:yfglo k|hftgq ljifo ;rl - addcn 9_1.pdf · :yfglo k|hftgq 1 ljifo ;"rl ;dkfbslo – @ cfn]v o...
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ljifo ;"rL
;DkfbsLo – @ cfn]v
o u0ftGq g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f – s[i0fk|;fb h}zL – # o ljs]Gb|Ls/0f l;4fGt / Jojxf/ – 8f= lji0f'z+s/ kf}8]n – &
o Some observations on the Revenue Policy of Nepal - Mukunda Prd. Poudyal – !# o ;fd'bflos ;'zf;gsf nflu :yfgLo ;fd'bflos
;+:yfx¿sf] :jfoQtf ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t ;t{ – s]zjs'df/ cfrfo{ – @@ o gofF ;+ljwfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/ – lzj /]UdL – @*
ljj/0f o cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn – #) o /]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;g – #*
ultljlw o cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg – #( o National Convention on Right to Information, in Kathmandu – $) o lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn (DENET) a}7s ;DkGg – $! o lgb]{lzsfsf] d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn – $@ o Pursuing the MDGs through Local Government – $@ o a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|;Fu ;Demf}tf – $# o r'/] jg If]q ;+/If0fM ;+efjgf / r'gf}tL ljifos cGt/lqmof – $# o 3
rd UCLG ASPAC Congress – $#
o lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd – $$ o u|fdL0f pmhf{ s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g'kg]{ – $$ o sd{rf/L cfudg / ljbfO{ – $% o u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a}7s – $% o Dessimination Workshop of the Project
“Enhancing Political Participation of Marginalized Women in Nepal” – $^ o cGt/fli6«o ;]ldgf/df ;xeflutf – $(
kxn o :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 tyf dxf;+3x?sf] æckLnÆ – %) o 1fkg kq – %#
Financial Update – %%
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j]a;fO6M www.addcn.org.np
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cToGt nHhfhgs / xf:of:kb ljifo xf] . gu/kflnsf tyf
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf ;d]t sd{rf/L kl/rfng sfo{ lhDd]jf/L
cg'?k ul/Psf] kfOFb}g . kl/0ffd:j?k ;/sf/ ;]jf lbg hgtfsf]
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klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f
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sfo{qmdx? / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t :yfgLo txdf
hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf hgkl/rfngsf] sdLn] ubf{ k|efjsf/L
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . :yfgLo txsf] åGå Joj:yfkg hl6n / l9nf]
x'g] u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] ;d]t ljleGg
36gfx?af6 cfef; x'G5 . 7"nf bnx?n] cfˆgf] jr{:j sfod
ug]{ / k'g;{+/rgf gu/L lgjf{rg gug]{ gfddf clgjf{lrt /
s]Gb|af6 lgo'Qm ul/Psf sd{rf/Laf6 sl/a Ps bzs;Dd
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gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf k|lqmofdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;Gbe{
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:yfgLo k|hftGq
5
zflGt ;Demf}tfcg'?k /fHo k'g;{+/rgf cfof]u, ;To lg?k0f tyf
d]nldnfk cfof]u Pjd\ a]kQf kfl/Psf gful/sx?sf] 5fglag
cfof]ux? u7g u/L zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg'kg]{ sfo{
klg ;'? gul/g' cToGt lrGtf / v]bhgs ljifo xf] . g]kfnL
/fhgLltsf s]Gb|Lo g]tfx? tyf k|zf;sx?nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/
k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ emg\ a9L ;do rflxg] 1fg eP/ klg :yfgLo
;/sf/ k|b]zcGtu{t /xg] / cfof]u klgkl5 g} agfOg]h:tf
hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/ tyf ;]jfsf] kxF'rsf nflu c;xh x'g]
l:ylt k}bf u/fpFb} 5g\ . :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n]
:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ /fHosf] OsfOsf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/Psf]
ljifo ;+ljwfgdf lnlka4 u/L ;+3Lo sfg'gcGtu{t /fv]/
k|b]zsf] :jfy{df dfq aGg] ;Lldttfdf kfl/g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfu /
cfjfh p7fpFb} cfPsf 5g\ .
o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/sf txsf af/]df klg dt}Sotf
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ljsl;t / ;+3Lotfsf] cEof; u/]sf
d'n'ssf cg'ej / l;sfOx?af6 k|efljt x'g] / gSsn ug]{
qmddf lhNnf tx cfjZos gx'g]
ts{x? ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;ldltaf6
ax'dtn] cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . lhlj;
dxf;+3n] ljsl;t jf ljsf;zLn,
;+3fTds jf PsfTds h] eP klg
hd{gL, 8]gdfs{, hfkfg, ef/t,
rLg, a+unfb]z cflb b]zx?df
lhNnf tx klg /x]sf] / xfd|f]
h:tf] sd ljsl;t /
PsfTdsaf6 ;+3fTds k|0ffnLdf
abNg'kg]{ d'n'sdf klg ufpF
txnfO{ ;Ifd / ;|f]t ;DkGg
gagfp~h]n;Dd lhNnf tx
cfjZos /x]sf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] eGbf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ / nf]stflGqs cEof; u/]sf d'n'sn] klg ufpF /
gu/eGbfdfly ltgs} ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0fsf nflu lhNnf tx
sfod /fv]sf 5g\ . xfdLsxfF klg uflj;x?sf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{,
ltgsf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ s]xL bzs
lglZrt ?kddf nfUg] / k|b]zx?sf] k"jf{wf/ klg ck]Iff
u/]cg';f/ l56f] lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsg] xfd|f ljutsf cg'ejx?n]
b]vfpF5 . lsgls dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGåsfndf eTsfOPsf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] ult / ;|f]t ljGof;sf] k|j[lQ
b]Vbf l9nfO{ tyf ;|f]t cefjsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n]
xfn lhNnfn] ul//x]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{lhDd]jf/Lx? ufpF txnfO{ lbg
k"jf{wf/ tof/ gePsf] jf lgdf{0f ug{ ;do nfUg] / lhNnfdf
lbO+b} cfPsf ;]jfx? k|b]z txdf n}hfFbf ;+3Lotf / u0ftGqn]
emg\ c;'ljwf yk]sf] cf/f]k / oyfy{ k'i6\ofFO{ x'g] x'G5 . ctM ufpF
/ gu/af6 ck|ToIf Pjd\ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L lj1
/ gful/s ;dfhsf ljljw k];fut ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t ;xeflutf
x'g] lsl;dn] lhNnf ;/sf/ u7g ul/g' g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
pko'Qm x'g]5 . of] ljifo s'g} JolQm, bn jf :yfgLo lgsfosf]
dfq lxt ;f]r]/ ul/g] geO{ a? d'n'ssf] jf:tljs l:ylt,
hgwf/0ff tyf df}lstfcg'?k P]ltxfl;stf gu'Dg] u/L k'g;{+/rgf
ul/g' kg]{ bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf ljifo xf] . hgdt / Jofks
5nkmnsf] cfof]hgf gu/L cGoyf / bnsf k|ltlglwsf] ax'dtsf]
gfddf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ cToGt /fd|f]sf]
sNkgfn] xfn k|fKt ePsf] glhssf] ;]jf klg u'Dg] l:ylt k}bf
x'g] vt/f b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf s]xL lbgx/df /fhgLlts bnsf s]xL
jl/i7 Pjd\ lj1x?;Fusf] 5nkmnkl5 o; ljifodf yf]/}
;sf/fTds ;+s]t b]lvPsf eP klg o; ljifodf ;txL lrGtf
JoQm ul/g' / u+eL/tf gb]lvg' csf]{ bL3{sfnLg lrGtf /
;d:ofsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
lgIf]k0f k|lqmofsf] qmldstf / k|efjsfl/tf u0ftGq 3f]if0ff x'g' k"j{ g} ;'? ul/Psf] lgIf]k0f klqmof
pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] l9nfO{,
;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox?sf aflemPsf P]gx? ;dodf
;+zf]wg gul/g], g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0faf/] rf;f] g}
g/fVg] / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF6kl5sf]
k'g;{+/lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rg kl5 dfq ;a} s'/f ug]{
eGg] cToGt cb"/bzL{ gLlt tyf
cGo bnx?sf] ;d]t
xLgtfaf]wd"ns k|:t''ltn] ubf{
cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . ljutdf
lgIf]k0f ul/Psf sfo{lhDd]jf/L
;d]t lhlj;n] /sd ;fg]{ sfo{
u/]h:tf] dfq eO/x]sf] 5 . gofF
k|:tfljt If]qx? u|fdL0f ;8s,
emf]n'Ë] k'n, ;fgf l;+rfO{sf]
sfof{Gog klg hgk|ltlglwlagf /
lglZrt sfo{of]hgf tyf cfjZos
ah]6lagf k|efjsf/L eO/x]sf] /
x'g] b]lv+b}g . hgk|ltlglwx? /xFbf ;z:q åGå/t cj:yfdf klg
)%( ;fn;Dd /fhZj j[l4 / k"FhLut cg'bfgsf] vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf
a9\bf] qmddf lyof] . ;f] cjlwdf ;8s lgdf{0fdf pNn]Vo j[l4
ePsf] lyof] oBlk u'0f:t/sf af/]df z+sf / cfnf]rgf ug]{ 7fpF
5g\ . To;}u/L lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFdf ;dGjo, ;fdflhs
kl/rfng tyf pQ/bfloTj Pj+ lhDd]jf/Ljf]w klg lyof] . Psfw
36gf e|i6frf/ / clgoldttfsf x'g] lalQs} To;nfO{ cfd
k|j[ltsf] ?kdf a'em\g] / s]Gb|af6 cfˆgf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbPsf]
cfb]zsf] e/df :yfgLo tx rlnxfN5 eGg] cnf]stflGqs / ;Qf
:jfy{sf sf/0f xfnsf] cj:yf ef]Ug' k/]sf] ljZn]if0f u/L
oyfzSo l56f] :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug{ ;lsof] eg] dfq u0ftGq
ufpF / j8f tx;Dd k'Ug]5 . ;+;f/sf ljsl;t / ;DkGg
d'n'sx?df h'g b]zn] :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] cfGtl/s cfo j[l4
ug]{ / s]Gb|Lo /fhZjaf6 ;+slnt /sd ;d]t k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ dfkm{t u/fpg] / ltgsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf klg cfjlws / cTfw'lgs tflnd tyf
k|lzIf0fx?sf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . xfdLx? ljz]if
sfnv08df s]Gb| jf k|b]z htf;'s} eP klg cflv/ x/]s JolQm
s'g} g s'g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGtu{t s} s/ bftf gful/s x'G5f}+
eGg] x]Ssf /fVg] xf] eg] ;a}df :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd / >f]t
;DkGg agfpg] b[9 OR5f hfUYof] ls < :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/x?
xfdLx? ljz]if sfnv08df s]Gb| jf k|b]z
htf;'s} eP klg cflv/ x/]s JolQm s'g} g
s'g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ cGtu{t s} s/ bftf
gful/s x'G5f}+ eGg] x]Ssf /fVg] xf] eg]
;a}df :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;Ifd / >f]t
;DkGg agfpg] b[9 OR5f hfUYof] ls <
:yfgLo k|hftGq
6
klg cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsfjfnf ;+j}wflgs tyf :jzfl;t ;+:yf
x'g'k5{ eGg] nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L :yfgLo
lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yf ul/of] eg]
cGtl/d / ;+qmd0f sfn b]lv g} :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] yk
nf]stflGqs cEof; ug{ yfNg] 5g\ / u0ftGq ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g]
cfwf/ tof/ x'Fb} hfg]5 . o;sf ;fy} hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo
;/sf/ /xFbf l;dfgf tyf d'n'ssf cGo ljleGg :yfgsf
xltof/wf/L tyf cGo cfk/flws ;d'xsf] ljuljuL ;d]t :yfgLo
txsf] ljz]if 1fg / sf}znn] Joj:yfkg eO{ Go"gLs/0f Pjd\
lg/fs/0f ;d]t x'g ;S5 .
:yfgLo nf]stGq / u0ftGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
:yfgLo txdf tTsfn hgk|ltlglwd"ns Joj:yf ug{ /
hgtfsf] jlnbfgaf6 k|fKt nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut
Pjd\ ;'b[9 kfg{sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ ;'kmfjx? k|:t't ug{
;lsG5M
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg'?k ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts agfpg
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% df ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
:yfgLo lgsfosf] k'gM;+/rgf ubf{;Ddsf] cGtl/d cjlwsf
nflu dfq lgjf{rg ul/g]af/] ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx? aLr
;xdlt ug]{ .
lgjf{rg cfof]un] tof/ ul//x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL
;+sngdf ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx?nn] ;xof]u ug{] .
cfufld cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6df lgjf{rgsf nflu /sd
ljlgof]hg ug]{ .
k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /x]sf] pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqLsf]
cWoIftfsf] sfof{Gog ;ldlt tyf :yfgLo ljsf; ;lrjsf]
cWoIftfsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f kmf]sn ;ldltx?nfO{ lqmofzLn
agfO{ lgoldt a}7s ug]{ / cw{jflif{s ;ldIff ug]{ .
:yfgLo :joQ zf;g P]g;Fu aflemPsf s]xL P]gx? ;+zf]wg
ug]{ .
sfo{lhDd]jf/L lgIf]k0f ul/g' kg]{ dGqfnox?df klg yk
kmf]sn JolQm tf]sL tL+ kmf]sn JolQm / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / km]fsn ;ldlt aLr k|To]s b'O{ dlxgfdf
a}7s ug]{ .
lhNnf, gu/kflnsf / ufpFx?df cfjlws of]hgf /
u'?of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg xfn k|:tfljt Ifdtf
ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx?, cGo cg'lzIf0fx? lgjf{rg eP nuQ}
tLg dlxgf leq :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3÷dxf;+3x?, :yfgLo
ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg tyf cGo bIftf / cg'ej k|fKt
;+:yf Pjd\ JolQmx?af6 ;~rfng ug{ ah]6 Joj:yf ug]{ .
s]Gb|, lhNnf, gu/ / ufpFdf cg'udg ;+oGq yk ;lqmo /
cg'udgsf] k|ltj]bg tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/df
k'/:s[t tyf bl08t ug]{ gLlt k|lt ;r]t ub}{ sfof{Gog ug]{
/ ;f]sf] k|rf/ ug]{ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'gM;+/rgfaf/] lgjf{lrt lgsfox?df
Jofks 5nkmn rnfO{ ldNg ;Sg] jf c;xh x'g] l:yltaf/]
k'gM;+/rgf cfof]unfO{ k|ltj]bg ug{ nufpg] .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos clwsf/ ;d]t /fhkqdf k|sflzt
u/L sfo{If]q leqsf emu8fx? ;dfwfg ug{ clwstd k|oTg
u/fpg] .
clgolGqt ?kdf a9L /x]sf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] bf]xg /f]Sg
:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;d]t lhDd]jf/L tf]sL ;f] cg'?k
/f]oN6L k|bfg ug]{ oyfxL3| sfg'gL Joj:yf ug]{ .
u0ftGq k|flKtsf] ljifonfO{ xif{ / P]ltxfl;s pknJwLsf]
?kdf k|rf/ u/L ef}lts ;+/rgf, ;/;kmfO{ tyf cfly{s
qmflGtsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/ dfkm{t ljz]if sfo{qmd /
ah]6 ;lxt b]zJofkL cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ .
lgisif{df
olb pk/f]Qm cg';f/ ug{ ;lsof] eg] s]Gb| ;/sf/ tyf
k|:tfljt k|b]zx?nfO{ klg hgtfsf nflu hgtfåf/f zf;g ug{,
nf]stGqsf cGt/f{li6«o Pjd\ ;fj{ef}d d"No / dfGotf cg'?k
u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{, k|ltqmflGt tyf xltof/wf/L ;d'xsf]
qfz sd ug{, ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf hgtfsf]
ljZjf; cfh{g ug{ ;d]t cg's'n jftfj/0f tof/ ug{sf ;fy}
d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fF:s[lts ;Dj[l4 ug{ ;xof]u
k'Ug]5 . nf]stGq, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, cg'zf;g / d]x]gtL hgtf /x]sf
tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ul/Psf d'n'sx? PsfTds jf ;+3Lo
h]eP klg ;d[4 tyf ;'vL ePsf ;+;f/sf y'k|} pbfx/0f tk{m
klg ;dod} ljrf/ k'Ug' cfjZos 5 . cGoyf ;+ljwfg ;efsf]
lgjf{rg u/L u0ftGq :yfkgf u/]sf] axfb'/Lsf ljifon] dfq
gful/s Pjd\ efjL k':tfsf] dfu tyf eljio cw/d} /xg] /
cGo åGåu|:t d'n's h:t} bzsf}+;Dd klg k|ult gx'g] cj:yf
cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf tk{m ;dod} ;r]t /xL b'/b[li6 k'¥ofpg /
lg0f{o ug,{ bjfj l;h{gf ug{ tyf pHjn eljiosf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu h'6\g ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf
cfdgful/ssf] Wofg hfg h?/L 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?
!= g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
@= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%%
#= g]kfn ;/sf/sf k~r jifL{o of]hgf tyf ;ldIff k|ltj]bgx?
$= ;'zf;g ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bgx?
%= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% tyf lgodfnL, @)%^
^= pRr :t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|ltj]bgx?
&= s]xL ljsl;t b]zsf ;+ljwfg / P]gx?
*= s]xL ljsl;t b]zx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf
sfo{lhDd]jf/L k|ltj]bgx?
:yfgLo k|hftGq
7
cfn]v
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f l;4fGt / Jojxf/. 8f= lji0f'z+s/ kf}8]n
;x–k|fWofks lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
!= ;}4flGts kl/ro
dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf] qmddf
dfgj hflt /fHo ;~rfngsf] k|lqmofdf
;dfj]z x'g yfn]kl5 clwsf/ / bfloTjsf]
afF8kmfF8sf] ax; ;'? ePsf] xf] . s]lGb|s[t
/ ljs]lGb|s[t /fHo k4ltsf] ljifo gjLg
xf]Og t/ k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltsf]
df}lns dfGotf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f xf] . s]Gb|df
/x]sf] zltm, cl3sf/, bfloTj, ;fwg, /
;|f]t hlt tNnf] lgsfo tx / ju{df
lgM;[t xF'b} hfG5 Tolt g} k|hftflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfn] ;fy{stf kfPsf]
7flgG5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf]
k|lqmofnfO{ ;jn t'Nofpg ;g\
!(() sf] bzskl5 s]Gb|df
/x]sf] bfloTj, clwsf/, /
;|f]tnfO{ :yfgLo :t/;Dd
k'¥ofpg'kg]{ cfjZostfsf]
dx;'; ug{ yflnof] . :yfgLo
cfjZostfcg';f/ ;|f]tsf]
jfF8kmfF8 / pkof]u x'g ;sf];,
s/ ltg{ / s/ lng]sf aLrdf
:ki6 bfloTj af]w x'g ;sf];,
:yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkgdf
:yfgLo hgtfs} ;+nUgtf x'g ;sf];\ /
;dfhdf /x]sf] sdhf]/ ju{;Dd ljsf;sf]
k|ltkmn k'Ug ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon]
:yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ ;dfh ljsf;sf
k|d'v gfossf ?kdf k|:t't ug{ yflnPsf]
xf] -;]G6/ km/ 8]df]qm];L, ;g\ @)))M#@_
:yfgLo hgtfsf] ;+nUgtflagf ljsf;sf
gLlt / sfo{qmdx? lgdf{0f ug{] / nfu"
ug]{ k/Dk/fut s]Gb|Ls[t k4lt ca
c;fGble{s eO;s]sf]] 5 . ;/n efiffdf
eGbf ;fFrf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] ;|f]t / zlQmsf]
k"0f{ lgIf]k0f rfxG5 . gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv
sfof{Gjog;Dd :jfoQtf rfxG5 . s'g}
klg axfgfdf s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]k :jLsf/ ug{
;Sb}g . ;g !(%) b]lvsf ljsf;
/0fgLltx?sf] Oltxf;n] of] l;4
ul/;s]sf 5g\ ls hgtf hlt;'s}
cljsl;t cj:yfdf /xf];\ cfˆgf] lxt /
clxtsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ p;}nfO{
;'Dkbfdfq ljsf; k|lqmof lbuf] /xg
;Sb5 . ca ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|hftflGqs
k4ltnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg] dfWod /
k|s[of b'j} xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljsf;
/0fgLltsf/x? k|i6 eO;s]sf] 5g\ -O:6g{
cu{gfOh];g,;g\ @))(M@*_ .
nf]stGqsf] ;kmn k|of]u cfd
hgtfn] cg'e't ug{ ;Sg], ;xeflu jGg
;Sg], lgof{0f lgdf{0f / lg?k0fdf e"ldsf
v]Ng] ljs]Gb|Lt zf;g k4ltdf dfq x'g
;Sb5 . ;j} If]qdf hgtfnfO{ j9L
clwsf/ ;DkGg / pQ/bfoL agfpg'df g}
k|hftGqsf] ;fy{stf /xG5 . cfˆgf]
/fHosf] efUo lgdf{0f hgtf cfkm}n]
ub{5g\ . To;sf nflu d'n'ssf]
k|To]stxsf] zf;g / sfo{df hgtfsf]
;lqmo ;xeflutf h'6fO{ :yfgLo :jfoQf
zf;g k|s[ofnfO{ lbuf] / e/kbf]{ kfg{
ljs]lGb|t zf;g k4tL ;zQmjGg ;Sb5 .
/fHosf] zlQm s]Gb| ;/sfdf /xg] ePsfn]
:yfgLo k|s[ltsf] clwsf/ :yfgLo txdf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gug]{ xf] eg] k|hftGq /
:yfgLo :jzf;gsf] hu ;'b[9 x'g ;Sb}g .
hgrfxgf cg'?k hg ;xeflutfsf]
cfwf/df ljsf; k|s[ofnfO{ cufl8,
a9fpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ Ps lg/Gt/
rln/xg] ;zQm k|s[ofsf] ?kdf lnOG5 .
s'g} klg /fHodf k|hftGq geP zlQm
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f x'b}g, clwsf/ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
geP :jzf;g x'g ;Sb}g, :jzf;gsf]
cefjdf lbuf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g / lbuf]
ljsf; geP;Dd k|hftGqsf nfex?
hgtfn] pkef]u ug{ gkfP /fhgLlts
Joj:yf k|lt g} ljt[i0ff pTkGg x'g
;S5 . ctM ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{
k|hftGq, :jfzf;g / lbuf]
ljsf;sf] ckl/xfo{ c:q Pjd\
ljsf;sf] Ps clt pko'Qm
/0fgLltsf] ?kdf c+uLsf/ ug'{ kg]{
x'G5 ->L %sf] ;/sf/, @)%#M@@ .
;g !(*) sf] bzsb]lv
ljZjJoflk ?kdf ;/sf/L
sfo{x?sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwdf
rf;f] a9]sf] kfpF5f} . ;g\ !(()
sf] bzs b]lv s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]]
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;]jf k|bfks
;fj{hlgs sfo{x? ljs]Gb|Lt u/]/
k|hftGqsf] l;h{gf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf]
dxTjk'0f{ ;+oGq ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{
;+;f/el/ g} c+ufn]sf] kfpF5f} . ;+;f/sf
;a}h;f] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n], ljlQo,
/fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs pQ/bfloTj
tNnf]txsf ;/sf/ / gLlhIf]qnfO{
ljs]Gb|Ls[t u/L cfPsf 5g\ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
;DaGwL k|of;df Hofb} lj:tf/ ePsf] 5
/ ljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v b'j}
lsl;dsf d'n;sx?n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o zlQmsf] Psflwsf/dfly r'gf}tL lbFb}
cfPsf 5g\ -lji6, ;g\ @))!M!_ .
hgtfsf nflu /fHon] ug'{kg]{ ;Dk"0f{
nf]stGqsf] ;kmn k|of]u cfd
hgtfn] cg'e't ug{ ;Sg], ;xeflu
jGg ;Sg], lgof{0f lgdf{0f /
lg?k0fdf e"ldsf v]Ng] ljs]Gb|Lt
zf;g k4ltdf dfq x'g ;Sb5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
8
k|zf;lgs / ;]jf k|bfug'{ kg]{ sfo{x?
s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfn] dfq ug{ Jojxfl/s /
;Dej gx'g] x'gfn] :yfgLo hgtfsf hxfF
h] h:tf sfd / ;d:of 5g\, o:tf sfo{
;Dkfbg ug]{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
ToxLsf hgtfnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf ;Ful7t
u/]/ /fHozlQmnfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?df
lgIf]k0f ug]{ k|s[ofnfO{ g} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
k|s[of eGg] ul/G5 . k|hftflGqs zf;gdf
:yfgLo hgtfx?n] /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o
dxTjsf ljifox?df afx]s :yfgLo rfxgf
cfjZostf, ;|f]t kl/rfng, gLlt lgdf{0f
Pjd\ lg?k0fdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]
pkl:ylt sd ;]sd rfxG5g . :yfgLo
hgtfx?sf] lgjf;:yfg ufpF, zx/, If]q /
;dfhsf] hLjGtkIf eg]sf] ltgLx?n]
k|of]hg ug]{ :jfoQ zf;gsf] ljs]Gb|Ls[t
k4lt xf] . o;sf] nflu j}wflgs / sfg"gL
cfwf/x? v8fu/L hg ;xefuLtfdf
cfwfl/t :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gnfO{
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg'
kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff ;d]t cufl8 cfPsf]
5 -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3,
@)^!M!$_ .
@= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo zf;g
k|hftGqsf] d'n cfwf/ :yfgLo
zf;g xf] . :yfgLo zf;gs} e/df s]Gb|Lo
zf;gsf] sfo{af]em sd x'G5 . /fli6«o
ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"ld ;d]t :yfgLo zf;g
xf] . :yfgLo txsf ufpF÷gu/ / lhNnfsf
hfgtfsf] lxt ToxLsf hgtfsf]
;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdjf6 g}
x'g ;Sb5 . :yfgLo hgtfn] r'g]sf]
:yfgLo hgk|ltlglwjf6 hlt To;
ufpF÷gu/ Onfsfsf] ljsf; / pGglt x'g
;S5 Tolt s]Gb|jf6 yf]kfl/Psf] dgf]lgt
JolQmaf6 x'g ;Sb}g . hgtfsf :yfgLo
k|ltlglwn] ;~rfng ug]{ :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] cjwf/0f g} :yfgLo zf;g xf] .
:yfgLo zf;g k|hftGqsf] kf7zfnf xf] .
k|hftGqsf] ;'Id?k :yfgLo k|hftGqsf]
;DjGw :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;Fu 5 hf]
cfkm}df k|hftflGqs ;'zf;gsf] Ps ?k
xf] -yfkf,;g\ !(((M!_ . s'g} klg :yfgsf]
cfjZostf / hgrfxgfx? ToxL 7fpFsf
dflg;nfO{ hlt 1fg x'g ;S5 cGonfO{
x'b}g . lglZrt If]q, lhNnf, zx/ /
ufpFsf dflg;x?sf] rfxgf, ;d:of /
To;sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ;fwg / >f]tsf
af/]df k|i6 1fg k|fKt ePsf] :yfgLo
hgk|ltlglwaf6 hglxtsf nflu ul/g]
zf;gnfO{ :yfgLo zf;g elgG5 .
:yfgLo zf;gdf hgtf hgfb{gn] :jtGq
?kdf cfˆgf] If]qsf] zf;g k|aGw /
zf;g ;~rfng lgIf]k0f-ljs]Gb|Ls/0f_sf]
dfWodn] ug{ kfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ hgtfdf
/xG5 .
cfˆgf] ef}uf]lns Onfsf leqsf
hgtf hgfb{gsf] ;xeflutfdf pgLx?s}
OR5f rfxgf / cfs+IffnfO{ ;d]6L hglxt
/ ;d'Ggltsf nflu k|fKt sfg"gL
clwsf/sf] bfo/f leq /lx :yfgLo zf;g
;~rfng ug]{ clestf{ g} :yfgLo
hgtfsf hgk|ltlglw x'g\ . :yfgLo
hgtfsf] ;Ddlt cg's'n cf–cfˆgf] If]q
jf Onfsfdf ;+:yfut ljsf; /
;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ :yfgLo If]q /
hghLjgnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ s'/fdf :yfgLo
;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng / hgtfs}
;xeflutf åf/f ljsf; Joj:yfkg ug{sf
nflu clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f -ljs]Gb|Ls/0f_ /
lgIf]k0f sfo{df :jtGqtf k"j{s lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/df lglxt
x'g] k4lt g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
d"n cjwf/0ff xf] . o;} u/L cGt/fli6«o
jftj/0f lj1fgn] ;d]t Ps bzs
cufl8b]lv ljs]Gb|Ls[t :yfgLo zf;gnfO{
;zQm ?kdf ;dy{g ub{} cfPsf] kfpFb5f}
-+:yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, ;g\
@))@M &#_ .
:yfgLo zf;g, :yfgLo ;/sf/,
:yfgLo ljsf;, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g h]
htf zAbx? k|of]udf cfP klg g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ufpF / ;d'bfodf a;f]af;
ul//x]sf s/f}8f}+ hgtf / nfvf}+
hgk|ltlglwx? b'j}nfO{ ;Ifd / alnof]
agfpb} :yfgLo k|hftGqsf] cEof; ;'b[9
ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf / cjwf/0f
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L clwsf+z ljsf;ljb tyf
sfo{sstf{x? :yfgLo lgsfo tyf
gful/s ;dfh / ;+:yfx? zf;gsf]
cljlzi6 l;4fGt / Jojxf/ adf]lhd
s]Gb|jf6 :yfgLo ljsf;df zf;gsf]
lgIf]k0f x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt 5g\
. :yfgLo zf;gsf] ;~rfng hgpQ/bfoL
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ub{5 . :yfgLo zf;gdf
hg;xeflutf, clwsf/, lhDd]jf/, ;|f]t
;fwg, hgzlQmsf] kl/rfng, pQ/bfloTj
jxg, :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;, lgdf{0f,
;]jfk|jfx, ;fem]bf/L Ifdtf / ljsf; /
lgIf]lkt sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ug]{ / ;+oGqx?
/ ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f{ Pjd\ ljsf; cflb
ljifox?nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] kfpF5f} . To;}n]
:yfgLo lgsfo x? g} hgtfsf OR5f
cfsf+Iffx? k'/fug]{ z;Qm dfWod x'g .
#= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf hgk|ltlglw
;/sf/df x/]s dflg;sf] lx:;f /xg'
k|hftGq xf] . hgtfsf] ;xefuLtfn]
k|hftGqnfO{ ;;jn agfp5 . hgtfnfO{
s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ ;~rfng u/Lg]
k|hftfGqLs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf
k|ToIf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf] cledt
Psftkm{ JoQm ub{5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{
cfˆgf k |ltlglwx? dfkm{t zf;gsf]
afu8f]/ ;~rfng ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] lgdf0f{
ub{5 . k|ToIf k|hftGqsf] k|of]hg c;Dej
k|foM cfhsf] cj:yfdf hgtfn] dt
cleJolQmsf] dfWodåf/ hgk|ltlglwx?sf]
rog u/L k|hftGqnfO{ k|of]ufTds ?k
lbg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . cfkm"n] OR5fPsf]
k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6, hgefjgf /
cfj:ostfsf] cleJoQm ug{ ;Sg] jf ug]{
hgk|ltlglwd"ns k4lt k|hftflGqs
d'n'sx?df kfOG5 . hgtfn] cfˆgf] g]t[Tj
rog cfkm}n] ug]{ g]t[Tjn] hg
cfjZostfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{ g;s]
cfjlws lgjf{rgdf hgtfn] csf]{
g]t[Tjsf] rog ug]{ Pp6f c;n
k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L nf]ssNof0fsf/L
ljs]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;'Gb/ kIf
dflgG5 . k|hftGqsf] k|of]hgdf
hgk|ltlglw d"ns zf;gnfO{ cfh;Ddsf]
Oltxf;df ;a} eGbf pQd Joj:yf
dflgPsf] 5 . cfhef]nL k|ltlglwd"ns
k|hftGqsf] dfWodn] hgtfn] cfˆgf
clwsf/x?sf] pkef]u ubf{ ;fj{hlgs
kbsf nflu kbflwsf/Lx?sf] rog
dtbfgåf/f ug]{ / tL ljhoL kbflwsf/Lx?
dtbftfx? k|lt g} pQ/bfloTj x'g'kg]{
Joj:yf ;To;fljt e} ;s]sf] 5 .
cfjlws lgjf{rgdf hgtfsf] sfdu/]sf
dflg;n] dfq k'gM lgjf{rg lhTb5g\ .
cGoyf Ps k6s JoQm cledtn] ;bfsf
nflu sfd ug{ ;Sb}g . Pp6f lglZrt
;dofjlwdf lgjf{rg eO/xg' kb{5 .
lsgls dflg;sf a9\bf cfsf+Iff /
:yfgLo k|hftGq
9
cfjZostfx? ablnbf] /fhgLlts cfly{s
/ ef}lts kl/j]znfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg]
k|ltlglwsf] rog ug]{ hgtfsf] rfxgf
/xG5 . o:tf] k|hftflGqs ultljlwdf
/fhgLlts bnx? hgdt ;+sng /
cleJoQm ug]{ ;zQm dfWod jf ;+jfxs
aGb5g -8'eu{/,;g\ !(&^M#&@_ .
pk/f]Qm hgk|ltlglw d"ns k4lt
/fli6«o ;/sf/sf ;DaGwdf dfq g e}
ljs]Gb|Ls[t :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;Gbe{df
klg cToGt ;fGble{s 7flgG5 . To;}n]
k|hftGqsf] d]?b08sf ?kdf :yfgLo
;/sf/nfO{ ljZjJoflk ?kdf :jLsf/
u/]sf] kfp5f}+ . :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ al9
eGbf al9 :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L ljsf;sf]
ultnfO{ ;dfg'kflts 9+un] tLj| agfpb}
nluPsf cEof;x? ljZj el/g} oqtq
kfpg ;lsG5 . ;dli7df d'n'ssf]
k|hftGqnfO{ ;jn ;Ifd / ;d'Ggt
t'Nofpg] lbzfdf :yfgLo txsf]
k|hftflGqs ;jlns/0fsf] k|of;n]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ s'/fdf b'O{dt
x'g ;Sb}g .
$=ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf hg;xeflutf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|of]hgn] :yfgLo
hgtfnfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf ;lDdlnt
u/fpg / ;aeGbf tNnf] ufpj:tLsf
hgtfnfO{ ;l/s u/fO{ To;sf nfex?
k|To]sn] k|fKtug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgfug{
hg ;xeflutf clgjfo{ cfjZostf
aGg k'u]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts g]tfx?sf]
5gf]6, gLlt lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjogdf
k|efj kfg{ hgtfn] ug]{ ;d"lxs
k|of;sf] gfd g} j:t'tM hg;xeflutf
xf] -ljg/, ;g\ !(((M@@$_ .
k|hftGqdf hgtf hgfb{g g} ;jf]{kl/
x'G5g\ . hg;xeflutf lagfsf]
k|hftlGqs zf;g kl/sNkgf ;Dd ug{
;lsb}g . s'g} klg b]zsf hgtf cfˆgf]
/fi6«sf efUo lgdf{tf dfq xf]Ogg\, /fi6«sf
cx+ ;jfnx?df clGtd lg0f{o ug]{
k|hftGqsf clestf{ ;d]t x'g . /fHosf]
tNnf] lgsfodf ;d]t ljsf;sf
ultljlwx? hg;xeflutf ljgf
;~rfnug{ c;Dej 5 eGg] ljZjJoflk
cjwf/0ff alg ;s]sf] 5 . zf;g
Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr slQsf] 5,
hgtf ;fj{ef}d 5g\ of 5}gg\ eGg] s'/f
b]zsf] k|To]s txsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf]
lg0f{fos :yfgdf hg;xeflutfsf] :t/
s:tf] 5 < hgk|ltlglwn] lg0f{o lng
;S5g of ;Sb}Gg eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL hgtfsf]
;xeflutfdf dfq hLljt/xg ;Sb5 .
hg;dy{g / hgbjfjaf6 dfq hg
g]t[Tjsf lg0f{ox? dha't, Aojxfl/s /
sNof0fsf/L aGg ;Sb5g\ .
hlt s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf
hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf 7flgG5 Tof]
eGbf klg al9 :yfgLo zf;g ;~rfngsf]
:kGbg hg;xeflutf aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
hgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn] /fhgLlts
k4ltdf lgoGq0f / k|efj b'j} kfg{ ;Sb5
-bxfn,;g\ @))@M!!(_ . :yfgLo zf;gdf
kf/blz{ pQ/bfloTj / hjfkmb]lx h:tf
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ;lqmo hg–
;xeflutfdf ug{ ;lsG5 . hgtfsf]
Ifdtfljsf; / ;zlQms/0f hg;xeflutf
ljgf k|foM c;Dej 5 . hgtfsf]
;xeflutfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ dfq
;zQm agfpb}g, k|hftGqnfO{ ;d]t ;'b[9
kfg]{ sfd ub{5 -vgfn,;g\ @))#M@#)_.
o;/L x]bf{ hg;xeflutf k|hftflGqs
zf;g Joj:yfsf] r'/f] xf] . hg ;dy{gdf
;~rflnt /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn] dfq
clei7 nIox? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 . hg
;dy{gdf ;~rfnLt /fhgLlts k|0ffnLn]
dfq clei7 nIox? k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 .
hg;dy{g ljgfsf] :yfgLo jf s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/ tf;sf] dxn h:t} xf] . h'g s'g}
klg a]nf 9Ng ;Sb5 . nf]s ;Ddlt hg
;xefuLtf / emg /fHo zltmsf] ;|f]t
hgtf g} xf] eGg] c7f]6n] zg;g
;~rfngdf hgtfnfO{ g} s]Gb|ljGb'
agfpg' kb{5 eGg] oyfy{tfsf] k|Tofe"lt
;+ljwfgdf kb{5 . To:t} nf]s ;Ddlt /
hg;xeflutf eg]sf] hgtfsf] le8, gf/f
h'n';, :jfut / lj/f]wsf] s[To dfq xf]Og
of] t Jojl:yt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL
dof{bf leq /lx ljsf;, lgdf{0f /
hgsNof0fsf nflu ul/g] k'lgt sfo{x?sf]
;sf/fTds ;xeflutf xf] . hgtf cfkm}
;xeflu eP/ x'G5 of k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6
u/]/ ltlgx?sf] dfWodaf6 zf;gsf
k|To]s If]qdf hg;xeflutfsf] cg'e"ltdf
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ dfq x}g :yfgLo ;/sf/
n] ;d]t hgtfsf] gf;f] k|hftGqnfO{
hLjg k4ltsf] ?kdf ptfg{ ;kmn x'G5 .
t/ cfh lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwljxLg
:yfgLo zf;g /x]sf] cj:yfdf ljsf;,
lgdf{0f / ;'zf;gdf ;do vr{ ug]{
hgdt jf hg;xeflutfsf] e]n
;/sf/sf] ;dy{g / lj/f]wdf wldlnPsf]
5 .
%= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsfM cEof;x?
Nf]fstGqnfO{ :yfgLo ;t/jf6
hLjg k4ltsf] ?kdf ckgfpg' kb{5 .
ax';+Vos hgtfn] jf;:yfg :yfgLo
txdf cfly{s, /fhgLlts clwsf/x?
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ lgIf]k0f ul/Pdfg}
;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe'lt / ;fdflhs Gofosf]
Jj:yf :yfgLo k|hftGqdf x'g ;Sb5 .
log} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fdf
cEof;x? tn lbOG5 .
%=! k|frLg / dWosfn
g]kfndf :yfgLo zf;gsf] k/Dk/f
k|frLgsfn b]lv g} ;'? x'G5 . ljleGg
sfn v08df ul/Psf k|of]ux? a]Unf a]Un}
z}nLsf ePklg dxTjk"0f{
dflgG5g\ . ls/fFtsfnLg k|frLg g]kfnsf]
zf;g k4ltdf /fHonfO{ cg]s …y'dÚdf
ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . k|To]s y'ddf
hgtfn] r'g]sf kfFrhgf …k~rÚ /xGy] .
…y'dÚ eGbf d'lg …ufpFÚ /xGy] . k|To]s
ufpFdf ToxfFsf jfl;Gbfn] …ljrf/L d'lvofÚ
r'Gby] . o; sfnsf] y'd cg]s lhNnfdf
ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] ljleGg y'd
cGtu{t u|fdx? /xg] Joj:yf lyof] .
Oltxf; k'/ftflTjs ;|f]taf6 k'li6
ug{ afFsL ePklg y'd k|d'v pkk|d'v ufpF
k|d'v, ;'Aaf, pk;'Aaf h:tf :yfgLo
:jfzf;g ;~rfng ug]{x?sf] cg]s
gfdx? kfOG5g\ . logLx?n] cfˆgf] If]qdf
hlt s]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf
hg;xeflutfsf] cfjZostf
7flgG5 Tof] eGbf klg al9
:yfgLo zf;g ;~rfngsf]
:kGbg hg;xeflutf aGg
k'u]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
10
zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfod ug]{, em}–emu8fx?
lg/fs/0f ug]{ ck/flwnfO{ b08 lbg] s/
p7fpg], s'nf]÷gx/ / ahf/sf] Joj:yf
ug]{ sfo{ ub{y] . ls/fFtx?n] Jojl:yt
zf;g Joj:yf dfq x}g :yfgLo
:jfzf;gsf] k/Dk/fsf] ;d]t ljsf;
u/]sf lyP -e§/fO{, @)^!M#&_ .
/fhf dfgb]j -$^$–%)% O{+_ sf]
kfnfb]lv lnR5jLsfnsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L
kfOG5 . lnR5jL zf;gsfnsf] k|zf;g
Joj:yf ;f]em} s]Gb|af6 zf;g ul/g] …b]zÚ
/ s]Gb|sf] clwdf /xL ;fdGt4f/f zf;g
ul/g] …b]zÚ u/L /fi6« b'O{ v08df ljeflht
lyof] . lhNnfnfO{ …ljifoÚ / :yfgLo
k|zf;g rnfpg] …ljifokltÚ klg x'Gy] .
o;/L s]Gb|, ;fdGt / ljifo Psflt/ lyP
eg] u|fd tn{/ b|ª :yfgLo txdf lyP .
h;dWo] u|fdkf~rfnLsf] Joj:yf :yfgLo
txdf lyof] . u|fdkf~rfnLsf ;b:o
:yfgLo kfFr hgf a'9fkfsfn] :yfgLo
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{, s/ p7fpg], rf]/L
8s}tL xTof Jolerf/ / ljjfx ljR5]b
h:tf k~rfk/fw x]b{y] . lnR5ljx?
kl5 dWosfndf k|foM dNn /fhfx?n]
zf;g u/] . o;a]nf s]Gb| k|fKt /
:yfgLo zf;g lyof], lnR5jLx?sf]
z}nL ckgfO{ ljifo -lhNnf_ nfO{ y'd,
jl:t, u|fd tyf 6f]ndf ljefhg u/L
k|dfg, cdfnL, 6f]n pd/f, cflbn]
:yfgLo k|zf;g rnfpFy] . dWosfn
pNn]vgLo geP klg k~rfot,
kf~rfnL / kl5 k~r;d'Rok, …k~rÚ
h:tf ;+:yfn] :yfgLotxdf nf]slk|otf
lnP -jh|frfo{, @)#%M@)^)_ .
%=@ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fb]lv /f0ffsfn;Dd
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / pgsf
pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;gJoj:yf
rnfPsf lyP . ;–;fgf /fHox?df
k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglwsf
?kdf d'lVtof/, ;'Aaf, cdfnL, rf}tlf/of,
sflh, ;/bf/, ;'j]bf/, n]K6]gh:tf kbx?
lhNnf :t/Lo clwsf/Lsf lyP . To:t}
:yfgLo k|zf;lgs kbflwsf/Lx?df b/f{,
uvf{ / y'dh:tf Onfsf k|d'v /xGYof] .
ltgLx?df d'lvof,yfgL, y/L, åf/], pd/fj,
cdfnL, h]7fa'9f, k|wfg, 6f]Nkf, /haf/,
glhsL, sfldg, gfOs], kmf}hbf, d'lG;km
rf}w/L, sf]tjfn, ldemf/, df]sbd, /fO{,
h'7f, /}ot, g]lu / clwsf/ cflb
lyP ., o'4/t cj:yf /x]sf] zfxsfndf
:yfgLo kbflwsf/Lx?n] hg;dy{t h'6fO{
hgtfaf6 o'4df ;fylng], cfGtl/s
zflGt ;'Joj:yf sfd ug]{, ;Defljt
cfqmd0f jf ljb|f]xaf6 ;'/Iff / /fhZj
;+sng k|d'v bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ kb{Yof] .
:yfgLo hgtfnfO{ o'4sfnLg cj:yfdf
;l/s u/fpg ljleGg uLt, ehg /
o'4ufyf ;'gfO{ hg;xeflutf ;d]t
h'6fOGYof] .
/f0fsfnLg cjlw -!()#–@))&_
nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;Qtfsf] lg/+s'z zf;g
Joj:yf elgP klg lhNnf k|zf;gsf]
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ;g\ !*(% -lj=;+=
!(%@_ b]lv jL/ zdz]/sf] kfnfdf
kxf8tkm{ @# / t/fO{ tkm{ !@ u/L hDdf
#% lhNnfaf6 k|f/De ul/of] . u9L, uf}8f,
uf]Zjf/f h:tf c8\8f /xg] :yn sfod
u/L zfxsfnLg dflysf kbx?nfO{
/f0ffzf;g cg's"n agfO{of] . gu/:t/df
ef]6flxl6 :yLt Do'lgl;kN6Lsf] u7g
;DaGwL ;gb lj=;+= !(&^ / !(&(, Pj+
bfª b]pv'/Lsf] lj=;+= !(*# sf] …dfGohg
srx/LÚ :yfgLo zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df
pNn]vgLo ;'?jft dflgG5 . lj=;+=
@))) df hf/L k~rfot lgodfjnL,
lhNnfsf k~rfotsf gfpFdf lj=;+= @))#
hf/L lgodfjnL To:t} ufpFk~rfot,
gu/k~rfot / k~rfotL cbfntL P]g
@))^ klg :yfgLo :jzf;gsf
pNn]vgLo b:tfj]hsf] /f0ffsfndf
;'?jft ul/of] . hxflgof /f0ff zf;gdf
hg;xeflutfsf] s'g} cy{ lyPg-9'ª\u]n,
@)^)M !!_ .
%=# @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5 k~rfotL sfn;Dd
@))& ;fnsf] hgqmflGt kl5sf
k|hftflGqs sfn / @)!& ;fnkl5sf]
k~rfotLsfndf w]/} ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL
k|ltj]bg, cfof]u ;ldlt, lgb]{zg,
lbUbz{g, P]g lgod / lgodfjnLx?sf
gfddf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf lbzfdf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ;jlns/0f u/fpg
k|oTgx? eP ltgLx?sf] gfdfÍ g lgDg
cg';f/ 5 .
pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g zlQm
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u @)@), ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
of]hgf @)@@, :yfgLo k|zf;g JoJ:yf
P]g @)@@, PSsfO; ;b:oLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
;ldlt @)@$, k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u
@)@%sf k|ltj]bgx?, kGw| ;b:oLo
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;ldlt @)@^, :yfgLo
k|zf;g cWofb]z @)@*, lhNnf
k|zf;g of]hgf @)#!, k|zf;g ;'wf/
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)#@, PsLs[t
k~rfot ljsf;sf] k|f?k @)#%,
:yfgLo pk;ldlt @)#*, pRr:t/Lo
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f pk;ldlt @)#(,
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f P]g @)#(, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -
sfo{Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL @)$!,
pk/f]Qm k|oTgx? dWo] k|zf;g zlQm
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cfof]u @)@) n]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ub}{
n}hfg] eGg] ljifodf 7f]; lgisif{x?
lgsfNof] . hgtfsf] cfjZostf hg:t/d}
lg?k0f u/L ltgsf] rfxgfcg';f/
clwsf/Lsf] k|of]u To:tf sfd ltgs}
;xof]udf u/fpg] cjwf/0f /fvL ufpF,
gu/ / lhNnfsf] ;efnfO{ ljwflosf /
ufpF÷gu/ / lhNnf k~rfotnfO{a
sfo{sf/L0fLsf] ?kdf sfd u/L ljsf;;Fu
;DalGwt sfdx? ljleGg :yfgLo txdf
ljefhg u/L sfd ug{ u/fpg l;kmfl/;
;fy lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf k|ltj]bg k]z
u¥of] . o;}sf] cfwf/df @)@@ ;fndf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfo{of]hgf @)@@ /
lhNnf k~rfotsf] lgb]{zgfjnL @)@@
k|of]udf cfof] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lbzfdf
o; k|ltj]bgnfO{ pRr d"Nofs+gsf ;fy
x]l/G5 .
lnR5jL zf;gsfnsf] k|zf;g
Joj:yf ;f]em} s]Gb|af6 zf;g ul/g]
…b]zÚ / s]Gb|sf] clwdf /xL
;fdGt4f/f zf;g ul/g] …b]zÚ u/L
/fi6« b'O{ v08df ljeflht lyof] .
lhNnfnfO{ …ljifoÚ / :yfgLo k|zf;g
rnfpg] …ljifokltÚ klg x'Gy] .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
11
To:t} cGo k|of;x?df lqe'jg u|fd
ljsf; sfo{qmd @))(, ufpF k~rfot
Pg] @)!# / @)!*, ufpF k~rfot lgod
@)!#, ufpF k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_
lgodfjnL @)@), ufpF ;ef -:yfgdf_
lgodfjnL @)@^ g]kfn/fHo gu/kflnsf
P]g @))(, gu/kflnsf –cfDbfgL vr{
Joj:yf_ lgodx? @)!^, gu/kflnsf
;ef lgodx? @)!&, gu/k~rfot P]g
@)!(, gu/k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_
lgodfjnL @)@), lhNnf k~rfot P]g
@)!(, lhNnf k~rfot -sfo{Joj:yf_
lgodfjnL @)@), c~rn k~rfot P]g
@)!(, c~rn ;ef P]g @)@$ / @)@%
k~rfot ljsf; tyf hUuf s/ P]g
@)@@, k~rfot ljsf; tyf hUuf s/
lgodx? @)@* ;dt] /x]sf 5g\ -9'ª\u]n,
@)^)M**_ . k~rfotsfnLg k|of]u /
cEof;x?df ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /
of]hgfj4 lgsfosf r/0fx?df ;d]t
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ cfTd;fy ul/of] . t/
Joj:yf g} k|hftflGqs aGg g;s]sfn]
tTsfnLg k|oTg / k|of]u Jojxf/Ls Pj+
hgpkof]uL x'g ;s]gg\ .
%=$ hg cfGbf]ng @)$^ kl5sf k|of;x?
/fli6«o hg cfGbf]ngn] tL; jif{
k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/]kl5
k|hftflGqs ax'bnLo zf;gJoj:yfdf
:yfgLo zf;gsf] cfjZostf k|hftGqsf]
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu cfjZos 7flgof]
tTsfnLg cfGtl/s ;/sf/n] ufpF÷ gu/
/ lhNnf :t/Lo k~rfotsf ;+/rgfx?
vf/]h u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] tTsfnLg
;]jf k|bfos sfo{x? ug{ sd{rf/LnfO{
lhDdf nufOof] . k~rfotnfO{ ljsf;
;ldltdf ?kdfGt/0f ul/of] . k|hftGqnfO{
hu}b]lv dha't agfpg zlQm
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfjZostf /xG5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGqnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{
g;s]/ k~rfotsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f gLlt
;fy{s x'g ;s]g . :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ;lxt
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0f ax'bnLo
Joj:yfsf] ljz]iftf aGof] .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&
sf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt cGtu{t wf/f @% df
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWod4f/f hgtfnfO{
zf;gdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt
x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex?sf]
pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sfod ug'{
/fHosf] d'Vo bfloTj x'g]5 eGg] pNn]v
5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $^ df
…k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf ufpF / gu/sf
:yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v /
;b:ox? dtbftf ePsf] tyf lhNnfsf
:yfgLo lgsfosf k|d'v, pkk|d'v
lgjf{rg d08n4f/f tt\tt\ ljsf;
If]qaf6 tLg hgfsf b/n] Psn
;ª\qmdl0fLo dtsf cfwf/df sfg"gdf
Joj:yf eP cg';f/ lgjf{rg x'g] kGw|
hgf ;b:ox? sf] Jooj:yf 5 . o:t}
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)$ -!_ df …of] ;+ljwfg
/ cGo sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL ;+;b tyf
ufpF, gu/ / lhNnfsf :yfgLo
lgsfox?sf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v,
lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6
x'g]5Ú egL ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ng kl5sf] cfGtl/s
;/sf/n] ljwflosf -;+;b_ sf] lgdf{0f /
To;n] :yfgLo txsf nflu P]g
gagfP;Dd sl/a Ps jif{sf nflu ufpF,
gu/ / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$&
hf/L u¥of] . of] P]gn] u|fdL0f ljsf;
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/L hgtfn] k|fKt
ub}{ cfPsf ;]jf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbO{ ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] ;'?jftd}
hgtfn] z'Gotf cg'ej ug{ gk/f]; eGg]
clek|fo lnPsf] lyof] . ;+;bLo lgjf{rg
kl5 @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg P]g
-@)$&sf] P]g_ vf/]h u/L ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
dfWodn] :jfoQ zf;g, hg;xeflutf,
:yfgLo :t/df g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; /
tn}b]lv ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ljsf;
k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ p2]Zon] ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$*, gu/kflnsf
P]g @)$* / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
@)$* kfl/t eof] . To:t} pRr:t/Lo
k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* n] ;d]t
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/sf]
cleGgcª\usf] ?kdf k|:t't u¥of] .
@)$( sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] lgjf{rg
kl5 :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
;zQm cfjfh p7fpg] lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt dxf;+3, gu/kflnsf ;+3 / ufpF
ljsf; ;ldlt /fli6«o dxf;+3 h:tf
hgk|ltlglw d"ns ;+:yfx? lgdf{0f eP .
u|fdL0f :jfjnDag sfo{qmd @)$*,
cfkm\gf] ufpF cfkm}+ agfpF @)%!, ufpF
ljsf; tyf :jfjnDag sfo{qmd @)%@
h:tf sfo{qmdn] ;'b'/ u|fdL0f hgtf;Dd
k|hftGqsf] k|ltkmn n}hg] sf]l;; ul/of] .
o;} ;Gbe{do ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx?nfO{
;fwg ;|f]t / k|fljlws ;xof]uaf6
;dYojfg jgfO{ ;du| Kofs]h ;lxtsf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfo{of]hgf @)%#nfu' u¥of] .
t}klg :yfgLo zf;gdf :jfoQtfsf
k|Zgx? pl7/x]sf] cj:yfdf tTsfnLg
k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf lj=;+= @)%# df
pRr:t/Lo ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ;dGjo ;ldlt /
To;cGtu{t ljs}Gb|Ls/0f sfo{ ;ldltsf]
u7g eof] . pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf
cfwf/df 5l/P/ /x]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/
;DaGwL P]g lgodx?nfO{ Pp6} sfg'gL
5ftfd'lg;d]6L :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g
@)%% / ;f] P]g ;DaGwL lgodfjnL hf/L
u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] -lxh d]h:6«L
ueg{d]G6 ckm g]kfn, ;g\ @)))M!%_ .
:yfgLo :jfoQm zf;g lgodfjnL
@)%^ :yfgLo lgsfo -cfly{s k|;fzg_
lgodfjnL @)%^, k|wfgdGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf ul7t ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfof{Gjog
tyf cg'udg ;ldltsf] u7g, cf7f} / gjf}
of]hgf n] u/]sf] Joj:y, ;fj{hgLs vr{
k'g/jnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%^,
:yfgLo lgsfo ljlQo cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg
@)%&, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f sfof{Gjog sfo{of]hgf
@)%*, :yfgLo lgsfo ;'lb0fLs/0f
cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg,@)^! th'{df ul/Psf]]
ePklg sfof{Gjogsf]kIf sdhf]/ blvof] .
bf]>f] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 jg]sf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#( df
:yfgLo :t/b]lv g} hgtfsf];fj{ef};Qfsf]
k|of]u ug]{ cg's"n jftfj/0f agfO{
d'n'ssf] zf;gJoj:yfdf hgtfsf]
a9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug{ /
hgtfnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df g} ;]jf pknAw
u/fpg tyf nf]stGqsf] :yfgLo :t/b]lv
g} ;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ ljs]G›Ls/0f tyf
clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf cfwf/df :yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf] Joj:yf
ug]{ === ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr
/fhgLlts ;xdlt sfod u/L g]kfn
;/sf/åf/f lhNnf, gu/ / ufpF:t/df
cGtl/d :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ul/g] 5 .
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g;DaGwL lgsfosf]
;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, To;sf] :j¿k /
k|fb]lzs Onfsf tyf u7g ljlw sfg'gdf
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 -g]kfn ;/sf/,
:yfgLo k|hftGq
12
@)^#M^#_ eGg] pNn]v u/] klg o;tkm{
vf;} pNn]vlgo sfo{ ePsf] kfOb}g . bzf}+
of]hgf / lqalif{o of]hgfn] ;d]t
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ pNn]v u/] klg @)%(
cfiff9 d;fGt b]lv cfh;Dd d'n's
lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwljxLg cf:yfaf6
u'lh|/x]sfn] hg;xeflutf / hgkl/rfng
sf] cj:yf lg/fzhgs /x]sf]5 .
^= pk;+xf/
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf dfWodn] hgtfnfO{
clws eGbf clws zf;g Joj:yfdf
;l/s u/fO{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf;
dlxnf / lk5l8Psf hghfltx?sf] pTyfg
Pj+ ;zlQms/0f ug{' cfhsf] cfj:ostf
xf] . ljutsf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f cEof;x?n]
s]Gb|df dfq ge} :yfgLo lgsfodf ;d]t
hgk|ltlglw d'ns zf;gsf] dfWodn] dfq
nf]stGq hu} b]lv alnof] x'G5 /
nf]stGqsf] k|ltkmn hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df
k'Ub5 eGg] cg'ej l;4 ePsf] 5 . gofF
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ;Gbe{df /fHok'g;+/rgf
;lxt :yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:Yf ug'{kg]{
cfj:ostf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLltsbnx?
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf dfq
s]Gb|Lt /xg] / :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljs]lGb|t
k4ltsfjf/]df rf;f] g/fVg] xf] eg] ca
aGg] ;+ljwfgn] klg :yfgLo hgtfsf
clwsf/x?nfO{ ;'lglZrug{ ;Sb}g . tTsfn
/fhgLlts bnx?n] b[9 OR5f zlQmsf;fy
:yfgLo txsf] lgaf{rg u/fPdf hgtfnfO{
clwsf/ ;Dkg Pj+ zf;gsf] tNnf]txnfO{
dhj't / ;zQ jgfpg ;lsGYof] . t/
o;tkm{ g]t[Tj ju{sf] Wofg uPsf] b]lvb}g .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
clhh, cAb'n PG8 8]lj8 l8 cfgf]{N8, l8;]G6«nfOH8
ueg]{G; Og Pl;og slG6«h, Go"lbNnL M ;fuf klAnu];g,
;g\ !((^ .
O:6g cu{gfOh];g km/ klAns P8ldlg:6«;g, k|md
ue/d]G6 6' udg]{G;, lkmlnlkG; M O:6g cu{gfOh];g km/
klAns P8ldlg:6«;g, ;g\ @))) .
vgfn, /ljGb|, nf]sn ;]Nkm ueg{d]G6 Og g]kfn P :68L
ckm 8]df]qm];L P6 b u|f; ?6\; !(()–@))), ljBfjfl/lw
zf]w k|jGw lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno ;g\ @))# .
u|fdL0f ljsz k|lti7fg u|fdL0f, ljifout lgIf]k0f /0fgLlt
cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^@, sf7df8f}+ M u|fdL0f ljsz k|lti7fg,
@)^@ .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w g]kfn, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f /
;'zfgsf] kIfkf]if0fdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w3 g]kfn,
nlntk'/M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, @)^! .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+w g]kfn, g]kfndf ljs]Gb|+Ls/0f M
;Defjgf / r'gf}ltx? nlntk'/ M lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
dxf;+w g]kfn @)%& .
8'eu{/, Eo'l/;, kf]lnl6sn kf6L{, k]l/; M ldy'Og s=
lnld6]8 ;g\ !(&^ .
9'Ë]n, åfl/sf gfy / cGo -;ª\sns_, g]kfn ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
;DalGw ;fj{hlgs k|of;x?, sf7df8f}+ M ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;
cWoog s]Gb|, @)^) .
yfkf, u+uf axfb'/, ;'zf;g k|hftGqsf] d"n cfwf/,
sf7df08f} Mg]kfn /fhgLlts zf:q ;+w, ;g\ !((( .
bxfn, b]j/fh, u'8 ueg]{G; P08 l8;]G6«nfO{h];g Og g]kfn,
sf7df8f}+ M ;]G6/ km/ ueg]{; P08 8]enkd]G6 :6l8h , ;g\
@))@ .
kGt, zf:q bQ, P:k]S6 ckm l8;]G6«nfOh];g Og g]kfn,
sf7df8f}+ M ;femf k+sfzg, @)%& .
g]kfn ;/sf/, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,
sf7df8f}+ M sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno,
sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)^# .
ah|rfo{, wgah|, kf~rfnL zf;g Joj:yfsf] P]ltxfl;s
ljj]rgf, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn / PlzofnL cg'ifGwfg s]Gb|,
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:yfgLo k|hftGq
13
cfn]v
Some observations on the
Revenue Policy of Nepal
Mukunda Prasad Paudyal1
Abstract
Revenue policy is considered as one of the instruments of the
government fiscal operation. The sources of revenues, their
reliability, stability and predictability play vital role in revenue
policy and administration. The revenue is the aspect of receipt side of
the government budget. There are many features of a good revenue
policy. The twin objectives of the revenue policy are on the one hand
it should facilitate the domestic resource mobilization and on the
other it should facilitate investment activities in the economy. This
article briefly touches upon the revenue side of the fiscal operation of
Nepal. In this connection, data from the government publication has
been analyzed to see the effectiveness of the performance of revenue
policy for the last fifteen years. We observed that there is a
relationship between the different components of the revenue data
whereas the reliability and stability aspects of the various sources
thereof are dubious. The policy stances are found to be inconsistent,
divergent and more often then not, whimsical which, when it comes to
the time of implementation, transpire a mere slogan with no avail.
Authorities are urged to avoid the unnecessary slogans but asked to
stick to the specific, objective, practical, implementable course of
action while formulating revenue policy of Nepal.
1.0 Introduction
Each year at the time of budget promulgation government of
Nepal brings out the revenue policy. The current year‟s budget
speech has also laid down some of the important aspects of revenue
policy of Nepal. The thrust of the policy is to lead the country to
industrialization path by developing self-reliant, sustainable and self-
sufficient economy through the utilization of domestic resources. The
followings are the specific objectives of revenue policy of Nepal.
To broaden the tax base by identifying areas not yet covered
under the tax-net
To develop economy industrially through providing protection
and promotion with special facilities to import substituting and
exports promoting industries
To create investment-friendly environment
To reduce trade deficits by promoting exports
To minimize economic crimes through the collection of
information relating to revenue leakages, abuse of foreign
exchange and money laundering.
To enlarge the contribution of non-tax revenue as important
sources of overall revenue collection
To develop fair, transparent, professional and tax payer-friendly
revenue administration with timely organizational reform
The budget speech also stipulates that there are four pillars of
revenue administration as depicted below in the following picture.
1 Mr. Paudyal is a Director, Department of Revenue and Money Laundering
Investigation and PhD Scholar in Economics.
Figure 1, The Four Pillars
With a view to make revenue administration autonomous and
efficient, a bill to establish a central revenue board will be presented
to the legislative parliament.
The current policy aims at mobilizing maximum internal
resources through voluntary tax compliance, creating an investment-
friendly environment, developing investigation process to make
revenue leakage control effective, making non-tax revenue
contribution an important source of total revenue collection,
attracting investment in hydro-electricity and huge infrastructure
works, and emphasizing on trade facilitation by developing simple
and transparent work procedure through the use of information
system in customs clearance process. The need to harmonize these
objectives with other policies becomes meaningful when we review
other government documents ( Pyakuryal : 2009).
Understandably, the existing practice of revenue mobilization is
largely on meeting the needs of revenue growth. Thus, on the one
hand there are growth targets of revenue while on the other objectives
of revenue policies are rather vague, divergent and and wide-ranging.
To harmonize these conflicting objectives is an urgent need while
contemplating the revenue policy of Nepal. Also, given the thin
linkage between revenue collection and government expenditure,
public expenditure management in particular, attention is to be
directed to that direction as well. The revenue GDP ratio in Nepal is
in the neighborhood of 15 percent. As per standard norms, it should
be around 20 in least developing countries, around 30 percent in
middle income countries and around 40 percent in developed
countries. It means that Nepalese Revenue GDP ratio is far below
from the international standards.
The structure of the government revenue shows that value added
tax (or alternatively tax on consumption of goods and services) is
around 30 percent, customs revenue is around 20 percent followed by
income tax in the range of 20 percent. The excise duty is in the
periphery of 13 percent, registration fee is 3 percent and the rest is
non-tax revenue.
2.0 Public Revenue
Public revenue (or, popularly called government revenue) is an
important part of public finance. The government needs adequate
resources to finance its activities. The government receives revenue
from various sources. Hence, how government receive income, what
are the effects of public revenue, how the adverse effects, if any, can
be removed are concerned in devising public policy. Government
revenue can broadly be categorized into two streams- tax and non tax
Revenue Administration
Fair
Tran
spar
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Pro
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ion
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Taxp
ayer
fri
end
ly
:yfgLo k|hftGq
14
revenue. Again the tax revenue can also be classified into direct tax
and indirect tax. There are three criteria to distinguish direct and
indirect taxes. Firstly, tax imposed on income is direct and imposed
on expenditure are indirect taxes. Secondly, if the burden can be
shifted to the next party other than the payer, that is indirect tax and if
the tax cannot be shifted away to the next party, it is indirect taxes.
Thirdly, the distinction can be done on the basis of incidence.
Incidence of tax is simply the settlement of the burden. In direct tax,
incidence and burden falls on the same person whereas in the case of
indirect tax it falls on different persons.
More elaborately stated, in the process of taxing, we must
distinguish three conceptions. First,
a tax may be imposed on some
person; secondly, it may be
transferred by him to a second
person; thirdly, it may be ultimately
borne by this second person or
transferred to others by whom it is
finally assumed. Thus, the person
who originally pays the tax may not
be the one who bears its burden in
last instance. The process of the
transfer of a tax is known as the
shifting of the tax, while the
settlement of the burden on the
ultimate taxpayer is called the
incidence of the tax. The incidence
of the tax is therefore the result of
the shifting, and the real economic
problem lies in the nature of the
shifting. These are the things to be
carefully considered while designing
the revenue policy of the country.
The public revenue, as stated above,
can be broadly classified into two:
(a) Tax Revenue: It is the most
important and major source of
public revenue. Government may require the members of the
community to contribute to the support of governmental functions
through the payment of taxes. An individual has no right to directly
demand social services in return to his payment of tax nor has he any
other choice except to pay the tax when it is levied on him. Taxes, in
general, serve both functions of a revenue system. Firstly, they
provide funds, and secondly, they reduce private consumption and
investment.
(b) Non-Tax Revenue: Non-tax revenue is derived from public
undertakings called „Prices‟ and other miscellaneous receipts. It also
raises loans, short-term and long-term, to augment its revenues.
Other minor revenue sources are fees, special assessment, fines,
forfeitures and escheats, tributes and indemnities, gifts and grants. In
Nepal, it also includes dividends from PEs, interests from capital
investment, and so on.
In modern times, economists emphasised that the tax system should
be based on the principle that the effects of taxation should be
compatible with the economic and social objectives and preferences
of the community. The social and economic objectives of a standard
tax system are:
(i) Reduction of inequalities in the distribution of income and
wealth: For this purpose, progressive taxes must be levied instead of
proportional taxes.
(ii) Accelerating economic growth: For this purpose, the tax
system must be so designed as to raise the rates of saving and
investment. This is a very important objective for less developed
countries (LDCs), where there is a deficiency of savings and
investments.
(iii) Price stability: to ensure stable economic growth. When LDCs
launch economic development programme they have to face inflation
or soaring prices. An integrated tax policy would solve this problem.
3. 0 Objectives of Taxation in Developing Economies
(a) Ability to contribute to economic development: Each person
should be made to contribute to economic development, according to
his ability to do so. All his unused
capacity must be utilised, through
appropriate tax measures, for
purposes of economic development.
Suppose a person is making a large
saving but he lets it lie idle. Such
saving must be mobilised and
channelized into investment.
(b) Mobilisation of economic
surplus: In all backward countries, a
significant portion of national output
goes to the big landlords and other
idle rich people. A large portion of
their income is spent on conspicuous
consumption, e.g., building of
palaces, etc. This is unproductive
expenditure and a waste from the
point of national development.
Economic growth can be accelerated
if an appreciable portion of this
„surplus‟ income is mobilised and
made available for productive
investment.
(c) Increasing the incremental
saving ratio: As economic
development proceeds apace,
incomes rise. But there is a danger that propensity to consume may
also increase so that extra incomes generated in the economy are
utilised in consumption rather then invested in production. This has
to be prevented. In other words, the consumption is not allowed to
increase in proportion to increase in income. For this purpose
commodity taxes are quite effective.
(d) Income elasticity of taxation: In backward economies, the
share of taxation out of the national income is less than 10%. This
share must be progressively raised as national income increases as a
result of economic development. This needs built-in flexibility in the
tax system. Progressive taxation of income provides this flexibility.
Taxation of goods having a high income-elasticity of demand also
imparts to the tax system much needed flexibility.
(e) Equity: The canon of equity demands that the burden of
economic development must be distributed among the different
sections of the community equitably. In the case of Nepal, it is in the
range of 10 percent. That is why the richer classes are prevented from
increasing their consumption in proportion to the rise in their
incomes. This is how they make a sacrifice for the economic
development of their country. The poor people also make a
sacrifice because rising prices curtail their consumption. In this
manner, sacrifices in consumption are shared by all sections
of the society. Thus, the burden of economic development is
equitably distributed among all. This is also known as ‘horizontal
equity’.
More elaborately stated, in the
process of taxing, we must
distinguish three conceptions. First, a
tax may be imposed on some person;
secondly, it may be transferred by
him to a second person; thirdly, it
may be ultimately borne by this
second person or transferred to others
by whom it is finally assumed.
:yfgLo k|hftGq
15
3.1 Sources of Tax Revenue / Major Types of Tax
(1) Income Tax: It is a form of direct tax which is levied on
individual‟s total earnings. It is the most effective tax vehicle for
attaining equity, particularly if it is progressive tax. Following
are the requirements for an optimal income tax system:
(a) All incomes should be treated uniformly and all rupees of
income should be accorded equal tax treatment regardless of
the source.
(b) Just as „equals‟ should be treated „equally‟, „unequals‟
should be treated „unequally‟.
(c) The tax structure should be sensitive to changes in economic
activity in order to dampen the changes
(d) The tax structure should be designed in such a fashion as to
facilitate compliance and in enforcement, consistent with the
attainment of the other objectives.
(2) Corporate Tax: The following are the primary tax consequences
of the existence of the corporation:
(a) The corporation‟s earnings are accumulated as reserves
giving rise to capital gains.
(b) The division between initial earning of the income and
subsequent payment of dividends encourages government to
tax both the corporation and the dividend earners.
(c) The division between ownership and top management in a
large corporation may cause the reactions to the tax to be
different from the personal income tax.
Under perfectly competitive markets the corporate tax
shifted to reduce the real income of stockholders. Under
imperfectly competitive markets the firms use mark-up price
for shifting the tax burden on consumers.
(3) Wealth Tax: A wealth tax is a levy upon individuals not
corporations, on the basis of their net wealth. Corporate property
is reached via securities outstanding in the hands of the owners
and creditors. The wealth tax can take form of either progressive
or proportional tax. Wealth tax is not a major source of revenue
and in most countries as they form 1 to 2% of the total tax
revenue.
(4) Sales Tax: Sales tax is applied to all or a wide range of
commodities and services. It is collected from vendors rather
than individual consumers. The sales tax is finally borne by
consumers. The sales tax is often refer to regressive tax relative
to income.
(5) Excise Duty: It is actually imposed on the manufacturers but the
consumers have to pay it. It is a form of indirect tax imposed on
widely used commodities often regarded as non-essential such as
cigarettes, liquor, tobacco, etc.
(6) Custom Duty: Custom duties are of two types: (i) Specific, and
(ii) Ad-valorem. Specific duty is a tax of so much local currency
per unit of the goods imported (based on weight, number, length,
volume or other unit of measurement). Specific duties are often
levied on foodstuffs and raw materials. Ad valorem duty is the
kind most commonly used, is one that is calculated as a
percentage of the value of the imported goods for example, 10,
15 or 30 per cent. This may be based, depending on the country,
either on destination (C.I.F.) or on the value of the goods at the
port in the country of origin (F.O.B.).
Specific custom duty is fixed per physical units of goods, e.g.,
television, CD players, computers, etc. The ad-valorem customs
duty is according to the value of a good and charged at a certain
rate.
As industrial and commercial development continues the
increased use of custom duties lessens the revenue potential.
Customs revenue and by corollary, customs administration has
become the traditional but important aspect of revenue policy in
Nepal. However, due to the accession to WTO, SAFTA and
BIMSTEC the role of the customs in terms of revenue
contribution has become lesser in recent years. The objective of
the customs administration has been to facilitate trade rather than
raising revenue, though it is still significant contributor to the
Nepalese revenue system.
In a highly competitive world environment, trade and investment
tend to flow to locations with efficient and facilitative trade
systems, and away from locations where those systems are
perceived as bureaucratic, high-cost and corrupt. As a result,
customs authorities around the world are increasingly shifting
away from their traditional emphasis on revenue collection to
providing greater facilitation to legitimate traders. Simplifying
customs registration and inspection procedures and applying
more uniform tariff rates can increase the ability of customs
officials to cope with heavy trade volumes and reduce clearance
times, while reducing the incentives for importers to misclassify
or undervalue products.
Training customs officers in the importance of due diligence,
importers‟ rights, and risk management can enhance
transparency, reduce the risk of corruption, and build public
confidence. Simultaneously, modernization and automation of
customs operations can further expedite the clearance process as
well as ensure access to timely and accurate trade statistics and
other critical information.
The Government of Nepal has undertaken a series of reform
measures to transform the customs administration into a trade
facilitation agency and away from its traditional role of
controlling trade and collecting revenues. The Government has
drastically reduced tariff rates and tariff bands. It has restructured
the customs department to reduce inefficiencies and streamline
operations. It has also simplified customs procedures.
(7) State Duties: There are several other duties imposed by the
government broadly classified as „state duty‟. These include the
tax on the earnings of commercial deposits and on sales and
purchase of properties.
(8) Other Sources:
(i) Fee: It is also a compulsory payment but made only by
those who obtain a definite service in return from the
government. The fee covers the part of the cost of service
provided to the consumer / client. The licence fee, however,
is much more than the cost of service and there is not much
of a positive service in return.
(ii) Price: A price is the payment of a service of business
character, for example, charges for travelling on railway.
The price is different from fee. The fee is for public
interest. You can escape a price by not purchasing the said
service / commodity.
(iii) Special Assessment: Special assessment is a compulsory
contribution, levied in proportion to the special benefit
derived, to defray the cost of a specific improvement to
property undertaken in the public interest. Suppose the
government build a road or bridge or provide mass transport
system or makes suitable sewerage and water supply
arrangements, all the property will appreciate in value. The
:yfgLo k|hftGq
16
State has the right to levy a special tax on the owners of land
or property known as „special assessment‟.
(iv) Rates: Rates are levied by the local bodies, municipalities
and district boards for local purposes. They are generally
levied on immovable property of the residents, but not
necessarily for any special improvements effected or special
benefits conferred.
3.2 Sources from Non-Tax Revenue
The following are the sources of non-tax revenue available for
government:
(1) Income from Property & Enterprise: The government receives
income from the owned lands, forests, mines, canal water and
various public enterprises.
(2) Profit from Post Office: The government also receives income
from its Post and Telegraph departments. In Nepal, post office
runs into deficits because its operation costs is greater then the
revenue it generates.
(3) Trading Profits: The government earns trading profits from
exports of rice, cotton and edible oil.
(4) Interest Receipts: It is the most important head in the non-tax
revenue source. The interest and the return from investment
received from various autonomous bodies, and central bank and
state-owned banks come under this head
(5) Surcharges: The difference between the sales price and the
production cost / import price of petroleum products, gas and
fertilisers represents the surplus profit or the surcharge, which is
used to iron out the fluctuations in the prices of these essential
commodities.
(6) Other Sources of Non-Tax Revenue: The other minor heads of
non-tax revenue are:
Dividends and returns
Receipts from civil administration and other functions
Miscellaneous sources, which includes passport, copyright fees
and other receipts.
In Nepal, non-tax revenue include dividends from the PEs, repayment
of principal and payment of interests,. Such non-tax revenue is low in
Nepal ranges from 20 to 25 percent.
4.0 Basic considerations of Revenue Policy:
There are four considerations while designing the revenue policy in a
developing country like Nepal. They are:
1. Equitable:
a. Revenue should be broadly based
b. Revenue structure should reflect horizontal equity; treating
taxpayers of equal means equally
c. Revenue structure should reflect vertical equity, where taxes are
paid increasingly with the ability to pay.
2. Economic Vitality:
a. Revenue structure should contribute to economic vitality and a
stable economic environment, and should be competitive with
tax policy and rates in other states
b. Revenue structure should encourage new investment forecasted
to produce net present value benefits and reasonable return to
the state
c. Revenue structure should keep country competitive with other
countries by assuring economic impacts are consistent with the
impact in competitive countries
3. Volatility:
a. Revenue structure should provide for and react to economic
volatility, consider revenue cycles, competitiveness and long
term economic development goals
b. Revenue structure should make the revenue stream as
predictable as possible
c. Revenue structure should consider short and long term impacts
on all taxpayers.
4. Simplicity:
a. Revenue structure should be simple, transparent and as direct as
possible
b. Revenue collection should have low taxpayer compliance costs
c. Information technology should be used to minimize
administrative costs of revenue collection and make tax
remittance processes user friendly.
Figure 2, Basic considerations
EQUITABLE ECONOMIC
VITALITY
VOLATILITY SIMPLICITY
Whether the revenue policy of Nepal would reflect these
considerations are yet debatable issue. Some of the objectives of the
revenue policy show concerns regarding these considerations, though
there are some gaps. As alleged, Nepal‟s revenue policy is said to be
influenced by political pressures and product-specific demand from
business interest groups. Understanding the context of new policy
and how it alters the status quo is an important step in initiating a
strategic approach to implementing policy change. It is a precondition
to understand the dimensions and dynamics of the policy, where it
comes from and where support and oppositions are likely to be
strongest. Viewed in this light, revenue policy in Nepal, unlike
argued by finance ministry officials, is not a prudent one. There are
instances that after policy pronouncements government many times
revert back because of the prossures from the vested interest groups
and even from the politicians. The revenue administration is not
efficient, neither it is fair. There are instances that customs revnues,
whose base is the customs value, are under reported due mainly to the
under-invoicing, under-declaration, mis-disclaration of HS code, and
in some occasion collusion with the revenue personnel. the extent of
leakages is estimated to be a great extent. Similarly, most retailers
avoid giving invoices. There are reports that profits are under-
reported by using diffferent accounting techniques. It is even
suspected that most of the business houses, even the bigger houses,
keep many versions of books of accounts just to aooid the taxes.
Value exe,ption list is too long and there is pressure to make it even
longer. Last year there was pressure to intoroduce multiple VAT
rates. Sporadically introduced policy prescriptions are too
discretionary that are prone to revenue leakages.
4.1 High-quality Revenue System
It is generally said that any public revenue system should be based on
a “three-legged stool” approach. One leg is personal income, the next
being sales and property taxes generating the majority of revenue and
the last leg further being excise tax, business taxes, service taxes and
:yfgLo k|hftGq
17
user changes. The public revenue system should be characterized by
revenue diversification that is, fairly equal reliance on the big three-
income, property and sales. High-quality state revenue system is
attributed by the following factors:
High quality revenue system should comprise elements that are
complementary.
It should produce revenue in a reliable manner. Reliability
involves stability, certainty and sufficiency.
It should rely on a balanced variety of revenue sources.
It should treat individual equitably. Minimum requirements of
an equitable system are that it imposes similar tax burden on
people in similar circumstances, that it minimizes regressivity,
and that it minimizes taxes on low income individuals.
It should facilitate taxpayer compliance. It is easy to understand
and minimizes compliance costs.
It should promote fair, efficient and effective administration. It
is simply and professionally administered raises revenue
efficiently, and it applied uniformly.
It should be responsive to international economic competition.
It should minimize its involvement in spending decisions and
makers any such involvement explicit.
It should be accountable to taxpayers.
Under ideal conditions, revenues would be growing at a rate
equal to or greater than the combined effects of inflation and
expenditures. They should be sufficiently flexible to allow
adjustments to changing conditions. They would be balanced
between elastic and inelastic revenue sources in relation to inflation
and the economic base, that is, some would grow with inflation and
the economic base and others would remain relatively constant.
Public revenue system has two aspects: revenue policy and
revenue administration. Revenue policy includes the policy on tax,
excise duties, customs duties and other non tax revenues. As stated,
the elements of high quality state revenue system are complementary,
rather than contradictory. Revenue system develops gradually, and
tax policy is used to address multiple objectives, state revenue
systems are likely to include inconsistencies. However, a clear sense
of the objectives of a revenue system can help minimize these
inconsistencies.
Revenue administration includes both rules and regulations that
govern the administrative machinery and institutional and
organizational structures. This aspect of policy occupies equally
important place in revenue policy. The quality of manpower, the
ethics, the integrity and most of all, the disciplinary mechanisms
including the transparency all play important roles in revenue
administration.
4.2 The autonomy issue
The budget speech of the current fiscal year clearly states that in
order to make the revenue administration autonomous and effective,
an ordinance for the establishment of Central Revenue Board (CRB)
will be tabled in the legislative-parliament. This proposal basically
focuses on the autonomous issue of the revenue board, on the
assumption that the revenue board would be more effective with
independent revenue administration. Understandably, the premise is
that autonomy can lead to better performance by removing
impediments to effective and efficient management while
maintaining appropriate accountability and transparency. Revenue
laws are extensive in range and nature, involve many persons and
business and generally result in the collection of the vast bulk of
revenue needed to support the state. The revenue administration must
be efficient and effective on the one hand and fair and impartial on
the other. To achieve objectives, the revenue administration requires
sufficient autonomy to exercise its powers and responsibilities set out
in the revenue laws. Autonomy for revenue administration is
reflected in the following spheres:
Provisions in the revenue laws ( including tax procedures, codes
and references to institutional or governance issues)
Its reporting relationships (to the minister of finance, to the
financial secretary etc; )
Its ability to design and implement operational policy, and
Its organizational structure and operational responsibilities
There have been attempts to create autonomous revenue board
in Nepal too. Whether this would result to a concrete stand will
be proved by the future. For now it is suffice to say that
independent and autonomous agency with its separate staffs,
professionally trained, and with high morale and ethics would
be desirable in Nepal.
5.0 The Empirical Evidence
The following section is dedicated to observe the revenue trends
of Nepal for the last 15 years. The data are extracted from the
Economic survey, published by Ministry of Finance. The graph
shows that the revenue in total and different components thereof are
increasing; however, the percentage change in the revenue is not
moving steadily, which surprisingly is contradictory to popular
expectations. At the very outset, we put one precautionary note that
the price effect on revenue would be more pronounced if the inflation
rate in the economy is high. This price effect could have been sluiced
by using real data series. This could have been done by deflating the
data series with price indices of the respective years. In this analysis,
we are using the current data series without deflating them with the
inflation indices.
5.1 The Overall Revenue Trend
The total revenue was found to be steadily increasingly over the
years. Moreover, the extent of augmentation in recent years is faster
than that of the previous years. Figure 3 is quite illuminating to
justify the logic. Note that this is absolute figure, encompassing all
sorts of government revenues in Nepal.
Figure 3, The Total Revenue Trend
When analyzed from the percentage change terms, it seems that total
revenue is quite fluctuating. The increment over the years is up and
down, which is not the sign of good indication, raising doubtful
questions on the aspects of revenue sustainability. Situations like
these are to be analyzed very cautiously as it is vulnerable to collapse
any time sooner or later. Policy makers of Nepal should pay adequate
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
in t
en m
illio
ns
Total Revenue
Series1
:yfgLo k|hftGq
18
attention to this aspect in time. The following figure is all about the
percentage change, clearly showing the very unstable signs of
revenue collections. Understandably, stability is one important
attribute of a high quality revenue system. Judging from this angle,
the revenue system in Nepal is not that of the high quality by its very
nature.
Figure 4, Percentage change of the total revenue
How responsive is the total revenue (TR) of the government of
Nepal. To get some idea a small analytical work has been presented
underneath. There are couples of functions estimated using basic
regression techniques. Though more rigorous study could haave also
been conducted with the available data, due to various limitations at
this point of time, only simplest scenarios have been presented.
(a) Total Revenue as a function of Tax Revenue: It is assumed that
total revenue of the Government of Nepal basically depends on
the tax revenue. The functional specification and the empirical
results over the study period is as follows:
tUTXRTR )( , Where, TR stands for Total
Government Revenue and TXR stands for Tax Revenue of the
Government of Nepal. The estimated function and the relevant
descriptive statistics are given below.
)000.0)...(7185.0(
68.49...36.0
)029.0)....(31.159(
)(47.1...5869ˆ
prob
statt
SE
TXRRT
45.14
35.14
30.2468
52.1
9943.0
9947.0
2
2
SC
AIC
F
DW
R
R
The estimated function shows that total revenue is very much
sensitive to the tax revenue. It shows that one unit change in tax
revenue causes 1.47 unit change of total revenue of the government
of Nepal. Since the t-statistic is higher, the null hypothesis can be
rejected, meaning that the relationship is stronger. The tax revenue
trend in Nepal is also steadily increasing, though more pronounced in
recent years. The following figure shows the tax revenue trend and its
percentage change over the study period.
Figure 4, Tax Revenue Trend
The upcoming figure is related to the percentage of tax revenue.
As is shown in the figure, the change is not stable, sometimes
increasing and sometimes decreasing, raising the question of stability
in its stream.
Figure 5, Percentage change of tax Revenue
The elasticity: The elasticity of Total Revenue with respect to
Tax Revenue is estimated using the relevant data. The estimated
function shows that the elasticity of total revenue with respect to tax
revenue is less than unity, meaning that it is inelastic with respect to
the total tax revenue. The elasticity coefficient is just 0.7427. It
depicts the situation that one percent change in total tax revenue
generates only 0.74 percent total revenue in Nepal. This is paradox,
in the sense that on the one hand we are saying that tax revenue is to
be encouraged while on the other the elasticity is less than unity. This
implicitly suggests the fact that revenue system – both revenue
administration and policy aspects- is to be overhauled.
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
per
cen
tage
% change in Total Revenue
Series1 0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
in t
en m
illio
ns
Tax Revenue Trend
Series1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Per
cen
tage
Percentage change in Tax Revenue
Series1
:yfgLo k|hftGq
19
5.2 The Customs Revenue Trends
Customs revenue has become the predominant source of
government revenue in Nepal since time immemorial. However, in
recent years the tax revenue (VAT and Income tax) is surpassing
customs revenue in Nepal, as in other countries. Customs revenue for
the last 15 years has been shown in the coming figure 5. The trend is
steadily increasing and rapidly increasing in recent years in its
absolute terms.
Figure 5, Customs Revenue Trend
The percentage change of customs revenue shows that there are
ups and downs in its trend. As stated, when there are ups and downs,
the sustainability issue is always doubtful. The following figure
shows the trend explicitly.
Figure 6, The Percentage Change of Customs Revenue
Considering that Customs revenue has and still predominant
source of government revenue in Nepal the following model has been
estimated to examine its effects on the total government revenue. The
specified function is tUCRTR )( .The estimated
function and relevant statistics are given below:
46.24,...31.6
)2955.0)....(67.424(
)(229.745.2683ˆ
statt
SE
CRRT
85.15
75.15
42.598
21.1
9771.0
9787.0
2
2
SC
AIC
F
DW
R
R
The estimated function shows that customs revenue is still a
predominant source of government revenue in Nepal. The
responsiveness is also quite encouraging as one unit change inn
customs revenue causes 7.22 unit changes in government revenue,
which is corroborated by other descriptive statistics. Since null
hypothesis is rejected, the relationship is quite satisfactory.
5.3 Relationship between Total Revenue and Tax on
Property, Profits and Income(TPPI):
In order to assess the effect of the tax on property, profit and
income, the following equation has been estimated. The specified
function is tUTPPITR )( . The estimated function is
as stated below:
83.23..........34.3
)23.0)...(63.297(
)(65.599.995ˆ
t
SE
TPPIRT
The relevant descriptive statistics are:
90.15
81.15
66.567
74.0
9758.0ˆ
9776.0
2
2
SC
AIC
F
DW
R
R
The fitted model shows that the relationship between tax on
property, profit and income is stronger to the total government
revenue. The relevant statistics do also corroborate the fact. The
interpretation is that one unit change in tax on property; profit and
income help generate 5.65 unit of government.
5.4 Relationship between tax on consumption of product
and goods & services (TCP):
In order to see the effect of consumption tax on total revenue the
following function has been estimated. The specified function is
tUTCPTR )( . The estimated coefficients are as
stated below:
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
in t
en m
illio
ns
Customs Revenue Trends
Series1
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
Per
cen
tage
% change
Series1
:yfgLo k|hftGq
20
37.15
27.15
974
88.0
9858.0
9866.0
21.31............21.3
)0931.0)....(11.234(
)(9075.22264.753ˆ
2
2
SC
AIC
F
DW
R
R
t
SE
TCPRT
The estimated coefficients are explaining that the relationship
with the total government revenue is good, however the effects on
total revenue is not as pronounced as other categories estimated
above. The clear message is that government has to put extra efforts
so as to increase the effect of consumption of products and goods &
services.
5.5 The Non-tax Revenue Trends
Non-tax revenue ranges from 20 to 25 percent of the total
government revenue in Nepal. In order to observe the
interrelationships between non-tax revenue and total government
revenue in Nepal, the following specific function is estimated:
tUNTXRTR )( ,where TR stands for total revenue
and NTXR stands for non-tax revenue and Ut is an error term. The
estimated function is
04.22.....40.2
)2881.0).......(37.399(
)(35.66750.960ˆ
statt
SE
NTXRRT
Other relevant descriptive statistics are as follows:
05.16
96.15
95.485
37.1
9719.0
9739.0
2
2
SC
AIC
F
DW
R
R
The estimation shows that non-tax revenue has become the
stronger explanatory variable for total revenue in Nepal. Other test
statistics also corroborate the fact. However, since non-tax revenue is
not categorically specified and their source is highly volatile, we
cannot rely on the explanation given by the model. The graphic
depiction shows that the non-tax revenue trend is in upward direction
and in recent years, the increment is encouraging.
Figure 7, The non-tax revenue trend
The percentage change of non-tax revenue is also shown in the
following figure. The change is not smooth.
Figure 8, The percentage Change of Non- Tax Revenue
Overall, the relationship between different components
with the total government revenue is satisfactory. However, it
is not the time of complacency, more and more efforts is
required to improve the policy maturity and revenue
administration.
6. Conclusion
It is this article we tried to establish the relationship
between government revenue and various components of taxes
that make up the whole government revenue system. It is
analyzed in the light of the present revenue policy of Nepal.
There are divergent objectives; however, there are some
inconsistencies in the objectives, performance, and revenue
policy objectives. Therefore, it is suggested that while making
revenue policy we should be clear on the implications of the
revenue policy including various macroeconomic policies. On
the surface, the empirical evidence is good, however, the
situation could be improved once proper and consistent policy
is in place.
0 500
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
in t
en m
illio
ns
Non-Tax Revenue Trend
Series1
-10.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
per
cen
tage
Percentage change in Non-tax revenue
Series1
:yfgLo k|hftGq
21
Appendix 1
Total Revenue and Tax Revenue Trends ( Rs. in Ten millions)
Year
Ending
Total
Revenue
Tax
Revenue
Non-tax
Revenue
Customs
Revenue
Tax on consumption
of product and goods and
services
Tax on property,
profit and income
1995 2851.23 1966.6 494.57 701.81 879.26 291.16
1996 3271.82 2166.8 622.51 732.74 968.47 358.93
1997 3636.18 2442.43 594.92 830.91 1077.52 432.86
1998 3434.05 2593.98 699.81 850.22 1124.97 518.37
1999 4158.76 2875.29 849.84 951.77 1171 651.29
2000 4860.5 3315.21 974.16 1081.33 1338.73 793.56
2001 5564.7 3886.5 1002.88 1255.21 1615.36 954.65
2002 5713.16 3933.06 1111.6 1265 1607.43 946.57
2003 6756.89 4089.6 1364.29 1278.32 1723.09 1027.41
2004 7361.89 4817.3 1415.8 1555.48 2070.56 1021.51
2005 8451.39 5410.47 1601.8 1570.16 2533.15 1127.26
2006 8610.96 5743.04 1485.16 1534.4 2811.83 1178.7
2007 10351.29 7112.67 1658.55 1670.76 3543.88 1672.68
2008 12794.32 8515.55 2246.7 2106.25 4100.53 2014.7
2009 16985.73 11705.19 2642.26 2679.29 5593.83 2909.74
Non-tax Revenue (Rs. In Ten Millions)
Year
Ending
Charges, fees, fine,
forfeitures
Receipts from
the sale
Royalties and sale of
fixed assets
Principal and interest
repayments Dividends
1995 20.71 138.83 19.69 208.31 106.01
1996 28.61 167.33 6.78 281.88 136.3
1997 27.08 179.96 44.79 222.07 113.44
1998 32.96 225.55 56.52 246.11 131.1
1999 33.61 214.66 20.23 392.75 178.28
2000 38.63 242.89 56.33 375.1 250.75
2001 38.67 272.8 94.96 349.72 233.65
2002 51.88 261.11 72.39 310.95 251.39
2003 57.96 306.3 194.55 246.43 249.76
2004 120.25 349.7 146.5 350.71 266.11
2005 135.99 384.99 193.14 271.43 458.99
2006 192.77 393.23 119.68 325.13 339.48
2007 194.54 477.68 109.18 208.57 493.77
2008 255.94 489.31 577.36 344.01 502.59
2009 618.04 525.53 254.17 461.69 719.74
Source: Economic Survey, 2009/10, Ministry of FInance, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu
References
Crandall, W.(2010): Revenue Administration: Autonomy in Tax Administration and the Revenue Authorrty Model, Washington DC
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Finance, Budget Speech, 2067, Kathmandu
----------------------------------------------------, Economic Survey, 2067, Kathmandu
Pyakuryal, B. (2009): Nepal‟s Revenue Policy, A policy Paper, Kathmamndu
:yfgLo k|hftGq
22
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zx/L If]qn] ug]{ ub{5 . o:tf ljljw
ultljlwx¿sf] sf/0f u|fdL0f If]q /
ToxfFsf] hLjgdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
¿kfGt/0f x'g g;s]sf]n], jt{dfg
;dodf u|fdL0f ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu
ljleGg cGt/ ;DaGwsf ljifox¿df hf]8
lbOPsf] 5, h;cg';f/ If]qut / ef}lts
cGt/;DaGw, sfo{ut cGt/;DaGw,
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw,
ljlQo tyf k|fljlws cGt/;DaGw,
k|zf;lgs tyf ;fdflhs cGt/;DaGw,
k|zf;lgs tyf ;Fu7gfTds cGt/;DaGw
/ /fhg}lts cGt/;DaGw cfbL cfbL .
jf:tjdf cGt/;DaGwsf] cy{ ljleGg
If]q, ju{ tyf txx¿sf] ljrdf ljsf;sf
nflu ;fem]bf/L xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df
/fHo tyf /fHosf ljsf; ;DaGwL
;fem]bf/x¿n] u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu pk/f]Qm cjwf/0ff cufl8 NofPsf
x'g\ . o;}sf cfwf/df xfnsf jif{x¿df
sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5, tyfkL pknlAwsf ;DaGwdf
o;sf] cg'udg x'g Psflt/ Hofb} h?/L
5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;'zf;gnfO{ cfwf/e"t
zt{sf ¿kdf cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn :yfgLo :t/;Dd
k'¥ofpg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] Go"gtd zt{
;fd'bflos ;'zf;gnfO{ cjnDjg ug'{
;fem]bf/x¿sf] k|d'v k|fyldstf xf] . ;]jf
k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 nlIft
ju{, ;d'bfo tyf If]qdf k'¥ofpg /
lgwf{l/t nIonfO{ ;"rssf cfwf/df
xfl;n ug{ zf;g Joj:yfsf tkm{af6
th'{df ul/g] gLlt tyf lgb]{zgx¿df
Ps¿ktf ckgfpg' h¿/L x'G5 . ;fy}
:yfgLo If]qsf] Ifdtfsf] d"NofÍg tyf
ljsf; u/L clwsf/sf] ljlgof]hg ug'{
h¿/L 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ :yfgLo
:t/df /x]sf ;+3–;+:yf tyf hgtfx¿n]
;d]t ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿nfO{
cfkm\gf ultljlw tyf lqmofsnfkdf
ckgfpg' h¿/L 5 . ;fd'bflos
;'zf;gsf nflu cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf]
af/]df tn s]xL k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 .
s_ :jfldTj
:yfgLo tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
ef}uf]lns ?kn] jlx{udgdf k/]sf
hgtfx?nfO{ oyfy{df zf;g k¢ltsf]
lx:;]bf/ jgfpg' kb{5 . zf;g k|lqmofn]
hgtf / hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ ljsf;
k|lqmofdf ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug'{
kb{5 / hgtfdf :jfldTjjf]wsf] efjgf
hfu[t u/fpg zf;g k|lqmof k|ltj4 x'g'
kb{5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
24
v_ ;xeflutf zf;g k¢ltsf tyf ljsf;sf]
d"nwf/df ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / txsf
hgtf / pgLx¿n] agfPsf ;Fu7gx¿sf]
;dfg ;xeflutf x'g h¿/L 5, h:n]
;dflhs tyf cfly{s ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
;'lglZrt ub{5 . o;sf cnfjf gLlt
lg0f{osf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿df ljkGg ju{
tyf jflx/LPsf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;xeflu x'g]
cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .
u_ Goflostf zf;g k¢ltn] ;d'bfosf ;a}
;b:ox¿nfO{ /fHosf ;a} If]q tyf
txx¿df ljlwsf] cfwf/df ;dfg cj;/
k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 . cfjfh p7fpg ;Sg] /
kx'Fr ePsfx¿ rfx] lt dlxnf, blnt,
cfbLjfzL hghflt tyf dw]zL x'gnfO{
dfq ;]jf k|bfg u/]df ;fdflhs Gofosf]
lj¿4 x'g] ub{5 . ctM ljkGg / kx'Fr
gePsf ;j} ju{ tyf If]qx¿nfO{ zf;g
k|lqmofsf] cleGg cu+sf] ¿kdf
lng' kb{5 .
3_ kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLkg zf;g k¢ltsf x/]s cu+
tnb]lv dfly;Ddsf ;j} k|lqmof,
k4lt, sfo{ / ultljlwnfO{
kf/bzL{ ug'{ h¿/L 5 eg] h;sf]
nflu sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ xf] /
sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf ;xof]u
k|fKt x'g] ;a} ju{, ;+:yf tyf
txk|lt lhDd]jf/L / hjfkmb]xLtf
jxg ug'{ h¿/L x'G5 . o:n]
;fdflhs ljZjf; k|fKt ub{5 /
;xof]usf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'G5 .
ª_ bIftf zf;g k¢ltsf ;a} cu+x¿ /
hgtfsf] ;f]r+ ;d]t ;s];Dd ;fwf/0f /
emGem6d'Qm x'g' kb{5 . hf] sd nfut,
sd ;do, sd hgzlQm / sd k|ofzaf6
pRrsf]6Lsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf
/fVg' kb{5 .
pk/f]Qm zt{x¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf]
l;nl;ndf zf;g k|lqmofn] cfwf/e"t
¿kdf cjnDjg ug'{ kb{5 g} Tof]eGbf
klg a9L :yfgLo hgtf / pgLx¿n]
lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+:yfx¿ hf] ;]jf k|jfxsf
nflu ljsf;sf ;fwg (Vehicle) x'g\,
ltgLx¿n] ;d]t ;'zf;gnfO{ cfwf/e"t
zt{sf] ¿kdf cfkm\gf lqmofsnfkx¿df
cjnDjg ug'{ h¿/L 5 . ;'zf;g h:n]
c¿ dfly zf;g ub{5 To;df dfq nfu"
geO{ jf:tjdf JolQm, ;+:yf / ;dfh;Fu
;DalGwt kIf xf] . ;f/df x]bf{ JolQm,
;+:yf / ;dfh oL tTjx¿n] :jo+
cfkm}leq zf;g ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h:n]
cfkm\gf clwsf/ / st{JonfO{ pkef]u ug]{
tyf logLx¿sf] ;xL klxrfg ug{ pTk|]l/t
ub{5g\ .
1= ;'zf;g / :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtfsf] vf “rf]
cfˆgf] If]q, ;dfh / ;d'bfosf]
;~rfng, ToxfFsf] ultljlw, lhjgofkgsf
k|lqmofx¿ cflb ;a} cfkm}n] ;~rfng ug]{
kl/kf6L g} :jzf;g xf] . ljsf;df
hg;xeflutfsf] l;4fGtn] hj pNn]vgLo
dxTj kfof] To;a]nf]blv g} :jzf;gsf]
Ph]08fn] ljsf; k|lqmofdf k|>o kfPsf]
b]lvG5 . hg;xeflutfsf] cjwf/0ff
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfx\jfgdf ;g\ !(&)
sf] bzsdf ljz]ifu/L ljsfzf]Gd'v b]zsf]
u|fdL0f ljsf;sf l;nl;nfdf k|ltkfbg
ePsf] xf] . ;fdfGotof hg;xeflutf
eGgfn] hgtfn] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf
l;nl;nfdf :j–:km"t{ 9Ën] k'¥ofPsf]
of]ubfgnfO{ hgfpF5 eg] ljrf/sf]
cfbfgk|bfg, ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿df
zf/Ll/s ;+nUgtf, lhDd]jf/Lsf] jfF8kmfF8,
pklnAwsf] jfF8kmfF8 / k|To]s
lqmofsnfkx¿df ;xof]usf] efjgf ;d]t
hg;xeflutfsf] sf/0f ljhf/f]k0f x'G5 .
hg;xeflutfn] ljz]if u/L hgtfx¿sf]
lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf,
sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf, k|ltkmn
pkof]udf ;xeflutf tyf cg'udg /
d"NofÍgdf ;xeflutf h:tf kIfx¿sf]
ljsf;df ;'lglZrt k|bfg ub{5 . ljsf;
sfo{df :yfgLo hGtfx¿sf] ;lqmo
;xeflutfsf] tfTko{ ljsf;
ultljlwx¿sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog xf] .
;g\ !(() sf] bzs g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df ljsf;sfnflu gofF cfofdsf]
o'u dflgG5 . o; sfndf hgtfsf]
jlnbfgaf6 o"ufGtsf/L /fhg}lts, cfly{s
/ ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;'?jft ePsf]
lyof] . hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ju{, If]q /
ljrf/sf] ljsf; cfkm}n] lgdf{0f u/]sf
;Fu7g dfkm{t\ yfngL u/]sf lyP .
:yfgLo If]qx¿df lgdf{0f ePsf
;Fu7gx¿n] :yfgLo hgtfx¿sf] cfly{s
¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ;fgf] jrt dfkm{t\
k"FhLsf] lgdf{0f, ;Ílnt k"FhLnfO{ cfo–
cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx¿df
nufgL dfq geO{ cGo jfx\o
;+3–;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo tyf
;DaGw ljsf; u/L ;|f]tsf]
:yfgLo ljsf;sf nflu ;xL
kl/rfng tyf ;xL ;b'kof]u
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L :yfgLo
If]qsf] ljsf;df :yfgLo
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ oyfy{df
;d'bfosf nflu kl/jt{gsf
;+jfxs x'g\ . logLx¿sf]
;sf/fTds e"ldsfaf6 ;d'bfosf]
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f
cjZoef+jL 5 . g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df cfdf ;d"x, ;fd'bflos
jg, ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿, jrt–C0f
;d"xx¿, lszfg ;d"x tyf cGo dlxnf
;d"xx¿n] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|lqmofnfO{
Jojxf/df h:tfsf] t:t} ptfg{ ;Ifd
ePsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/L oL ;d"xx¿n]
c+ufn]sf] / Jojxf/df k|of]u u/]sf kIfx¿
h:t} :yfgLo of]hgfx¿sf] th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog, ljsf; ultljlwx¿df :yfgLo
hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf, sfo{qmd ;~rfng
tyf Joj:yfkgdf lhDd]jf/L,pQ/bfoL /
kf/bzL{ tyf Jojl:yt cg'udg cflb
x'g\ . oL ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngdf :YffgLo
;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] e"ldsf kl/kSj,
hg;xeflutfn] ljz]if u/L hgtfsf] lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf,
sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf, k|ltkmn
pkof]udf ;xeflutf tyf cg'udg /
d"Nof+sgdf ;xeflutf h:tf kIfx¿sf]
ljsf;df ;'lglZrt k|bfg ub{5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
25
;'zf;gsf b[li6sf]0fn] j9L k|efjsf/L
;]jf k|jfxdf j9L bIftf /
;dfj]zLs/0fsf lx;fjn] Gofok"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf
hgtfsf] ljZjf; o:tf ;+:yfx¿k|lt j[l4
ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf åGåsf] ;dob]lv otf
o:tf ;+:yfx¿f] e"ldsfdf cem j9L
hgtfsf] ljZj;lgotf j9\g uPsf]
kfOG5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f o:tf :yfgLo
;+:yfx?n] :yfgLo hgtfx?nfO{ åGåsf]
df/af6 w]/} xb;Dd /fxt pknAw
u/fPsf lyP . o;sf cnfjf k|efjsf/L
;]jf k|jfxdf pgLx¿sf] e"ldsf ;x|fgLo
kfO{G5 . o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L
xfnsf jif{x¿df :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yf tyf
;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jzf;Lt (Autonomus)
agfpg] ljifodf k|z:t jx;x¿ cufl8
cfPsf 5g\ .
ljsf;df :jfoQtf eGgfn] :jtGq
cl:tTjsf] klxrfg xf] h:n] cfkm\gf]
l;ldt If]qdf k|bQ clwsf/nfO{ pkef]u
ub{5 cyjf :yfgLo :jfoQtf eGgfn]
To:tf :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt
zf;g xf], hf] :yfgLo hgtfx¿f]
;+nUgtfdf lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5, ;/sf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf /xL :yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;,
gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udt tyf
Joj:yfkgsf If]qx¿df clwsf/ /
pQ/bfloTj k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . h'g
clwsf/sf] k|of]u :yfgLo hgtfx¿n]
cfkm\gf] lxt / ;Ifdtfsf nflu pRr
txsf] lgsfosf] lgoGq0f ljgf cfkm\gf]
ljj]sn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ / cfkm\gf] If]qsf]
bLuf] ljsf;sf nflu dfu{lrq tof/
ub{5g\ . hj :yfgLo hgtf / pgLx¿sf
;Fu7gx¿ To; If]q / hgtfk|lt k"0f{¿kn]
pQ/bfoL tyf lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ pgLx¿sf
ultljlwx¿df kf/blz{tf /xG5, hgtfsf]
k"0f{ ;xeflutfdf jg]sf o:tf ;Fu7gx¿
/fHosf] lgb]{lzt gLlt, lgod / P]g
sfg'gsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt x'G5g\ /
bIfk"0f{ eO{ ljsf; tyf r]tgf j[l4
sfo{df ;+nUg x'G5g\ tj Tof]
;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|rlnt P]g sfg'gsf
cfwf/df ljsf;sf nflu /fHosf] ;fem]bf/
agfpg' cfjZos 5 . bLuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff cGtu{t ljBdfg ;|f]tsf]
jt{dfgdf pkef]u ub}{ eljiosf
;GttLnfO{ ;d]t oL ;|f]tsf] pkof]u tyf
dflns u/fpgsf nflu :yfgLo If]qsf]
;|f]tnfO{ ;d"lrt pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkg
ug{ :yfgLo ;Fu7gx?nfO{ hgtfsf]
;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df :jfoQtf k|bfg
ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf
lgld{t oL ;+:yfx¿sf] lqmoflzntfn]
hgtfx¿df lgDgfg';f/sf] lhDd]jf/L jf]w
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
s_ :yfgLo If]q, hxfF ;~rflnt ljsf;
sfo{qmd tyf ultljlwk|lt :jfldTj,
lhDd]jf/L / pQ/bfloTjdf j[l4 x'G5
v_ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg, sfof{Gjg,
Joj:yfkg / o;sf nflu cfjZos
;|f]t h'6fpgsf nflu hgtfx¿aLr
cfk;L 5nkmn / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf
k"0f{ hg;xeflutf /xG5 .
u_ :yfgLo ljsf; ;d:of tyf
;dfwfgk|lt :yfgLo hgtfsf]
rf;f]df j[l4 x'G5 .
3_ :yfgLo hgtfsf] kx'Fr, o:tf
;+:yfx¿df a9L x'g] x'Fbf ;]jf
k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpF5 .
ª_ ;dGjo / ;DaGw ljsf;n] :yfgLo
If]qdf yk of]ubfg k'ØfO{ cGo
cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf ub{5 .
r_ cGTodf, bLuf] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg /
:yfgLo k|hftGqnfO{ ;Ifd agfpF5 .
2= :yfgLo :jfoQtf :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] nflu cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs zf;g / o;sf
;+oGqx¿sf] ultlzntf ;DaGwL cg'ejn]
xfn;Dd ljsf; k|lqmofsf] ldl>t
kl/0ffdx¿ lbPsf 5g\ . ;sf/fTds
b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; ;dodf
c;+Vo k|hftflGqs ;+:yfx¿ hlGdPsf
5g\ . /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs lg0f{odf
hg;xeflutf j9]sf] 5, hgtfsf
cTofjZos cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ / ;]jf
k|jfxdf hgrf;f] j[l4 ePsf] 5,
k|ultlzn gLlt / sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf
;s];Dd nlrnf]kg ckgfO{Psf] 5,
/fHosf] ;|f]t ;fwgsf] e/k'/ pkof]u /
ljt/0fdf hg;xeflutfnfO{ j9fjf
lbO{Psf] 5 . pk/f]Qm gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿n] zf;g k4ltnfO{ ;s];Dd
k|hftflGqs / ;dfj]zLs/0f agfpg]
k|of; u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf gLlt tyf
sfo{qmdx¿n] oyfy{df :yfgLo hgtfnfO{
:yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/
agfpFb5g\ h:n] pgLx? If]q k|lt
j9L lhDd]jf/, ;d:of k|lt j9L
;Dj]bgl;n ;+3–;+:yfx?k|lt j9L
pQ/bfoL x'G5g . :jefjtM cfkm\gf] a9L
;Dks{ x'g] ;+:yfx¿;Fu pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr
a9L x'g] x'Fbf To;k|lt rf;f] j9\5 /
:jfldTjsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 . ctM
:yfgLo If]qsf] ljsf;df ;Fu7g lgdf{0f,
JolQmut jrtsf cfwf/df k"FhLsf]
lgdf{0f, pgLx¿sf] ;Lk ljsf;,
pBdl;ntfsf] ljsf;, of]hgfsf] klxrfg,
5gf}6, sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg /
ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu
;dGjo tyf ;DaGw ljsf; cflbdf
;lqmo e"ldsf v]n]sf :yfgLo hgtf /
pgLx¿sf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ sfg'gL cfwf/df
:jfoQtf / ljsf;df ;fem]bf/ agfpFbf
ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] ljutsf bzsb]lvsf]
/fli6«o Ph]08fdf cfzfltt pknAwL
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{
:jfoQtf k|bfg ubf{ lgDg cj;/x¿
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
s_ :yfgLo :t/df ul7t ;+3–;+:yfx¿n]
gLlt lg0f{osf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿df
;a} hgtfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z tyf
;xefuL u/fpFb5g\ . o;af6 :yfgLo
txsf] 1fg tyf k|fyldstfsf
cfwf/df ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pkof]u
ul/G5, h:n] :yfgLo txdf kl/jt{g
NofpFb5 eg] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{
ljleGg :yfgLo d'4fx¿ af/] jx;
ug]{, :yfgLo txsf k|fyldstfx¿sf]
lgwf{/0f ug]{, cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿sf]
ljt/0fdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/sf]
l;h{gf ub{5 .
v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+yfx¿n] ljZj;gLo /
e/kbf]{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf dfWodåf/f
hgtfnfO{ cj;/af6 kmfO{bf lng],
;]jf k|fKt ug]{, clwsf/ pkef]u ug]{
/ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{
j9L lhDd]jf/ jgfpFb5g\ . :yfgLo
;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L k|sfzdf NofpFbf kf/blz{tf
k|j4{g x'G5 .
u_ :yfgLo hgtfx¿ hj ;d"xdf
;Ful7t eP/ ;~rfng jf ;Fu7gx¿
lgdf{0f ub{5g\ tj pgLx¿ cfkm\gf
cfjfhx¿ ;'Gg / dfux¿ k"/f
:yfgLo k|hftGq
26
u/fpg zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ jfWo
kfb{5g\ . o;sf cnfjf ;/sf/sf]
lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ /
;fd'lxs ¿kdf cfkm\gf] clwsf/ k|fKt
ug{ ;Sb5g\ h;n] hgtfnfO{ zlQmsf]
¿kdf kl/eflift ub{5 .
3_ :yfgLo :t/df clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg
ubf{ :yfgLo g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'gfsf]
;fy;fy} :yfgLo hgtfsf]
;dfj]zLs/0f / ;xefuLtfn]
pgLx¿sf] JolQmTjsf] ;d]t ljsf;
x'G5 .
ª_ hgtfnfO{ zf;gdf efu lng], ljsf;
sfo{df ;xefuL x'g] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf;
x'Fbf :jfldTjsf] efjgfdf j[l4 x'G5 .
r_ :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dof]lrt
tyf oyf]lrt pkof]u tyf ljt/0f
x'G5 h;n] ljsf;nfO{ ultzLntf
k|bfg ub{5 .
5_ :yfgLo :jfoQtfnfO{ cfTdlge{/
agfpg hgtf hfu?s x'G5g\,
Ph]08fsf] klxrfg ub{5g\ / To;sf]
;kmn sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ .
h_ s]Gb|sf] d'v tfSg] k/Dk/fsf] cGTo
eO{ ;fdflhs vf]htnf; (Social
Intelligence) sf dfWodjf6 :yfgLo
e|i6frf/nfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5g, hf] cGo
If]qsf] ;d]t cWoog / l;sfO{sf]
dxTjk"0f{ ljifo aGg ;Sb5 .
o;sf cnjf :yfgLo If]q tyf
hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lb+bf jf
lbg] k|lqmofdf ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿ ;d]t
b]lvG5g h;nfO{ tn JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .
s_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf
k|bfg ug{sf nflu / o;sf] pkof]u
ug{sf nflu pgLx¿f] k|ofKt bIftf
x'g clgjfo{ 5 . dfgjLo ljsf;sf
cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lbOg'
kb{5, cGoyf o;sf] ;~rfng /
pkof]udf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ v8f
x'G5g\, h:n] Psflt/ nlIft pknAwL
xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g eg] csf]{tkm{
hgtfdf ljt[i0ffsf] efj pTkGg
x'G5 .
v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf
k|bfg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;~rfng /
ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ agfpFbf lglZrt
;|f]t tyf ;Lksf nflu /fHon]
;xof]uL xftx¿ lbg' kb{5, hf]
/fHon] xfn;Dd pknAw u/fPsf]
kfO{b}g .
u_ sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf k|ofKt ;'wf/ x'g
h¿/L 5, o;f] gePdf :yfgLo
hgtfx¿n] lhDd]jf/L, :jfldTjefj,
pQ/bfloTj lng dfGb}gg\ eg]
csf]{tkm{ pgLx¿sf] k|of;df lgld{t
k"FhLsf] ;'/Iff x'Fb}g, ljsf;
ultljlwdf bLuf]kg cfpFb}g /
sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg emNsG5 .
3_ /fhg}lts k|ltj4tfsf] cefjdf
sfg'gL ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ tyf
sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsf/Ltf cfpFb}g .
:yfgLo ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lbbf
lt ;Fu7gx?n] /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿nfO{
5fofFdf kfb{5g\ eGg]
/fhg}ltssdL{x¿sf] dgf]efj / unt
ljZn]if0fn] ljsf;df :yfgLo ;+3–
;++:yfx¿sf] cfzfltt ;xeflutf /
pknAwL k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
ª_ :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;sf ;+oGq
x'g\ eGg] efjgfsf] jf]w g t ;/sf/L
;+oGqnfO{ 5 g /fhg}lts
;Fu7gx¿nfO{ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/df
:yfgLo hgtfsf ;+:yfx¿ s]jn
bjfj ;d"xx¿ x'g h:n] ljsf;df
;fem]bf/ x'g'sf] ;f6f] pgLx¿nfO{
;b}j emGem6 / bjfjdf kfg]{ sfd
ub{5g\ .
r_ :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿n] ;d]t cfkm\gf] bIf
g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5|}gg\
eg] kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gsf ljifodf
Hofb} sdhf]/ b]lvG5g\ .
5_ :yfgLo hgtfx¿nfO{ ;Ful7t ug]{ /
g]t[Tj lbg] :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿
sltko cj:yfdf gfkmfd'vL ePsf]
b]lvG5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ hgtfx¿nfO{
hfu¿s u/fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg]
sfo{qmdx¿sf] g t oyfy{ klxrfg
ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ g To:tf
Ph]08fx¿nfO{ d'4fsf] ¿kdf p7fpg
;s]sf 5g\ .
oBkL :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] k"0f{
:jfoQtfsf ljifodf ljut tyf xfnsf
lbgx?df k|z:t lgtLut tyf sfg"gL
jxzx? rln/x]sf 5g, tyfkL plgx?sf]
sfo{s'zntf, plgx?sf cEofz tyf
plgx?n] xfl;n u/]sf pknlJwx?sf
jf/]df g]kfn ;/sf/, /fhg}lts ;Fu7gx?,
k|zf;lgs ;+oGq, Ps]8]lds tyf
cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg ;+3;+:yfx?
tyf lglt lgdf{tfx? k"0f{ ?kdf cgle1+
/x]sf b]lvG5g . s]lx u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx?nfO{ o;jf/]df hfgsf/L ePtfklg
plgx? o:nfO{ cfkm\gf] lgoGq0f eGbf
jflx/ hfg glbg] dgl:ytLdf b]lvG5g .
Psfw cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bgn] dfq oL
;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] :jfoQtfsfnfuL k|ofKt
jsfnt tyf k}/jL ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .
3= :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :jfoQtf lb+bf ckgfpg' kg]{ /0fgLltx¿
;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf ePsf] k|d'v
/fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] d'n'sdf k|z:t
ljsf; ;DaGwL ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ phfuf/
u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn]
hgs]lGb|t ljsf;nfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofof] tyflk
o; ;dodf cfPsf /fhg}lts, cfly{s /
;fdflhs kl/jt{gx¿n] xfd|f nflu
ck]lIft glthfx¿xfl;n ug{ ;s]gg\ .
o;sf nlfu xfd|f gLltx¿ hgs]lGb|t x'g
g;Sg' oyfy{k/seGbf a9L dxTjsf+IfL
x'g' / hlt th'{df u/]/ ltgsf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjog x'g g;Sg' xf] . ctM :yfgLo
If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs
hgtfsf ;Fu7gx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/
agfp+bf lgDgfg';f/sf /0fgLltx¿ th'{df
ug'{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .
s_ ul/jd'vL gLlt / ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf cfwf/df ;|f]t, ;fwg /
cj;/x?sf] ljlgof]hg tyf ljt/0f
ug'{ kb{5 gls ;du| cjwf/0ff
(Blanket Approach) sf cfwf/df
cj;/sf] ljlgof]hg tyf ljt/0f,
o;f] ubf{ ;dfhsf x'g]vfg] ju{x?n]
;|f]tdf lgoGq0f ub{5g . xfn
g]kfndf cEof; eO{ /x]sf] ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] lgltn] blnt,
cfbLjfzL hghflt, dlxnf tyf
dw]zL ju{x?df ;f] ju{sf
x'g]vfg]x?n] (Elites) dfq ;|f]tdfly
lgoGq0f lgoGq0f hdfO{ /x]sf 5g
eg] ;f]lx ju{sf sdhf]/ tKsfx?df
:yfgLo k|hftGq
27
;dfj]zLs/0f lgltsf] s'g} cz/
b]lv+b}g .
v_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{
b'/b/fhsf j:tL:t/nfO{ Wofg lbg'
h?/L 5, hxfF ;tk|ltzt 3/w'/Lsf]
k|ltlglwTj ePsf] xf]; . ;tk|ltzt
k|ltlglwTjn] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{
;'lglZrt ub{5 .
u_ ;/sf/L ;+oGqaf6 ;~rfng x'g]
sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu k"0f{
lhDd]jf/L Plss[t ¿kdf :yfgLo
;+3–;+:yfx¿nfO{ lbg' kb{5, o;n]
ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df bf]xf]/f]kgsf]
;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ub{5 .
3_ :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg, 5gf}6
tyf sfof{Gjog / Joj:yfkg :yfgLo
hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf hgtfsf
;Fu7gx¿ dfkm{t\ ul/g' kb{5, o;f]
ubf{ hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 x'G5
eg] :jfldTjsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
ª_ :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt ljsf;
ultljlw / :yfgLo ;+:yfsf
ultljlwx¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu
:yfgLo :t/ d} cg'udgsf] ;+oGq
tof/ ug'{ kb{5, :yfgLo hgtfsf]
l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;+3–
;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu
;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
r_ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/kSjtf,
;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg
;fdflhs kl/rfngnfO{ gLltut tyf
sfg'gL ¿kdf dfGotf k|bfg ug'{
h¿/L 5 .
5_ :yfgLo ;+3–;+:yfsf x/]s
ultljlwx¿sf] hfgsf/L ;fj{hlgs
;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs n]vf k|0ffnL /
of]hgf vftf k'l:tsf dfkm{t\ u/fpg'
h¿/L 5 . o:n] kf/blz{tfdf j[l4
ub{5 . ;"rgf k|jfxdf bIftf NofpFb5
4= lgisif{ :yfgLo ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿ hf]
ljsf; / r]tgfsf ;+jfxsx¿ x'g\, To:tf
;+:yfx¿df :yfgLo hgtfx¿ ;xefuL
x'G5g\, ;d:ofsf jf/]df 5nkmn ub{5g\,
cg'ej ;f6f;f6 ub{5g\, cfkm\gf
cfjZostfx¿ klxNofp+5g\, ;|f]t tyf
;fwgsf] ;Íng ub{5g\, sfof{Gjog,
Joj:Yffkg tyf cg'udg ub{5g\ /
cGTodf sfo{qmdsf ;+efjgfx¿sf]
d"NofÍg klg ub{5g\ . o;sf nflu
pgLx¿ ;j{k|yd nlIft hgtfnfO{
;d'xdf ;Ful7t x'gsf nflu pT;flxt
t'Nofp+5g\ lj:tf/} j:tL tyf ;d'bfosf
;a} hgtfx¿ ;d'xdf ;Ful7t x'g
yfN5g\ . o;/L hgtfx¿ ;Ful7t x'Fbf
pgLx¿sf] cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 gofF
ljrf/x¿sf] hGd x'G5, h:n] pgLx¿nfO{
gofF sfd ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 ;fy} pgLx¿sf]
sfddf / ;f]+rfO{df ultlzntf k|bfg
ub{5 . o;/L ;d'bfo tyf ;dfhsf]
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fdf
;+jfxssf] sfd u/]sf :yfgLo
;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo hgtfk|lt j9L
lhDd]jf/ / pQ/bfoL agfpg / ljsf;sf]
;"rsx¿nfO{ pknAwLd"ns agfpg
To:tf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf
:jtGqtf k|bfg ug'{ h¿/L 5, h:n] /fHo
;+oGqsf] sfo{jf]emnfO{ xn'sf kfb{5g eg]
:yfgLo If]qdf ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpF5g\ . oL ;+:yfx¿df hgtfsf] ;xh
tyf l;3| kx'Fr x'G5 eg] oL ;+:yfx?n]
:yfgLo hgtfsf] oyfy{ k|ltlglwTj
ub{5g\ . ctM oL ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf tyf
bIftfnfO{ d"NofÍg u/L cyjf Ifdtf
clej[l¢ u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;fem]bf/
agfpg / ;dfj]zL ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
kmlne't kfg{ oL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ :yfgLo
:t/sf] :jfoQtf ;dof]lrt cfwf/df lbg'
h¿/L b]lvG5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Acharya, K.K (2008): "Strategies of Local
Government for Effective Service Delivery in
Grassroots Level: A Brief Discussion", Local
Democracy, Association of District Development
Committee Nepal, Year 7, Volume 2. Text in Nepali
Acharya, G.P. (2006): g]kfnsf] ul/jL lgjf/0fdf
u|fdL0f / zx/aLrsf] cGt/ ;DaGwsf] e"ldsf / k|of]u,
SWASHAN, Ministry of Local Development, Ministry
of Local Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. Text in
Nepali
Adhikary, D. (2006): Towards Local Democrcy in
Nepal; Power and Participation in District
Development Planning, Spring Reasearch Centrae
Series – 47.
Bhattachan, K.B. (1997): "People/Community Based
Development Strategy’, Development Practices in
Nepal, Edited by K.B. Bhattachan & C. Mishara,
Central Department of Sociology and Anthropology,
TU, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Dahal, R.K. (2002): State and Rural Development,
New Hira Book Enterprises, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Hada, G.B.(2062-063B.S.): æljsf;df hg;xefuLtfsf] cfj:ostf tyf dxTjÆ, :yfgLo k|hftGq, lhlj; dfxf;+3 g]kfn, jif{ %÷^, c+s $÷!. Text in Nepali
Shakarya (2004): Non Government Organizations;
Challenges and Opportunities, Edited Coordinated by
Toya Gautam, Kathmandu, Nepal.
UNDP (2004): æg]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))$, ;zQmLs/0f tyf u/LjL Go'gLs/0f, sf7df08f}, g]kfn . Text in Nepali
_______________________________________________ – n]vs cfrfo{ ;fd 'bflos ;'zf;g ljifosf] zf]w sfo{df +;+nUg x'g'x'G5 .
Email: [email protected]
:yfgLo k|hftGq
28
cfn]v
gofF ;+ljwfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/
lzj /]UdL
g]kfn clxn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf nflu/]sf] 5 .
@)^$ ;fn r}t @* ut] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ePkl5
g]kfndf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu af6f] v'n]sf] xf] .
;+ljwfg;efdf hgtfsf k|ltlglwx? cfO;s]kl5 To;df ;a}
hfthflt / If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj klg ePsf] 5 . t/ hgtfn]
lbPsf] ;do;Ldf leq ;+ljwfg aGg g;s]/ Ps aif{ ldlt
a9fOof] . t/ Tof] a9]sf] ;do klg ca ;lsg} nfUbf klg bnx?
o;k|lt vf;} u+le/ gag]/ ;QflnK;fdf nfu]sf] hgu'gf;f] a9\b}
uPsf] 5 . o;aLrdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf s]lGb|t x'g'kg]{ bnx?
u+le/ aGg'k5{ . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] at{dfg
cj:yfdf g]kfnnfO{ slt /fHodf ljefhg ug]{, :yfgLo
;/sf/sf slt tx agfpg] nufotsf d'2fdf bnx?aLr ;xdlt
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf clxn] ePsf tLg tx dWo]
uflj; / gu/kflnsfafx]s lhNnfsf ljifodf ljleGg egfOx?
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . t/ g]kfndf Pp6f lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf]
?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf]] lgsfonfO{
cem al9 clwsf/ ;DkGg
agfpg'kg]{df cGoyf ;f]Rg' clxn]sf]
nflu pko'Qm s'/f xf]Og / lhNnf
;/sf/sf ljifodf ljjf b ug'{klg
x'b}g . lhNnf ;/sf/ g]kfndf
Psbd} cfjZos 5 / o;nfO{ g}
lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf] ?kdf
ljsf; u/]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tadfq
hgtfsf cfsf+Iff / cfjZostfx?
klg k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]
ljsf; qmds} s'/f ug'{kbf{ g]kfnsf]
ljsf;qmd w}/} klxn]b]lv ;'?
ePklg @)$& ;fn kl5 dfq ljsf;sf ultljlwx?n] ltj|tf
lnPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf k|hftGq cfPsf] w]/} aif{ kl5 dfq
ljsf;sf sfd ;'? eP klg ljsf;sf ultljlwn] vf;} km8\sf]
dfg{ ;s]sf] kfOF+b}g . @)$^ ;fnkl5 g]kfndf w]/} ljsf;sf
sfdx? ePklg To;sf] s]lx ;dokl5 k'gM g]kfndf åGå ;'?
eof] / ljsf;sf sfdx? k|fo 7Kk x'g k'u] . ljsf;sf qmd cem
a[l4 x'g'kg]{df g]kfndf ljsf;sf ultljlw cem 36] . klxn]sf
s}of}+ ;+/rgf eTsfOP . :yfgLo lgsfo s]xL ;dosf nflu u7g
eP klg vf;} k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd x'g ;s]g .
:yfgLo lgsfo eg]sf hgtfsf af:tljs ;]jf k|bfos
lgsfo x'g\ . ufpFb]lv zx/df a:g] gful/snfO{ ;fgf]
l;kmfl/;b]lvsf sfdx? :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 x'g] ub{5g\ . uflj;,
lhlj; / gu/kflnsfdf hgtfsf b}lgsh;f] sfdx? x'g] ub{5g\
. o;y{ tL lgsfonfO{ jf 7fpFnfO{ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL agfO{
d'n'ssf] ljsf;df k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;s] d'n'ss}
lxt / ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . To;df klg uflj; /
gu/kflnsfnufot lhNnfdf ePsf cGo ;a} lgsfosf] klg
d'Vo lgsfosf ?kdf ljsf; ul/g'k5{ .
ufpFb]lv zx/;Dd xfn ljsf; lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfdx?
uf=lj=;=, lh=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfn] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;fgf–;fgf
cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;+rfng ul/ ltgsf] ;lx sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
klg :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;+~rfng ul/g'k5{ .
vf;u/L To;df klg lhNnf txnfO{ cem al9 ;jn / ;Ifd
agfpglt/ nfUg'k5{ .
clxn] :yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfdf /x]sf] w]/}
;do eO;s]sf]] 5 . o;/L nfdf]
;do;Dd :yfgLo lgsfo
hgk|ltlglwljlxg x'Fbf o;af6 hgtf
g}+ t ;a}eGbf al9 kL+l8t ag]sf
5g\ . o;tkm{ klg ;DalGwt
;/f]sf/jfnfn] u+le/ eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]F{
a]nf ePsf] 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd
:yfgLo lgsfo hgk|ltlglw ljlxg
cj:yfdf /fV\bf hgtfn] kfpg]
;]jfdf s:tf] sl7gfO{ x'G5 ;j}nfO{
yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf
:yfgLo lgsfodf a}slNks Joj:yf
u/]/ ePklg :yfgLo lgsfo u7g
ug'{k5{ . :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?n] :yfgLo lgsfodf
lgjf{rg ug'{k¥of] olb lgjf{rg ug{ g;lsP a}slNks Joj:yf
u/]/ ePklg :yfgL lgsfo u7g ug'{k/\of] eg]/ elg/xg' ePsf]
5 . t/ o;tkm{ ;DalGwt ug{ ;Sg] JolQmx?sf] vf;} Jojxf/df
Wofg uPsf] kfO}g . Wofg uPsf] 5 t s]jn af]nL / egfOaf6
dfq} k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog gx'g]ePsfn] cfkm"n] eg]sf s'/fx?sf]
;lx sfof{Gjogsf nflu klg pRr /fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] o;tkm{
u+le/ eP/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 / ;f]Rg' klg kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] at{dfg cj:yf;Dd cfP/ x]bf{ o;tkm{ k|d'v bnx? /
g]kfn ;/sf/n] vf;} Wofg lbOPsf] kfOb}g . ;/sf/df hfg]x?
;/sf/df hfg'eGbf klxn] :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ug'k5{ eG5g\
t/ ;/sf/df uO;s]kl5 :yfgLo lgsfo u7gsf] s'/f To;}
lhNnf ;/sf/ g]kfndf Psbd}
cfjZos 5 / o;nfO{ g}
lhNnfsf] d'Vo lgsfosf] ?kdf
ljsf; u/]/ sfd ug'{k5{ tadfq
hgtfsf cfsf+Iff /
cfjZostfx? klg k"/f ug{
;lsG5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
29
;]nfo/hfG5, To;nfO{ vf;} dxTj lbOb}g . o;/L :yfgLo
lgsfonfO{ hgk|ltlglwljlxg cj:yfdf /fv]/ d'n'snfO{
;d[4zfnL agfpg'k5{ eGg' s]jn vf]qmf] cfZjf;g dfq} xf] .
o;/L s'g}klg uflj;, lh=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfn] ;lx /
k|efjsf/L ?kn] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfddf pNn]Vo k|ult ug{
;Sb}gg\ / hgtfn] klg ;/n / k|efjsf/L ?kn] :yfgLo
lgsfoaf6 ;]jf kfpg ;Sb}gg\ .
g]kfn Ps t ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z x'g'sf ;fy} bnx?aLr
Go"gtd d'4fdf klg ;xdlt x'g g;ls/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ cj:yf g}+ xfn nyfln+u h:t} ePsf] 5 . o:tf]
b]zdf slDtdf klg b]z ;+rfng ug]{ k|d'v afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]sf
d'Vo g]tfx?n] b]zsf] ljsf;df s]lx dfq klg ;f]lrlbPsf] eP /
:yfgLo lgsfodf lgjf{rg u/fpg ;s] cem} /fd|f] olb lgjf{rg
u/fpg g;s] j}slNks Joj:yf u/]/ ePklg :yfgLo lgsfo
u7g u/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] ePklg
d'n's / d'n'safl;nfO{ s]lx /fxt x'g] lyof] . o;tkm{ ;DalGwt
g]tfx?sf] Wofg hfg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . Wofg uPsf] 5 t s]jn
s'/f / efif0fdf dfq Wofg uPsf] 5 . o; If]qdf Wofg lbgsf
nflu o; If]qdf sfd ug]{ cu'jfx?n] klg tL g]tf x?nfO{ bjfj
lbg h?/L 5 . ;f] bjfj s:tf] eg] tL g]tf x?nfO{ :yfgLo
lgsfo u7gsf nflu jfWo kfg]{ vfnsf] . obL o;f] ePdf dfq
g]kfn / g]kfnLn] cfˆgf] ;fwg / >f]tsf] ;xL kl/rfng u/L
ljsf; lgdf{0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ /
hgtfn] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 kfpg] ;]jfdf klg ;xhtf cfpg]
5 .
:yflgo lgsfonfO{hgk|ltlglwd'ns agfpg g;s];Dd
ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdn] ult lng ;Sb}gg\ eGg] s'/f klg
g]kfnsf hfGg] a'‰g] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 t/ cfh Tolx lgsfosf]
u7g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tLg} :yflgo lgsfo / tLgsf ;+3
dxf;+3n] a]nf a]nfdf ug]{ sfo{qmdx?df uP/ ;/sf/sf dGqL
tyf d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ /fgLlts bnsf g]tfx?n] cfˆgf] kf6L{
:yflgo lgosf u7gsfnflu k|lta4 5 / rfF9} u7g ug'{k5{
eGg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo lgsfosf] ljsf; / clwsf/sf nflu
cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ tof/ 5 eGg] ug'{x'G5 . t/ Tof] Jojxf/df
nfdf] ;do;Dd klg nfu' x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . lsg olt nfdf]
;do;Dd bnsf g]tf / ;/sf/sf dGqLx?n] eg]sf s'/fx? nfu'
x'g ;s]gg\ t o; af/]df o; If]qsf cu'jfx/n] u+le/ eP/ Wofg
cfs{if0f u/fpFb} bjfa lbg'sf ;fy} vf]hljg ug{ klg h?/L
eO;s]sf]] 5 .
g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]zx? dxfzlQm /fi6« aGg] a]nfdf klg
g]kfnsf] cj:yf hxfFsf] TolxF 5 . o;tkm{ of] b]z ;~rfng ug]{
k|d'v JolQmTj x?n] Ps k6s ulxl/P/ ;f]Rg] a]nf cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnnfO{ ;w}+ o:t} /xg lbg]ls b|'t ultdf lasf; u/]/
cGt/f{li6«o hutdf lrgfpg kxn ug]{ . g]kfn cfˆg} df}lns
;F:s[lt, rfnrng, l/ltl/jfh ePsf] b]z, ;u/dfyfsf] b]z,
uf}tda'4sf] b]z nufotsf ljleGg g]kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
hutdf lrgfpg] w/f]x/ x? 5g\ . ltgs} dfWodaf6 klg g]kfnn]
cfGt/f{li6«o hutnfO{ g]kfnk|lt cfsif{0f u/]/ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df
;xof]u leqofpg ;S5 / Tof] ;xof]usf] ;lx sfo{fGjogsf
nflu sfd ug]{ lgsfonfO{ hg pQ/bflo agfP/ g]kfnsf]
ljsf;df ;dflxt agfpg ;S5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)!! df
g]kfn ko{6g jif{ eg] h:t} ;g\ @)!@ nfO{ ljsf; jif{, ;g\
@)!# nfO{ ;xsf/L jif{ cflb eg]/ klg eGg ;lsG5 / o;df
;DaGwLt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] ulx/f] lbdfun] ;f]r]/ lg0f{o ug'{ kg]{
l9nf x'g nflu;s]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf clxn] ePsf /fhgLlts bn / ltgsf k|d'v
g]tfx?n] of] d'n's ;~rfng ug]{ lhDdf lng' ePsf] 5 eg]
g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;sf lx;fan] kl5 kfg'{df pxfFx?g} al9 g} bf]if
x'g] 5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfh g]kfnd} a;]/ vfg] /
a:g] pko'Qm Joj:yfsfnflu d'Voul/ /f]huf/L rflxPsf] 5 . w]/}
sdfpFnf / kFh]/f] g}+ r9\5' eGg] clwsfF; g]kfnLn] ;f]r]sf klg
5}gg . g]kfnL o'jfx? clxn] ljb]lzg jfWo ePsf 5g\ . g]kfndf
cfh o:tf] l:ylt 5 ef]ln s] x'g] xf] eGg] lrGtfn] o'jfx? ljb]z
knfog x'g] qmd a9\bf] 5 . o;/L ljb]z knfog x'g] >d
zQmLnfO{ :jb]zd} of]Uotf / lzk cg';f/sf] sfd lbg ;s]sf]
eP kSs} klg lt ljb]lzg] o'jfx? ljb]z eGbf :jb]zd} a:g] lyP
xf]nfg\ . t/ cfhsf] g]kfnsf] h'g l:ylt 5 o;df g]kfndf a:g]
eg]sf] ljb]zdf /fd|f] cj;/ gkfpg] cfly{s cj:yfn] wfGg
g;Sg] / g]kfnd} s]lx u/]/ a:g ;lsG5 eGg] afx]s g]kfnaf6
cfzf dfl/;s]sf g]kfnLx? cfh ljb]z knfog eO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;n] g]kfnnfO{ 7"nf] Iflt x'G5 . o;af6 kf7 l;s]/ of] b]z
;~rfng ug]{ afu8f]/ ;Dxfn]sfx?n] of] b]z k|ltsf] dfof /
uf}/jnfO{ a9fO{ :jb]zd} a;]/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg lt/
nfUg' k5{ . olb To;f] gul/Pdf kSs} klg g]kfn / g]kfnLsf]
eljio lrGtfhgs g} x'g]5 / ;a} g]kfnLn] b'Mv kfpg] 5g\ .
cfhsf] g]kfndf lkogsf] hflu/ vfg 7"nf g]tf / dlGqsf] kfj/
nufpg' k5{ . of]Uotf / lzksf] e/df hflu/ kfpg] cj:yf
5}g . of] cj:yfsf] cGTo ul/ ;a} g]kfnLnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/
;dfg cj;/ lbg;s]dfq Tof] g]kfn / g]kfnL ;~rfng
ug]{x?sf] lxtdf x'g]5 / o;}df nfUg' g}+ plgx?sf] k|d'v
cfjZostf / st{Jo klg xf] .
g]kfndf :yfgLo lgsfo af6 k|z:t dfqfdf /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x? l;h{gf x'g'sf] ;fy} :yfgLo :t/df klg w]/} sfd ug{
;lsG5 . g]kfndf &% lhNnf, %* gu/kflnsf / sl/a rf/
xhf/ uf=lj=; x? 5g\ . ;/sf/ / bnx?n] :yfgLo lgsfosf]
u7g ul/ kof{Kt ;fwg ;|f]t ;DkGg agfO{ sfd u/]df g]kfndf
k|z:t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? l;h{gf x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfnn]
ljsf;df klg 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg] k|z:t ;+efjgf ePsfn]
o;tkm{ ;DjlGwt lgsfon] ;dod} ;f]r]/ lg0f{o u/]df g]kfn /
g]kfnLsf nflu cfzfsf] lbg ;'? x'g]5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
30
ljj/0f
cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn
!= k[i7e"ld
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g}
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf kIfdf /fli6«o tyf
cGt/fli6«o :t/df jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] If]qdf
cled'vLs/0f, tflnd, of]hgf th'{dfdf ;xhLs/0f, :yfgLo
lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu lgb]{lzsf sfo{ljlw
tof/Lnufotsf sfo{x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . vf;u/L lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfnn]] b]xfoadf]lhdsf If]qx?df g]kfn ;/sf/, bft[
lgsfox?nufot ljleGg u}/;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf
;+3;+:yfx?;Fu ;xsfo{ ub}} cfPsf] 5 .
-s_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f
-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4
-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd
@= ;DkGg sfo{qmdx?
o; cfly{s jif{df ;~rfng eO{ ;DkGg ePsf
sfo{qmdx? b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ .
@=! :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd (Local
Governance and Community Development
Programme) cGtu{t M
g]kfn ;/sf/ :YffgLo ljsf; dGqfno / g]kfndf
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kIfsf sfd ug]{ bft[ lgsfox?
Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, o'Pg8LkL, 8LPkm8LkL, 8]lg8f, ga]{lhog
/fhb"tfjf;, P;8L;L, hL6Lh]8sf] ;xof]udf of] sfo{qmd @))(
hgj/Lb]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] /fli6«o
;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 k|jQmf
s[i0fk|;fb h};Ln] k|ltlglwTj ul//xg' ePsf] 5 eg] Local
Government Accountablility Facility (LGAF) ;ldltsf sfo{sf/L
dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .
-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x?
!= lhNnf tyf /fli6«o :t/df :yfgLo :jfoQtf;DaGwL cWoog
tyf cGtlqm{of, uf]i7L / kIfkf]if0f M
o; zLif{scGtu{t lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;+ljwfg;ef
cGtu{tsf ljleGg !! j6f ;ldltx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf
k|ltj]bgx? :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] kIfdf eP gePsf] af/]df cWoog
u/L o;sf] ;+lIfKt k|ltlqmof;lxt lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]
cjwf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f]xL cjwf/0ffkqx?
c+u|]hLdf cg'jfb u/L ;a} bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;d]t
ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] . s"n @& j6f lhNnfdf ul/Psf]
cGtlq{mof sfo{qmddWo] @$ j6f lhNnfdf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnodfkm{t k|fKt cg'bfg /sdaf6 ;DkGg ul/of] eg] afFsL
# j6f tkl;nsf lhNnfx?df :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg /sdaf6 ;DkGg ul/of] . sfo{qmdsf]
;+lIfKt k|ltj]bg c+u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffdf k|sfzg u/L
ljt/0f;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !=!
lhNnf:t/Lo cGtlqm{of sfo{qmdsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
qm=;= sf=;DkGg ldlt lhNnfx? sf=;+of]hs ;xefuL ;+Vof
!= @)^^÷!)÷@* lrtjg huGgfy yklnof ##
@= @)^&÷!÷)( x'Dnf hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL !)@
#= @)^&÷@÷)@ a}t8L dfof e§ %#
;|f]t M lhNnf:t/Lo 5nkmn sfo{qmdsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg
-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4
sfo{qmdM
!= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf
tof/LM
/0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg] qmddf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn]
@)%& ;fndf w'lnv]ndf lhlj; dxf;+3 sfo{;ldltsf
kbflwsf/Lx? / 8f;'÷8]lg8fsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s a;L lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfGtl/s /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/]sf]
lyof] . bf];|f] cfGtl/s /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df uf]i7L @)%*
;fndf d':tfªdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . To;n] las]Gb|Ls/0fsf]
kIfdf jsfntnfO{ yk ;an agfpg] / ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{
nIo /flvPsf] lyof] . hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# kZrft d'n'sdf
/fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . hgrfxgfcg';f/ ;+3Lo
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ d'n's gofF ;+ljwfg / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf
k|lqmofdf cu|;/ 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf ljifout ;ldltx?n]
/fHosf] vfsfsf ljifodf d:of}bf tof/ u/L 5nkmn eO/x]sf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df ef]ln u7g x'g] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf]
:j?ksf ljifodf jsfntL tyf k}/jL ug{ / ;+j}wflgs ?kdf
:yfgLo k|hftGq
31
clwsf/ k|fKt :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g ug{sf nflu;d]t lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnn] cfkm\gf] Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ tyf /0fgLlt to
ug{df @)^% ;fndf gu/sf]6df uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
;do qmd;Fu} o;sf] ;fd' gofFgofF r'gf}tLx? ylkb} cfPsf 5g\
eg] cfufdL jif{x?df klg yk gofF r'gf}tL cfpg ;Sg]
;Defjgf /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; oyf{ynfO{ Wofgdf
/fvL jt{dfg / gofF r'gf}tL ;fdfgf ub}{ cfˆgf] e"ldsf
k|efjsf/L agfpg gofF /0fgLltx? agfpFb} cufl8 hfg' kg]{
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . oxL oyf{ynfO{ cfTd;ft ub} lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k'gM tLg jifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf
th'{df u/]sf] 5 .
@= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] Ifdtf ljsf;
of]hgf tof/L
lhlj; dxf;+3sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu
ljutdf 8flg8f 8f;'dfkm{t kof{Kt ;xof]ux? k|fKt ePsf]
lyof] . t/, d'n'ssf] ablnFbf] kl/l:ylt;Fu} lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfnsf] e"ldsfdf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] / kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg'kg]{
;Gbe{df dxf;+3;dIf gofFgofF r'gf}tLx? klg b]vf kb}{ uPsf
5g\ . t;y{ gofF r'gf}tLx? ;fdgf ug{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfn tyf ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; klg ;Fu;Fu}
n}hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf dxf+;3n] tof/ u/]sf] gofF tLg
aifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu laBdfg Ifdtf
ljsf; l:yltsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{, To;sf] cfwf/df pgLx?sf] d'Vo
sfo{If]qx?df ;xof]u k'Ug]u/L gLlt lgdf{0f, k}/jL, :yfgLo
zf;g;DaGwL gLltx?sf] ljsf; / ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf
ljsf;df ;d]t 6]jf k'Ug]u/L gofF /0fgLlts sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]t
k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg lhlj;
dxf;+3n] tLg jif]{ Ifdtf ljsf; of]hgf -cfj @)^&÷^*—
@)^(÷&)_ klg th'{df u/]sf] 5 .
-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdM
!= cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGgM
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x?nfO{
nlIft u/L LGCDP sf] ;xof]udf :yfgLo txsf] Ifdtf:t/df
;'wf/ u/L :yfgLo ;]jf k|jfxdf u'0ffTds ;'wf/ Nofpg
pgLx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf cufl8
a9fpg dfu{bz{g cfjZos ePsf] x'Fbf pQm sfo{qmd;Fu
;Demf}tf eO{ uflj;÷lhlj; Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{ljlw @)^^ /
gu/kflnsf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{ljlw @)^^ d:of}bf tof/ ug{
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k|fljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 . pQm
d:of}bf tof/ ePkl5 lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?n] Ifdtf
ljsf;sf] If]q x]g{ tf]s]sf sd{rf/Lx? tyf lhNnf
;xhstf{x?nfO{ @–@ lbg] pQm sfo{ljlwx?af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg
If]qLo:t/x?df cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
lyof] . kfFrj6} ljsf; If]qdf ePsf tL cled'vLs/0f
sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngsf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k];fljb\
sd{rf/Lx? / cGo ;|f]t JolQmx? kl/rfng ul/Psf] lyof] .
cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmdx?df gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;x?af6
hDdf Ps ;o && hgf sd{rf/L ;xefuL ePsf lyP .
@=@ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] cg'bfg /sd cGtu{t ;DkGg
sfo{qmdx?
:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3 -uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3,
g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn_
nfO{ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 cf=j= @)^^÷@)^& sf nflu
Psd'i6 %) nfv ?k}ofF sfo{qmd vr{ pknAw u/fOPsf] /
tLgj6} :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3dxf;+3sf] cfk;L ;xdltcg';f/
bfdf;fxLdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf]
!^ nfv ^^ xhf/ ?k}ofF dWo]af6 b]xfoadf]lhd sfo{qmdx?
;DkGg ul/of] .
-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x? M
-!_ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf / ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo
cGtlq{mof sfo{qmd (District Level Discourse on
Federalism and State Restructuring):
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfnsf] p2]Zo /x]cg';f/ /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj;:yf / ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfdf ælhNnf
;/sf/sf] cfjZostfÆ gfds xft] k'l:tsf !@ xhf/ k|lt
k|sfzg u/L &% j6} lhNNff ljsf; ;ldltx?, ;+ljwfg;efsf
dfggLo ;b:ox?, /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg dGqfno tyf
ljefunufot s]Gb|Lo:t/sf clwsf+z sfof{nox?df ljt/0f
ul/of] .
tflnsf !=#
lhNnf:t/Lo cGtlq{mofsf] ;+lIfKt ljj/0f
qm=;= sf=;DkGgldlt lhNnfx? sf=;+of]hs ;xefuL ;+Vof
!= @)^^÷!!÷!# c5fd >L s[i0fk|;fb h};L $&
@= @)^^÷!!÷!$ 8f]6L >L e/taxfb'/ v8\sf %*
#= @)^^÷!!÷@% s~rgk'/ >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL $%
$= @)^^÷!!÷@& /f}tx6 >L /lhpl4g cfnd *(
%= @)^^÷!!÷#) slknj:t' >L /d]z zdf{ $%
^= @)^^÷!@÷)! s}nfnL >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL $*
&= @)^^÷!@÷)@ kfNkf >L /d]z zdf{ %$
*= @)^^÷!@÷)# gjnk/f;L >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb cu|x/L &@
(= @)^^÷!@÷)^ 88]nw'/f >L e/taxfb'/ v8\sf @@
!)= @)^^÷!@÷)^ tgx'F >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf #(
!!= @)^^÷!@÷!# ?kGb]xL >L /fh]Gb|k|;fb cu|x/L ^)
!@ @)^^÷!@÷!& jbL{of >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL #!
!#= @)^^÷!@÷!( wgs'6f >L wd{/fh kf}8]n #%
!$= @)^^÷!@÷@# t]Xy'd >L wd{/fh kf}8]n #(
!%= @)^^÷!@÷@% ef]hk'/ >L wd{/fh kf}8]n ##
!^= @)^^÷!@÷@% afFs] >L Clif/fh n'D;fnL *)
!&= @)^^÷!@÷@% c3f{vfFrL >L /d]z zdf{ $)
!*= @)^^÷!@÷@@ Emfkf >L ch'{g /fO{ $%
!(= @)^^÷!@÷@# df]/Ë >L ch'{g /fO{ %)
@)= @)^^÷!@÷@^ ndh'Ë >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf $)
@!= @)^^÷!@÷@* u'NdL >L /d]z zdf{ %#
@@= @)^&÷!÷!$ kj{t >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf #%
@#= @)^&÷!÷!% :ofËhf >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf ^$
:yfgLo k|hftGq
32
@$= @)^&÷!÷!& sf:sL >L lrqaxfb'/ yfkf ^%
;|f]t M lhNnfut cGtlq{mof sfo{qmdsf] k|ltj]bg
dfly pNn]lvt ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwg /
5f]6f] ;dodf hDdf @& j6f lhNnfdf dfq} lhNnf:t/Lo
cGtlq{mof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] . h;dWo] @$ j6f lhNnfdf
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] cg'bfg /sd / afFsL # j6f lhNnf
lrtjg, x'Dnf / a}t8Ldf :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;
sfo{qmd cGt/ut ;DkGg ul/of] . afFsL lhNNffx?sf] xsdf
cfufdL jif{df ;d]t o; lsl;dsf] lhNNff:t/Lo cGtlq{mof
sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .
-@_ lhNnf cGtlq{mofaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx?sf] ;f/;+If]ksf] k|sfzg
tyf ljt/0f
dfly pNn]v ul/Pcg';f/ gofF ;+ljwfg / /fHosf]
k'g;{+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf lsg <
ljifos lhNnf:t/df ;~rfng ul/Psf] cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdaf6
k|fKt ;'emfjx? ;+sng u/L To;sf] ;f/nfO{ k'l:tsfsf ?kdf
k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 . !@ xhf/ k|lt / ;f]xLsf] c+u|]hLdf
cg'jfb ul/Psf] “A Synopsis of Recommendations from District
Level Discourse on Why District Government is necessary in
the context of New Constitution and State Restructuring?" Ps
xhf/ k|lt tof/ tyf k|sfzg u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox?,
/fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx?, g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljsf; ;fFem]bf/
;+:yfx? / gful/s ;dfh;dIf ljt/0f ul/of] .
-#_ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] kl/rfng (Media Mobilization)
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnåf/f la|l6z uf]vf{
ldl8of g]6js{ k|flnaf6 ;~rflnt uf]vf{ Pkm=Pd= (# d]ufxh{df
/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;g uPsf] ;fpg % ut]b]lv x/]s
;ftfsf] a'waf/ a]n'sL *=)) ah]b]lv *=#) ah];Dd lgoldt
?kdf k|zf/0f x'Fb} cfPsf] / uPsf] sflQs dlxgfsf] !^ ut]b]lv
x/]s ;ftfsf] d+unaf/ ;fFem ^=)) ah]blv ^=#) ah];Dd
lgoldt ?kdf k|;f/0f xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .
/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;gdf :yfgLo ;/sf/,
;'zf;g, ljsf; lgdf{0f / jftfj/0f;DaGwL ultlalwx?sf ;fy}
o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lj1x?;Fu cGtlq{mof ug]{ ul/G5 .
To;}u/L d'n's ;+3Lotfdf hfFbf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] lgjf{x ug{‘kg]{
e"ldsf, /fHo k'g;+/rgf / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf If]qdf ePsf
ljleGg ultljlwx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/G5 .
!=@=# phf{ tyf jftfj/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmd
j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| / u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng
ul/Psf] 5 .
-s_ jsfntL tyf k}/jL;DaGwL sfo{x?
!= If]qLo:t/sf] sfo{zfnf uf]i7L M
dWoklZrd / ;'b'/klZrdf~rndf phf{;DaGwL If]qLo
sfo{zfnf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{zfnfdf ;fgf tyf n3'
hnljB't k|jw{gsf nflu o; If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1nufot
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb|,
u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf tkm{af6 sfo{kq k|:t't u/L
cfufdL lbgx?df ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L gLltadf]lhd
:yfgLo lgsfox?sf] cu|;/tfdf ;fgf tyf n3' hnljB't
lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLj|tf lbg] ;xdltadf]lhd sfo{of]hgf ;d]t
tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm If]qLo sfo{zfnfdf ;DalGwt If]qsf
lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, kbflwsf/L / pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+3sf cWoIfnufot cGo k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] .
@= k|sfzg / ljt/0f M
u|fdL0f phf{sf] If]qdf sfo{/t ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf pNn]Vo sfo{x?nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/
æ;kmntfsf] syfx?sf] ;Fufnf]Æ gfds a'n]l6g o; cfly{s
jif{df !@)) k|lt k|sfzg u/L s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo txsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx? -&% j6f lh=lj=;;lxt_ nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{
;DkGg ul/of] .
#= phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvf sfo{ ;~rfng;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf
:yfgLo lgsfocGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf] phf{ tyf jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvfsf] sfd / e"ldsfdf s]xL b'ljwf b]lvPsfn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / ;xhLs/0fsf] ?kdf ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf (Operational Guideline) sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3n] d:of}bf ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ cf/De ul/of] .
-v_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; / Ifdtf clej[l4
sfo{qmd M
-!_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf cfÏgf ;b:o lhlj;x?dfkm{t phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qnfO{ Jofks ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^^ df3 @* ut] lhlj; dxf;+3sf]] ;efsIfdf dxf;+3sf cWoIf Clif/fh n'D;fnLsf] cWoIftfdf cfGtl/s a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a}7sdf j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf sfo{qmd clws[t tyf u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf /fli6«o sfo{qmd k|aGwsnufotsf JolQmx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf lhlj; dxf;+3sf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrjn] xfn;Dd NaREE Unit sf] ultljlwaf/] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] a}7ssf cWoIfn] bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx?;dIf :yfgLo txdf phf{sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu d}qLk"0f{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
-@_ o; cfly{s jif{df lhNnf phf{ ;~hfnsf] ldlt @)^^ c;f]h #) ;DkGg ul/of] . a}7sn] phf{;DaGwL sfo{qmdx?sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn / ;b:o lhNnfx?aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lj:tf/ u/L If]qLo:t/df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
33
-u_ ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; clej[l4 sfo{qmd -!_ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd M
gjLs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw tyf o; If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg phf{ gLltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cu'jfO{df REDP / AEPC sf] ;xof]udf cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df b]xfoadf]lhd lhNnfx?df Ps lbg] cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . h;cg';f/ @)^^ d+l;/ * ut] /fd]5fk lhlj;, @)^& j}zfv !# ut] ef]hk'/ lhlj; / @)^& j}zfv #) ut] /;'jf lhlj;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] .
pQm sfo{qmdx?df lhlj;sf kbflwsf/L, uflj; ;lrj, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglwnufot o; If]qdf sfo{/t lghL tyf u};;sf k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . sfo{qmddf ;j{bnLo ;+oGqsf kbflwsf/Lx?nufot lhNnfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;lxt b'O{ ;ohgfsf] ;xeflutf lyof] . e]nfn] ;DalGwt lhlj;df phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qnfO{ cfp"bf lbgdf Jofks ?kdf k|j4{g ug{sf nflu cfufdL sfo{qmddf phf{nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 .
-@_ lhNnf txsf] pTs[i6 cEof;sf] k|f]T;fxg sfo{qmd gjLs/0FLo phf{ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{gnfO{ :yfgLo txdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltadf]lhd Jofks / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;b:o lhlj;x?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ lhlj;x?nfO{ k'/:s[t ub}{ cfPsf] ljut aif{b]lvsf] sfo{nfO{ o; jif{ klg lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . h; cg';f/ lhlj;x?n] phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf u/]sf] sfo{x?sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ @) j6f ;"rsx? (Indicators) tof/ u/L &% j6f lhlj;df k7fpg] sfd ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd &% j6f lhlj;x? dWo] @$ j6f lhlj;x?n] dfq k|ltof]lutfdf efu lnPsf 5g\ . pQm sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5. ;f] ;ldltn] pTs[i6 sfo{ ug]{ lhlj;sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{ nufl8 a9fO/x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ lgoldt k|sfzg (Regular Publication)M
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lgoldt?kdf :yfgLo ;/sf/,
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fh:tf If]qdf n]v/rgfx? / lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]
dxTjk"0f{ ultljlwx? ;dfj]z u/L q}dfl;s klqsf æ:yfgLo
k|hftGqÆ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}
l;nl;ndf ljleGg ultljlw / n]v /rgfx? ;d]l6Psf] jif{ *
c+s ! sf] :yfgLo k|hftGq q}dfl;s klqsf Ps xhf/ kfFr ;o
k|lt k|sfzg u/L ljt/0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] .
To;}u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf dfggLo ;b:ox?, dGqfnox?,
ljefux?, bft[ lgsfosf sfof{nox?, &% j6} lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltx?, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonufot lhNnfl:yt nfOg
Ph]G;Lx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/, km\ofS; gDa/, a]j;fO6 cflb
;dfj]z ePsf] lhlj; dxf;+3 8fo/L, @)^& b'O{ xhf/ k|lt
5kfO{ u/L &% j6} lhNNff ljsf; ;ldltx?, ;+ljwfg;efsf
dfggLo ;b:ox?, /fhgLlts bn, ljleGg dGqfno tyf
ljefunufot s]Gb|Lo:t/sf clwsf+z sfof{nox?df ljt/0f sfo{
;DkGg ul/of] .
@)^& ;fn ;fpgb]lv d+l;/;Ddsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg /fhgLltdf
;LdfGts[t dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 sfo{qmd (UNDEF)
;g\ @))* ;]K6]Da/b]lv ;'? ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3
k|hftGq sf]if (United Nations Democracy Fund-UNDEF) sf]
;xof]udf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;+v'jf;ef, sfe|]knf~rf]s,
nDh'ª, afFs] / s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf kfFr kfFrj6f uflj;df u/L
hDdf kfFr j6f lhNnfsf @% j6f uflj;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng
u/]sf] lyof] . ut jif{b]lv % j6f lhNnfdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
o; sfo{qmd rfn" cfly{s jif{sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgf -@)^& c;f]h
!$ ut]_ b]lv ;dfKt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L
k|ult k|ltj]bg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifdf k]; ul/;lsPsf]
5 . ljQLo kIfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f ug{ Pgs] sDkgL P08
P;f]l;o6\; rf6{8{ PsfpG6]G6nfO{ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
sDkgLn] n]vfk/LIf0f sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] 5 eg] clGtd
n]vfk/LIf0f k]; ug{ afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3
k|hftGq sf]ifaf6 lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnnfO{ s"n # nfv @%
xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . h;dWo] ;a} sfo{qmd
;DkGg eO;s]kl5 & xhf/ & ;o @$ / @^ ;]G6 vr{ ug{
afFsL /x]sf] 5 . pQm afFsL /sd o; sfo{qmdsf] pknlAwx?sf]
k|rf/k|;f/sf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{u/L cg'/f]w ePsf]
5 . tyflk, xfn;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifaf6 o;sf]
:jLs[t k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .
:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL ax; sfo{qmd
:yfgLo :t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL ax; sfo{qmd (Initiating
Functional Debate on Federalism at Local Level) lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfn, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 / lk|m8d kmf]/dsf] ;+o'Qm
cfof]hgf / P;8L;Lsf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]udf /fd]5fk
/ cf]vn9+'uf lhNnfsf !)÷!) j6f ;d'bfodf ;~rfng ul/Psf]
5 . o; sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;LdfGts[t
;d'bfox?sf] cfjfhnfO{ ;+sng u/L :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o
kqklqsfx? tyf PkmPd /]l8of]nufot /fli6«o 6]lnlehg
sfo{qmddfkm{t k|;f/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/
cf]vn9'+uf lhNNffsf] lau'6f/, k|Kr, df]nL, paf, 6f]S;], anv',
l;Dg]/L, 7"nf5fk, gf/fo0fyfg / ?Dhf6f/df ;DkGg ul/of] .
To;}u/L /fd]5fk lhNnf cGtu{t afn'jfhf]/, ;'sfhf]/, ;fFu'6f/,
lah'nLsf]6, km'nf;L, lk|tL, /;gnL, 88'jf, bf]/Djf / vgLofkfgL
uflj; /x]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} lhNnfdf ;d'bfo:t/ tyf lgjf{rg
If]q:t/df ;+3Lotf;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd;d]t ;DkGg
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo txsf] ;]jf k|jfxsf] jt{dfg cj:yf ljZn]if0f cWoog
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?sf] ;]jf
k|jfx k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog u/L cfufdL /fHo
:yfgLo k|hftGq
34
k'g;{+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf;DaGwL ;'emfj k]; ug]{
p2]Zo;lxt !^ nfv !* xhf/ ^ ;o @* ?k}ofFsf] Ps cWoog
k|:tfjgf o'Pg8LkL g]kfndf k]; ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k|:tfj :jLs[t
eO{ xfn cWoog sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . o; cWoognfO{ k"0f{tf lbg
8f]6L, afFs], sf:sL, bf]nvf / l;/fxf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
lhNnfl:yt lgIf]lkt If]qx? -s[lif, kz', :jf:Yo, lzIff / k"jf{wf/_
sf ljifout sfof{nox?, lhNnf txsf] :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt /
x/]s lhNnfsf PsPs uflj;df :ynut e|d0f u/L ;DalGwt
lhNnfsf /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf kbflwsf/Lx?, sfof{nosf k|d'v
tyf clws[t:t/sf sd{rf/Lx?, u};;, gful/s ;dfhsf
k|ltlglw / ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu ;d]t cGtlq{mof u/L k|ltj]bg tof/
ul/Psf] 5 .
#=$ lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfsf] of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw tof/L
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% sf] efjgfadf]lhd
;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofnfO{ a9L ;dfj]zLd"ns
agfO{ ;a} lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfdf Ps?ktf Nofpg]
p2]Zoadf]lhd :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] lhlj; /
gu/kflnsfx?sf] of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw @)^& -clGtd 8«fkm\6_
tof/ u/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf k]; ul/Psf] 5 . o;
sfo{sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3
tyf uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k];fljb\ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
;d]t sfo{6f]nLdf ;dfj]z u/fO{ of]hgf th'{dfsf] sfo{ljlwnfO{
clGtd ?k lbPsf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf g} :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf] ;xof]udf tLg lhNnf qmdzM jlb{of, bf]nvf tyf
:ofª\hf -jf tgxF'_ lhlj; / To; If]qcGtu{tsf PsPs
gu/kflnsfdf ;f] sfo{ljlwnfO{ k/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{qmd;d]t
/x]sf] 5 .
#=% phf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf] If]qdf ePsf] k|ult
:yfgLo lgsfo cGtu{t ;~rfngdf /x]sf] phf{ tyf
jftfj/0f OsfO{÷zfvfsf] sfd / e"ldsfdf s]xL b'ljwf
b]lvPsfn] u|fdL0f pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f ;DaGwdf :yfgLo
lgsfosf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / ;xhLs/0fsf] ?kdf
;+~rfng lgb]{lzsf (Operational Guideline) sf] cfjZostf
dx;'; u/L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3n] ljleGg ;/f]sf/sf
lgsfox?;Fu ;dGjo u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] ;+~rfng lgb]{lzsfsf]
d:of}bfnfO{ @)^& ;fpg !* ut] / @)^& ;fpg @) ut] tgxF'
/ lrtjg lhlj;df ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmn sfo{qmd ul/Psf]
lyof] . :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;'b"/ / dWoklZrdsf :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/Lx?sf] ;dLIff a}7ssf] cj;/ kf/]/ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnnn ] Draft Operational Guideline dfly Jofks ?kdf cGt/lqmof ug]{ p2]Zon] ldlt @)^& ebf} *
ut] g]kfnu~hdf If]qLo uf]i7L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
&@ j6f lhlj;sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] lhNnf phf{
;+~hfnsf] @)^& ;fn sflQs @% ut] ;+~hfnsf cWoIf P+jd\
wflbª lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L z+s/ g]kfn cWoIf /
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] phf{ tyf jftfj/0f clws[t ;b:o
;lrj /x]sf] !@ ;b:oLo lhNnf phf{ ;~hfn ;ldltsf] a}7s
;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;+~hfnsf] sfo{ ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf
88]nw'/f lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L / ;b:ox?df
c5fd, x'Dnf, tgxF', ?s'd, ?kGb]xL, eQmk'/, sfe|], ;+v'jf;ef /
kfFry/ lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L /xg' ePsf] 5 .
gjLs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw tyf o; If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
jt{dfg phf{ gLltnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]
cu'jfO{df REDP / AEPC sf] ;xof]udf @)^& k'; !# ut]
c3f{vfFrL lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf Ps lbg] cGt/lqmof÷
cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf
lhlj;sf kbflwsf/L, uflj; ;lrj, /fhgLlts bnsf
k|ltlglwnufot o; If]qdf sfo{/t lghL tyf u};;sf
k|ltlglwx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf lhNnfsf
;/f]sf/jfnf tyf /fhgLlts ;+oGqsf u/L &) hgfsf] pkl:ylt
lyof] .
/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf
-s_ /fli6«o d~rdf ;xeflutf
:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd
g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljleGg bft[ lgsfoaLr ;Demf}tf eO{
PDDP, LGP, DLGSP sf] qmdkl5 gofF sfo{qmd df]8]nsf ?kdf
:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;d'bfo ljsf; sfo{qmd (Local
Governance and Community Development Programme
LGCDP) :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;dGjo / g]t[Tjdf sl/a
tLg jif{blv ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . If]qut ljsf;
cjwf/0ffcg'?k ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]/ ;'? ul/Psf] elgP
klg o; sfo{qmdaf6 ljutdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ul/Psf]
eGbf leGb} tl/sfaf6 ;fdflhs kl/rfng ug]{ tyf gful/s
To;df klg ljkGg ju{, lnË / ;d'bfosf] a9L jsfnt ug]{ tyf
ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ g} a9L s]Gb|Lt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .
:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3÷dxf;+3x?nfO{ Ifdtf clej[l4
zLif{scGtu{t / ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu nufgL ug]{ elgPsf]df
ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu dfucg';f/sf] ;xof]u k|fKt gx'Fbf sfd
cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xL ;fem]bf/ bft[ lgsfon]
;Demf}tfcg';f/ ah]6 lbg l9nfO{ u/]sf / dGqfnosf] ;fdflhs
kl/rfngsf nflu ;xof]uL ;+:yf 5gf]6 ug]{ lgb]{lzsf / ;+oGq
5gf]6 d} l9nfO{n] ubf{ dWofjlw ;dLIffsf] a]nf;Dd klg
sfof{Gjogdf tLj|tf cfpg ;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g . ;fy} /fHosf]
kg;{+/rgf / gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] jt{dfg
;Gbe{df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf tyf ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfaf/] ax; 5nkmn rnfpg pQm sfo{qmddfkm{t ;/sf/,
/fhgLlts bn, ;+ljwfg;ef tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ dfu tyf
bafa lbg cfjZos 5 . ;b:otf ;fdlos / lg/Gt/ k|fKt gx'g]
xfd|f] h:tf] ;Fu7gdf sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 klg j[l4 ug{ bafa
lbOg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb
h}zL / LGCDP sfo{qmd cGt/utsf] Local Government
:yfgLo k|hftGq
35
Accountability Facility (LGAF) ;ldltdf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj
x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] ;xeflutf ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 .
u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sf]if ljsf; ;ldlt
u|fdL0f vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sf]if ljsf; ;ldltdf
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 kb]g ;b:o /xg]
Joj:yf 5 . xfn;Ddsf] k|ltlglwTjn] ;ldltaf6 5gf]6 ul/Psf
;xof]uL ;+:yfx?n] u|fdL0f :t/df kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{
lhNnf kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t u/fpg'kg]{, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf /
dd{t ;Def/sf nflu uflj;sf] kl/ifb\n] ah]6 afF8kmfF8 ug]{ tyf
cg'udg sfo{df ;d]t lhlj;x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg o;
jif{af6 s]xL lhNnfdf ;'? u/L ljZn]if0fkl5 ;a} lhlj;;Fu
;xfo{ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u/fOPsf] 5 . ;ftf}+ r/0fkl5 sl/a kfFr
;o kl/of]hgfx? s]Gb|Lo ;+/rgfaf6 sfof{Gjog ul/+Fbf cg'udg
sd x'g], ;]jf k|bfos Ph]G;Ln] k/fdz{ lbFbf;d]t kl/of]hgfsf]
;+Vof a9\b} hfFbf u'0f:t/ sd x'Fb} uPsf], ;DkGgdWo] *%
k|ltzt kl/of]hgf ;~rflnt / u'0f:t/Lo kfgL k|fKt eO/x]sf] /
kSsL zf}rfno lgdf{0f eOx/]sf] eGg] k|ltj]bgx?af6 k|i6 x'G5 .
;d'bfonfO{ s]Gb|af6 ;f]em} cg'bfg lbFbf dWod txsf] yk
emGem6 sd x'g] eGg] p2]Zocg';f/ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . t/,
:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L / ;xsfo{sf] clwsf/af6
al~rt u/fOPsf]n] lhlj; / uflj;af6 pQm kl/of]hgfx?df
ckgTj eg] k6Ss} 5}g . o; sf]ifdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf
tkm{af6 k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h};Ln] k|ltlglwTj ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .
ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if (Poverty Alleviation Fund)
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /x]sf] ul/jL lgjf/0fsf]ifdf
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn ;+:yfut ;b:o /x]sf] 5 . To; sf]ifdf
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cWoIf Clif/fh n'D;fnLn]
lgoldt k|ltlglwTj ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf :yfgLo :t/df cg'udg ug]{
k|lqmofnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifdf gLltut lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
:yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh;Fu ;DaGw
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|j4{g u/L
;'zf;gdfkm{t ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy
:yfkgf ePsf] &% j6} lhlj;sf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L
;lDdlnt :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh (LDO Society) /
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnaLr ;femf cjwf/0ff :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
;f] ;dfhn] lhlj; dxf;+3sf] ;lrjfnodf cfkm\gf] ;Dks{
sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ ;f]r agfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf sd{rf/L gj/fh sf]O/fnfnfO{ ;Dks{ JolQmsf
?kdf tf]sL cfufdL lbgdf dxf;+3;Fusf] ;xsfo{df hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ;f] ;dfhsf`
cf=j= @)^^÷)^& / @)^&÷)^* sf] gjLs/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg
ug'{sf ;fy} ;b:o z'Ns ;+sng, cfufdL lbgdf x'g]
;fwf/0f;ef / a'n]l6g lgsfNgdf ;d]t ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf]
5 .
-v_ cGt/f{li6«o d~rx?df ;xeflutf
UCLG ASPAC sf ljleGg d~rx?df ;xeflutf
UCLG ASPAC df bf];|f] sfo{sfnsf nflu g]kfnsf
tkm{af6 ;x–cWoIfsf] ?kdf lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf]
pkl:yltnfO{ g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/ a9L ;|f]t / clwsf/
;DkGg Pj+ cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf agfpgdf yk e"ldsf
lgjf{x ul/g] ljZjf;sf ?kdf Pl;of k|zfGt If]qsf ;b:o
:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ltgsf ;+3 dxf;+3åf/f lnOPsf] 5 .
;f]xLcg'?k, ci6«]lnofsf] l;8\gL, g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ / blIf0f
sf]l/ofsf] rfªcf]ª a}7sdf xfd|f tkm{af6 ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf klg
:yfgLo ;/sf/x? alnof] agfpg] k|:tfj u/L UCLG ASPAC sf]
tkm{af6 P]Soa4tf;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}+df lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3
/ uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o
;]ldgf/af6 Ps lbgdf !) j6f ljifosf sfo{kqsf] k|:t'lt,
pRr :t/Lo ;xeflutf / ;/sf/ tyf lghL If]q;lxt sf7df8f}+
dxfgu/kflnsf / Pl;of kmfpG8]zgsf] ;d]t cfly{s ;xof]u
x'g'n] cToGt ;kmn ePsf] ;b:o ldqx?sf] ;Gt'li6 / ljin]if0f
/xg uPsf] / ljz]if u/L lhlj; dxf;3+sf] e"ldsfn] xfd|f]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw yk ;'dw'/ / lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L 8]gdfs{sf] /fhwfgL sf]kgx]ugdf Local
Government Climate Change Leadership Summit (COP 15) df
æsfj{g pT;h{g sdL ug{ g]kfnsf k|of;x?Æ ljifos sfo{kq
k|:t't u/L ;f]xL ;qsf] cWoIftf Pj+ /flvPsf ;'emfjx?n]
Plzof k|zfGt If]q aflx/ klg ;b:o ldqx?;Fusf] klxrfg /
;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd ePsf] 5 .
cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& / cf=j=@)^&÷)^* sf] klxnf]
kfFr dlxgf -@)^& ;fpg b]lv d+l;/;Dd_ lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ cfofdx? ylkPsf] 5 .
OG8f]g]lzofsf] atfddf -h'g @$—@^, @)!)_ ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o
tflnd tyf sfo{zfnfdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL / gj/fh
sf]O/fnfsf] ;xeflutf / sfo{kq k|:t'lt (Political, Economic
and Local Government Finance of Nepal with
Recommendation for GOLD 2 Report), ef/tsf] klZrd
a+ufnsf] sf]nsftfdf sfo{;ldlt ;b:o nfns'df/ s];Lsf]
;xeflutf, k"j{cWoIf dfwj kf}8]nsf] ;]K6]Da/ @))( df
Oh/fondf ePsf] “Seminar on Support for Local Government",
blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] rfËjf]g ;x/df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC sf] sfo{
;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLsf] ;xeflutf, blIf0f
sf]l/ofsf] h]h'df ut gf]e]Dj/ !!—!# gf]e]Dj/ @)!) df ePsf]
Low Carbon Cities : Green Growth for Local Government
ljifos sfo{zfnf uf]i7Ldf gj/fh sf]O/fnfsf] ;xeflutf /xL
Nepal's Response to Climate Change: A Case Study of
Kathmandu Metropolitan City ljifodf sfo{kq k|:t't ug'{ePsf]
lyof] . To;}u/L ;f+3fO{–rLgdf Expo 2010 sf] cj;/df UN-
HABITAT åf/f cfof]lht sfo{zfnfdf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLn]
Linking Asian cities to the UN ljifosf] “Role of International
Partners" eGg] zLif{sdf sfo{kq k|:tf]tfsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x tyf
hfkfgsf] xfdfdfT;'df cS6f]j/ @)!) df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC
sf] t];|f] sf+u|];df “Tourism promotion through local resource
:yfgLo k|hftGq
36
mobilization" / UCLG World sf] t];|f] sf+u|]; d]lS;sf]sf] d]lS;sf]
;x/df -!(—@! gf]e]Dj/ @)!)_ lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k|jQmf
tyf UCLG ASPAC sf ;x–cWoIf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL åf/f
“Facing financial squeezes towards re-or-de-centralization?"
GOLD Report II ljifodf Panelist sf] ?kdf lgjf{x ul/Psf]
e"ldsf Pj+ l;Fufk'/df ePsf] UCLG ASPAC sf] sfo{;ldltsf]
a}7sdf ;xeflutfn] lhlj; dxf;+3sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwdf
gof cfofd ylkg'sf ;fy} yk ;DaGw lj:tf/ klg ePsf] 5 .
;fy} hfkfgsf] xfdfdfT;' ;x/df ePsf] t];|f] sf+u|];af6 lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zL UCLG ASPAC sf] k'gM
bf];|f]k6s ;x–cWoIf tyf d]lSzsf]df ePsf] UCLG World sf]
t];|f] sf+u|];af6 sfo{ ;ldltsf] ;b:odf ;j{;Ddt lgjf{lrt x'g'
ePsf] 5 . UCLG ASPAC sf] kxndf lgs6 eljiodf :yfgLo
lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfo{zfnf cfof]hgf ug{
k|:tfj ul/Psf] / pgLx? lgs} ;sf/fTds /x]sf] va/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 .
UCLG World n] ljZjJofkL ?kdf :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;gsf] gLltut Joj:yf / ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ;Gbe{df
GOLD II k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{] p2]Zocg'?k pQm sfo{sf nflu
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df o; If]qsf] jt{dfg gLltut Joj:yf / ljQLo
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg tof/Lsf ;fy
UCLG-ASPAC dfkm{t ;DalGwt lgsfodf k]; ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|ltj]bgdf jt{dfg cfly{s dGbLn] :yfgLo ;/sf/df kf/]sf
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm k|ltj]bgnfO{ ut gf]e]Dj/ (–!@, @))( df rLgsf]
uf]~hfpdf ePsf] UCLG World Citites Council Meeting cGtu{t
GOLD 2 Workshop df g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 :yfgLo zf;g
ljQlj1 gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pQm a}7sdf
Pl;of Kofl;lkms If]qsf g]kfn nufot cGo !^ j6f
d'n'sx?sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cj:yf /
efjL lbgx?df UCLG n] :yfgLo ljsf; / ljQsf If]qdf
v]Ng'kg]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} UCLG sf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] a}7sdf
;d]t sf]O/fnfn] efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . pQm a}7sx?df
g]kfnsf tkm{af6 pxfFn] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts cj:yfdf
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cj:yf, ljQLo ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k[i7e"ld /
UCLG n] efjL lbgx?df ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?sf] ;Gbe{df
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf
k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
:yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwL Unf]jn d~r
(Global Forum of Local Governemnt)
o"Pg;L8LPkm / o'uf08f ;/sf/sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf
o'uf08fsf] sDkfnfdf ut cS6f]j/ $–^, @)!) -c;f]h !*–@),
@)^&_ df Pursuing the MDGs through Local Government
ljifos Ps pRr:t/Lo cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ePsf]
lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf ;lrj s[i0f 1jfnL, ;x;lrj ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL,
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 x]d/fh nfld5fg], k|wfgdGqL
sfof{nosf pk;lrj k|sfz kl08t / o'Pg;L8LPkm g]kfnsf
tkm{af6 8f= lgn P= j]J;6gsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;f]
sfo{qmddf ljZjsf sl/a *! /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf tfGhflgofnufot clk|msL /fHosf
k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL:t/Lo ;xeflutf;d]t /x]sf] lyof] .
sfo{qmddf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 ;a} ljifox?df ;xeflutf hgfO{
cg'ej /fVg] cj;/;d]t k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
phf{ tyf aftfj/0f;DaGwL cWoog e|d0f
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f clws[t clgn sfÏn] ldlt @)^& ;fn c;f/ !% ut] rLgsf] a]lh¨df gljs/0fLo phf{ k|ljlw;DaGwL & lbg] cWoog e|d0fdf efu lng' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf Renewable Energy Project (REP) n] u/]sf] lyof] . o; sfo{qmddf ljleGg lgsfosf u/L cf7 ;b:oLo 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;x;lrj uf]kLgfy d}gfnLn] ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf phf{ tyf
jftfj/0f clws[t clgn sfÏn] @)^& d+l;/ $ ut] hd{gsf]
aln{gdf cjl:yt phf{;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ul//x]sf Renewable
Energy Academy (RENAC) sf] lgdGq0ffdf kfFr lbg] u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffaf/] tflnddf ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] lyof] . ;f] tflnddf efu lngsf] nflu nfUg] Round Trip
Ticket/Accomodation Cost k"0f{?kdf AEPC/ESAP n] pknAw u/fPsf] lyof] .
ljQLo ljZn]if0f (Financial Analysis)
-s_ cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx?
tn tflnsf ! / rf6{ ! df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3
g]kfnsf] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& df sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu
ljleGg ;|f]tx?af6 k|fKt ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGGf sfo{qmdx? tyf
;lrjfnosf] lgoldt sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ s'n @ s/f]8 !( nfv
*) xhf/ # ;o !* ?k}ofF / $& k};f cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] .
tflnsf =! M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] jflif{s cfosf ;|f]tx?
qm=;= cfosf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt
!= cfGtl/s ;|f]t 14,50,287.79 6=60 @= :yf=lj=dGqfnosf] cg'bfg 16,66,000.00 7=58 #= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos
ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cg'bfg 32,36,000.00 14=72 $= j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g
s]Gb|sf] ;xof]u 12,41,276.68 5=65 %= u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf;
sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]u 781,665.78 3=55 ^= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 k|hftGq
sf]ifsf] ;xof]u 96,85,219.76 4=06 &= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]usf] ;xof]u 26,50,000.00 2=06 *= cGo ;|f]t 12,69,868.34 5=78
:yfgLo k|hftGq
37
hDdf ?= 2,19,80,318.47 100=00
;|f]tM lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
tn rf6{ %=! cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& sf]
sfo{qmd tyf ;lrjfno ;~rfngsf nflu k|fKt ePsf]
/sddWo] sl/a $$ k|ltzt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifaf6
kfFrj6f lhNnfx? -;+v'jf;ef, sfe|]knf~rf]s, ndh'Ë, afFs] /
s~rgk'/_df l;dfGts[t dlxnfsf] /fhgLltdf ;xeflutf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L
:yfgLo zf;g tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 Ifdtf
ljsf; / jsfntL tyf kIfkf]if0f sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu
k|fKt /sd sl/a !% k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] . ;fy} :jL; ;xof]u
lgof]u -P;8L;L=_ sf] ;xof]u sl/a !@ k|ltzt /x]sf] lyof] eg]
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL s"n jflif{s
cfDbfgLsf] sl/a & k|ltzt /xg uPsf] lyof] .
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s cfosf] ljZn]if0f
tn tflnsf @ cg';f/ o; cfly{s jif{df ljleGg ;|f]taf6
s"n !$ nfv %) xhf/ @ ;o *& / k};f &( cfGtl/s
cfDbfgL ePsf] lyof] .
tflnsf =@M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGt/Ls ;|f]tsf] ljZn]if0f
qm=;= cfosf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt
1 ;b:otf z'Ns 7,58,850.00 52=32
2 ;+:yfut jrt 6,03,545.75 41=62
3 uf*Lef*f 12,530.04 0=86
4 o";LPnhL cf:Kofs ;xof]u 75,362.00 5=20
hDdf 14,50,287.79 100=00
;|f]t M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
rf6{ %=@ n] lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] cfGt/Ls cfosf
;|f]tx?sf] of]ubfgsf] k|ltzt b]vfPsf] 5 . hDdf rf/j6f
cfDbfgLsf zLif{sx?dWo] sl/a %@ k|ltzt of]ubfg jflif{s
?kdf lhlj;af6 k|fKt x'g] ;b:otf z'Nsn] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg]
sl/a $@ k|ltzt ljleGg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ubf{ ;+:yfut
?kdf k|fKt x'g] cf]e/ x]8 / To; sfo{qmddf k|ToIf ?kdf
;+nUg eO{ sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf kbflwsf/Lx?af6 lglZrt
k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] /sd kb{5 . o;nfO{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf]
gfdfs/0f ubf{ ;+:yfut artsf] zLif{s /flvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L
;fgf] lx:;fsf] ?kdf dxf;+3sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] df?tL uf8L
ljleGg sfo{qmddf k|of]u xF'bf uf8L ef8f:j?k k|fKt ePsf]
ef8fsf] /sd / o; cfly{s jif{df o";LPnhL cf:Kofssf]
g]kfndf ;DkGg cGt/f{li6«o sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]usf nflu
cf:Kofsaf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd;d]t cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] lyof] .
-v_ vr{sf ;|f]tx? (Sources of Expenditure) cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& cGtu{t lgDgfg';f/ ;|f]tcGtu{t
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng u/]sf]
lyof] . tnsf] tflnsf # / rf6{ # df b]vfO{P cg';f/ ;a} eGbf
j9L sfo{qmd vr{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 k|hftGq sf]ifcGtu{t -sl/a
$^ k|ltzt_ vr{ ePsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] a9L vr{ ePsf] ;|f]t
:jL; ;xof]u lgof]u -P;=l8=;L=_ af6 sl/j !@ k|ltzt ePsf]
5 . To;}u/L t];|f] / rf}yf] vr{sf] ;|f]tdf :yfgLo zf;g tyf
;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf]
cg'bf/ /sd /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cg'kft s'n vr{sf qmd;M sl/j
* k|ltzt / % k||ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
tflnsf =# M ljleGg ;|f]tcGtu{t ePsf vr{x?
qm=;= vr{sf ;|f]tx? /sd ?= k|ltzt
1= cfGtl/s ;|f]t 1,541,177.70 6=83
2= u|fdL)f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd
tyf j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb|
1,735,580.00 7=70
3= b Pl;of kmfp)*]zg 140,250.00 0=62
4= jf^/P* g]kfn 341,154.20 1=51
5= :yfgLo zf;g tyf
;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd 1,706,206.10 7=57
6= :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno 1,134,521.10 5=03
7= lhNnf phf{ ;`hfn-l*g]^_ 130,250.00 0=58
8= o";LPnhL (UCLG-ASPAC) sfo{qmd 529,321.85 2=35
9= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u(SDC-Nepal) 2,650,235.12 11=75
10= ;+o'Qm /fi^«;+# ljsf;
sfo{qmd g]kfn (UNDP-Nepal) 7,750.00 0=03
11= ;+o'Qm /fi^«;+# k|hftGq
sf]if (UNDEF) 10,262,346.70 45=51
12= ;Dklt -hUuf vl/b_ 2,369,995.00 10=51
hDdf vr{ ?= 22,548,787.77 100=00
;|f]t M lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] clGtd n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
;b:otf z'Ns c;'nLsf] cj:yf
cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷)^& ;Dddf kfFry/, ;'g;/L, wgs'6f,
;+v'jf;ef, cf]vn9'Ëf, pbok'/, /fd]5fk, g'jfsf]6,
sfe|]knf~rf]s, wflbË, eQmk'/, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, ?kGb]xL, tgx'F,
gjnk/f;L, ;'v]{t, hfh/sf]6, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, x'Dnf, 8f]6L,
s~rgk'/ / bfr'{nf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx?af6 lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfndf lgoldt ?kdf ;b:otf z'Ns k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
;'?sf aif{b]lv xfn;Dd 8f]Nkf lhlj;n] lhlj; dxf;+3
g]kfndf s'g} klg aif{sf] lgwf{l/t ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfPsf]
5}g . To;} u/L !# jif{;Dd ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg] lhlj;df
/f}tx6, !! jif{;Dd ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg] lhlj;df vf]6fË,
( jif{ ga'emfpg]df ;Kt/L, dxf]Q/L / 88]nw'/f lhlj;x?
/x]sf 5g\ . To;/Lg} ^ jif{;Ddsf] ;b:otf z'Ns ga'emfpg]
lhlj;x?df a}t8L, aemfË, ?s'd, / dgfË lhlj;x? /x]sf 5g\
eg] ef]hk'/ lhlj;af6 kfFr jif{sf] ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL x'g
afFsL /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L afUn'Ë lhlj;n] rf/ jif{ / bfË
lhlj;n] tLg jif{sf] ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] 5 .
o; cfly{s jif{df ;b:otf z'Ns a'emfpg] lhlj;df
eQmk'/af6 ?= ^) xhf/, ;nf{xLaf6 ?= %( xhf/ ( ;o,
k;f{af6 ?= %) xhf/ / sf:sLaf6 ?= #( xhf/ * ;o %)
:yfgLo k|hftGq
38
/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L hf/sf]6 / h'Dnf lhlj;x?af6 ?= #)÷#)
xhf/, pbok'/af6 ?= @( xhf/ ( ;o, ONffdaf6 ?= @( xhf/
( ;o, ;+v'jf;efaf6 ?= @( xhf/ ;b:otf z'Ns lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfndf k|fKt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L sfe|], 88]nw'/f,
s}nfnL, sfnLsf]6, nlntk'/, ?kGb]xL / slknj:t' lhlj;x?af6
?= @)÷@) xhf/, s+rgk'/, wflbË / ;'g;/L lhlj;x?af6 ?=
!( xhf/ ( ;o ;b:otf z'Ns k|fKt ePsf] 5 eg] cf]vn9'Ëf,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s / wgs'6f lhlj;x?af6 ?= !%÷!% xhf/ /
bfr'{nf, 8f]6L, x'Dnf, kfFry/, ;'v]{t, Ko'7fg, dgfË, t]Xy'd /
g'jfsf]6 lhlj;x?af6 ?= !)÷!) xhf/ ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL
ePsf] 5 . afFsL lhlj;x?af6 ;b:otf z'Ns c;'nL x'g afFsL
/x]sf] 5 .
cfly{s aif{ @)^&÷)^* sf] kfl/t sfo{qmd tyf ah]6
s'n cfo tyf vr{ ljj/0f
qm=;= cfo lzif{s s'n ah]6 ?= sfo{qmd ah]6 ?= Joj:yfkg ah]6 ?=
!= ut;fnsf] df}Hbft c=Nof= #!,$(,)^^.(# @),%%,$^^.(# !),(#,^)).))
@= ;b:otf z'Ns &,)),))).)) )).)) &)),))).))
#= :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno !^,^^,))).)) (,((,^)).)) ^^^,$)).))
$= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;f=lj=sf=-sfo{qmd_ @^,)),))).)) !%,^),))).)) !),$),))).))
%= :yfgLo zf;g tyf ;f=lj=sf= -Ifdtf ljsf;_ (,)^,))).)) (,)^,))).)) )).))
^= j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| u|fdL0f phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd #@,*),))).)) @(,*),))).)) #)),))).))
&= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ljsf; sfo{qmd -g]kfn_ !^,!*,^@*.)) !^,!*,^@*.)) )).))
*= :jL; ;xof]u lgof]u -P;=l8=;L=_ $,%!,*)*.)) $,%!,*)*.)) )).))
(= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 k|hftGq sf]if -cf]e/x]8_ $*,#!,(%!.)) $*,#!,(%!.)) )).))
!)= LGCDP sfo{qmd -lhlj;, gkf of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljwL_ #,%#,))).)) #,%#,))).)) )).))
!!= l8g]6sf] cfDbfgL &%)))).)) &%)))).)) )).))
hDdf ?= @,)#,)^,$%#.(# !,^%,)^,$%#.(# #*,)),))).))
/]l8of] sfo{qmd :yfgLo :jzf;g
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] x/]s ;ftfsf]
d+unaf/ ;fFem ^M)) ah]b]lv ^M#) ah];Dd uf]/vf
Pkm=Pd= (# d]ufxh{df :yfgLo :jzf;g /]l8of]
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . pQm /]l8of] sfo{qmd
;'g]/ To;nfO{ cem a9L :t/Lo / k|efjsf/L agfpg
s] s:tf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5, ;'emfj lbg x'g ;a}df
xflb{s cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
;Dks{sf nfluM
lzj /]UdL, sfo{qmd ;~rfns
df]=g+= M (&%!))&&@@
O{–d]n M [email protected], [email protected]
:yfgLo k|hftGq
39
ultljlw
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn
gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3
g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfx?sf
æjflif{s lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf th'{df
sfo{ljlw @)^&Æ / ægu/kflnsfsf]
jflif{s of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlw, @)^&Æ
clGtd d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, :yfgLo zf;g
tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd
(LGCDP) sf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf]
pQm d:of}+bf tof/Lsf qmddf s]Gb|Lo
txdf ljleGg 5nkmn sfo{qmd /
lj1x?sf] ;'emfj ;lxt 8«fkm\6 d:of}bf
tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] .
pQm d:of}+bfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbgsf nflu
dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;L / kfNkf lhlj;
tyf Toxf+ cGtu{tsf gu/kflnsfx?
5gf}6 u/L qmdzM :yfgLo ljsf;
clwsf/L, sfo{sf/L clws[t, ;DalGwt
lgsfosf zfvf k|d'vx?, blno ;+oGqsf
k|ltlglw, ljifout sfof{nosf k|ltlglw
nufot gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?
ljr Ps lbg] cGt/lqmof tyf 5nkmn
ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt
;'emfjsf cfwf/df sfo{ljlwnfO{ clGtd
?k lbO{ cfufdL lbgx?df k|efjsf/L?kdf
sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno ;dIf k]z ug{ lhNnf txdf pQm
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] . sfo{qmddf dsjfgk'/ lhlj; /
x]6f}8f gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf pk–;lrj >L k'?iff]Qd
g]kfnn] pQm d:of}bfdf pNn]v ePsf
ljljw kIfx?sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fO{
yk ;'emfjx? ;+sngsf nflu ;xhLs/0f
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] /fdu|fd gu/kflnsf,
lhlj; gjnk/f;L tyf tfg;]g
gu/kflnsf / lhlj; kfNkfdf lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf :yfgLo zf;g ljQ lj1
>L gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pQm 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf
;xefuLx?af6 ;xeflutfd'ns of]hgf
k|lqmofnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg pNn]vgLo
;'emfjx? ;lxt sfof{Gjogsf kIfdf hf]8
lbg' ePsf] lyof] .
:yfgLo
:jfoQ zf;g
P]g, @)%%
efjgf adf]lhd
cfˆgf] If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu
;fwgsf]
kl/rfng,
ljlgof]hg /
ljsf;sf]
k|ltkmnsf]
;Gt'lnt tyf
;dfg ljt/0fdf
;fdflhs
;dfgtf Nofpg]
sfo{df ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf
clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ bLuf]
?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Pj+ ;+:yfut ug]{
nIo pQm of]hgf sfo{ljlwn] lnPsf]] 5 .
jt{dfg hgk|ltlglwljlxg :yfgLo
lgsfosf] cj:yfdf P]gsf] dg;fo /
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfndf /fHosf]
;dfj]zL ljsf;sf] gLlt adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{
lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?df of]hgf
th'{df k|lqmofdf Ps?ktf / lk5l8Psf
ju{x?sf] ;xeflutfsfsf nflu tof/
ul/Psf] pQm of]hgf th'{dfsf] sfo{ljlwn]
ljz]iftM gu/kflnsf / lhlj;x?nfO{
cfˆgf] If]qsf] jflif{s of]hgf th' {df tyf
lg0f{o k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx?sf jf/]df
:ki6 u/fO{ Ps?ktf sfod ug]{, of]hgf
th'{df tyf lg0f{o k|lqmofdf dlxnf,
lakGg tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfox?sf]
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/L ;xeflutfTds
of]hgf th'{df k4ltnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{
;3fp k'¥ofpg] / jflif{s of]hgf th'{dfsf]
lgldQ lhlj; / gu/kflnsfx?sf] Ifdtf
ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]
5 . o; of]hgf th'{df sfo{ljlwn] cfufdL
jif{x?df lhlj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?sf]
ljBdfg lg0ff{os ;+/rgfx?df ;fd'bflos
;+3 ;+:yf, u};;, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt,
dlxnf ;+u7g, j8f gful/s d~r, 6f]n
:yfgLo k|hftGq
40
ljsf; ;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf
;'lglZrtsf nflu dfu{bz{g ug{ ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg]df ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .
pQm sfo{qmd dsjfgk'/ lhNnfdf
@)^& kmfNu'0f !# ut] ;DkGg ul/Psf]
lyof] eg] gjnk/f;L / kfNkf lhNnfdf
qmdzM @)^& r}q ( / !) ut] ;DkGg
ul/Psf] lyof] .
National
Convention
on
Right to
Information,
in Kathmandu
Mr. Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive
Secretary General of Association of District
Development Committees of Nepal (ADDCN)
participated in a “National Convention on
Enabling Environment for Effective Practices of
Right to Information” in Nepal on March 28-29,
2011. This program was organized by Freedom
Forum with the financial support of the World Bank
Nepal. Mr. Lamichhane also presented a thematic
paper on “Role of Local Government and Right to
Information in Nepal”. It was a very august
international seminar where the highly distinguished
personalities from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Shree Lanka, Bhutan, Afghanistan, and Maldives
were participated and shared their experience on
Right to Information.
:yfgLo k|hftGq
41
ultljlw
lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn (DENET) a}7s ;DkGg
xfn} lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfnsf] a}7s lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf cWoIf Pjd\ :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L z+s/ g]kfnsf] cWoIftfdf a;L lgDg lg0f{ox? u/]sf] 5 .
lg0f{o g+ ! lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfn (DENET) u7gsf] pb]Zo, nIo, sfo{If]q, ;+/rgf, :j?k,r'gf}tL / efjL of]hgfaf/] ;lrjfnoaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] kl/rofTds k|:t'lt -Introductory Presentation_ u/fOPsf] lyof] j}7sdf k]z u/L ;~hfnsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ hfgsf/L eof] .
lg0f{o g+ @ lhNnf pmhf{ g]6js{sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem Jofks / k|efjsf/L agfpg rf}dfl;s ?kdf a}7s a:g] / ;f] g]6js{ dfkm{t ;g @)!! ;+rfng ug]{ u/L b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo{qmd tof/ u/L >f]tsf] nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmddf cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
sfo{qmd lhNnf pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvfnfO{ lhlj;cGtu{t
cfGtl/s/0fug]{ af/] . If]qLo e]nf cfof]hgf ul/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pmhf{ gLlt tyf
efjL of]hgfaf/]df uf]i7L ;+~rfng ug]{ jf/] . lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfnsf kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ gljs/0fLo pmhf{
k|ljlwx?sf] cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug{ cGt/fli6««o z}lIfs e|d0f ug]{ jf/] .
lg0f{o g+ # g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/L -Public
Private Partnership_ sf] gLlt adf]lhd wflbË lhNnfdf
;~+rfngdf cfPsf] dx]z vf]nf ;fgf hn–ljB'tsf]cfof]hgfnfO cGo lhNnfx?df ;d]t of]hgfsf] cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]zon] lhNnf :tl/o cGt/lqmofx? ;+rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
lg0f{o g+ $ u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Project Execution Board ldl6Ëdf lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf cWoIf / :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfhsf cWoIfnfO{ cfdlGqt ;b:osf ?kdf cfdGq0f ug{ lnlvt cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
lg0f{o g+ % lhNnf pmhf{ ;~hfnsf] ;b:otf z'Ns p7fpg] sfo{ cf=j= )^%÷)^^ ;'rf? ul/Psf]df xfn;Dd s]lx lhNnfaf6 dfq k|fKt ePsf] x'“bf ;a} lhNnfnfO{ clgjfo{ ?kdf k|ltjif{ ?= !),))).– sf b/n] k7fpgsf] nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
lg0f{o g+ ^ People Hydro sf] If]qdf lhlj;x?sf] e"ldsf k|efjsf/L agfpg :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, jftfj/0f dGqfno tyf pmhf{ dGqfno;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;xsfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg b]xfo adf]lhdsf Ps Task Force u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
;dGjog ;ldlt != dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n – ;+of]hs
@= s[i0fk|;fb h};L lh=lj=;=dxf;+3 k|jQmf – ;b:o
#= cWoIf :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfh – ;b:o
$= cWoIf lhNnf pmhf{ ;+~hfn – ;b:o
:yfgLo k|hftGq
42
ultljlw
lgb]{lzsfsf] d:of}bfdfly 5nkmn
j}slNks phf{ k|jw{g s]Gb| / u|fdL0f
phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf &@
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf phf{ tyf
jftfj/0f zfvf÷OsfO{sf] :yfkgf /
To;cGtu{t sfo{ eO/x]sf] eP klg tL
zfvf÷OsfO{x? lhlj;df cfGtl/sLs/0f
x'g g;Sbf ck]Iff u/]h:tf] pknlAw
xfl;n x'g g;s]sf] / lhlj;x?n] kof{Kt
dfqfdf ckgTj glnPsf] cj:yfnfO{
Wofgdf /fvL lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn]
lhlj;df phf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf
:yfkgf / ;~rfng;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf,
@)^& sf] d:of}bf tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . pQm
d:of}bfdfly @)^& kmfu'g $ ut]
nlntk'/df Ps 5nkmn sfo{qmd
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .
lhlj; dxf;+3åf/f cfof]lht
5nkmn sfo{qmddf dxf;+3sf sfo{sf/L
dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] d:of}bf
lgb]{lzsf, @)^& tof/ ug'{ kg]{ sf/0f,
o;sf] k|lqmof / o; lgb]{lzdf ePsf
dxTjk"0f{ k|fjwfgx?sf af/]df k|:t'tLs/0f
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] cWoIftf ub}{ lhNnf
ljsf; dxf;+3 g]kfnsf cWoIf Clif/fh
n'D;fnLn] :yfgLo lgsfo u7g ePkl5
dfq o; If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf]
lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsg] atfpg'eof] . lhlj;
dxf;+3sf k|jQmf s[i0fk|;fb h}zLn] klg
:yfgLo lgsfo u7g ePkl5 dfq o;
If]qdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g]
wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] .
sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf ;lrj >L s[i0f 1jfnLn] ;a}
:yfgLo lgsfon] cfˆgf] s'n ah]6sf]
lglZrt /sd phf{ If]qsf nflu 5'6\ofpg]
Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ wf/0ff JoQm ug'{eof] .
jftfj/0f dGqfnosf ;lrj 8f= u0f]z/fh
hf]zLn] pmhf{ jftfj/0f / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf If]qdf dGqfnon] lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfn;+Fu ldn]/ sfd ul//x]sf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .
sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfnosf ;x;lrj /]ZdL/fh kf08],
j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs 8f= gf/fo0f rf}nfufO{, :yfgLo
ljsf; dGqfno jftfj/0f zfvfsf
pk;lrj ljgf]bk|sfz l;+x, :yfgLo
ljsf; clwsf/L ;dfhsf cWoIf
p4jk|;fb ltdlN;gf, lhNnf phf{
;~hfnsf cWoIf z+s/ g]kfn, u|fdL0f
phf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf /fli6«o sfo{qmd
k|aGws ls/0fdfg l;+x nufotn] ;a}
lhNnfdf phf{ tyf jftfj/0f zfvf
:yfkgf ug{ l9nf ug{ gx'g] atfpg'eof] .
pxfFx?n] zfvf :yfkgf eO;s]kl5
lhNnfdf pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg tyf k|ljlw
/ ;Lksf] plrt kl/rfngaf6 j}slNks
tyf gjLj/0fLo phf{ pTkfbg u/L
:yfgLo cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]df
klg hf]8 lbg'eof] . o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{
clGtd ?k lbg ;s];Dd l56f] k'gM
;lrj:t/df a}7s a;L ;d:ofsf] lgjf/0f
ug]{;d]t ;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .
Pursuing the MDGs through Local Government
The first global forum on local development pursuing
the MDGs through local government was jointly organized
by government of Uganda and UNCDF in Kampala,
Uganda on 4-6 October 2010. About 600 representatives
from 81 countries were participated in the global forum.
Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary and Mr. Som Lal Subedi,
Joint Secretary of Ministry of Local Development; Mr.
Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive Secretary General of
ADDCN; and Mr. Prakash Pandit, Under Secretary of
Prime Minister Office (PMO) were participated as Nepalese
delegates in the forum. Dr. Neil Webstern, Senior
Governance and Decentralization Expert of UNDP-Nepal
were also participated in the forum. Mr. Gyawali had led
the Nepalese team in the global forum.
In the program, the following issues were discussed in the
different group separately.
1. Do local governments have a comparative advantage in
service delivery?
2. Achieving food security: do local governments have a
comparative advantage?
3. Can strengthening local governments be an effective
strategy for state-building and democratization in post-
conflict setting?
4. Reducing poverty: How can local governments be
catalysts for pro-poor economic development?
5. Building climate resilience: Local Government on the
frontline?
6. Empowering women: how can the local level are
harnessed to promote gender equality?
7. What makes decentralization work?
8. What can development partners do?
9. What role for the private sector in financing local
development
10. What is needed from local government associations and
networks?
The Nepalese delegates also met the representatives of Uganda
Local Governments Association (ULGA) and shared
experiences each other after the complation of global forum
meeting.
:yfgLo k|hftGq
43
a}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|;“u ;Demf}tf
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f sfo{nfO{ :yfgLo tx;Dddf
k'¥ofpg cfˆgf ;b:o lhlj;x?df ljleGg
sfo{x? ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; jif{sf] nflu
klg lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg j}slNks pmhf{
k|j4{g s]Gb| / lhlj; dxf;+3 jLr ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm ;Demf}tfdf
dxf;+3sf] tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj
x]d/fh nfld5fg] / s]Gb|sf tkm{af6
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs 8f= gf/fo0fk|;fb
rf}nfufOFn] x:tfIf/ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
r'/] jg If]q ;+/If0f M ;+efjgf / r'gf}tL ljifos cGt/lqmof
;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3n]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] r'/]jg If]q ;+/If0f M
;+efjgf / r'gf}tL ljifos cGt/lqmof
sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf jg
pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, jg ljefu÷ dGqfno, u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3
g]kfn nufotsf ;+:yfaf6 ;xeflutf /x]sf]
lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf tkm{af6 pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0flj1 zDe'b]j j/fnn] efu lng'
ePsf] lyof] . pQm cj;/df jg ljgf; lsg
eO/x]sf] 5 < jg k}bfjf/df lge{/
hgzlQmnfO{ cGo cfod"ns cfo>f]tsf
Joj:yf ul/g' kg]{, glbsf] ;tx j9\g]
sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] ul/g' kg]{, Bio-
engineering sfo{x? ul/g' kg]{, clgolGqs
?kdf lemlsPsf 9'+uf jfn'jf, lu§LnfO{
Jojl:yt txaf6 Joj:yfkg ug'{ kg]{ cflb
s'/fdf k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] .
3rd UCLG ASPAC Congress October 19-22, 2010
3
rd UCLG-ASPAC Congress was held on 19-22 October, 2010 in
Hamamatsu, Japan. Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi, Spokesperson of ADDCN participated in the Congress in the capacity of Co-President of UCLG-ASPAC on behalf of ADDCN.
Hamamatsu, Japan after elected as co-president next term, 2010-2012 in a conference in convention center
The purposes of the Congress were to discuss in the contemporary
issues of local governance and to elect new Executive Board for the two
years tenure from October 2010 to September 2012.
It was a good opportunity that Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi once again
elected unanimously as a Co-President of UCLG-ASPAC from Nepal.
National Association of VDCs (NAVIN) was elected as Executive Board
Member in the forum and Chitawan DDC also was nominated as Council
Member of UCLG-ASPAC. We congratulate to Mr. Krishna Prasad Jaishi
having elected as Co-president of UCLG-ASPAC for 2010 to 2012.
ultljlw
:yfgLo k|hftGq
44
ultljlw
lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostf;DaGwL lhNnf:t/Lo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd
g]kfndf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g
nflu/x]sf] 5 . gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;+ljwfg;efcGtu{t ljleGg
ljifout ;ldltx? u7g ePsf 5g\ . tL
ljleGg ;ldltsf d:of}bf / cjwf/0ffkq
;fj{hlgs eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL d:of}bf /
cjwf/0ffkqx?df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf
ljifodf sd} dfq pNn]v ePsf] kfOPsf]
5 . o; ljifodf s]lGb|t eP/ lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnn] ca aGg]
gofF ;+ljwfgdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 / :yfgLo
;/sf/cGtu{t lhNNff ;/sf/sf] :j?k,
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ s] s:tf] eP
hgtfn] 3/b}nf]df ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g
egL lhNnf:t/df /fhgLlts bn,
gful/s ;dfh, k"j{hgk|ltlglw, lhlj;sf
kbflwsf/L tyf ljifout sfof{nosf
sd{rf/Lx?sf aLrdf ax; sfo{qmd
;~rfgn ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
dxf;+3 g]kfnn] klxnf] r/0fdf ut
cfly{s jif{df @( j6f lhNnf h:t} afFs],
/f}Qx6, s}nfnL, u'NdL, kfNkf, emfkf,
sf:sL, alb{of, c5fd, 88]nw'/f, 8f]6L
s~rgk'/, gjnk/f;L, ndh'Ë, tgx'F,
a}t8L, x'Dnf, ?kGb]xL, lrtjg, kj{t,
:ofËhf, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, ef]hk'/,
slknj:t', df]/ª, dsjfgk'/, h'Dnf,
b}n]vnufotsf lhNnfdf cGtlqm{of
sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . To;af6 k|fKt
ePsf ;'emfjx?;d]t ;fj{hlgs
ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
xfn} @)^& df3df a;]sf] lhlj;
dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] sfo{ ;ldlt bf]>f]
r/0fdf rfn' cfly{s jif{df klg slDtdf
@) j6f lhNnfx?df ;f]xL sfo{qmd
;DkGg ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf] cg';f/
xfn;Dd g'jfsf]6 jemfË, afh'/f, ;'g;/L,
Onfd, bfr'{nf, Ko"7fg, / /f]Nkf nufotsf
lhNnfx?df ;DkGg eO;s]sf]] 5 .
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhlj;
dxf;+3sf tkm{af6 g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf
e/t axfb'/ v8\sf / hLjgaxfb'/ zfxL,
aemfË / afh'/f lhNnfdf cWoIf Clif/fh
n'D;fnL, ;'g;/Ldf t'n;L k|;fb Gof}kfg]
/ Onfddf ch'{g /fO{, bfr'{nfdf
s[i0fk|;fb h}zL, Ko"7fg / /f]Nkfdf
af]daxfb'/ vqL / s[i0fk|;fb h}zLsf]
;xeflutfdf sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf]
5 . af+sL lhNnfx?df ;d]t r}q /
a}zfv dlxgf leqdf ;DkGg ug]{ u/L
sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
sfo{qmddf ;DjlGwt lhNnf ljsf;
;ldltx?n] :yfgLo :t/df cfjZos kg]{
dfgjLo, ef}lts / cfly{s ;xof]u
pknJw u/fO{ sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{
dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
5nkmnaf6 cj aGg] gofF
;+ljwfgdf lhNnf ;/sf/sf] cfjZostfsf
af/]df clwsf+z ;xefuLx?n] cfˆgf] dt
/fVg' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo / k|flGto
;/sf/sf] aLrdf ;dGjo / ;xsfo{
ug{ tyf ufpF txsf ;/sf/x?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;sf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ u/L
/fhgLlts / cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg lhNnf
;/sf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;'emfjx?
k|fKt ePsf 5g\ .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g ul/g'kg]{df hf]8
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
tyf k|ljlws kIfn] ubf{ ;a} 7fpFx?df
s]Gb|Ls[t pmhf{ ;~hfn k|0ffnL dfkm{t
ljB't\ tyf cGo pmhf{sf k|ljlw k'¥ofpg
sl7g /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]
ljs]lGb|s[t?kdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf]
ljsf; u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfnfO{ ;]jf
;'lawf k'¥ofpg u|fdL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^#
nfu" ul/;s]sf] 5 . of] gLlt u|fdL0f
If]qdf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g u/L
u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg]
p2]Zosf nflu sf]z]9'Ëf ;fljt x'g]
lglZrt 5 .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ gLlt, @)^# df /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]usf] pmhf{ If]q x]g]{ ;b:osf]
cWoIftfdf s]Gb|Lo :t/df u|fdL0f pmhf{
s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt /xg] k|fjwfg
/x]sf] 5 . xfn} j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g
s]Gb|n] &@ lhlj;df pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
zfvf :yfkgf u/L u|fdL0f If]qdf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|j4{g ug{ nfu]sf] sfo{
lgs} ;x|fgLo 5 . pSt sfo{sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu u|fdL0f pmhf{ s]Gb|Lo
;dGjo ;ldltdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;/sf/L lgsfo, :yfgLo lgsfosf
;+3÷dxf;+3x?, ;+3;+:yfx?, u};;, gLlh
If]q, cflb ;dfj]z ul/ t'?Gt u7g
ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
45
ultljlw
sd{rf/L cfudg / ljbfO{ =
O{= zDe'b]j j/fn O{= clgn sfˆn]nfO{ ljbfO{ ub}{ sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg] .
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfndf l/Qm /x]sf] pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
lj1sf] kbdf sf:sL lhNnf :yfoL 3/ e} xfn sf7df8f}+ a:g] O{=
zDe'b]j j/fnnfO{ xfn} lhlj; dxf;+3df lgo'lQm ul/Psf]
5 . pxfF o; cl3klg lhlj; dxf;+3df pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0f
lj1sf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] ef/taf6 -Civil
Engineering_ ljifodf :gfts / hd{gLaf6 Infra Structure
Planning df :gftsf]Q/ txsf] lzIff xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 .
;fy} pxfF;Fu pmhf{ tyf jftfj/0fsf If]qdf /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o
:t/sf] cg'ej 5 . pxfFn] :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, gu/ ljsf;
k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, :yfgLo ljsf; k|lzIf0f s]Gb|, ;xeflutfTds
lhNnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -PDDP_df ;d]t sfd u/]sf] nfdf]
cg'ej xfl;n ul/;Sg' ePsf] 5 . lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn pxfFsf]
sfo{sfnsf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ub{5 .
To;}u/L o; dxf;+3df ljut ;f9] b'O{ jif{ ;Dd pmhf{ tyf
jftfj/0f clws[tsf ?kdf sfo{/t OlGhlgo/ >L clgn sfˆn]
JolQmut sfdsf l;nl;nfdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf tkm{
hfg'ePsf]n] pxfFn] dxf;+3df /xFbf u/]sf] sfo{sf] pRr d"Nof+sg
ub}{ lghsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu sfdgf ub}{ ljbfO{ sfo{qmd ;d]t
ul/of] .
u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] a}7s
xfn} u|fdL0f pmhf{ ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] sfo{sf/L
;ldltsf] a}7s v'dn6f/df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm a}7sdf
/fli6«o sfo{qmd lgb]{zs Pj+ AEPC sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
8f= gf/fo0f rf}nfufFO{n] :jfut ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . /fli6«o
sfo{qmd lgb]{zs ls/0fdfg l;+xn] REDP / RERL sf]
k|ult ljj/0f sfo{qmd af/]df k|:tlt ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pQm a}7s UNDP, MoLD, NAVIN tyf ADDCN
k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutfdf lyof] . lhlj; dxf;+3sf]
tkm{af6 sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj x]d/fh nfld5fg]n] ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
46
ultljlw
Dessimination Workshop of the Project
“Enhancing Political Participation of Marginalized Women in Nepal”
nhancing Political
Participation of Marginalized
Women in Nepal” was a
project funded by the United Nations
Democracy Fund (UNDEF) and
jointly implemented by ADDCN,
WVAF and NIWF from October 2008
to September 2010 in 25 VDCs of five
districts of Nepal. One of the last
activities of the project was
dissemination workshop. The main
objective of the dissemination
workshop was to share the progress
and achievement of the project among
key stakeholders.
The dissemination workshop was a
half day workshop organized at Hotel
Himalaya in Lalitpur district. The
workshop was chaired by the
Chairperson of ADDCN Mr. Rishi Raj
Lumsali. The chief guest of the
workshop was honorable Vice-
Chairperson of National Planning
Commission, Dr. Jagadish Chandra
Pokharel. The other guests of the
workshop included, honorable CA
member, Mr. Krishna Prasad Sapkota,
Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary of
Ministry of Local Development, Mr.
Sharad Neupane, Assistant Country
Director of UNDP Nepal and Dr. Tika
Pokharel, Chairperson, WVAF Nepal .
The workshop was also attended by
Ms. Florence Burban and Ms. Aurelie
Ferreira, the external evaluators from
Belgium hired by UNDEF for the
evaluation purpose.
The master of ceremony for the
workshop was Ms. Seeta Gautam
Acharya of WVAF Nepal. Mr. Nawa
Raj Koirala, the Senior Program
Officer of ADDCN acted as
interpreter for the external evaluation
team whereby he translated the
keynotes of the speeches delivered in
Nepali by some of the guests.
The programme started with inviting
the guests on the dais, followed by
welcome remarks from Mr. Madhav
Paudel, former Chairperson, ADDCN
who besides welcoming the guests and
participants highlighted on the
E
:yfgLo k|hftGq
47
objectives of the dissemination
workshop.
After the welcome remarks, Mr.
Hem Raj Lamichhane, Executive
Secretary General of ADDCN and
Team Leader of the Project made a
power point presentation highlighting
on the overall progress and
achievements of the project.
Dr. Tika Pokharel, Chairperson of
WVAF Nepal
The first speaker of the workshop was
Dr. Pokharel, Chairperson of WVAF
Nepal. He expressed the view that the
project was quite successful in
achieving its objective because the
project was fully owned and supported
by the local political parties, local
authorities and civil society
organizations. He expressed his
astonishment that small grant projects
like this was able to generate the
required awareness among women
making them aware about the issues
of women, governance and human
rights thereby leading to their
empowerment. So there should be
effort to sustain such projects by the
local government agencies by
mobilizing local resources even after
the phase out of such projects. They
have also been able to mobilize local
resources for their interest.
Ms. Florence Burban, Evaluation
Team member of United Nations
Democracy Fund (UNDEF)
Ms. Florence Burban, Evaluation
Team member of United Nations
Democracy Fund (UNDEF). In her
remarks, Ms. Burban pointed that they
were here not for auditing the project
but to assess and review the impact of
the activities carried out during the
project period and to know more about
the sustainability of the project.
She highlighted that it was not a large
scale program but a small project
targeted for marginalized women of
Nepal. She also shared some of her
findings and pointed out that in overall
the project can be said to be successful
and was able to leave a good impact at
the grassroots level and that she would
convey the same to the funding
agency (UNDEF).
Mr. Sharad Neupane, Assistant
Country Director, UNDP Nepal
The next speaker was Mr. Sharad
Neupane, Assistant Country Director,
UNDP Nepal. He said that he was
there on behalf of Resident
Representative of UNDP Nepal Mr.
Rober Piper. He remembered that it
was he who had recommended
UNDEF about the capacity of
ADDCN to lead the said project in
Nepal. He said that the beauty of the
project was that it had focused the
very remote area where marginalized
women lived. He pointed out that he
got opportunity to participate in
three national review meetings of
the project organized by ADDCN
where the overall progress of the
project was shared by Local
Development Officers and
representatives from the Women
Forum for Democracy (WFD),
which were very impressive and
pragmatic. In his opinion, although
a small project yet it made
singnificant contribution in mass
mobilization in the selected VDCs
and DDCs in Nepal. It is very
important that how the programme
could be integrated in the UN
program in future.t
Mr. Krishna Gyawali, Secretary,
Ministry of Local Development
The next speaker to speak was Mr.
Krishna Gyawali, Secretary of
Ministry of Local Development. First
of all he thanked ADDCN for
providing him the opportunity to
participate in the workshop and to
know more about the project. He said
that he had not heared about the
project previously yet through the
presentation made as well as remarks
from previous speakers he could
understand that it was a successful
project. He expressed that UNDEF
could contribute more in the
democratic process in Nepal in future.
This dissemination workshop in his
opinion has been able to maintain the
ethics of transparency and
accountability of the project. He also
expressed the opinion that Ii would be
very useful if we are able to link this
:yfgLo k|hftGq
48
project with Local Governance and
Community Development Programme
(LGCDP).
Honorable Mr. Krishna Prasad
Sapkota, CA Member
The next speaker to speak was Mr.
Krishna Prasad Sapkota, CA Member
who in his remarks said that although
the project was small in terms of fund
and coverage, the project has been
able to touch the heart of the
marginalized women of the respective
project areas. The leadership of
ADDCN and good performance of the
implementing partners have played
important role to achieve the
objectives of the project. He
emphasized that most of the points
raised by the marginalized women in
the petition which was submitted to
President and Prime Minister could
and should be incorporated in the new
constitution of Nepal. He also
informed that it is also often being
discussed in the CA that there will be
alternate power exercise of man and
woman in each executive board.
Suppose if a man is chairperson than
woman will be vice-chairperson and
vice versa. He said that there is
probability of 50 % reservation for
women in all representation. He lastly
thanked UNDEF for providing the
opportunity to ADDCN to implement
ther project as the lead. He also
reminded all that he was the
Chairperson of ADDCN while
UNDEF awarded this project to
ADDCN.
Honorable Dr. Jagadish Chandra
Pokharel, Vice-Chairperson of NPC
and Chief Guest
The honorable Dr. Jagadish Chandra
Pokharel, Vice-Chairperson of NPC
and Chief Guest firstly congratulated
implementers of the project for getting
this global project and successfully
implementing the project in the
remote areas focusing marginalized
women in Nepal. He also expressed
the opinion that there is a need of up
scaling and replication of the modality
of the project in other parts of the
country because this project was
found to have employed very unique
tools and techniques to educate
marginalized women at the grassroots
level.
Mr. Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chairperson
of ADDCN
The last speaker to speak was Mr.
Rishi Raj Lumsali, Chair of the
workshop as well as Chairperson of
ADDCN. In his concluding remarks,
Mr. Lumsali thanked all the
distinguished guests and participants
for their valuable presence in the
dissemination workshop. He
highlighted that the formation of
women forum in village and district
level was very inclusive and that there
is difference between good
governance and self governance.
According to him, this project
promoted not only good governance
but also the self governance practice at
grass root level in close collaboration
of local authorities. He expressed the
view that people are not only tax
payer and voter but also self ruler.
Before the project, the communities
were not properly aware about the
planning process at local level but
after the project they are now fully
aware of their rights and about local
planning process and budget
allocation for different groups. In his
opinion this was one of the most
important achievements of the project.
He said that if there were
local election, more than
thousands marginalized
women would have
participated in the
democratic election
process as well as be
elected in some good
positions/posts. He
formally concluded the
session by once again
thanking UNDEF, UNDP
Nepal, and local
authorities for their
valuable contribution
towards the enhancement of
the political participation of
marginalized women in local politics l
through this project and . He formally
concluded by asking all the guests and
participants to join in the reception
hosted by the partners of the project
(ADDCN, WVAF and NIWF) jointly.
:yfgLo k|hftGq
49
ultljlw
cGt/f{li6«o ;]ldgf/df ;xeflutf
ljZjsf zx/L If]qdf jftfj/0fdf k|b'if0f eO{ sfa{gdf
eO/x]sf] a[l4 / ;f] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo txdf
xl/ofnL jftfj/0f ;[hgfsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfsf
ljifodf cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] blIf0f
sf]l/ofsf] h]h'df gf]e]Dj/ !!–!#, @)!) df tLg lbg] cGt/f{li6«o
;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . :yfgLo h]h' cGt/f{li6«o
tflnd s]Gb| (JITC) / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3cGtu{t UNITAR sf]
;xof]udf ;~rflnt pQm ;]ldgf/df g]kfn, a+unfb]z, >Ln+sf,
kfls:tfg, lkmlnlkG;, blIf0f sf]l/of, dn]lzof, leotgfd,
O08f]g]lzof nufotsf sl/a !% hgf ;xeflux?sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ;xeflu ;a} d'n'sx?af6 hnjfo'
kl/jt{g, jftfj/0f / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ljifodf k]; ul/Psf
sfo{kqx? dWo] g]kfn, blIf0f sf]l/of / O08f]g]lzofsf] sfo{kqx?
k|:t't eO{ ;f] ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf :yfgLo zf;g ljQlj1
gj/fh sf]O/fnfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hnjfo' gLlt / xfn ;Dd
ePsf kxnx? / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ s]Gb|Lt u/L
"Nepal Response to Climate Change: A case study of
Kathmandu Metropolitan City" ljifos sfo{kq k]; ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;]ldgf/df blIf0f sf]l/ofsf k|fWofks tyf
jftfj/0f lj1x?n] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu blIf0f sf]l/ofn]
sfg'gL, ;+:yfut ljsf;nufot k|ljlBsf If]qdf u/]sf ljsf; /
zx/L lgsfox?sf] e"ldsfsf ljifodf ;xeflux?nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'sf ;fy} ;f] ljifodf cGt/lqmof ;d]t ePsf] lyof] .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
50
kxn
:yfgLo :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / tTsfn u7gsf nflu
:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 tyf dxf;+3x?sf ]
ckLn
:yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3–dxf;+3x? -lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn,
g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn_ n]
cfˆgf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf :yfgLo
nf]stGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu ;fd"lxs
jsfntL /k}/jL tyf bjfj l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . ;fy} xfdL
ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o d~rx?df ;d]t :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] kIfdf k}/jL tyf jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf
5f}+ . :yfgLo txdf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs tyf cfly{s
clwsf/sf] k"0f{ k|Tofel"tsf nflu cfjZos ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL
tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f lg/Gt/ p7fO/x]sf
5f}+ . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/ txaf6 cfˆgf If]qsf
hgtfnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL
?kdf k|jfx ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/x?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{df klg
lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf 5f}+ .
lj=;+= @)%( c;f/ d;fGtkl5 :yfgLo lgsfosf
hgk|ltlglwx?sf] sfo{sfn ;lsPkl5 * jif{ Joltt x'Fbf klg
:yfgLo lgjf{rg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? /
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#( n] :yfgLo lgsfo -uflj;, lhlj; /
gu/kflnsf_ sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :ki6;Fu
pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t
hgk|ltlglwljgfsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sNkgf nf]stGqdf ug{
g;lsg] pNn]v ub}{ lgjf{rg u/fpg @)^^ ;fn d+l;/df g]kfn
;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfn ;/sf/n]
xfn;Dd gt lgjf{rgsf] s'g} tof/L u/]sf] 5, gtM lgjf{rg
geP;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / k|fjwfg cg';f/
;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xeflutfdf
:yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o g} u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, lbuf] zflGt
:yfkgf / nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ug{
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] klg sl/j # jif{
ljlt;s]sf] 5 . zflGt k|lqmofdf ljut jif{x?df ;'wf/ x'Fb}
cfPsf] / o;aLrdf ;+ljwfg;ef nufot /fhgLlts bnsf
dxflwj]zgb]lv lhNnf, ufpF gu/ tx;Ddsf] lgjf{rg, ljleGg
k]zfut ;Fu7g / ljBfly{ ;Fu7gsf] lgjf{rg tyf ljBfno
Joj:yfkg ;ldltx?sf] lgjf{rg lgjf{w ?kdf ;DkGg ePsf
5g . tyflk, :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ tkm{ eg] ;/sf/ tyf
/fhgLlts bnx?sf] Wofg uPsf] 5}g . ;fy} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf
/fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfn] d"t{?k kfPkl5, ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs
ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf / cfjZos
sfg'g lgdf{0f u/]/ dfq :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ eGg] ;f]+rn]
:yfgLo lgjf{rg x'g cem} jiff}{ nfUg] b]lvG5 .
:yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] d'2fnfO{ bnsf] xf/ jf lhtsf] ljifo
gagfO{ tTsfn lgjf{rg ug{sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3
dxf;+3x?n] lg/Gt/ cfjfh p7fpFbf klg o; ljifodf g]kfn
;/sf/ uDeL/ ePsf] 5}g . cfd hgtfsf] ;femf ;/f]sf/sf] o;
ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] yk Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg /
hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf u/fpg
cfd gful/s, :yfgLo ;/sf/x?, gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts
bnx?, bft[ lgsfox?, kqsf/ hut / ;Dk"0f{ a'l4lhjLx? ;dIf
P]Soa4tf / ;femf cleofgsf nflu xflb{s ckLn ub}{ xfn
:yfgLo zf;gsf] cEof;df b]lvPsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
cj:yfk|lt :d/0f u/fpFb5f}+ .
- lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g]
gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf nf]stflGqs clwsf/ s'l07t
x'g uPsf] 5 .
- xfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sfl/0fL tyf kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf Pshgf
sd{rf/Ldf /xFb} cfPsf] / ;j{bnLo ;+oGqnfO{ ;fl5sf] ?kdf
dfq /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo txdf ;dfj]lztf,
hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngh:tf
nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; ePsf] 5 .
- g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6
nueu !# ca{ /xg] u/]sf], cGo ljifout sfof{noaf6 ;d]t
nueu %) ca{eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;d]t pNn]Vo /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]
kl/rfng ug]{ hgk|ltlglwd'ns Joj:yf gx'g' / :yfgLo
:yfgLo k|hftGq
51
txsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clea[l4df Wofg ghfg'h:tf sf/0fn]
:yfgLo txaf6 x'g] vr{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd'ns
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
- :yfgLo lgsfox?n] P]g, lgodaf6 k|bQ clwsf/ cg';f/
/fhZjsf] clea[l4 tyf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ /
:yfgLo /fhZj 36\bf] qmddf 5 . :yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]t
;fwgx? h:t}, jg, vlgh, 9'Ëf, lu§L, jfn'jf, hl8a'6L,
cflbsf] clgolGqt k|of]u eO{/x]sf] / ;+/If0fdf sdL
cfO{/x]sf] 5 .
- b]zsf sltko efudf e"ldut ;z:q, ck/flws ;d'xsf] 8/,
qf;, rGbf cft+s ljBdfg 5, :yfgLo lgsfosf
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'/Iff sjrsf ?kdf /xg] hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf
emg c;xh /x]sf] 5 .
- :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cfjlws of]hgf, u'?of]hgf tyf jflif{s
of]hgfdf ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfTds of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{
hgk|ltlglwsf] cefjdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf cjnDjg ug{
;lsPsf] 5}g . xr'jf of]hgf k|lqmofn] k|>o kfO{/x]sfn]
u'0f:t/Lo, lbuf] / of]hgfa4 ljsf; sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
- 7]Ssf k§f tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf;
sfo{qmdx? wfs, wDsLh:tf bjfjsf cfwf/df ug]{, sfg'gsf]
cj1f ug]{ 36gfn] clgoldttf ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf 36\bf] 5 .
- b]zel/df sl/j *%) uflj; ;lrj kb l/Qm /x]sf 5g\ .
kmntM ;/sf/ ;]jf lbg hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug'kg]{df pN6}
hgtfn] Pp6f ;fdfGo l;kmfl/; lng ;d]t ;]jfk|bfos
lgsfo jf JolQm vf]Hb} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd jf cGo 6f9fsf
d'sfddf wfpg' kg]{ ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
- :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo
lgsfosf] g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf], cGo ljsf;;Fu ;Da4
lgsfox? -ljifout lgsfo, ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf, ;xsf/L,
u};;, lghL If]q_ ;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;DaGwdf sdL cfPsf] 5 .
/fHosf s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t
k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
- :yfgLo txsf] åGå Joj:yfkg hl6n / l9nf] x'g] u/]sf]
kl/0ffd:j?k c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
- b]z clxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf]
P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo:t/sf
cfjfhx?nfO{ ;Ful7t / j}wflgs ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd
k'¥ofpg] ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod :yfgLo ;/sf/x?
/xg;Sg]] s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . tyflk, oL lgsfox?df
hgk|ltlglwljxLgtfn] o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo cfjfh g;d]l6g]
/ o;af6 eljiodf csf]{ åGåsf] l;h{gf x'g] xf] ls eGg]
cfz+sf oyfjt} /x]sf] 5 .
- :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3 dxf;+3x? -lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
dxf;+3 g]kfn, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 / uflj; /fli6«o
dxf;+3 g]kfn_ n] lg/Gt/ ?kdf b]xfPsf ljifo tyf
wf/0ffx? p7fg ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{
k'gM :d/0f u/fpg rfxG5f}+ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g ;DaGwdf
- jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfd} tTsfn :yfgLo lgsfosf]
lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ul/g'kb{5 .
- lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts t'Nofpg
k|rlnt P]g, lgoddf ablnbf] /fhgLlts cj:yf /
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'wf/ Pjd\ ;+zf]wg ul/g'kb{5 .
- xfn :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf nflu /x]sf] /fhgLlts
;+oGq tTsfn vf/]h u/L lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf] nflu 5f]6f]
cjlw tf]sL ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf k|d'v
/fhgLlts bnsf] cu'jfO{ / cGo bnx?sf] ;xeflutfdf
:yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf] cljnDj Joj:yf ;d]t
ul/g'kb{5 .
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwdf
- ;+ljwfg;efsf ljleGg laifout ;ldltx?sf k|:tfjdf
b]xfPsf ljifox? ;d]l6Psf 5g, h'g ;sf/fTds /x]sf
5g . ;+ljwfg d:of}bfsf] cfufdL r/0fdf x/]s ljifout
;ldltaf6 k]z ePsf d:of}bfsf k|:tfjx? g5'6fO{ ;+nUg
ul/g'kb{5 .
o :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gaf/]df :yfgLo ;/sf/x? :jfoQ x'g],
o g]kfnL efiffsf cnfjf cfˆgf] sfdsfhsf] cnUu} :yfgLo efiff
x'g;Sg],
o :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf If]qflwsf/sf laifodf sfg'g agfO{
nfu" ug{ ;Sg],
o cfˆgf] of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df u/L nfu" ug{ ;Sg],
o s]Gb|Lo cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{, :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg / tf]lsPsf
laifoIf]qdf /fhZj kl/rfng / ;+sng ug{;Sg],
o :yfgLo ;/sf/ sfo{sf/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{;~rfng lgod agfO{
nfu" ug{ ;Sg],
o :yfgLo ljwflosfsf] ?kdf kl/ifbx? /xg],
o Gofo ;Dkfbgsf nflu sfg'g jdf]lhd :yfgLo txdf Goflos
;+oGqx? /xg]
o :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf nflu cnUu} :yfgLo
;]jf /xg] cflb .
- ;+ljwfg;efsf laifout ;ldltaf6 k|:t't s]xL k|:tfjx?
:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] nf]stfGqLs/0f, :jfoQtf tyf
k|efjsf/L ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g],
k|rlnt :jfoQ zf;gsf ljZjJoflk cEof;;Fu d]n gvfg]
:yfgLo k|hftGq
52
tyf s]xLsf] xsdf ck"0f{ ;d]t /x]sf] ;Gbe{df lgDgfg';f/
Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 eGg] wf/0ffx? :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3
dxf;+3x?af6 lg/Gt/ p7fO/x]sf 5f}+ .
o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3 jf k|b]zsf] clwg:y geO{ :jfoQ
;/sf/sf ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 / :yfgLo
;/sf/ u7gsf] Joj:yf ;+3Lo ;+ljwfgdfg} k|Tofe"t
ul/g'kb{5
o clglZrt ;do;Dd :yfgLo ;/sf/ hgk|ltlglwljxLg
/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] lk8f eljiodf gbf]xf]l/of];\
eGgsf nflu cfjlws lgjf{rgdfkm{t ul7t cljlR5Gg
pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t ;+:yf x'g] u/L ;+ljwfgdf
df}lns xssf ?kdf k||Tofe"lt ul/g'kb{5 .
o ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg, /fHosf ;lGw ;Demf}tf, k|fs[lts >f]t
tyf l;dfgf lgwf{/0f h:tf laifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;DalGwt
k|b]z, :yfgLo ;/sf/x? / ;d'bfox?;Fusf] k/fdz{df dfq
ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3Lo OsfO{sf ?kdf dfGotf
lbOg'kb{5 / /fHosf] kl/efiff v08df g} :yfgLo ;/sf/ /
k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ;femf OsfO{sf ?kdf nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo
u0ftGqfTds g]kfnnfO{ kl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 .
o :yfgLo ;/sf/sf laifodf lg0f{o x'g] k|b]z / ;+3Lo txsf
ljQLo cfof]u h:tf ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;+3
dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 . nf]stflGqs
;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgfsf] laifo
lgSof}{n ug{ a9L ;do nfUg] ePsfn] o; k|of]hgsf nflu
;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+3
dxf;+3x?, k|b]z ;/sf/ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/ ;d]tsf]
k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{
Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
o :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ yk clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg
nf]stflGqs / k"0f{ ;dfj]zL x'g] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]qdf /x]sf ljifox? k|b]z / ;+3
;d]tsf] clwsf/If]qdf bf]xf]/f] ?kdf /x]sf]n] s] s'g txsf]
;/sf/df /xg] k|i6 ls6fg ul/g'kb{5 . ;xjlt{ clwsf/
If]q ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/ tLgj6} txsf] ljifo If]q
agfOg'kb{5 .
o ;+ljwfgdf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfo nufotsf] xLtsf nflu
:jfoQ zf;g OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ubf{ klg ;f] hflt jf
hghfltsf] g} ufpF ;/sf/ u7g ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf]
Joj:yf ubf{ To:tf ;d'bfosf] dflyNnf txsf ;/sf/df
k|ltlglwTj / /fHoaf6 kfpg] ljz]if ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt
ul/g'kb{5 .
o /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt ck|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 r'lgg]
/fhgLlts ;xdlt ePsf] v08df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf
ljwflosL c+u jf kbflwsf/L ;d]t /x]sf] lglZrt dtef/
x'g] lgjf{rs d08n /xg] u/L a[xQ/ nf]stflGqs Joj:yf
;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .
o ;+3Lo ljwflosf b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g] cj:yfdf dflyNnf]
ljwflosfdf slDtdf Ps rf}yfO{ ;b:o :yfgLo :jfoQ
;/sf/af6 ;d]t lgjf{rg ug]{ Joj:yf ;'lglZrt
ul/g'kb{5 .
o k|b]z ljwflosfdf slDtdf Ps ltxfO{ ;b:o :yfgLo
:jfoQ ;/sf/af6 ;d]t lgjf{rg u/L k7fpg] Joj:yf
;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5 .
cGTodf,
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, gful/ssf]
/fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cle;lGw, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g
;DjGwL o"/f]lkog rf6{/, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ljleGg ;dosf
3f]if0fkqx? nufot g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{ :ki6;Fu
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx tyf
hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+oGqaf6 zfl;t x'g kfpg] ;fj{ef}d;Qf
;DkGg hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs xs / clwsf/ klg xf] . o; s'/fnfO{
dgg\ u/L cGtl/d lgjf{rgdfkm{t hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] u7g ljgfsf] csf]{ s'g} pQd / nf]stflGqs ljsNk
x'g} ;Sb}g .
;fy} hgtfsf] ;a}eGbf a9L kx'Frsf] :yfgLo :jfoQ
;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttfn]dfq nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo
u0ftGqfTds Joj:yfsf nfex?nfO{ cfd hgtfsf dfemdf
k'¥ofpg tyf /fHok|lt hgtfsf] ckgTj j9fO{ lbuf]
Joj:yfkgdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg d2t ub{5 eGg] ljZjf;sf ;fy
o;tkm{ uDeL/ eO{ ;sf/fTds lg0f{o ug{sf nflu lg0ff{os
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfodf cfjfh k'¥ofpg] Wo]on] cfd gful/ssf]
;femf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf] o; d'2fdf cfˆgf txaf6 P]Soa4tf /
;femf cleofgsf nflu cfd gful/s, :yfgLo ;/sf/x?,
gful/s ;dfh, /fhgLlts bnx?, bft[ lgsfox?, k]zfut
;+3;Fu7gx?, kqsf/ hut / ;Dk"0f{ a'l4hLjL ju{df xflb{s
ckLn ub{5f}+ .
lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3 uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn
df3 @)^&, sf7df8f}+
:yfgLo k|hftGq
53
kxn
:yfgLo lgsfo s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt
ldlt M @)^&÷(÷@*
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",
k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no,
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ .
ljifo M 1fkg kq .
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",
@)%( c;f/ d;fGtdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx?sf] Dofb ;dfKt ePkl5 xfn;Dd :yfgLo
lgsfox? g]kfn ;/sf/af6 tf]lsPsf sd{rf/Laf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] s'/f k|wfgdGqLHo"nfO{ cjut} 5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx? / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#( n]
:yfgLo lgsfo -uflj;, lhlj; / gu/kflnsf_ sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;d]t hgk|ltlglwljgfsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sNkgf nf]stGqdf ug{ g;lsg] pNn]v ub}{
lgjf{rg u/fpg @)^^ ;fn d+l;/df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd gt
lgjf{rgsf] s'g} tof/L u/]sf] 5, gtM lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf nflu cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / k|fawfg cg';f/
;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o g} u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f, lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf / nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo 9fFrfdf /fHosf] k'g;+/rgf ug{
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] klg @ jif{ & dlxgf ljlt;s]sf] 5 . zflGt k|lqmofdf ljut jif{x?df ;'wf/ x'Fb}
cfP klg :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ tkm{ eg] ;/sf/ tyf bnx?sf] Wofg uPsf] kfO+b}g . ;fy} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f tyf /fHosf]
k'gM;+/rgfn] d"t{?k kfPkl5, ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg, :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf / cfjZos sfg'g
lgdf{0f u/L dfq :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug]{ eGg] ;f]+rn] :yfgLo lgjf{rg ug{ cem} aiff}{ nfUg] b]lvG5 .
o; ;Gbe{df cfd hgtfsf] ;/f]sf/ / hgtfsf] glhssf] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lgjf{rgsf nflu xfn;Dd g]kfn
;/sf/n] tof/L ;Dd gu/]sf] tkm{ :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x?sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] :d/0f u/fpFb}
hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng gx'Fbf b]zsf] ;du| /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s If]qdf lgDgfg';f/ s]xL
uDeL/ gsf/fTds c;/x? ylkb} uPsf] tkm{ ;d]t ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb5f}+ .
-!_ lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwdfkm{t zf;g k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g] gful/ssf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf nf]stflGqs clwsf/ s'l07t x'g
uPsf] 5 .
-@_ xfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{sfl/0fL tyf kl/ifb\sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lhDd]jf/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf tf]lsPsf Pshgf
sd{rf/Ldf /xFb} cfPsf] / ;j{bnLo ;+oGqnfO{ ;fIfLsf] ?kdf dfq /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 :yfgLo txdf ;dfj]lztf,
hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngh:tf nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfdf x|f; ePsf] 5 .
-#_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :yfgLo txsf nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 nueu !# ca{ /xg] u/]sf], cGo laifout sfof{noaf6 nueu %)
ca{eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgL ;d]t pNn]Vo /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] kl/rfng ug]{
hgk|ltlglwd'ns Joj:yf gx'g' / :yfgLo txsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4df Wofg ghfg'h:tf sf/0fn] :yfgLo txaf6 x'g]
vr{ k|efjsf/L, kf/bzL{, ;xeflutfd"ns x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-$_ :yfgLo lgsfox?n] P]g, lgodaf6 k|bQ clwsf/cg';f/ /fhZjsf] clea[l4 tyf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ /
/fhZj 36\bf] qmddf 5 . :yfgLo k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgx? h:t}, jg, vlgh, 9'Ëf, lu§L jfn'jf, hl8a'6L, cflbsf] clgolGqt
bf]xg eO/x]sf] / ;+/If0fdf sdL cfO/x]sf] .
-%_ b]zsf sltko efudf ;z:q ck/flws ;d'xsf] 8/, qfz ljBdfg 5, :yfgLo lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;'/Iff sjrsf ?kdf
/xg] hgk|ltlglw gx'Fbf emg c;xh jftfj/0f /x]sf] 5 .
-^_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf cfjlws of]hgf, u'?of]hgf tyf aflif{s of]hgfdf ;xeflutfTds of]hgf k|lqmofnfO{ hgk|ltlglwsf]
cefjdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . xr'jf of]hgf k|lqmofn] k|>o kfO/x]sf] 5 . u'0f:t/Lo / lbuf]
of]hgfa4 ljsf; sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .
-&_ 7]Ssf k§f tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf; sfo{qmdx?df wfs, wDsLsf cfwf/df ug]{, sfg'gsf] cj1f ug]{
h:tf 36gfn] clgoldttf ;d]t a9\b} uPsf] 5 . of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf 36\bf] 5 .
-*_ b]zel/df sl/j *%) uflj; ;lrj kb l/Qm /x]sf 5g\ . kmntM ;/sf/ ;]jf lbg hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Dd k'Ug'kg]{df pN6}
hgtfn] Pp6f ;fdfGo l;kmfl/; lng ;d]t ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo jf JolQm vf]Hb} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd jf cGo 6f9fsf d'sfddf
wfpg' kg]{ ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo k|hftGq
54
-(_ :yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfosf] g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf], cGo ljsf;;Fu ;Da4
lgsfox? -laifout lgsfo, ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yf, ;xsf/L, u};;, lghL If]q_ ;Fusf] ;dGjo, ;DaGwdf sld cfPsf] 5 .
/fHosf s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ;d]t k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
-!)_ :yfgLo txsf] åGå Joj:yfkg hl6n / l9nf] x'g] u/]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k c/fhstf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .
-!!_ b]z clxn] gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] P]ltxfl;s r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 . o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo:t/sf
cfjfhx?nfO{ ;Ful7t / j}wflgs ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;j}eGbf k|efjsf/L dfWod :yfgLo ;/sf/x? /xg;Sg]]
s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . tyflk, oL lgsfox?df hgk|ltlglwljxLgtfn] o; k|lqmofdf :yfgLo cfjfh g;d]l6g] / o;af6
eljiodf csf]{ åGåsf] l;h{gf x'g] xf] ls eGg] cfz+sf /x]sf] 5 .
pNn]lvt ;Gbe{df :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x? ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo"df b]xfPsf dfux? k|:t't ub{5f}+ .
dfux?
s_ :yfgLo lgsfosf] u7g ;DaGwdf
!_ jt{dfg ;+qmd0fsfnLg cj:yfd} tTsfn :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/of];\ . lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]zL / ;dfg'kflts
t'Nofpg k|rlnt P]g, lgoddf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'wf/ ;+zf]wg ul/of];\ .
@_ lgjf{rg geP;Ddsf] 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ePsf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnsf] cu'jfO{ / cGo bnx?sf]
;xeflutfdf :yfgLo lgsfo ;~rfngsf] cljnDj Joj:yf ul/of];\ .
v_ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf / :yfgLo lgsfosf] k'g;{+/rgf ;DaGwdf
!_ nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] k'g;+/rgf ug{sfnflu :yfgLo lgsfosf ;+3 dxf;+3x? ;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj
/xg] u/L tTsfn} Ps pRr:t/Lo s]Gb|Lo cfof]u u7g ul/of];\ .
@_ ;+ljwfgdf :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ;DaGwL lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ul/of];,
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+3 jf k|b]zsf] clwg:y geO{ :jfoQ ;/sf/sf ?kdf :yfkgf ug]{ Joj:yf xf];\
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg x'g] ul/ df}lns xssf ?kdf k|Tofe"tL ul/of];\,
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg, /fHosf ;lGw ;Demf}tfh:tf laifodf lg0f{o ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnf :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fusf] k/fdz{df dfq
ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\,
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf laifodf lg0f{o x'g] k|b]z / ;+3Lo txsf ljQLo cfof]u h:tf ;+/rgfdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;+3
dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/of];\,
:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ yk clwsf/ / sfo{lhDd]jf/L ;DkGg nf]stflGqs / k"0f{ ;dfj]zL x'g] Joj:yf ul/of];\
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ;dfgfGt/ x'g] cGo s'g} ljz]if ;+/rgf u7g gul/of];\ .
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo",
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kq, gful/ssf] /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cle;lGw nufot g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfg @)^# n] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] cfjlws lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{ :ki6;Fu pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . :yfgLo
;/sf/af6 ul/g] ;]jf k|jfx tyf hgk|ltlglwd"ns ;+oGqaf6 zfl;t x'g kfpg] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs
xs / df}lns clwsf/ adf]lhd cGtl/d lgjf{rg ug{ tyf ;f] geP ;Ddsf nflu cljnDj hgk|ltlglwd"ns :yfgLo
lgsfo u7g ug{ k|wfgdGqLHo" ;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu;lxt 1fkgkq k|:t't ub{5f}+ . pNn]lvt dfux?nfO{ cfd gful/ssf
;femf rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf ?kdf cfufld @ dlxgf leq ;Daf]wg ul/g] cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf;sf ;fy ;DdfggLo
k|wfgdGqLHo";dIf xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .
dfu k|:t't stf{x?M
– dlxg lnDa', cWoIf, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3, g]kfn
– eLdk|;fb 9'Ëfgf, dxf;lrj, uflj; /fli6«o dxf;+3 g]kfn
– 8f]/dl0f kf}8]n, cWoIf, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3
– ljb'/ d}gfnL, dxf;lrj, g]kfn gu/kflnsf ;+3
– s[i0fk|;fb h}zL, k|jQmf, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn
– dfwj kf}8]n, k"j{cWoIf, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn
– e/taxfb'/ v8\sf, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, lhlj; dxf;+3 g]kfn
-oxL a]xf]/fsf] 1fkgkq ;+ljwfg;efsf cWoIf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v ;'jf; g]Dafª / ;+j}wflgs ;ldltsf ;efklt dfggLo lgnfDa/
cfrfo{Ho";dIf klg a'emfOPsf] lyof] ._
:yfgLo k|hftGq
55
Financial Update
55
:yfgLo k|hftGq
56
z'esfdgf
gj jif{ @)^* ;fnsf] xflb{s z'esfdgf
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfnsf] ;kmntfdf
k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf ?kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] g]kfn
;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;b:o lhlj;x?, cGo
;xsdL{ ;+3÷;+:yfx? tyf ;d:t g]kfnLdf gofF
jif{ @)^* sf] ;'vb\ cj;/df ;'–:jf:Yo, bL3f{o'
Pj+ c6n ;f}efUosf nflu xflb{s d+undo
z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .
cWoIf sfo{sf/L dxf;lrj
Clif/fh n'D;fnL x]d/fh nfld5fg]
tyf
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3 g]kfn kl/jf/