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Yiching Song

Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy, Chinese Academy of Science

Linking indigenous knowledge and bioculturalsystems with Scientific knowledge and formal system

in adaptation to climate change

-Case from SW China


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Introduction

a country case built on a PPB action case (10 years) in mountain areain SW China, following the framework of bio-culture system, in impact& Adaptation study-completed the regional level impact study 2010-2011-In-depth multiple case study is going to be started

We emphasis:

The complementary roles of TK and SK (in seed and beyond), bridgingthe gaps by linking the two knowledge systems in adaptation

the role of traditional knowledge in SEED, selection, maintaining,adaptation, evolution.seed is continuity of livelihood and resilienceof ecosystem, local seed system related TK and bio-cultural systemsas a whole, as a process in adaptation

Different adaptation is needed in different eco-system and socio-economic and politic context, knowledge based vs/and right based?,ppb works, but slow and gradually


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Impact Study in 3 provinces

What happened in remote communities

at the very local level?


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SW ChinaGuangxi, Guizhou,Yunan, karst mountain areadwelling by 33 ethnic groups, small farmers, the poor and women

20 villages, 200 HH survey and interview

Where & Who

Montain

Areas in

Southwest

ChinaPlain

Areas

China Case:


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- 5 -

Farmers observation of effects of climatic change

observation

indicators

-2

(much less

/lower)

-1

(less/lower)

0

(normal)

+1

(more/highe

r)

+2

(much more

/higher)

Drought 2% 28% 70%

Rainfall 4% 77% 17% 2%

Temperature13% 87%

Wind force 4% 34% 62%

Sunshine 8% 37% 56%

Runoff 13% 72% 8% 8%

Newpests/disease 27% 64% 9%

increasing temperature, draught, extreme whether,

pestsrunoffvariation in different areas


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Farmer improved landraces survived 2010, Big Spring

Draught in SW ChinaFarmer improved

Landraces, Tolerant

to drought and lownitrogen with little

fertilizer and labor

Hybrid

Variety,


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Erosion of biodiversity and losing of landraces.

Decreasing cultivating areas of landraces of 3 staples

the biggest reason for the loss of landraces is theextension of hybrids

Soybean as traditional intercropping crop is still

maintained well yet.. 95% 93%

46%

30%

25%

37%

25%

95%

69%

1998 2003 2008

soybean

rice

maize

Source: Survey in SW China, 2009-2010


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farming structure

Agriculture income decreased rapidly in HHincome, migration income increased a lot

Less interest and investment in Agriculture (labor,capital )

Giving up traditional farming methods e.g. inter

cropping, rotation, duck in rice etc

Erosion of biodiversity, related TK crop, variety,

gene levels) and bio-culture system


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HH income, actual farming labour, farminglabors, more than 70% is women and 85% is olderthan 45 years

Transforming subsistent farmer HH (55-70%, onefamily two systems

Traditional farming HH (10-25% ), system based

Specialized farming HH (3-10% ) commodity based

Actual Non-farming (3-10%)

Major Types of livelihood strategy


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Biodiversity degradation in field and in breeding

40 years ago:12,000 varieties, mainly landraces

now 200 hybrids and limited number of landraces in SW

China

Genetic base is getting narrowing.affecting breeding

Genetic base narrowing Five Dominant Maize Inbred Lines Used in China Line Percentage Heterosis

(%) Group

Mo17 21.2 Lancaster

Ye 478 12.8 Reid

Huang Zao 4 10.0 TangSiPingTou

Dan 340 8.8 LuDa Red Cob

E28 7.9 LuDa Red Cob

Total 60.8


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standard

Region

1.00 USD 1.25USD 1.45USD 2.00USD 2.50USD

East Asia andpacific

179.8 336.9 388.6 748.3 987.2

China

106.1207.7 216.5 473.7 645.6

East and midEurope

16.0 23.9 30.9 50.1 69.5

Latin-Americaand Carrabin

27.6 45.1 59.9 98.7 132.9

Middle east andnorthern Africa

6.2 14.0 23.2 58.0 94.3

Southern Asia 350.3 595.5 772.2 1091.6 1246.4

India 266.5 455.8 590.3 827.7 938.0

SouthernSahara

299.1 384.2 442.0 551.0 609.9

Total; 879.0 1399.6 1716.8 2597.8 3140.2

Distribution of the worlds poor population in related regions


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Per capita income (in constant 2000 Yuan)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

60007000

8000

9000

10000

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

Income inequality: urban vs. rural

Urban Income

Per-capita income: urban/rural2002:

2008: Poor county Per-capita rural income:2661RMBwhich is 56% of theaverage rural and onlyabout 20% of the urbanincome

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.20.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

1983 1995


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Food/Grain self Supply (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000 2010 2020

In the past 10 years, the self supply rate is more than 95%, the total grainproduction of 2007is 501,6 billions kg, per capita production is kg

nd per capita consumption is 388 kg The main imported grain is maize for feed

Self Sufficiency


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1961 1967 1973 1979 1985 1991 1997 2003 2009 2015 2021

Fertilizercosumption

10Mt

GrainYieldt/ha

Grainarea(Mh

a)

50

100

150

200

250

300

Film

consumption/Chemicalsconsumption(100

00ton)

Grain production and resource input in China

Irrigation

Plastic film

Chemicals

Grain area

Fertilizer

High yield

Chi f ili i d i d i


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Chinas fertilizer consumption and grain production

(1980=100) results suggest that we need a new approach

100

139 144159

100

204

240

309

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1980 1990 2000 2008

Grain production

Fertilizer consumption

G i d ti i Chi 1978 2003


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Grain production in China 1978-2003productivity(10kg/ha) & production (million Tons)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002


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Why? one of the main reasons

Flattening yield increases of major crops (genetics and

management)

Ignoring farmers needs and local

communities roles in genetic management

and participation in exploration and pre-

breeding by both public research and

domestic seed companies, due to

Low interest and role conflicts of public

breeding 19


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Why participatory plant breeding?

Marginal, stress prone regionsindegionous communities andfarmers needs

Biodiversity + productivity+Poverty

reduction-adaptation are mutiplegoals of the states sustanabledevelopment strategy

Knowledge Exchange Pre breeding;


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Knowledge Exchange

-Conservation, seed fair,seed bank, register,

-PPB and PVS, improved

landraces and OPVs

-community based Seedproduction

Value adding to GRs and TK

Pre-breeding;

-Landraces collection/ screening

-selected OPV/populationimprovement

-in-bred line selection

-crossing


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SW China karst mountain area dwelling by 33 ethnic groups, 0,4 ha farm/HH

size, maize, rice, potato, maize hybrid about 25-35%

Farming labors: more than 70% is women and 85% is older than 50 years

Montain

Areas inSouthwest

ChinaPlain

Areas

Variation at community and

local level, need localizedadaptation plan

Av farm/HH 0.6 ha, vegetable and maize.100%hybrid maize, part time farmers, mainly womenand old


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PPB action research in SW Chin 2000-2010

Phases site crop Focuses Level

2000-2003 GX maize Women and women group women and groups

Interested breeders

2004-2007 GX Maizeandcassava

PPB, CBNRM and communitycapacity building

community

State and Provincialpublic breeding andExtension

2008-2011 GX

GZ

YN

Maize,rice,bean,cassava,etc

Ecosystem, biodiversity,livelihood and organization,value adding, ABS etcexploration

-Community, Orgs

-Local economy/market

3 Prov public breeding

MOA institutions


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Community Based Seed Production by women groups

T l f h i bi lt l TK S t


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Tools for enhancing bio-cultural TK System

GR and TK registers and conservation in villages

TK and Tr practices (duck in rice, inter and shifting cropping etc)

Local Grs and TK utilization and value adding, Communitybased self certification, etc

Farmer cooperatives for bio cultural GRs & TK system and


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Farmer cooperatives for bio-cultural GRs & TK system andtools

Farmer Cooperatives support for:

-community based NR management, adaptation, and marketing

-GIS for Traditional specific local products and methods

-Intangible Culture heritage-ethnic groups traditional cultural

handcrafts & products

e an a ana ys s resu en anc ngLab and field analysis of landraces 2009 2011


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e an a ana ys s resu en anc ng

recognition of landraces, TK and farmers roles

The same germplasm (30 years ago and now) are different, in field ones are

more diversity rich and adaptive to changes .. Adaptation, evolution

170 landraces had been assigned into 2 groups clearly with remarkable

diversity, two maize agro-ecosystems

The genetic structure of the landraces was well compatible with geographical

pattern. Gene flow occurred in the SWCharacteristic diversification due to the bio-ecological environments, farmers

selection based on their rich culture,TK and diversified livelihood needs

Lab and field analysis of landraces, 2009-2011

ABS PIC t t i ti fi t t


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ABSPIC contract experimenting as first step

T t i d f ABS i ti d PPB


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Two agreements signed for ABS in conservation and PPBin June 2010, in Guangxi

Type 1: Agreement onMaize and Rice Landraces

cons and improvement

Type 2: Ag on maize andRice landrace for utilizationfor hybrid breeding

3 public institutes with 10 communities/cooperatives


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Conclusions

traditional knowledge, practices and crop varieties have a

critical role to play in climate change adaptation andresilience, alongside modern science.

This implies a revaluation of traditional knowledge and BCsystem, a linking of traditional and scientific knowledge,

and a rethinking of mainstream agricultural policies.

the need to look at climate change impacts alongside othersocio-economic issues and trends facing poor farmers,which are often compounding the effects of climate change

eg. out- migration and growing inequality in SW China,

the most significant drivers of change are modernagricultural policies, laws and institutions that promotecommercial varieties and seed privatisation at the expense

of local varieties, local/farmers seed and TK system.


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