple of minutes. � She’ll graduate in two years. � She won’t attend the conference tomorrow. � He’ll take an exam next week. � The two sides will sign a treaty tomorrow. � There’ll be a general strike in two days. � Will you be here next week? (Gelecekte olabilecek bir olaya dair bilgi isteniyor.) � Will the teacher cancel the class tomorrow?

2. The Simple Future Tense : [be going to + V 1] “be going to + V 1” aşağıdaki durumlarda kullanılır. ─ Intentions: Önceden yapmayı tasarladığımız bir olayı ya da yapmaya niyetlendiğimiz bir şeyi

ifade ederken kullanırız. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta; alınan kararın konu şma anında olmayıp daha önce tasarlanmış olmasıdır. Daha önce de belirtildiği gibi konuşma anında bir şey yapmaya karar verdiğimizde will + V 1 kullanırız.

� I’m going to resign from my work next month.(Anlık verilen bir karar değil.) - “I need to go to the washroom.” “Don’t worry. I’ll stop at a petrol station.” (Anlık karar) � Sorry I can’t come. I’m going to attend the committee meeting this evening. - “Those boxes are too heavy.” “Just wait. I'll come and help you move the rest of the

boxes.”

─ Planned Actions: Planlanmış olaylardan söz ettiğimizde kullanırız. Bir önceki maddede bulunan kullanımdan neredeyse farksızdır. Çünkü niyetler ve planlar aslında aynı şeylerdir.

Not : Gelecek zamanda kesin olarak yapmayı düşündüğümüz eylemleri ifade etmek için “be going to + V1” yapısının yanı sıra “am/is/are + V ing ” ve “will be + V ing ” yapılarını da kullanabiliriz.

� I’m going to see / am seeing / will be seeing the doctor tomorrow. � Our company is going to open a new branch in Dallas next year. � Erkan is going to begin medical school next year.

─ Strong Predictions: Bir olayın gerçekleşeceğine dair güçlü belirtiler varsa ya da olmak

üzere olan bir şey varsa “be going to + V 1” yapısını kullanırız. � Look out! The books are going to fall from your hands. � Slow down! You’re going to smash the lamp-post. � She is pregnant. She’s going to give birth to twins.



Not : Olacağına dair elimizde kesin kanıt olmayan tahminler için hem “will + V 1” hem de “be going to + V1” yapılarını kullanabiliriz. � Man will set / is going to set foot on Mars one day. � Turkey will have / is going to have one of the strongest economies in the years to come. � The suffering of the poor will end / is going to end soon. � This film will win / is going to win the Academy Award.

3. The Future in the Past 1. was/were going to + V 1 � yapacaktım

� Geçmişte yapmayı planladığımız ama çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı yapamadığımız eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanırız.

� “was/were going to + V 1” ; “am/is/are going to + V 1” yapısının bir derece past’ıdır.

� I was going to visit you, but I had to change my mind. (Seni ziyaret edecektim ama fikrimi değiştirmek zurunda kaldım.)

� It is clear that they are going to win the elections. - It was clear that they were going to win the elections.

2. would V 1 � yapacaktım/yapardım � “would + V 1” ; “will + V 1” yapısının bir derece past’ıdır. � I know that he will call the police. - I knew that he would call the police.

EXERCISE 3: 1- 20. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. Look out. We ----!

A) are going to crash B) will crash

2. “Coffee or tea?” “I ---- tea, please.”

A) am going to have B) will have

3. “Do you have any plans for the weekend?” “Yes, I ---- bowling with my friends.”

A) will go B) am going to go

4. “I don’t know the way to your new

company.” “Don’t worry. I ---- you.”

A) will direct B) am going to direct

5. Look at the bees. They ---- the poor girl.

A) will sting B) are going to sting



6. Jill’s been sunbathing all morning in the back garden. She ---- a suntan.

A) is going to get B) will get

7. I ---- carefully. I promise.

A) will drive B) am going to drive

8. I ---- you to the police if you do that

again.

A) am going to report B) will report

9. Some students ---- the local theatre

group because they want to borrow some decorations for the school play.

A) are going to visit B) were going to visit

10. There’re dark clouds in the sky. It ---- soon.

A) will rain B) is going to rain

11. We ---- tennis tomorrow.

A) are playing B) were playing

12. Next time I go skiing, I ---- warmer

clothes.

A) will wear B) would wear

13. James told me he ---- the window for

some fresh air.

A) is going to open B) was going to open

14. I ---- late at the office this evening, so I -- -- home till about eleven.

A) shall work / won’t be getting B) would work / shall not get

15. I told Anna that I ---- her a ring soon.

A) would give B) will give

16. I ---- the kettle on for a cup of tea, but I

realized that the tap water wasn’t running.

A) am going to put B) was going to put

17. “What do you think you ---- at this time

tomorrow?” “Well, I ---- lessons at the university.”

A) will be doing / shall be giving B) are going to do / would give

18. I thought Michael ---- to the concert with

us, but I learned that he couldn’t afford it.

A) would come B) will come

19. I ---- a newspaper in order to look at the

job advertisements, but all the papers had been sold out.

A) am going to buy B) was going to buy

20. The chairman has announced that they ---- two new branches soon.

A) were opening B) are opening



10. The Future Continuous Tense � will be + V ing � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları: This time tomorrow, this time next week, this

time next year, by this time tomorrow, by this time next month, in(within) two days, etc. Gelecekte belli bir noktada yapılacak olan ya da yapılması planlanan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. � This time tomorrow, I will be drawing some money from the bank.(Yarın bu vakitte

bankadan biraz para çekiyor olacağım.) � This time next week, they will be driving to London.

� By this time next year, I will be publishing my first book.

� In two days, I will be working on my master thesis.

Not : Planlanmış gelecek zaman için “will be + V ing ” yapısı kullanılabilir. Aşağıda bulunan diğer iki tense’in de planlanmış eylemlerde kullanılabildiğini hatırlayalım.

� The president will be meeting the Prime Minister tomorrow. - The president is meeting the Prime Minister tomorrow. - The president is going to meet the Prime Minister tomorrow.

11.The Future Perfect Tense � will have + V 3 � Bu tense ile kullanılan bazı zaman zarfları:

By this time tomorrow, by this time next week, by half past ten, by 2035, by Monday, etc. In two days, in three weeks, in ten years’ time, etc. By the time she leaves home, by the time it gets dark, etc. Before she finishes her project, before the year 2035, etc. When the weather becomes warmer, when they reach the stadium, etc.

Gelecekte belirtilen bir zamana kadar bitirilmi ş olacak olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. � By lunch time, I will have typed the report. (Öğle zamanına kadar raporu yazmış

olacağım.)

PAST FUTURE PRESENT

FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE PAST PRESENT

X



� By this time next year, the company will have paid all the debts. � The government will have announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs by the end of the

year. � In two years, Roger will have earned more than two million dollars a year. � By the time he completes this course, Fatih will have perfected his English. � The drug company will have launched a new drug before the patients begin to lose hope. � When we get home, Linda will have cooked the meal.

12. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense � will have been + V ing � Bu tense ile kullanılan zaman zarfları Future Perfect Tense ile kullanılan zaman zarflarıyla

aynıdır. Ancak bu tense genelde for three years, for sixs months, for ten days, for six hours, etc. gibi süreç belirten yapılarla kullanılır.

Geçmişte ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda başlayıp gelecekte belirtilen bir zamana kadar devam edecek olan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bu yüzden bu tense’imiz sit, wait, work, lie, learn, live, rain, etc. gibi devamlılık ifade eden fiillerle çok sık kullanılır. � By this time tomorrow, she will have been working on the project for ten days.(Yarın bu

vakte kadar on gündür proje üzerinde çalışıyor olacak.) � By the time he completes his speech, the president will have been talking for three

hours. � Before we arrive in İstanbul, we will have been flying non-stop for twelve hours. � Liza will have been studying medicine for eight years when she finally graduates.

Not : Gelecekte belirtilen bir zamana kadar devam edecek olan eylemler eğer be, have, know, love, etc. gibi hareketsiz fiiller ise bu durumda Future Perfect ContinuousTense yerine Future Perfect Tense kullanılır. � By next week, Sam will have had my computer for a whole month. � James will have been in Turkey for three months by the time he returns home.

PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE



EXERCISE 4: 1- 10. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. By the end of this week, I ---- for three

weeks for my application to be processed.

A) will have waited B) will have been waiting

2. What do you think you ---- this time next

week?

A) have been doing B) will be doing

3. I hope Sue ---- this report by the end of the day.

A) will have finished B) will finish

4. This time tomorrow, the ship ---- its

maiden voyage.

A) will be making B) will have been making

5. In two days, I ---- in Boston for three

months.

A) will be living B) will have been living

6. The council ---- the issue at tonight’s meeting before taking the final decision.

A) will be discussing B) will have been discussing

7. By the middle of 21 st century, Turkey ----

nuclear energy.

A) will have produced B) will produce

8. I haven’t got time to discuss the matter with you. My train ---- in half an hour.

A) will have been leaving B) shall be leaving

9. I ---- for work before you get home from

shopping.

A) will have left B) am leaving

10. I don’t think I can see Jack tonight because I ---- for my exam.

A) will have studied B) will be studying

Golden Rules Tense sorularını çözebilmek için bilmemiz gereken bazı kurallar vardır. Bu kurallar sayesinde örneklerde görebileceğiniz gibi cümleleri analiz edecek, hatta bazen soruyu okumadan sadece şık eleme yöntemiyle soruları çözebileceksiniz. Gelecek altı altın kurala (Golden Rules) dikkat ediniz. Rule 1: Tense Uyumu Tense Uyumu sadece Zaman Bağlaçları’nda (Time Expressions) aranır. Zaman Bağlacı bulunmayan cümlelerde ise daha önce değindiğimiz Tense Paralelli ği aranır.



Zaman Bağlaçları: Toplam yedi adet zaman bağlacı vardır. Bunlar: After, as soon as, before, when, while, by the time ve until bağlaçlarıdır. Tense Uyumu temel olarak; Past Tense’lerle sadece Past Tense’ler, Present Tense’lerle de sadece Present Tense’ler kullanılabilir prensibine dayanır. Burada Future Tense’ler Present olarak değerlendirilmelidir.

EXERCISE 5: 1- 10. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. When she has finished her task, she ---- for

home.

A) will leave B) would leave

2. Their little daughter ---- out of sadness after they went.

A) cries B) cried

3. Before we reached the area, the wounded

man ----

A) has died B) had died 4. Until it ---- dark, we will swim in the pool.

A) gets B) got

5. As soon as I noticed the burglar, I ---- the police.

A) called B) will call

6. They had already finished the meal by the time I ---- there.

A) go B) went

7. They were waiting for us at home while we

---- for them.

A) are looking B) were looking

8. I ---- you again when I get home.

A) will phone B) had phoned

9. It will be two weeks before we ---- the full results. A) knew B) know

10. We ---- while they are asleep. A) will arrive B) arrived

Rule 2: Zaman Bağlaçları yanlarına Present Perfect Tense aldıklarında, temel cümleye genelde Present Modal gelir. Ama bazen nadirde olsa Simple Present Tense de gelebilir. � After they have tidied their room, they will watch the film.

� He may set up his own business as soon as he has got a bank loan.

� When she has finished typing the letters, she can go out for lunch.



Rule 3: Zaman bağlaçlarının hiç biri yan cümlesine – yani hemen yanına – “will” , “would” , “be going to” almaz. Rule 4: While ve when hariç diğer Zaman Bağlaçları yanlarına Continuous Tense’lerden hiç birini almazlar. Rule 5: While zaman bağlacı olarak kullanıldığında yan ve temel cümlelerine hiç bir Perfect Tense almaz. Rule 6: Zaman Bağlaçlar’nın hiç birinde aynı anda iki Perfect Tense kullanılamaz .

EXERCISE 6: Aşağıdaki cümlelerde hatalı olan kısmı bulunuz. 1. After she swam in the lake, she will

understand how deep it is. 2. As soon as you will finish eating, you

should brush your teeth. 3. By the time she died, she has been in the

charge of the company for more than fifteen years.

4. Until he is coming here, we shouldn’t leave

our places.

5. She had been in a bad situation while she was thinking of resigning.

6. After Emperor Nero had died, people all

over the Roman empire had claimed to have spotted him.

7. The little child had been crying for a long

time before his mother was finding him. 8. When the workers have finished the

construction, they would go home. 9. Caesar wept while he had seen a statue of

Alexander. 10. They have been given additional

information when they will need more. Zaman bağlaçlarını genel olarak inceledikten sonra şimdi de bu bağlaçları tek tek ele alalım. 1. After � -den sonra demektir. � After’a bağlı olan cümledeki eylem her zaman ilk eylemdir. After + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past

- After they dug down about two metres, the police found the body of a young man. 2. Past Perfect + Simple Past - After they had dug down about two metres, the police found the body of a young

man.



3. Simple Present + Simple Present - Mehmet always signs his name in the corner of his paintings after he completes

them. 4. Simple Present + will / be going to - The firefighters will rescue the survivors of the earthquake after they detect them. 5. Present Perfect + will / be going to (Üstteki kullanıma denktir.) - After I have finished painting the house, I will start on the garage.

Not : After; bir preposition olarak da kullanılabilir. Bu durumda kendisinden sonra after the match, after the party, after eating the meal, after swimming, etc. gibi noun alır. � After(Subsequent to) the lesson, I talked to the teacher in private.

2. As soon as � yapar yapmaz demektir.

� As soon as; after ’la aynı yapısal özelliklere ve kullanımlara sahiptir. Aralarındaki tek fark as soon as’in tezlik bildirmesidir. � Once , the moment, the instant, immediately, etc. gibi tezlik bildiren yapılar

as soon as’in yerine kullanılabilir. � After she got into the car, she drove away.(Arabaya bindikten sonra uzaklaştı.) - As soon as she got into the car, she drove away.(Arabaya biner binmez uzaklaştı.)

3. Before � -den önce demektir.

� Before; after ve as soon as’in tam tersidir. Yani, before’a bağlı olan cümledeki eylem her zaman ikinci eylemdir.

Before + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past

- Before she signed it, Linda read the contract carefully. 2. Simple Past + Past Perfect - Before she signed it, Linda had read the contract carefully. 3. Simple Present + Simple Present - Tolga always checks the tyres before he gets into the car. 4. Simple Present + will / be going to - I am going to phone my aunt to make sure she’s at home before I visit her. 5. Simple Present + will have done - Before we return home, the kids will have slept. 6. Simple Present + will have been doing - Selin will have been studying for three hours before she goes to bed.

Not : Before da tıpkı after gibi preposition olarak kullanılabilir. � Before(Prior to) submitting the files, you should take a few minutes to review them.



4. When � -dığı zaman anlamındadır. Çok yönlü kullanım alanı vardır. Yerine göre after, before ve by the time gibi işlev görür. � When V2 + V2; after gibi işlev görür. � When V2 + had V3; before ya da by the time gibi işlev görür.

When + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past

- When they noticed the police, the thieves fled. 2. Past Perfect + Simple Past (Kullanımı çok enderdir. Üstteki yapıya denktir.) - When they had noticed the police, the thieves fled. 3. Simple Past + Past Continuous - The kids were playing hide-and-seek when their mother called them. 4. Simple Past + Past Perfect - When Sevgi noticed that the kitchen window was open, the cat had already run away

with the meat. 5. Simple Past + Past Perfect Continuous - When it finally came, Peter had been waiting for the bus at least for half an hour in

the rain. 6. Past Continuous + Simple Past (Kullanımı çok enderdir. Vurgu belirtmek için

kullanılır.) - The inspector got into the classroom when the teacher was teaching. 7. Simple Present + Simple Present - When he gets tired, Peter usually yawns. 8. Simple Present + will / be going to - When we move into our new house, we are going to buy new carpets. 9. Present Perfect + will / be going to (Üstteki kullanıma denktir.) - When the pilot has landed the plane safely, he will make an announcement about

the hijack. 10. Simple Present + will be doing - An escort will be waiting for the Prime Minister when he arrives at the airport. 11. Simple Present + will have done - When the library books are due back, I will have finished reading them. 12. Simple Present + will have been doing - We will have been flying non-stop for sixteen hours when we get to Australia.



5. While � -iken biçiminde çevrilir. While’a bağlı cümle süreç bildirir. � Ne kendi cümlesine ne de temel cümleye Perfect Tense ’lerin hiçbirini almaz . � As ve just as ; while’ın yerine kullanılabilir. While + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past - While I cooked dinner, Ann watched TV. 2. Past Continuous + Past Continuous (Üstteki yapıya denktir.) - While I was cooking dinner, Ann was watching TV.

3. Past Continuous + Simple Past - The door bell rang while I was having a shower. 4. Simple Present + Simple Present (Kullanımı enderdir. Alttaki yapıya denktir.) - While it rains heavily, Alper stays at home. 5. Present Continuous + Present Continuous - While it is raining heavily, Alper is staying at home. 6. Simple Present + will / be going to - While the kids have breakfast, I will look through the newspaper. 7. Present Continuous + will / be going to (Üstteki yapıya denktir.) - While the kids are having breakfast, I will look through the newspaper.

Not : During , süresince, boyunca anlamına gelir. Preposition olduğu için kendisinden sonra during the class, during the party, during the match, etc. biçiminde noun alır. � The ships were wrecked during the storm. � The report will be discussed during the meeting. � The U.S. immigrant population grew rapidly during the 1990s.

6. By the time � -dığında, -e kadar biçiminde çevrilir.

� By the time’ın kullanıldığı bütün cümlelerde genelde by the time’ın yerine before ya da when kullanılabilir. � By the time’ın temel cümlesinde bulunan eylem negatif olamaz .

By the time + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past (Temel cümlede “did” yerine

“to be(was/were)” kullanılır.) - By the time she got dressed, I was ready. 2. Simple Past + Past Continuous (Kullanımı enderdir.) - By the time the ambulance arrived, the medical staff were preparing the

operation room. 3. Simple Past + Past Perfect - Someone had already taken the money out of it by the time Ceyda found

her purse.



4. Simple Past + Past Perfect Continuous - Debby had been reading for hours by the time I got into the library. 5. Simple Present + will / be going to (Temel cümlede “will do” yerine “to be

(will be)” kullanılır.) - By the time we get into town, the shops will be closed. 6. Simple Present + will be doing (Kullanımı enderdir.) - Selin will be watching TV by the time her husband comes home. 7. Simple Present + will have done - By the time I leave Germany, I will have met all the committee members. 8. Present Perfect + will have done - By the time he has completed this trip, John will have collected enough

information to write a new book. 9. Simple Present + will have been doing - By the time we arrive in the village, we will have been cycling for over two

hours. 7.Until � -e kadar biçiminde çevrilir. Till , until’in eş anlamlısıdır.

� Until’in temel cümlesindeki eylem anlık (break, notice, fall, catch, etc.) olamaz . Başka bir deyişle, until’in temel cümlesindeki eylemin sürekli (sit, wait, sing, swim, etc.) olması gerekmektedir . � Until temel cümlesine genelde negatif eylem almayı sever; çünkü negatif eylemler

süreklilik bildirir.

Until + 1. Simple Past + Simple Past - The audiences waited until the speaker finished speaking. 2. Past Perfect + Simple Past (Üstteki yapıya denktir.) - The audiences waited until the speaker had finished speaking. 3. Simple Past + Past Perfect - I had never seen a hyena until I saw one in Africa last year. 4. Simple Present + Simple Present - I usually stay at work until it is 5:30. 5. Simple Present + will / be going to - Until it shines, I will polish the car. 6. Present Perfect + will / be going to - I will wait for you until you have finished your coffee.



Not : Until de tıpkı after ve before gibi preposition olarak kullanılabilir. � Warmer weather will continue until weekend. � The telegraph was the only form of electrical communication until the invention of the

telephone. � Coffee has enough caffeine to keep you awake until the end of the day.

EXERCISE 7: 1- 40. sorularda, cümlede bırakılan bo şluğu uygun şekilde tamamlayan kelime ya da ifadeyi bulunuz. 1. ---- she learnt the truth of who he really

was, Sheila had already fallen in love with Steve.

A) Since B) By the time C) While D) Until

2. ---- we had cycled for three days in the

spectacular countryside, we finally arrived at our destination.

A) As B) Until C) By D) After

3. The police can’t release any information to the public ---- the investigation is completed.

A) by the time B) prior to C) until D) because

4. ---- the cat was chasing the toy mouse,

the real mouse climbed on the table.

A) While B) Before C) After D) As soon as

5. ---- we realized they had been sleeping

for twelve hours, we understood quite how tired the guests were!

A) Although B) When C) During D) By the time

6. Our ancestors would sleep longer during the night ---- there just wasn't much for them to do without the sunlight!

A) till B) because C) just D) the moment

7. I am pretty strict about getting my

daughter to brush her teeth every night ---- she goes to bed.

A) once B) since C) before D) as

8. Geoffrey Rush is a fairly unknown actor ---- he deserves to be known as he is a

super actor who really gives the audience the feel of his part.

A) although B) till C) as soon as D) when

9. I assisted a pregnant woman get to the hospital to deliver her baby ---- the storm.

A) during B) when C) while D) by the time

10. ---- he left school, James has been a

steel worker and an estate agent.

A) Prior to B) As C) After D) Since



11. Dennis has been taking photographs ---- the age of 14.

A) after B) during C) since D) before

12. We will repair the front door ---- we have

finished plastering the wall.

A) during B) unless C) as soon as D) although

13. Throughout the world, children are starving to death ---- rich people eat heartily.

A) since B) while C) despite D) before

14. ---- the baby had been fed at noon, he

slept quietly as if he were lifeless.

A) After B) Before C) By the time D) Until

15. ---- you keep quiet, you won't get the

sweets.

A) During B) By the time C) Because of D) Unless

16. ---- this exam finishes, I will have been

sitting for 150 minutes.

A) As B) Since C) When D) Although

17. The desire to maintain social status

remains strong ---- the economic crisis.

A) unless B) despite C) since D) because

18. The guards chased the mugger ---- he

got scared and dropped the purse.

A) during B) by the time C) prior to D) until

19. The couple had been talking for about two months ---- they started dating.

A) before B) while C) unless D) as soon as

20. ---- the match, both the American and

Mexican national anthems will be performed.

A) Because B) Until C) When D) Prior to

21. The train will already have left ---- we

arrive at the station.

A) once B) after C) by the time D) because

22. ---- I was trying to download a file into my iPod, my computer got infected with a virus.

A) As soon as B) As C) Once D) Before

23. Children learn how to use computers

and the Internet almost ---- they go to school.

A) unless B) once C) although D) during

24. ---- the Thomson's gazelle finally noticed

it, the cheetah had already reached a full speed.

A) While B) In order to C) Prior to D) By the time

25. ---- the school year has ended,

unclaimed items will be donated to charity.

A) After B) Unless C) By the time D) Subsequent to



26. Generally, ---- my mother waters plants, my father loads his gun. A) so that B) because C) while D) so as to

27. Trade liberalisation has been an important aspect of Turkey’s economic policy ---- the early 1980s. A) when B) since C) as D) before

28. ---- we arrived at the airport, it was 12:57, and there was no way that Jimmy would be able to make it through security and to the plane in time.

A) By the time B) Because C) In order to D) If

29. Cenk studied hard ---- he could pass the

test.

A) unless B) in case C) after D) so that

30. The British Museum will stay open until

midnight ---- meet the demand for the works of Michelangelo.

A) before B) when C) until D) in order to

31. I enjoyed playing with my cousins ----

my parents were chatting with my uncles and aunts.

A) by the time B) if C) while D) after

32. Hurley says that ever ---- he won the

lottery, bad things have happened.

A) during B) since C) when D) in case

33. ---- they spotted the police vehicle, the burglars escaped with their booty.

A) As soon as B) So as to C) By the time D) Unless

34. I brought some snacks along ---- the

kids got hungry during the trip.

A) in case B) although C) during D) prior to

35. Don’t lift heavy objects ---- your doctor

allows you to do so.

A) despite B) when C) after D) until

36. ---- you earn enough money, you will

have to pay taxes.

A) Despite B) In order to C) If D) Because of

37. We got married on December 21, 2006.

We have been together ----.

A) before B) since C) until D) after

38. Ann and Liza met at a party last year. ----

then, they have become friends and continue to share a special bond.

A) Since B) After C) By D) Before

39. The Board Directors discussed the issue for days ---- they got tired of discussing. Then they finally accepted the bid.

A) unless B) in case C) until D) so that

40. ---- the guests arrived, they first shared

their respect and sympathy with my dad.

A) Although B) By the time C) If D) When



PRACTICE TEST 1 1. The air hostess ---- the passengers to

fasten their seat belts until after the plane ---- off.

A) is asking / will take B) had asked / was taking C) asked / had taken D) would ask / was taking E) has asked / will take

2. The company’s new manager ---- many

problems to solve since he ---- over eight months ago.

A) had / had taken B) had had / was taking C) will have / has taken D) had / took E) has had / took

3. Yesterday afternoon, thieves ---- € 500.000 from a bank in Ni şantaşı, İstanbul.

A) has stolen B) stole C) are stealing D) had stolen

E) would steal 4. “The report must get ready for this

afternoon’s meeting.” “Okay. I ---- it immediately.”

A) am going to type B) am typing C) type D) had typed

E) will type

5. The pollen ---- by bees while they ---- the nectar and pollen.

A) is transferred / collect B) transfers / are collecting C) has transferred / will collect D) was transferred / had collected E) will transfer / have collected

6. When Queen Victoria ---- in 1901, she ---- for over 60 years.

A) died / was reigning B) has died / reigns C) had died / will reign D) died / had reigned E) would die / has reigned

7. It ---- three weeks since my husband ----

his surgery.

A) is / will have B) had been / has C) has been / had D) will be / is having E) was / will have

8. My grandfather is 97 years old, and he

---- a long and interesting life.

A) has had B) used to have C) is having D) had

E) had had

9. The architect told the officials that the construction of the bridge ---- as soon as the plans ----.

A) has started / will be approved B) would start / were approved C) will start / have approved D) is starting / had approved E) started / have been approved

10. It ---- the third time someone ---- me that

evening.

A) is / has interrupted B) will be / interrupted C) has been / will collect D) was / had interrupted E) was / is interrupting



11. The rescue team ---- to evacuate the area for two weeks now.

A) will be trying B) are trying C) had been trying D) will have tried E) have been trying

12. When I ---- home, I found that I ---- my

wallet.

A) got / had lost B) am getting / will have lost C) have got / lost D) get / would lose E) will get / have lost

13. The Americans ---- on the Moon in the

20th century.

A) have landed B) had landed C) landed D) would land

E) land 14. To deal with homesickness while they

---- abroad, students ---- time emailing old friends or traveling with new ones.

A) were studying / are spending B) are studying / spend C) have spent / will have spent D) had studied / used to spend E) will study / are spending

15. I ---- for some jobs lately, but I ---- any

answers so far.

A) have applied / won’t get B) have been applying / haven’t got C) was applying / didn’t get D) used to apply / am not getting E) apply / won’t have got

16. Özgür particularly wants to see London, because he ---- there before.

A) didn’t use to be B) hadn’t been C) won’t have been D) hasn’t been

E) won’t be 17. When Emre first arrived in England, he

couldn’t speak a word of English, for he ---- it before.

A) hadn’t studied B) didn’t study C) won’t study D) wasn’t studying

E) hasn’t studied 18. My friend told me he ---- his homework

by the time I arrived.

A) has finished B) finished C) will finish D) had finished

E) would have finished 19. Before my parents ----, I ---- for three

hours.

A) were arriving / had waited B) will arrive / have waited C) arrive / will have been waiting D) have arrived / had been waiting E) am arriving / will wait

20. I ---- my brother's house since I ---- him

move into it last month.

A) didn’t see / had helped B) haven’t seen / helped C) am not seeing / have helped D) hadn’t seen / was helping E) won’t see / help

21. My seven-year-old son ---- glasses for

distance vision, but his near vision is good.

A) is wearing B) wore C) has worn D) wears

E) had worn



22. In recent years, scientists ---- some evidence that West Antarctic ice ----, which could contribute to sea level rise.

A) have found / is melting B) are finding / have melted C) had found / will be melting D) have found / was melting E) found / was melting

23. For the last three years, we ---- a

substantial rise in unemployment.

A) are having B) had C) had had D) have had

E) were having 24. From the moment Galileo first ---- a

telescope skyward almost 400 years ago, astronomers ---- their attention on what they can see with their own eyes.

A) has turned / concentrated B) had turned / are concentrating C) turned / have concentrated D) was turning / will concentrate E) turned / had concentrated

25. When we got stuck in the elevator, we

---- we ----. A) have thought / died B) were thinking / have died C) thought / would die D) think / will die E) thought / are going to die

26. Once a technology ---- the saturation

point, the consumers ---- forward to the next step.

A) has reached / looked B) is reaching / look C) reaches / have looked D) will reach / are looking E) reaches / look

27. Esra ---- to see a doctor, because she ---- ill for some time.

A) went / had felt B) has gone / will be feeling C) is going / had been feeling D) will go / is feeling E) had gone / will feel

28. By the time we ---- home, we ---- too tired

to think about anything other than eating our dinner.

A) were getting / had been B) get / will be C) have got / were D) got / have been E) will get / will have been

29. In the late 1960s and the early 1970s the

hippy style ---- so popular. Men ---- jeans and brightly coloured shirts or T-shirts.

A) had been / are wearing B) has been / wore C) would be / had worn D) was / would wear E) used to be / have worn

30. Due to consistently bad weather

conditions over the last few weeks, we ---- that the festivals ----. A) had regretted / were postponed B) will regret / are postponed C) are regretting / had been postponed D) regretted / will be postponed E) regret / have been postponed



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