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SENIOR PROJECT ON:

“PROJECT MANAGEMENT OF LOW COST HOUSES”

“A CASE IN KUIHA CONSTRUCTION SITE”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of B. !. "e#ree in !i$il en#ineerin#

 

 Ad$ior% &. A. Raffi

  "one b'% (ia)

  Ttefa'e

  "ate *une +,- //, 0. C

Candidate’s De!a"ati#n

T1i paper i 2ritten for t1e fulfillment of Ba!1elor of S!ien!e "e#ree in Indutrial

En#ineerin# .No part of t1e 2or) ma' be produ!ed or tranmitted in an' form or 

b' an' mean- ele!troni! or me!1ani!al- in!ludin# p1oto!op'in#- re!ordin#- or b'

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an' information tora#e or retrie$al 'tem- 2it1out t1e prior 2ritten permiion

of t1e repe!ted o2ner.

*une +3- //,

+. Abdul1a)im 4o1ammed i#nature

. Bemnet Nade2 i#nature

Ad$is#"s De!a"ati#n

T1i i to !ertif' t1at t1e abo$e tatement made b' t1e !andidate are !orre!t to

t1e bet of m' )no2led#e.

 Ad$ior name Ato Haile)iro Sib1atu 5B. S!6

  A. 7e!turer 

  Indutrial En#ineerin# department

4e)elle Uni$erit'

  Si#nature

A%n#&!ed'(ents:

8irt and for mot 2e 2ant to t1an) our pro9e!t ad$ior- ATO HAI7EKIROS

SIBHATU 5B!. in IE.6- for 1i upport and ad$ie and alo our !o:ad$ior ATO

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 A;OTAHE0N. ;e 2ould li)e to pa our 1eartfelt #ratitude to 4e)elle 1ouin#

de$elopment 2or)er pro$idin# information and te!1ni!al aitan!e for u

t1rou#1out t1e !ondu!tion of t1e pro9e!t. Spe!ial tan) are offered to Bere)et

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ES  Earliet tart time

8. ; 8orm 2or)

0. beam 0round beam

8. !olumn 8ootin# !olumn

r. bar reinfor!ement teel bar 

0. lab 0round lab

>ERT pro#ram e$aluation and re$ie2 te!1ni?ue

St tandard de$iation

t e  e@pe!ted time

t m 4ot li)el' time

t o Optimiti! time

t p  peimiti! time

t   !1eduled time

& t  $arian!e

Standard normal ditribution fun!tion

7 latet tart time

78  latet fini1 time

A*st"at

Currentl' 7o2:Cot 1oue !ontru!tion are preadin# o$er different area of t1e

!ountr'. ;1ile t1e minitr' of forei#n affair i t1e o2ner of t1i pro9e!t- it 2or) in

!ollaboration 2it1 different re#ional tate. T1e National Re#ional State of 

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Ti#ra' i one of t1e re#ion t1at 2or) 2it1 t1e 4initr' of National affair- in t1i

re#ion t1ere are a number of ite for implementin# lo2:!ot 1ouin# pro9e!t.

E$en t1ou#1 t1ee pro9e!t are dei#ned to offer affordable 1oue 2it1

reaonable pri!e- t1e' 1a$e #ot !ertain obta!le t1rou#1 t1eir implementation.

T1ee obta!le arie from t1e ua#e of le ad$an!ed pro9e!t mana#ement

tool and te!1ni?ue- improper uppl' !1ain 'tem- and la!) of a2arene

to2ard ?ualit'. And our tud' aimed at de$iin# ad$an!ed !1edulin# te!1ni?ue

2it1 it appli!ation b' ta)in# a !ae at Kui1a !ontru!tion ite- impartin#

impro$ement o$er t1e e@itin# uppl' 'tem b' uin# and buine model

a a frame2or)- and to !learl' identif' t1e !ontru!tion material and ae

t1eir ?ualit' b' underta)in# !ertain laborator' tet to maintain t1e balan!e

bet2een ma)in# t1e !ontru!tion lo2:!ot and bein# in line 2it1 ?ualit'

re?uirement. And finall' 2e dra2 !ertain !on!luion from t1e reult of our 

tud'- t1at i t1rou#1 t1e appli!ation of ad$an!ed !1edulin# te!1ni?ue of pro9e!t

mana#ement for !ontru!tion 1a a #reat $alue for utili=in# a$ailable p1'i!al

reour!e 5man po2er- e?uipment- material6 effi!ientl' and effe!ti$el'- and a an

alternati$e t1e !ontra!tor !an minimi=e t1e time of !ontru!tion 2it1 t1e optimal

!ot to a!1ie$e t1e !ontra!tual time of t1e pro9e!t and alo t1e di!uion t1at

2e 1a$e made from t1e reult of lab tet 2ill ma)e t1e re#ional 1ouin# a#en!'

to ee t1e ?ualit' tandard of t1e !ontru!tion material t1at t1e' are uin# in t1e

!urrent time. At t1e end 2e point out !ertain area t1at are in need of furt1er 

tud' a a re!ommendation.

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List #+ +i',"es

8i#ure .+

hapter one

Int"#d,ti#n

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T1e lo2 !ot 1ouin# pro9e!t i etabli1ed- baed on t1e bilateral a#reement

bet2een t1e federal demo!rati! republi! of Et1iopia and t1e federal republi! of 

0erman'. It i implemented b' t1e Et1iopian minitr' of federal affair 2it1 t1e

upport of 0T 50erman te!1ni!al !o:operation6. After t1e firt p1ae 5

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re#ion t1e Ti#ra' national tate re#ion e@e!ute t1i pro9e!t b' impartin# t1ree

entitie- namel' t1e !ontra!tor- t1e !lient 5t1e 1ouin# a#en!'6- and t1e 4SE.

 All t1e entitie 1a$e t1eir o2n part 21ile !ontru!tin# t1e buildin#. T1e !ontra!tor 

i reponible for a!!ompli1in# t1e p1ae I of t1e !ontru!tion- t1e 4SE are

reponible for p1ae II of t1e !ontru!tion and !ontru!tion material produ!tion

li)e HCB produ!tion- a##re#ate produ!tion- and pre!at produ!tion- and t1e

!lient i reponible for mana#in# a!ti$itie of t1e !ontra!tor F 4SE-

!oordinatin# material ditribution- and to maintain moot1 inte#ration bet2een

t1e t2o entitie.

"epite t1i re#ion i e@e!utin# t1e pro9e!t at different ite of t1e re#ion- it 1a

#ot !ertain problem t1at dela' t1e !ontru!tion and e$en t1at ma)e t1e

!ontru!tion to be topped at !ertain ite. T1ee problem are t1e reult of 

improper plannin# of time and reour!e and la!) of mot1er material flo2

bet2een t1e entitie.

T1e )ui1a !ontru!tion ite i one of t1e lo2 !ot 1oue !ontru!tion ite 21i!1

i no2 !ontru!tin# 3 apartment buildin# and t1e !ontra!tor i ACTION

en#ineerin# >.7.C. t1e model of t1ee apartment buildin# are 4:- T:G- and T:.

 -.1 O*2eti$e #+ t0e st,d)

-.1.- Gene"a! #*2eti$e

T1i tud' i aimed at de$elopin# a !ontru!tion plan for lo2 !ot 1oue pro9e!t

ta)in# a !ae at )ui1a !ontru!tion ite- b' appl'in# pro9e!t mana#ement tool

and te!1ni?ue t1at enable to optimi=e time- effe!ti$e ue of reour!e and

redu!e t1e !ot of !ontru!tion and aure t1e ?ualit' of t1e !ontru!tion

material.

-.1.1 S3ei+i #*2eti$es

T1e pro9e!t pe!ifi! ob9e!ti$e in!lude%

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To identif' ma9or !ontru!tion a!ti$itie and !reate pre!eden!e and

follo2er

To determine t1e e!onomi! time of t1e 21ole pro9e!t

To etabli1 t1e !ot of t1e pro9e!t 2it1 t1e e!onomi!al time

To allo!ate reour!e in effe!ti$e 2a'

To familiar t1e !ontra!tor 2it1 time D !ot trade off 21i!1 i t1e time

minimi=ation tool at t1e optimal !ot

To impro$e t1e material uppl' 'tem

To identif' t1e dei#n- !ontru!tion- and produ!tion fault and ma)e

!orre!ti$e a!tion

To tet t1e ?ualit' of t1e ma9or !ontru!tion material

-.4 Met0#d#!#')

-.4.- Data #!!eti#n

 8or t1i pro9e!t t1e met1od ued for t1e data !olle!tion in!lude%

• Inter$ie2in# peron 21o are reponible for t1at pe!ifi! area

• "ire!t ober$ation at t1e !ontru!tion ite

• 8rom Re!orded or#ani=ational do!ument

-.4.1 Data ana!)sis

 >ro9e!t and !ontru!tion mana#ement tool and te!1ni?ue implemented for t1e

data anal'i are%

• >ERT ued for pro9e!t !1edulin#

• Reour!e moot1in#

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• >ro9e!t time D !ot trade off

• 4aterial tetin# tool and te!1ni?ue

-.5 S#3e #+ t0e st,d)

Our tud' i mainl' fo!ued on t1e pro9e!t and !ontru!tion mana#ement tool

and te!1ni?ue on lo2 !ot 1oue !ontru!tion. And pe!ifi!all' t1e tud'

!on!entrate it effort on en1an!in# t1e effi!ien!' of lo2 !ot 1oue !ontru!tion

pro9e!t b' de$iin# ad$an!ed !1edulin# te!1ni?ue- b' impro$in# t1e material

uppl' 'tem and b' aein# t1e ?ualit' of t1e !ontru!tion material to aid

t1e pro!e of ma)in# t1e 1oue lo2 !ot and at t1e ame time to meet t1e

?ualit' re?uirement.

-.5. P"#*!e( state(ent

Currentl' lo2 !ot 1oue pro9e!t are not fini1ed at t1e due date and 1a$e a

number of problem on pro9e!t plannin# and ?ualit' auran!e ome of t1em are%

Ti(e and "es#,"e 3!annin':

Currentl' emplo'ed !1edulin# met1od i 0antt !1art- 21i!1 1a man'

dra2ba!) a

T1e !1art doe not #i$e an' data about 21at e@a!tl' i !ompleted and

21at i not a t1e !1art doe not 1o2 e$ent bet2een bar

T1e !1art doe not 1o2 t1e dependen!ie or relation1ip bet2een t1e

a!ti$itie

T1e !1art alo fail to 1o2 t1e !riti!al pat1 for t1e o$erall a!ti$itie.

O$erloadin# and under loadin# of manpo2er reour!e in t1e !ontru!tion

ite.

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Mate"ia! s,33!) s)ste(:

S1orta#e and improper timin# of !ontru!tion material in t1e !ontru!tion

ite be!aue t1e material uppl' 'tem i $er' beuro!rati!.

6,a!it) ass,"ane:

Ue of !ontru!tion material 2it1out !1e!)in# and tetin# t1eir ?ualit'-

and

7a!) of ?ualit' !ontrol me!1anim in t1e !ontru!tion pro!e

 

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  hapter Two

  Lite"at,"e Re$ie&1.- P"#2et Mana'e(ent in #nst",ti#n

>ro9e!t 4ana#ement i a et of prin!iple- met1od- tool- and te!1ni?ue for t1e

plannin#- or#ani=in#- taffin#- dire!tin# and !ontrollin# of related a!ti$itie to

a!1ie$e an ob9e!ti$e 2it1 time- !ot and performan!e !ontraint. Sin!e a >ro9e!t

i a ta) 2it1 defined ob9e!ti$e and a !olle!tion of e$eral a!ti$itie t1at 1a$e a

definite be#innin# and end time- t1ee a!ti$itie mut be performed in a proper 

e?uen!e to meet t1e re?uired ob9e!ti$e.

In !ontru!tion indutr' time i t1e bai! fa!tor. So to !omplete t1e pro9e!t on

time and to mana#e t1e pro9e!t effe!ti$el' proper !1edule i needed. Beide

t1ee t1e reour!e mut be planned properl'. In addition one 1ould )no2

21i!1 are t1e !riti!al a!ti$itie for !ompletion of t1e pro9e!t- if !riti!al a!ti$itie are

dela'ed t1e entire pro9e!t i diturbed.

1.1 P"#2et s0ed,!in' te0ni7,es

Time i t1e ma9or

>ro9e!t !1edulin# te!1ni?ue t1at fre?uentl' ued in t1e !ontru!tion indutrie

are%

+. Bar 50antt6 !1art. C>4ERTG. >ro#ram E$aluation and Re$ie2 Te!1ni?ue 5>ERT6. Criti!al pat1 met1od 5C>46

1.1.- /a" 8Gantt9 0a"ts

 A 0antt !1art alo )no2n a t1e Bar !1art 2a de$eloped b' Henr' 7 0antt

around+// and ued to deal 2it1 !omple@ a!ti$itie. Out of t1e $ariou tool and

te!1ni?ue of pro9e!t mana#ement- 0antt !1art 2a probabl' one of t1e earliet

one. A 0antt !1art !onit of t2o !oordination a@i- one 5uuall' important a@i6

repreented t1e time elaped and t1e ot1er 5$erti!al a@i6 repreent t1e 9ob or 

a!ti$itie to be performed ea!1 bar repreent one pe!ifi! 9ob or a!ti$it' of t1e

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pro9e!t. T1e be#innin# and end of ea!1 bar repreent t1e time tart and time

fini1 of t1oe a!ti$itie. T1e len#t1 of t1e bar 1o2 t1e time re?uired for t1e

!ompletion of t1at 9ob or a!ti$it'. 4otl'- in e$er' pro9e!t t1ere are ome

 9ob

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Network: A net2or) i a #rap1i! repreentation of all a!ti$itie and e$ent t1at

mut be !ompleted to rea!1 t1e end ob9e!ti$e of a pro9e!t- 1o2in# t1e planned

e?uen!e of t1eir a!!ompli1ment- t1eir pre!eden!e relation1ip and

interdependen!ie. T1u t1e bai! !omponent of a net2or) are events and

activities.

Event: An e$ent i a pe!ifi! a!!ompli1ment- p1'i!al or mental- in a pro9e!t.

 Activity: An a!ti$it' repreent a 9ob or a pro9e!t element to be !ompleted. It i a

relation1ip bet2een t2o e$ent and uuall' de$ote t1e effort re?uired to

perform a ta) meaured in term of elaped time.

Dummy activities: "umm' a!ti$itie are a!ti$itie 21i!1 !onume no reour!eor time. T1e' are ued%

  i. To maintain t1e lo#i! in t1e net2or) dia#ram.

  ii. To 1o2 interdependen!ie bet2een e$ent- and

  iii. To #i$e a uni?ue number or a!ti$it' referen!e to an a!ti$it'.

"ummie are alo often ued to tie t1e !ompletion of e$eral a!ti$itie to t1e

be#innin# of a in#le a!ti$it' or $i!e $era.

Predecessor Event: An e$ent 21i!1 retri!t or pre!ede anot1er. It etabli1e

t1e tartin# point of an a!ti$it'.

Successor Event:  An e$ent 21i!1 u!!eed anot1er. It etabli1e t1e

termination point of an a!ti$it'.

 Activity Duration:  T1e time re?uired to perform an a!ti$it' on a net2or) i

termed a a!ti$it' duration. It i t1e time etimated for performin# t1at a!ti$it'. Iti deirable t1at t1e time etimate of an a!ti$it' 1ould be%

• made b' peronnel mot familiar 2it1 t1e indi$idual a!ti$itie and

reponible for t1eir a!!ompli1ment

• baed on normall' a$ailable and e@pe!ted reour!e- and

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• E@preed in uitable time u!1 a da'

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If t1e float i

• >oiti$e L e$en if t1e performan!e of t1e a!ti$it' i dela'ed b' a period

e?ual to it total float- it 2ill not dela' t1e !ompletion of t1e pro9e!t.

• ero L t1e a!ti$it' i !riti!al and if it i dela'ed it 2ill dela' t1e 21ole

pro9e!t b' t1e ame period.

• Ne#ati$e L it i bound to dela' t1e !ompletion of t1e pro9e!t b' t1at time.

1.1.1.- R,!es +#" Net"% De$e!#3(ent

No e$ent !an o!!ur until all t1e a!ti$itie leadin# into t1at e$ent 1a$e been

!ompleted.

 An a!ti$it' u!!eedin# an e$ent !annot be tarted until t1at e$ent 1ao!!urred.

T1ere 1ould not be an' !loe loop in t1e net2or)- t1at i- an e$ent !annot

o!!ur more t1an on!e.

 All a!ti$it' 1ead 1ould be mar)ed 2it1 an arro2 to indi!ate t1e dire!tion

of flo2.

 All e$ent 1ould be numbered and o t1i number 1ould be uni?ue- a to

#i$e an a!ti$it' referen!e.

 All a!ti$itie 1ould 1a$e uni?ue referen!e number- i.e. bet2een t2o e$ent

t1ere 1ould be onl' one a!ti$it'.

In a net2or)- flo2 are from left to ri#1t- t1at i- a!ti$it' line 2it1 arro2

1ead t1at point to t1e left 1ould be a$oided.

Identi+iati#n #+ C"itia! Pat0

On!e 2e 1a$e determined t1e la!) $alue atta!1ed to $ariou e$ent and

a!ti$itie in t1e net2or)- t1e !riti!al pat1 i identified. Criti!al pat1 !an be defined

a the longest sequence of activities leading to the end objective.  It i t1e pat1

2it1 t1e lo2et la!) $alue. ;1en a net2or) !ontain ne#ati$e la!)- t1e pat1

2it1 t1e mot ne#ati$e la!) i identified a t1e !riti!al pat1.

1.1.4 P"#'"a( E$a!,ati#n and Re$ie& Te0ni7,e 8PERT9

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8ind appli!ation in plannin# and !ontrol of !omple@ et of a!ti$itie- fun!tion and

relation1ip. B' !ontrollin# t1e !riti!al a!ti$itie  t1e pro9e!t !an be !omputed

2it1in t1e !1eduled time limited- >ERT #i$e a 2a' of identif'in# !riti!al

a!ti$itie ri#1t at t1e plannin# ta#e o t1at mana#ement i a2are of t1i

potential trouble ome area and e@er!ie proper !ontrol o$er t1em o a to

!omplete t1e pro9e!t 2it1in t1e !1eduled time

 A$$lication of PE%T 

mar)etin# pro#ram and ad$ertiin# pro#ram

7on# D ran#e plannin#

Reear!1 and de$elopment produ!t

Contru!tion pro#ram

4aintenan!e and o$er1aul of airplane or oil refiner'.

Intitutin# in$entor' !ontrol

"ei#nin# and manufa!turin# protot'pe produ!t

Ste3s in PERT 3!annin' (et0#d

• T1e pro9e!t i bro)en do2n into different a!ti$itie

• T1e a!ti$itie are arran#ed in a lo#i!al e?uen!e

• T1e net2or) dia#ram i dra2n- e$ent and a!ti$itie are number

• Uin# t1ree time etimate- t1e e@pe!ted time for ea!1 a!ti$it' i

!al!ulated

• Standard de$iation and $arian!e of ea!1 a!ti$it' are !al!ulated

• EST and 78T are !al!ulated and mar)ed in t1e net2or) dia#ram• Sla!) i !al!ulated- !riti!al pat1 i identified and mar)ed on t1e

net2or) dia#ram

• 7en#t1 of !riti!al pat1 or total pro9e!t duration i found out

• 7atl'- t1e probabilit' t1at t1e pro9e!t 2ill fini1 at t1e due date i

!al!ulated

•  Anal'=e of net2or) for t1e point of $ie2 of reour!e and if it i defi!ient-

find alternati$e 2a' to ue t1e reour!e effi!ientl'

 

T1e main ob9e!ti$e in t1e anal'i t1rou#1 >ERT i to find out t1e !ompletion of a

parti!ular e$ent 2it1in pe!ified date. If 'e 21at are t1e !1an!e of !ompletin# a

 9obM T1e >ERT approa!1 ta)e into a!!ount t1e un!ertaintie. In t1i approa!1-

t1ree time $alue are ao!iated 2it1 ea!1 a!ti$it' t1e optimiti! $alue 5t o6- t1e

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peimiti! $alue 5tp6 and t1e mot li)el' $alue 5tm6. T1ee t1ree time $alue

pro$ide a meaure of un!ertaint' ao!iated 2it1 t1at a!ti$it'.

1. T0e #3ti(isti ti(e 8t#9 i t1e 1ortet poible time in 21i!1 t1e a!ti$it'

!an be fini1ed. It aume e$er't1in# #oe $er' 2ell.

2. T0e (#st !i%e!) ti(e 8t(9 i t1e etimate of t1e normal time t1e a!ti$it'

2ould ta)e. And it 2ill repreent t1e 1i#1et fre?uen!' of o!!urren!e.3. T0e 3essi(isti ti(e 8t39 repreent t1e lon#et time an a!ti$it' !ould

ta)e if e$er't1in# #oe 2ron#

Ca!,!atin' t0e (ean and $a"iane #+ ati$it) d,"ati#n

In >ERT !al!ulation- all t1ree time $alue are ued to obtain t1e per!ent

e@pe!ted $alue. T1e beta ditribution i 2idel' a!!epted a a reaonable model

for t1e abo$e duration ditribution. In t1e !ae- t1e >ERT met1od pro$ide for t1e

mean and $arian!e of t1e a!ti$it' duration a follo2%

4. E>3eted ti(e 8te9 i t1e a$era#e time t1e a!ti$it' 2ill ta)e if it 2ere to be

repeated on a lar#e number of time and i baed on t1e aumption t1at

t1e a!ti$it' time follo2 beta ditribution. T1i i #i$en b' t1e formula%

  Expected time (t e ) = (t o+ 4t m+ t  p )!" 

 

t o t m t e  t p

5.  T0e $a"iane for t1e a!ti$it' i #i$en b' t1e formula%  &arian!e 5& t6 L 55t p D to6

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!ur$e- it i poible to determine t1e probabilit' of an a!ti$it' bein# !ompleted b'

t1e !1eduled time L 5!1eduled time D e@pe!ted time64 !1art !an define multiple- e?uall' !riti!al pat1. Ta) 21i!1 fall on

t1e !riti!al pat1 1ould be noted in ome 2a'- o t1at t1e' ma' be #i$en pe!ial

attention. One 2a' i to dra2 !riti!al pat1 ta) 2it1 a double line intead of a

in#le line.

Ta) 21i!1 fall on t1e !riti!al pat1 1ould re!ei$e pe!ial attention b' bot1 t1e

pro9e!t mana#er and t1e peronnel ai#ned to t1em. T1e !riti!al pat1 for an'

#i$en met1od ma' 1ift a t1e pro9e!t pro#ree t1i !an 1appen 21en ta)are !ompleted eit1er be1ind or a1ead of !1edule- !auin# ot1er ta) 21i!1

ma' till be on !1edule to fall on t1e ne2 !riti!al pat1.

 1.4 S0ed,!e

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2ould reult in no de!reaed effi!ien!' 1ortenin# i poible 5eit1er be!aue t1e

 9ob duration !annot be redu!ed furt1er or be!aue ome ot1er 9ob 1a be!ome

!riti!al on a parallel pat16. If t1ere are parallel !riti!al pat1- t1en one 9ob in ea!1

of t1em mut be !1oen for !ra1in#. T1e impro$ement are made in a tep2ie

fa1ion and t1e ne2 !1edule are !ontinued a lon# a t1e 9ob !an be !ra1ed

2it1 a net redu!tion in total !ot.

1.5 C#st A#,ntin' *) W#"% Pa%a'es

If a pro9e!t 1a been bro)en do2n into a!ti$itie mall enou#1 to be ued for 

purpoe of detailed plannin# and !1edulin#- man' u!1 a!ti$itie 2ould be too

mall to be ued and- t1erefore no added !ot. If a 9ob !annot be 1ortened

re#ardle of e@tra reour!e applied to it- t1e line 2ould be $erti!al. All t1e t1ree

poibilitie are repreented in fi#ure belo2

T1ere i probabl' a minimum duration 21i!1 !annot be redu!ed no matter 21at

t1e e@penditure of reour!e 5$erti!al portion of line6. Similarl'- lo2in# t1e 9ob

2ill de!reae t1e !ot onl' up to a !ertain point be'ond t1i no additional

a$in# are obtained 51ori=ontal portion of line6.

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!i&ure ' Time-*ost Trade-off %elationsi$s for a Ty$ical +o,

T0e L#&est4 model pe!ifie a met1od for findin# t1e optimum point repreentin#

t1e lo2et:!ot !1edule. A preliminar' !1edule i #enerated in 21i!1 all 9ob

are ai#ned at t1eir earl' tart time and 2it1 normal reour!e. T1e len#t1 of 

t1i ma@imum duration !1edule !an be redu!ed onl' b' e@peditin# one or more

of t1e !riti!al pat1 a!ti$itie at an e@tra !ot.

 At ea!1 tep of t1e pro!e- t1e !ot:time lope of ea!1 !riti!al 9ob i e@amined-

and t1e 9ob 2it1 leat lope i determined. T1i 9ob i e@pedited up to t1e point

21ere no furt1er !on$enientl' for !ot:!ontrol purpoe. If o- e$eral related

a!ti$itie ma' be #rouped to#et1er into lar#er P2or) pa!)a#eP. T1ee repreent

parti!ular unit of 2or) for 21i!1 reponibilit' !an be !learl' defined and 21i!1

are till mall enou#1 to be mana#eable for plannin# and !ontrol purpoe. T1e

2or) pa!)a#e formed at t1e lo2et le$el of brea)do2n- t1en- !ontitute t1e

bai! unit in t1e >ERT !ot 'tem b' 21i!1 a!tual !ot are 5+6 !olle!ted and

56 !ompared 2it1 etimate for purpoe of !ot !ontrol.

21

Cras

h

Norm

al Job

duration

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1.?. 6,a!it) #nt"#! and ass,"ane

  1.?.-. 6,a!it) C#nt"#!

Qualit' i defined a fitne to purpoe- i.e. pro$idin# a produ!t 5a buildin#621i!1 pro$ide an appropriate ?ualit' for t1e purpoe for 21i!1 it i intended. T1e

pri!e to be paid for a buildin# i a refle!tion of t1e e@pe!tation of ?ualit' : A

!1eaper buildin# probabl' ue inferior material and i li)el' to be le attra!ti$e

and le durable. T1e ?ualit' i alo related to t1e timin# of 21en it i deli$ered.

6,a!it) #nt"#! in t0e #nst",ti#n ind,st") an *e !##%ed at as 0a$in'

t0"ee e!e(ents: 

• To produ!e a buildin# 21i!1 atifie t1e !lient

• To produ!e a buildin# 21ere ?ualit' i related to t1e pri!e.

• To produ!e a buildin# in 21i!1 uffi!ient time i allo2ed to obtain t1e

deired ?ualit'.

7i)e mot ot1er ape!t of !ontru!tion mana#ement ?ualit' !ontrol 1a to be

planned. >lannin# ee) order and a ?ualit' !ontrol 'tem for a !ontru!tion

pro9e!t refle!t t1i ene of order. It ma' be een to be in fi$e bai! ta#e%

• Settin# t1e ?ualit' tandard or ?ualit' of dei#n re?uired b' !lient.

• >lannin# 1o2 to a!1ie$e t1e re?uired ?ualit'- !ontru!tion met1od-

e?uipment- material and peronnel to be emplo'ed.

• Contru!t t1e buildin# ri#1t firt time.

• Corre!t an' ?ualit' defi!ien!ie.

>ro$ide for lon# term ?ualit' !ontrol t1rou#1 etabli1in# 'tem and de$elopin#

a ?ualit' !ulture

 1.?.1. 6,a!it) Ass,"ane 6A

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  HAPTER 3

Res,!t and dis,ssi#n

In de$elopin# a !ontru!tion plan for lo2 !ot 1oue pro9e!t- t1e primar'

emp1ai are to adopt on eit1er !ot oriented or !1edule oriented plannin# a

illutrated in t1e 8i#. belo2 Some pro9e!t are primaril' di$ided into e@pene

!ate#orie 2it1 ao!iated !ot. In t1ee !ae- !ontru!tion plannin# i !ot or 

e@pene oriented. ;it1in t1e !ate#orie of e@penditure- a ditin!tion i made

bet2een !ot in!urred dire!tl' in t1e performan!e of an a!ti$it' and indire!tl' for 

t1e a!!ompli1ment of t1e pro9e!t

 

24

Contru!tion

plannin#

Cot oriented S!1edule oriented

Direct cost ndirectcost

 !ime

oriented

"critical

#ath

%esource

oriented

"&ob

sho#

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Figure 3.1 Alternative Emphases in Construction Planning

 And 7o2 !ot 1oue pro9e!t re?uire !onideration of bot1 !ot and !1edulin#

o$ertime. So t1e plannin#- monitorin# and !ontrollin# of ea!1 a!ti$it' 1ould

!onider bot1.

In ele!tin# a trate#' for t1e !ontru!tion plan- t1e !ontra!tor !apa!it' and t1e

number of pro9e!t 1e 1a ta)en mut be ta)en into !onideration. 4ot of t1e

time t1e duration #i$en b' t1e !lient for t1e !ontru!tion of lo2 !ot 1oue i

mont1 for four and fi$e buildin#. So t1e !ontra!tor mut plan it a!ti$itie to

meet t1e da'.

T1e role of time in mana#in# t1e !ontru!tion pro9e!t i !entral to t1e di!ipline

be!aue it allo2 effi!ient ue of 4one'- E?uipment- 4aterial and 7abour.

4ana#in# a pro#ramme in$ol$e%

•  "e!ompoin# a pro9e!t into different detail and mana#eable a!ti$itie

•   >reparin# t1e lo#i! bet2een t1ee a!ti$itie.

•  Addin# time to t1e lo#i! 5!1edulin#6.

4.- P"#2et s0ed,!in'

  ,jective

• To de$i!e 1o2 to determine t1e e!onomi!al time of t1e 21ole pro9e!t

• To de$i!e 1o2 to determine t1e lo#i!al and 'temati! brea) do2n of t1e

pro9e!t into 2ell defined or mana#eable et of a!ti$itie or 9ob.

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T1e te!1ni?ue ued for t1e pro9e!t !1edulin# i >ERT 21i!1 1a a number of 

ad$anta#e o$er t1e ot1er te!1ni?ue ome of t1e ad$anta#e are%

 Ai#n t1ree $alue to t1e a!ti$it' duration

 A probabiliti! model 2it1 un!ertaint' in a!ti$it' duration

 An e$ent oriented te!1ni?ue

Ue aumption about t1e 1ape of t1e probabilit' ditribution of bot1

t1e a!ti$it' and t1e pro9e!t.

Effe!ti$e !1edulin# uin# pro#ram e$aluation and re$ie2 te!1ni?ue 5>ERT6 2ill

1elp%

• To Clearl' )no2 21at to do and to uper$ie

• To Kno2 t1e tartin# and fini1in# date for ea!1 a!ti$it' o t1at 1e 2ill

!ontrol for an' dela'

• To eail' etimate t1e !ot for ea!1 a!ti$it'

• To )no2 t1e !riti!al a!ti$itie in t1e !ontru!tion pro!e

 T1e !ontru!tion of lo2 !ot 1oue !onit of t2o p1ae

  &hase '  21i!1 t1e !ontra!tor ta)e- and !onit t1ree ma9or a!ti$itie%

• E@!a$ation and eart1 2or)

• Sub: tru!ture and

•Super tru!ture

&hase ''  21i!1 t1e 4SE ta)e- and !onit 3 ma9or a!ti$itie%

• Blo!) 2or)

• Roofin#

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• >aintin# e@ternal and internal

• Sanitar' intallation

•

Ele!tri!al intallation

• "oor and 2indo2 2or)

• >lumbin# e@ternal and internal

In order to anal'=e 2e ta)e blo!) “T:G” 21i!1 i under !ontru!tion- a a model

for t1e detail anal'i.

4.-.- Ana!)sis #n 30ase I #+ /!#% “T

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N# Des"i3ti#n

+. Site !learin# and remo$in# of top oil

. Bul) e@!a$ation in ordinar' oil

G. 8ootin# and beam foundation la'out

. Obtainin# F S1apin# tone for maonr' 2or)

J. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for footin# pad

3. E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for tren!1 foundation

. E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for iolated footin#

,. Stone maonr' 2or) for tren!1 foundation

. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 8. !olumn

+/. 7ean !on!rete

++. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for footin# pad+. pourin# !on!rete for footin# pad

+G. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. beam

+. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 8. !olumn

+J. >ourin# !on!rete for 8. !olumn

+3. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. lab me1

+. Ba!)fill around footin# F tren!1 foundation

+,. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 0. beam

+. >ourin# !on!rete for 0. beam

/. Ba!)fill under 1ard!ore

+. Sanitar' 2or) for 0. lab

. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn 5+6G. >la!in# and blindin# 1ard!ore

. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15+6

J. Intallin# r.bar me1 2it1 e@panion 9oint

3. >ourin# !on!rete for 0. lab

. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5+6

,. Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5+6

. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5+6

G/. >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5+6

G+. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair5+6

G. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5+6

GG. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me156G. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair5+6

GJ. >la!in# pre!at beam5+6

G3. >la!in# lab HCB5+6

G. Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5+6

G,. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn56

G. Intallin# r.bar me1 for lab5+6

/. >ourin# !on!rete for tair5+6

+. >ourin# !on!rete for lab5+6

. Cuttin# and bendin# of r. bar for beam56

G. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56

. >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56

J. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair56

3. Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56

. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam56

,. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn5G6

. Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair56

J/. >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56

J+. >la!in# lab HCB for lab56

J. Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56

JG. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5G6

J. Intallin# r.bar me1 for lab56

JJ. >ourin# !on!rete for tair56

J3. >ourin# !on!rete for lab56

J. Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15G6

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  able $ detail const*uction activities of bloc , $ - 

Ste$ ' 

 Arran#in# a!ti$itie in a lo#i!al e?uen!e- b' firt identif'in# t1e dependen!'

bet2een ea!1 a!ti$it'.

N#  Ati$iti

es

Des"i3ti#n P"eed

ene

T# T( T 3

+. 5+:6 Site !learin# and remo$in# top oil + + +

. 5:G6 Bul) e@!a$ation in ordinar' oil + + G

G. 5G:6 8ootin# and beam foundation la'out + +

. 5G:J6 Obtainin# FS1apin# tone for maonr' 2or) G.J J

J. 5G:36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for footin# pad G .J 3

3. 5:J6 E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for tren!1 foundation G .J G.J

. 5:,6 E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for iolated footin# G J

,. 5J:6 Stone maonr' 2or) for tren!1 foundation -3 J.J 3.J ,

. 53:,6 "umm' J / / /

+/. 53:+/6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 8. !olumn J G

++. 5:,6 7ean !on!rete , + + +

+. 5:+6 "umm' , / / /

+G. 5,:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for footin# pad --++ .J 3

+. 5:++6 pourin# !on!rete for footin# +G + +.J

+J. 5+/:++6 "umm' +/ / / /

+3. 5+/:+G6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. beam +/ G J+. 5++:+6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 8. !olumn +-+J .J J.J

+,. 5+:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for 8. !olumn + + +.J

+. 5+G:+J6 "umm' +3 / / /

/. 5+G:+6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. lab me1 +3 + +.J

+. 5+:+J6 Ba!)fill around footin# F tren!1 foundation +-+, J 3

. 5+J:+36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 0. beam +-+ J.J

G. 5+3:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for 0. beam + +.J

. 5+:+,6 Ba!)fill under 1ard!ore G +.J G

J. 5+:/6 Sanitar' 2or) for 0. lab G + G

3. 5+:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn 5+6 G G

. 5+,:/6 >la!in# and blindin# 1ard!ore + +.J ,. 5+:/6 "umm' / / / /

. 5+:G6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15+6 / + +.J

G/. 5/:+6 Intallin# r.bar me1 2it1 e@panion 9oint J--, + +.J

G+. 5+:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for 0. lab G/ + +.J

G. 5:6 "umm' 3 / / /

GG. 5:36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5+6 / G J

G. 5G:6 "umm' G+ / / /

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GJ. 5G:G+6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5+6 G+ J

G3. 5:J6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5+6 G-G J 3

G. 5J:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5+6 G3 .J G

G,. 53:6 "umm' GG / / /

G. 53:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair5+6 GG + G

/. 5:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5+6 G-G, J 3+. 5,:G/6 "umm' / / / /

. 5,:G+6 "umm' / / / /

G. 5:G/6 "umm' G / / /

. 5:J/6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me156 G + +.J

J. 5G/:G36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair5+6 +-G +.J .J

3. 5G+:G6 >la!in# pre!at beam5+6 GJ- + + +.J

. 5G:GG6 >la!in# lab HCB5+6 3 + +.J

,. 5GG:GJ6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5+6 +

. 5G:GJ6 "umm' / / /

J/. 5G:G,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn56 G

J+. 5GJ:G6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5+6 ,- + +.J

J. 5G3:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair5+6 J /.J + +.J

JG. 5G:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab5+6 J+ + +.J

J. 5G,:G6 "umm' J/ / / /

JJ. 5G,:+6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam56 J/ G J

J3. 5G:/6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 J-JG-J J 3

J. 5/:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 J3 .J G

J,. 5+:G6 "umm' JJ / / /

J. 5+:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair56 JJ +.J G

3/. 5:G6 "umm' J / / /

3+. 5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 J 3

3. 5G:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam56 J,-3/ J.J 3.J

3G. 5:36 "umm' 3 / / /3. 5:6 "umm' 3 / / /

3J. 5J:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn5G6 J .J G J

33. 5J:36 "umm' J / / /

3. 53:J6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair56 3G-33 .J G

3,. 5:,6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 3+-3 + +.J +.

3. 5,:6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 3, + +.J

/. 5:J+6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 3 +

+. 5J/:J+6 "umm' / / /

. 5J/:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5G6 G.J J.J

G. 5J+:JG6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 /-+ + +.J

. 5J:JJ6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair56 3 + + +.JJ. 5JG:JJ6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab56 G +.J .J

3. 5J:JJ6 "umm' 3G / / /

. 5J:336 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15G6 3G + +.J

,. 5JJ:J36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5G6 -J-3 J.J .J

. 5J3:J,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5G6 , .J G

,/. 5J:J6 "umm' / / /

,+. 5J:3+6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair5G6 .J G G.J

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,. 5J,:J6 "umm' / / /

,G. 5J,:3G6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5G6 3 ,

,. 5J:3/6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5G6 ,/-, .J 3.J

,J. 53/:36 "umm' , / / /

,3. 53/:3G6 "umm' , / / /

,. 53+:36 "umm' ,+ / / /,,. 53+:/6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn56 ,+ G J

,. 53:3,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair5G6 ,J-, .J G

/. 53G:36 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab5G6 ,G-,3 +.J .J

+. 53:3J6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab5G6 / +.J .J

. 53J:36 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5G6 + +

G. 533:36 "umm' / / /

. 533:G6 Cuttin# and bendin# of r. bar for beam56 G.J J 3

J. 53:36 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5G6 -G + +.J

3. 53,:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair5G6 , + + +.J

. 53:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab5G6 J +.J .J

,. 5/:+6 "umm' ,, / / /

. 5/:,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me156 ,3 + +.J

+//. 5+:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 3--, J 3 ,.J

+/+. 5:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 +// .J G G.J

+/. 5G:J6 "umm' / / /

+/G. 5G:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair56 .J G G.J

+/. 5:J6 "umm' +/+ / / /

+/J. 5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 +/+ 3 ,

+/3. 5J:36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam56 +/-+/ J ,.J

+/. 5:,6 "umm' +/G / / /

+/,. 5:,36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn5J6 +/G G J

+/. 53:,6 "umm' +/3 / / /

++/. 53:6 "umm' +/3 / / /+++. 5,:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair56 +/-+/ .J G

++. 5:,/6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 +/J-++ +.J .J G.J

++G. 5,/:,+6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 ++ +.J .J G.J

++. 5,+:,G6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 ++J + .J

++J. 5,:,G6 "umm' / / /

++3. 5,:,,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for top tie beam G J

++. 5,G:,J6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 ++-++J + +.J

++,. 5,:,36 >ourin# !on!rete for tair56 +++ +.J G

++. 5,J:,36 >ourin# !on!rete for lab56 ++ .J G

+/. 5,3:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5J6 +/,-++,-

++

J.J 3.J

++. 5,:,,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5J6 +/ .J G G.J

+. 5,,:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for top tie beam ++3-++ J.J

+G. 5,:/6 >ourin# !on!rete for top tie beam + .J G

  able /0 p*ecedence activities and time estimation of 1loc , $ - 

31

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Ste$ tree

"ra2in# t1e net2or) dia#ram

See fi# D G.

Ste$ four 

Etimatin# t1e time for ea!1 a!ti$it'

T1e time etimation for ea!1 a!ti$it' 1ould be baed on%

+. pat !ontru!tion time

2.  !urin# time needed for !on!ert 2or)

G. T1e amount of reour!e ai#ned for ea!1 a!ti$it'

N#te: t1e time for ea!1 a!ti$it' i in da'

See table D

Ste$ five

Cal!ulatin# t1e e@pe!ted time-

  E.$ected time (t e ) / (t o0 12t m0 t  $ )#3 

E@pe!ted time for a!ti$it' 5:G6

t e L 5+ G6< 3

  L

See table D G- for t1e e@pe!ted time of all t1e a!ti$itie

Ste$ si. 

32

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Cal!ulatin# tandard de$iation and $arian!e-

  Standard deviation (s t  ) / (t  $ 4 t o )#3 

  5ariance (v t  ) / (S t  )' 

8or a!ti$it' 5:G6

  St L 5G D +6

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III. Earliet e$ent time for e$ent 9 i t1e ma@imum of t1e earliet fini1

time of all t1e a!ti$itie endin# into t1at e$ent t1at i E  9 L ma@  9 or 

E 9 L ma@ Ei "i9 V

To !al!ulate 7 and 78- ba!)2ard pat1 !omputation i ued

0. 1ac3a*d path computation (fo* latest allo3able time)

T1e latet e$ent time 576 indi!ate t1e time b' 21i!1 all a!ti$itie enterin# into

t1at e$ent mut be !ompleted 2it1out dela'in# t1e !ompletion of t1e pro9e!t.

T1ere !an be !omputed b' re$erin# t1e met1od of !al!ulation ued for earliet

e$ent time. T1i i done in t1e follo2in# tep

%tep $ for endin# e$ent aume EL7 remember t1at all E 1a$e been

!omputed b' for2ard

>at1 !omputation

%tep $ 0  latet fini1 time for a!ti$it' 5i- 96 i e?ual to t1e latet e$ent time of e$ent

 9 t1at i

5786 i9 L7 9

%tep $ - latet tart time of a!ti$it' 5i- 96 L t1e latet !ompletion time of 5i- 96 t1e

a!ti$it' time of

576 i9 L 5786i9 : "i9

%tep $ 4 latet e$ent time for e$ent 5i6 i t1e minimum of t1e latet tart time of 

all a!ti$itie ori#inatin# from t1at e$ent. 7i L min 5786i9 D "i9V .

8or a!ti$it' 5 D G6

ES L + E8 L G

78 L G 7 L +

See table D G for all a!ti$itie

 Ati$ities Te ES LF LS EF S!a% St @ t

34

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5+:6 + / + / + / / /

5:G6 + G + G / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5G:6 +.+3 G .+ G .+ / /.+333 /./,

5G:J6 G.J G 3.J G.J 3.J /.J /.J /.J

5G:36 .J G +.GG .,G .J 3.,G /.J /.J

5:J6 .J,G .+ 3.J .+3 3.J / /-J /./3J5:,6 J.+ .+ +.GG .+3G .GG .G /.J /.J

5J:6 3.J,G 3.J +G.GG 3. +G.GG / /.++33 /.+G3+

53:,6 / .J +.GG +.GG .J 3.,G / /

53:+/6 G .J /.J +.J +/.J +/ /.GGGGG /.+++++

5:,6 + +G.GG +.GG +G.GG +.GG / / /

5:+6 / +G.GG 3.J, 3.J, +G.GG +G.J / /

5,:6 .3 +.GG + +.GG +,. / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5:++6 +.J + /.J + /.J / /.+333 /./,

5+/:++6 / +/.J /.J /.J +/.J +/ / /

5+/:+G6 +/.J G+.J, .J, +.J +./, /.GGGGG /.+++++5++:+6 .J,G /.J J./, /. J./, / /.J /./3J

5+:+6 +.J J./, 3.J, J./, 3.J, / /.+333 /./,

5+G:+J6 / +.J G+.J, G+.J, +.J +./, / /

5+G:+6 +.J +.J .+3 /.33 +3 3.+3 /.+333 /./,

5+:+J6 J 3.J, G+.J, 3.J, G+.J, / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5+J:+36 J.J G+.J, G./, G+.J, G./, / /.J /.J

5+3:+6 +.J G./, G,.J, G./, G,.J, / /.+333 /./,

5+:+,6 ./,G G,.J, /.33 G,.J /.33 / /.J /./3J

5+:/6 G,.J, .+3 /.+3 /.J, +.J, /.GGGGG /.+++++

5+:6 G G,.J, J.+3 .+3 +.J, G.J, /.GGGGG /.+++++5+,:/6 +.J /.33 .+3 /.33 .+3 / /.+333 /./,

5+:/6 / +3 .+3 .+3 +3 3.+3 / /

5+:G6 +.J +3 3.+ 3/.+ +.J .+ /.+333 /./,

5/:+6 +.J .+3 G.33 .+3 G.33 / /.+333 /./,

5+:G6 +.J G.33 J.+3 G.33 J.+3 / /.+333 /./,

5:6 / +.J, J.+3 J.+3 +.J, G.J, / /

5:36 +.J, J.33 ,.33 J.J, ./, /.GGGGG /.+++++

5G:6 / J.+3 J.+3 J.+3 J.+3 / / /

5G:G+6 J.+ J.+3 J.33 J. J/.GG .GGG /.J /.J

5:J6J

J.+3 J/.+3J.+3 J/.+3 /

/.GGGGG /.+++++

5J:6 .J J/.+3 J.33 J/.+3 J.33 / /.+333 /./,

53:6 / J.J, J.33 J.33 J.J, ./, / /

53:6 J.J, 3.+ 3/.+ .J, +.,G /.GGGGG /.+++++

5:,6 J J.33 J.33 J.33 J.33 / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5,:G/6 / J.33 3.+ 3.+ J.33 .J / /

5,:G+6 / J.33 J.33 J.33 J.33 / / /

5:G/6 / .J, 3.+ 3.+ .J, +.,G / /

35

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5:J/6 +.J .J, ,G. ,. ./, G., /.+333 /./,

5G/:G36 J.33 3.+ 3.+ J.33 .J /.+333 /./,

5G+:G6 +./,G J.33 J,. J.33 J,. / /./,GGG /.//3

5G:GG6 +.J J,. 3/. J,. 3/. / /.+333 /./,

5GG:GJ6 .+ 3/. 3.+ 3/. 3./ / /.J /.J

5G:GJ6 / +.J 3.+ 3.+ +.J .+ / /5G:G,6 G +.J 3J.+ 3.+ /.J .+ /.GGGGG /.+++++

5GJ:G6 +.J 3.+ 3G.+ 3.+ 3G.+ / /.+333 /./,

5G3:G6 + J.33 3J.+ 3.+ 3/.33 .J /.+333 /./,

5G:G6 +.J 3G.+ 3J.+ 3G.+ 3J.+ / /.+333 /./,

5G,:G6 / /.J 3J.+ 3J.+ /.J .+ / /

5G,:+6 /.J G.GG 3.GG .J ,.,G /.GGGGG /.+++++

5G:/6 J 3J.+ /.+ 3J.+ /.+ / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5/:6 .J /.+ .+ /.+ .+ / /.+333 /./,

5+:G6 / .J G.GG G.GG .J ,.,G / /

5+:J6 ./,G .J ,G., ,+.3 3.J, J. /.J /./3J5:G6 / .+ G.GG G.GG .+ /. / /

5:6 J.,G .+ ,.J . ,. / /.J /.J

5G:6 J.+ .+ ,.J G.GG ,.G /.G /.+33 /.+G3+

5:36 / ,.GG ,G., ,G., ,.GG J.J+ / /

5:6 / ,.GG ,.J ,.J ,.GG /. / /

5J:J6 G.J 3.J, ,. ,.+ .,G J.J /.+33 /.+G3+

5J:36 / 3.J, ,G., ,G., 3.J, J.3 / /

53:J6 .J ,.GG ,3.G ,G., ,/.,G J.J+ /.+333 /./,

5:,6 +.J ,.J ,/.J ,., ,/. / /.++33 /./+G3+

5,:6 +.J ,/.J ,+.J ,/.J ,+.J / /.+333 /./,5:J+6 .+ ,+.J ,G. ,+.J ,G.+ / /.J /.J

5J/:J+6 / ./, ,G. ,G. ./, G., / /

5J/:J6 .+ ./, 3.J ./, JG. G.//G /.GGGGG /.+++++

5J+:JG6 +.J ,G. ,J. ,G. ,J. / /.+333 /./,

5J:JJ6 +./,G ,/.,G ,. ,3.G ,+.+ J.J/3 /./,GGG /.//3

5JG:JJ6 ,J. ,. ,J. ,. / /.+333 /./,

5J:JJ6 / .,G ,. ,. .,G J.J / /

5J:336 +.J .,G +/,.3 +/. G+.GG .G /.+333 /./,

5JJ:J36 J.J,G ,. G ,. G./+ / /.J,GGG /.G/

5J3:J,6.J

G J.JG J.J /

/.+333 /./,

5J:J6 / JG.J 3.J 3.J JG.J G / /

5J:3+6 G JG.J +/,.+ +/J. J3.J J+. /.+333 /./,

5J,:J6 / J.J 3.J 3.J J.J /.J / /

5J,:3G6 J.J +/.J J.J +/.J / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5J:3/6 3.J J.J +/.J 3.J +/+.J /.J /.+33 /.+G3+

53/:36 / +/+.J +/,.J +/,.J +/+.J 3., / /

53/:3G6 / +/+.J +/.J +/.J +/+.J /.J / /

36

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53+:36 / J3.J +/,.J +/,.J J3.J J.G / /

53+:/6 J3.J ++.+ +/,.+ 3/.J J+. /.GGGGG /.+++++

53:3,6 .J +/+.J +++./ +/,.J +/ ./ /.+333 /./,

53G:36 +/.J +/.J +/.J +/.J / /.+333 /./,

53:3J6 +/.J +/3.J +/.J +/3.J / /.+333 /./,

53J:36 .+ +/3.J +/,.3 +/3.J +/,.3 / /.J /.J533:36 / G+.GG +/,.3 +/,.3 G+.GG .G / /

533:G6 .+ G+.GG +.G ++. G3. ,3./ /.+33 /.+G3+

53:36 +.J +/,.3 ++/.+ +/,.3 ++/.+ / /.+333 /./,

53,:+6 +./,G +/ ++.+ +++./ +/J./, ./,3 /./,GGG /.//3

53:+6 ++/.+ ++.+ ++/.+ ++.+ / /.+333 /./,

5/:+6 / 3/.J ++.+ ++.+ 3/.J J+. / /

5/:,6 +.J 3/.J +G3.J +GJ.J 3+.J J /.+333 /./,

5+:6 3.J ++.+ ++,. ++.+ ++,. / /.J,GGG /.G/

5:6 G ++,. ++. ++,. ++. / /.+333 /./,

5G:J6 / G3.J +.G +.G G3.J ,3./ / /5G:6 G G3.J +G3.+ +GG.+ G.J 3. /.+333 /./,

5:J6 / ++. +.G +.G ++. /. / /

5:6 .,G ++. +.J ++. +.J / /.J /.J

5J:36 3.+ ++. +.J +.GG +,.G /.+G /.J,GGG /.G/

5:,6 / G.J +G3.+ +G3.+ G.J 3. / /

5:,36 G.J +/.J +G3.J G.J .J /.GGGGG /.+++++

53:,6 / +,.GG +G3.+ +G3.+ +,.GG ., / /

53:6 / +,.GG +.J +.J +,.GG /. / /

5,:,6 .J +,.GG +G,.3 +G3.+ +G/.,G ., /.+333 /./,

5:,/6 .J +.J +G+.J +.J +G+.J / /.GGGGG /.+++++5,/:,+6 .J +G+.J +G.J +G+.J +G.J / /.GGGGG /.+++++

5,+:,G6 .J +G.J +G3.J +G.J +G3.J / /.J /.J

5,:,G6 / 3+.J +G3.J +G3.J 3+.J J / /

5,:,,6 G.+ 3+.J +J/.J +.GG 3.+ ,J.J, /.J /.J

5,G:,J6 +.J +G3.J +G,.J +G3.J +G,.J / /.+333 /./,

5,:,36 ./,G +G/.,G +/.J +G,.3 +G.+ .,G3 /.J /./3J

5,J:,36 .J +G,.J +/.J +G,.J +/.J / /.+333 /./,

5,3:,6 3.J +/.J +.J +/.J +.J / /.J,GGG /.G/

5,:,,6 G +.J +J/.J +.J +J/.J / /.+333 /./,

5,,:,6J.J

+J/.J +J3+J/.J +J3 /

/.J /.J

5,:/6 .J +J3 +J,.J +J3 +J,.J / /.+333 /./,

 

Table /- diffe*ent times standa*d deviation and va*iance of bloc , $ -  

Ste$ ei&t

37

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Identif'in# t1e !riti!al pat1 < !al!ulatin# t1e pro9e!t duration

Blo!) “T D G” !onit a total of +G a!ti$itie in t1e firt p1ae and it 1a JG

!riti!al a!ti$itie. T1e !riti!al a!ti$itie of t1i blo!) are tated belo2

 L 55St+6 5St6

  5StG6  5Stn6

6+ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5+6 .J /.+333 /./,

+ 5:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5+6 J /.GGGGG /.+++++

/ 5,:G+6 "umm' : : :

+ 5G+:G6 >la!in# pre!at beam5+6 +./, /./,GGG /.//3

5G:GG6 >la!in# lab HCB5+6 +.J /.+333 /./,

G 5GG:GJ6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5+6 .+ /.J /.J

5GJ:G6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5+6 +.J /.+333 /./,

J 5G:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab5+6 +.J /.+333 /./,

3 5G:/6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 J /.GGGGG /.+++++ 5/:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 .J /.+333 /./,

, 5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 J., /.J /.J

5:,6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 +.J /.++33 /./+G3+

G/ 5,:6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 +.J /.+333 /./,

G+ 5:J+6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 .+ /.J /.J

G 5J+:JG6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 +.J /.+333 /./,

GG 5JG:JJ6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab56 /.+333 /./,

38

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G 5JJ:J36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5G6 J.J, /.J,GGG /.G/

GJ 5J3:J,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5G6 .J /.+333 /./,

G3 5J,:3G6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5G6 /.GGGGG /.+++++

G 53G:36 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab5G6 /.+333 /./,

G, 53:3J6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab5G6 /.+333 /./,

G 53J:36 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5G6 .+ /.J /.J/ 53:36 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5G6 +.J /.+333 /./,

+ 53:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab5G6 /.+333 /./,

5+:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 3.J /.J,GGG /.G/

G 5:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 G /.+333 /./,

5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 .,G /.J /.J

J 5:,/6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 .J /.GGGGG /.+++++

3 5,/:,+6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 .J /.GGGGG /.+++++

5,+:,G6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 .J /.J /.J

, 5,G:,J6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 +.J /.+333 /./,

5,J:,36 >ourin# !on!rete for lab56 .J /.+333 /./,

J/ 5,3:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5J6 3.J /.J,GGG /.G/

J+ 5,:,,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5J6 G /.+333 /./,

J 5,,:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for top tie beam J.J /.J /.J

JG 5,:/6 >ourin# !on!rete for top tie beam .J /.+333 /./,

  able $ 4 the c*itical activities of 1loc , $ - 

 L 5/ /.++++ /./, . . . . . . . /./,6+

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  / 8

8rom t1e tandard normal ditribution table t1e per!enta#e $alue of t1e abo$e

tandard normal i 77 ;

4.-.1. C#st ana!)sis #n 30ase I #+ /!#% “T

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. 8ind t1e unit !ot of e?uipment and manpo2er per dail' output

  Unit 7ost = cost ! dail6 output 

J. Cal!ulate t1e total unit !ot

  otal  8nit cost= mate*ial + manpo3e* + equipment 

  3. Cal!ulatin# t1e dire!t !ot

  5i*ect cost= unit cost volume of 3o* 

7et ta)e a!ti$it' 5J : 6- 21i!1 i pourin# !on!rete for !olumn 5+6

%tep $

A.  (ate"ia!

T)3e Unit 6,antit) Rate 8*i""9 C#st 3e" ,nit

0ra$el 4G /.J ++ ,

Cement Qtl G.3 +/,., G.GJ

Sand 4G

/.J ,/ /

;ater 4G /.J 3.+/ G./J

Mate"ia! t#ta! 83e" ,nit9 J+.

/. (an3#&e" 

S%i!! N,(*e" Unit +at#" Dai!) "ate8*i""9 Dai!) C#st8*i""9

4aon .// +.// /.// ,/

". laborer 3 +.// +J G/

Operator + +.// J J

8oreman + /.J J/ +.J/

Carpenter + J /

41

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Man3#&e" t#ta! 8*i""9 J.

C. e7,i3(ent

T)3e N,(*e" Unit +at#" Renta!"ent=0"8*i""=0"9

Dai!) C#st8*i""9

4i@er + +.// G// G//

&ibrator + +.// +// +//

Hoit + +.// J/ J/

 E7,i3(ent t#ta!8*i""9 3J/

%tep $ 0

T1e e@pe!ted time i L .J da'

&olume of 2or) L +3.3 mG

%tep $ -

Dai!) #,t3,t -.=1.? .5 (4

%tep $ 4

"ail' manpo2er !ot L J.

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  See table D J

Ati$it

)

Des"i3ti#n Unit 6,antit) ,.

#st

Di"et #st

5+:6 Site !learin# and top oil 4 /J.// +.J G

5:G6 Bul) e@!a$ation in ordinar' oil 4 G+3 J.3 +,//

5G:6 8ootin# and beam foundation la'out : : : ++J/.J

5G:J6 S1apin# tone for maonr' 2or) 4G +J G., +G+.J

5G:36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for footin# pad K# ,33 +G.JG 3J,/.G

5:J6 E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for tren!1 foundation 4G +3 +,.J G//

5:,6 E@!a$ate in ordinar' oil for iolated footin# 4G GG G/.J +/,J.5J:6 Stone maonr' 2or) for tren!1 foundation 4G ,3.+ +G/. +++G.G,

53:,6 "umm' : : : :

53:+/6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 8. !olumn K# G+, +G.JG 3/J.+3

5:,6 7ean !on!rete 4

+ /.J ,/.G35:+6 "umm' : : : :

5,:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for footin# 4 +3, GG.G J3+/.GJ

5:++6 pourin# !on!rete for footin# pad 4G + JJ+., J/+33.

5+/:++6 "umm' : : : :

5+/:+G6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. beam K# J,G +G.JG ,+.G

5++:+6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 8. !olumn 4 +G G,./ J/.3

5+:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for 8. !olumn 4G + 3/.+ ,,./

5+G:+J6 "umm' : : : :

5+G:+6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for 0. lab me1 K# + +G.JG +3,/

5+:+J6 Ba!)fill around footin# F tren!1 foundation 4G GG +G. J/.+

5+J:+36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for 0. beam 4 / GG.G /+3./

5+3:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for 0. beam 4G G 3G.3 +J,.

5+:+,6 Ba!)fill under 1ard!ore 4G ,.J J/.G GJ/

5+:/6 Sanitar' 2or) for 0. lab : : : :

5+:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn 5+6 K# G/G +G.JG +,J/.G

5+,:/6 >la!in# and blindin# 1ard!ore 4 G +. J+

5+:/6 "umm' : : : :

5+:G6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15+6 K# + +G.JG +3,/.J

5/:+6 Intallin# r. bar me1 2it1 e@panion 9oint 4 G G./ +/J/.3

5+:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for 0. lab 4 G JJ.3 +/J.,

5:6 "umm' : : : :

5:36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5+6 K# J +G.JG 3G/+.3

5G:6 "umm' : : : :5G:G+6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5+6 4 G3J +/.G G3./,

5:J6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5+6 4 +JG., G,./ J,.

5J:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5+6 4G +3.3 /. ++J+.+33

53:6 "umm' : : : :

53:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair5+6 K# /J.+3 +G.JG J/.,

5:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5+6 K# GJG. 3. +3+.

5,:G/6 "umm' : : : :

43

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5,:G+6 "umm' : : : :

5:G/6 "umm' : : : :

5:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me156 K# + +G.JG +3,/.J

5G/:G36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair5+6 4 .J 33.J +,+.J

5G+:G6 >la!in# pre!at beam5+6 4 G3J.J +./ //

5G:GG6 >la!in# lab HCB5+6 4

G3J.J +.3 3/5GG:GJ6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5+6 : : : :

5G:GJ6 "umm' : : : :

5G:G,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn56 K# G/G.+3 +G.JG +,J/.G

5GJ:G6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5+6 4 G G.J +++.G

5G3:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair5+6 4G 3.G 3.G, J//.

5G:G6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab and beam5+6 4 G3J.J +/.+ G,.J,

5G,:G6 "umm' : : : :

5G,:+6 Cuttin# and bendin# of r. bar for beam56 K# J +G.JG 3G/+.3

5G:/6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 4 +JG., G,./ J,.

5/:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 4G +3.3 /. ++J+.+

5+:G6 "umm' : : : :

5+:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair56 )# /J.+3 +G.JG J/.,

5:G6 "umm' : : : :

5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 4 G3J ++.// /+.J

5G:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam56 4 GJG. 3. +3J.,

5:36 "umm' : : : :

5:6 "umm' : : : :

5J:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn5G6 K# G/G.+3 +G.JG +,J/.G

5J:36 "umm' : : : :

53:J6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair56 4 .J .+ /+.

5:,6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 4 G3J.J +.3 3/

5,:6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 4 G3J.J +.3 3/

5:J+6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 : : : :5J/:J+6 "umm' : : : :

5J/:J6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for beam5G6 )# J +G.JG 3G/+.3

5J+:JG6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 4 G G.J +++.G

5J:JJ6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair56 4G 3.G 3./3 3+.J

5JG:JJ6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab and beam56 4 F

4G

G3J.JFG

.,

+J.J J,G.

5J:JJ6 "umm' : : : :

5J:36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me15G6 K# + +G.JG +3,/.J

5JJ:J36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5G6 4 +JG., G.JJ 3/,G.,

5J3:J,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5G6 4G +3.3 /. ++J+.+

5J:J6 "umm' : : : :5J:3+6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair5G6 K# /J.+3 +G.JG J/.,

5J,:J6 "umm' : : : :

5J,:3G6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab5G6 4 G3J +.J G

5J:3/6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam5G6 4 GJG. .+ +3.++

53/:36 "umm' : : : :

53/:3G6 "umm' : : : :

53+:36 "umm' : : : :

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53+:/6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn56 K# G/G.+3 +G.JG +,J/.G

53:3,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair5G6 4 .J .+ /+.

53G:36 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab5G6 4 G3J.J .3 //

53:3J6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab5G6 4 G3J.J .3 //

53J:36 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)5G6 : : : :

533:36 "umm' : : : :533:G6 Cuttin# and bendin# of r. bar for beam56 K# J +G.JG 3G/+.3

53:36 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab5G6 4 G G., +G+.

53,:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for tair5G6 4G 3.G 3,+./ /

53:+6 >ourin# !on!rete for lab and beam5G6 4 F

4G

G3J.JFG

.,

33.G

F3J/

J/++.

5/:+6 "umm' : : : :

5/:,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for lab me156 K# + +G.JG +3,/.J

5+:6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn56 4 +JG., +.GG 3GJ3.J

5:6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn56 4G +3.3 /3.G ++.J,

5G:J6 "umm' : : : :

5G:6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for tair56 K# /J +G.JG J/.,5:J6 "umm' : : : :

5:6 Intallin# prop and 9oit for lab56 4 G3J +G.+ .3G

5J:36 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for beam56 4 GJG. ,.3, ++G.

5:,6 "umm' : : : :

5:,36 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for !olumn5J6 K# G/G +G.JG +,J/.G

53:,6 "umm' : : : :

53:6 "umm' : : : :

5,:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for tair56 4 .J ,+.J3 .,

5:,/6 >la!in# pre!at beam for lab56 4 G3J.J G.3 +GJ/

5,/:,+6 >la!in# lab HCB for lab56 4 G3J.J G.3 +GJ/

5,+:,G6 Sanitar' and ele!tri!al 2or)56 : : : :

5,:,G6 "umm' : : : :

5,:,,6 Cuttin# and bendin# r. bar for top tie beam K# J+GG +G.JG 3J.J

5,G:,J6 Intallin# r. bar me1 for lab56 4 G G.J +GJ/.J

5,:,36 >ourin# !on!rete for tair56 4G 3.G 3,+./ /

5,J:,36 >ourin# !on!rete for lab and beam56 4 F

4G

G3J.JFG

.,

/.G3

F3,/

J3+.J

5,3:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for !olumn5J6 4 +JG., .3J 3J3/.,,

5,:,,6 >ourin# !on!rete for !olumn5J6 4G +3.3 /3.G ++.J,

5,,:,6 Intallin# 8.; and r. bar for top tie beam 4 GJG. J. +GG.G

5,:/6 >ourin# !on!rete for top tie beam 4G G., J,3.+ GG.3

 

able $ 9 the di*ect cost of each activities of bloc , / - 

Note% the cost of sanita*6 and elect*ical 3o* is not included it is included in thecost anal6sis of phase ''  

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Total dire!t !ot L =1

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Ste$ >

"ra2in# t1e net2or) dia#ram

  See fi# :

Ste$ four 

Etimatin# t1e time for ea!1 a!ti$it'

• T1e time etimation 1ould be baed on%

+. pat !ontru!tion time

.  !urin# time and-

N# Ati$ities Des"i3ti#n P"eedene

T# T( TP Te

+ 5+:6 Stru!tural ;or) : +J, +J +3+ +J.+

5:G6 Blo!) maonr' 2or) + + + G +.GG

G 5:6 Ele!tri!al 2or) + + + G +.GG

5G:J6 >lumbin# internal J J.+

J 5G:36 Intall !affoldin# , +/ ,.+

3 5G:,6 "oor 2indo2 2or) J J.+

5G:+6 Roofin# J J.+

, 5:J6 "umm' G / / / /

5J:6 +t F nd !oatplaterin#5internal6

-, +/ + +/.+

+/ 53:,6 >lumbin# 5e@ternal6 J J J.+

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++ 5:6 Grd !oat platerin#5 internal6 , +/ + +/

+ 5,:+/6 +t Coat platerin# 5e@ternal6 3-+/ +/ + +/.+

+G 5:+/6 >aintin# 5internal6 ++ J 3 , 3.+

+ 5+/:++6 >aintin# 5e@ternal6 +-+G J 3 J

+J 5++:+6 0la=in# +G J 3 J

G.  T1e amount of reour!e ai#ned for ea!1 a!ti$it'

  Table D " &hase '' activities and thei* estimated times

Ste$ five

Cal!ulatin# t1e e@pe!ted time-

Expected time (t e) = (t o+ 4t m+ t  p )!" 

  Ste$ si. 

Cal!ulatin# tandard de$iation and $arian!e-

  %tanda*d deviation (s t  ) = (t  p / t o )!" 

  >a*iance (v t  ) = (%t  )0 

Ste$ seven

Cal!ulatin# E- 7f - E8- 7 and t1e S7ACK

Ati$ities Te E s LF Ls EF s!a% St @ t

5+:6 +J.+ / +J.+ / +J.+ / /.J /.J

5:G6 +.GG +J.+ +,.J +J.+ +,.J / + +

5:6 +.GG +J.+ +,G.3 +3.G +,.J J.+ + +

5G:J6 J.+ +,.J +,G.3 +,.J +,G.3 / /.J /.J

5G:36 ,.+ +,.J +.3 +,3.J /., ,.+ /.J /.J

5G:,6 J.+ +,.J +., +.3 +,G.3 +3.+ /.J /.J

5G:+6 J.+ +,.J /./+ +., J.+, G3.G /.J /.J

5:J6 / +,.J +,G.3 +,G.3 +,.J J.+ / /

48

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  Table $ < phase '' c*itical activities 

Ste$ 6 

Cal!ulatin# t1e probabilit' of t1e pro9e!t 2ill fini1 at t1e due date

  T1e 2or)in# !1edule time 5t s ) / days 

T1e tandard normal $alue i

9 / (t s 4 t e )#S t 

  L 5/ D 3/.,6

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5birr6 5birr6

Stru!tural ;or) : : :

Blo!)

maonr'

2or)

/mm t1i!) +3m /. ++-+,.,

+/mm t1i!) ,//m

JG.,, G-+/

Ele!tri!al 2or) ,/m +,G./+ +J//3J.3

>lumbin# internal 3J/m ,. G+,++

Intall !affoldin# +-3Gm G. J-JG.,

G: !oat platerin#5internal6 -m J. 3-,,./,

"oor F 2indo2 2or) J+3m . J/+JJ.

Roofi

n#

RHS5JJ.Jmm6 +G3./)# +,.33 -JG,.J

RHS5//mm6 +,J.,J)# J./ -33.

7atti!e

per line

5JJm

m6

+G.+)# +. -/.,

5//m

m6

+G.+)# J./ G-/,.J,

>lumbin# 5e@ternal6 /m ,. G,/.3

>aintin# 5internal6 -m 3. +3-/,

G: Coat platerin# 5e@ternal6 +3m ,.3 -,+J.

 >aintin# 5e@ternal6 +3m .3/, +-,.G

0la=in# + m ++/.J +//3

  able $ ; cost anal6sis on phase '' 

Total dire!t !ot L 9;94--.-4 bi** 

veread cost (indirect cost)

• Te!1ni!al and adminitrati$e taff 

• Offi!e rent

otal indi*ect cost =

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Total !ot L dire!t !ot indire!t !ot

  L 3

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T1e pro!edure for reour!e moot1in# for p1ae I are%

 %tep $  !al!ulate t1e E and 78 time of ea!1 a!ti$it'

 %tep $ 0  identif' and determine t1e man po2er needed for ea!1 a!ti$it'

Ati$it) S!a% ES LF LS EF N# #+ "%e"s

5+:6 / / + / + J/

5:G6 / + G + G G/

5G:6 / G .+ G .+ G

5G:J6 /.J G 3.J G.J 3.J +J

5G:36 3.,G G +.GG .,G .J 3

5:J6 / .+ 3.J .+333 3.J /

5:,6 .GGGG .+ +.GG .+3GGGG .GG333 G/

5J:6 / 3.J +G.GG 3.333 +G.GGGGG +J53:,6 3.,G .J +.GG +.GG .J /

53:+/6 +/ .J /.J +.J +/.J 3

5:,6 / +G.GG +.GG +G.GG +.GG ++

5:+6 +G.J +G.GG 3.J, 3.J, +G.GG /

5,:6 / +.GG + +.GGGGG +,.33 +J

5:++6 / + /.J + /.J G

5+/:++6 +/ +/.J /.J /.J +/.J /

5+/:+G6 +./, +/.J G+.J, .J, +.J 3

5++:+6 / /.J J./, /.33 J./,GGG +J

5+:+6 / J./, 3.J, J./, 3.J, G

5+G:+J6 +./, +.J G+.J, G+.J, +.J /5+G:+6 3.+3 +.J .+3 /.33 +3 3

5+:+J6 / 3.J, G+.J, 3.J, G+.J, G/

5+J:+36 / G+.J, G./, G+.J, G./, +J

5+3:+6 / G./, G,.J, G./, G,.J, G

5+:+,6 / G,.J, /.33 G,.J33 /.33GGG G/

5+:/6 +.J, G,.J, .+3 /.+3 /.J,

5+:6 G.J, G,.J, J.+3 .+3 +.J, 3

5+,:/6 / /.33 .+3 /.33 .+3 +3

5+:/6 3.+3 +3 .+3 .+3 +3 /

5+:G6 .+ +3 3.+ 3/.+ +.J 3

5/:+6 / .+3 G.33 .+3 G.33

5+:G6 / G.33 J.+3 G.33 J.+3 G

5:6 G.J, +.J, J.+3 J.+3 +.J, /

5:36 ./, +.J, J.33 ,.33 J.J, 3

5G:6 / J.+3 J.+3 J.+3 J.+3 /

5G:G+6 .GGGGGG J.+3 J.33 J.GGG J/.G33 +J

5:J6 / J.+3 J/.+3 J.+3 J/.+3 +J

5J:6 / J/.+3 J.33 J/.+3 J.33 G

53:6 ./, J.J, J.33 J.33 J.J, /

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53:6 +.,G J.J, 3.+ 3/.+ .J, 3

5:,6 / J.33 J.33 J.33 J.33 +J

5,:G/6 .J J.33 3.+ 3.+ J.33 /

5,:G+6 / J.33 J.33 J.33 J.33 /

5:G/6 +.,G .J, 3.+ 3.+ .J, /

5:J6 G., .J, ,G. ,. ./, 35G/:G36 .J J.33 3.+ 3.+ J.33 +J

5G+:G6 / J.33 J,. J.3J33 J,.GGG +J

5G:GG6 / J,. 3/. J,. 3/. /

5GG:GJ6 / 3/. 3.+ 3/.GGG 3./33

5G:GJ6 .+ +.J 3.+ 3.+ +.J /

5G:G,6 .+ +.J 3J.+ 3.+ /.J 3

5GJ:G6 / 3.+ 3G.+ 3.+ 3G.+

5G3:G6 .J J.33 3J.+ 3.+ 3/.33 G

5G:G6 / 3G.+ 3J.+ 3G.+ 3J.+

5G,:G6 .+ /.J 3J.+ 3J.+ /.J /

5G,:+6 ,.,G /.J G.GG 3.GG .J 3

5G:/6 / 3J.+ /.+ 3J.+ /.+ +J

5/:6 / /.+ .+ /.+ .+ G

5+:G6 ,.,G .J G.GG G.GG .J /

5+:J6 J.J33 .J ,G., ,+.J33 3.J,GGG 3

5:G6 /. .+ G.GG G.GG .+ /

5:6 / .+ ,.J .+33 ,.GGG +J

5G:6 /.GGGG .+ ,.J G.GGGGG ,.G33 +J

5:36 J.J+ ,.GG ,G., ,G., ,.GG /

5:6 /. ,.GG ,.J ,.J ,.GG /

5J:J6 J.J 3.J, ,. ,.+ .,G 3

5J:36 J.3 3.J, ,G., ,G., 3.J, /

53:J6 J.J+ ,.GG ,3.G ,G., ,/.,G +J5:,6 / ,.J ,/.J ,., ,/. +J

5,:6 / ,/.J ,+.J ,/.J ,+.J /

5:J+6 / ,+.J ,G. ,+.JGGG ,G.+33

5J/:J+6 G., ./, ,G. ,G. ./, /

5J/:J6 G.//GGG ./, 3.J ./,GGG JG.33 3

5J+:JG6 / ,G. ,J. ,G. ,J.

5J:JJ6 J.J/333 ,/.,G ,. ,3.GG33 ,+.+GGG G

5JG:JJ6 / ,J. ,. ,J. ,.

5J:JJ6 J.J .,G ,. ,. .,G /

5J:36 .G .,G +/,.3 +/.+ G+.GG 3

5JJ:J36 / ,. G ,.+33 G.//GGG +J5J3:J,6 / G J.J G J.J G

5J:J6 G JG.J 3.J 3.J JG.J /

5J:3+6 J+. JG.J +/,.+ +/J.+ J3.J 3

5J,:J6 /.J J.J 3.J 3.J J.J /

5J,:3G6 / J.J +/.J J.J +/.J +J

5J:3/6 /.J J.J +/.J 3.J +/+.J +J

53/:36 3., +/+.J +/,.J +/,.J +/+.J /

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53/:3G6 /.J +/+.J +/.J +/.J +/+.J /

53+:36 J.G J3.J +/,.J +/,.J J3.J /

53+:/6 J+. J3.J ++.+ +/,.+ 3/.J 3

53:3,6 ./ +/+.J +++./ +/,.J +/ +J

53G:36 / +/.J +/.J +/.J +/.J +J

53:3J6 / +/.J +/3.J +/.J +/3.J /53J:36 / +/3.J +/,.3 +/3.J/GG +/,.333

533:36 .G G+.GG +/,.3 +/,.3 G+.GG /

533:G6 ,3./GGG G+.GG +.G ++.GG G3.33 3

53:36 / +/,.3 ++/.+ +/,.3 ++/.+

53,:+6 ./,333 +/ ++.+ +++./,3 +/J./,GG G

53:+6 / ++/.+ ++.+ ++/.+ ++.+

5/:+6 J+. 3/.J ++.+ ++.+ 3/.J /

5/:,6 J 3/.J +G3.J +GJ.J 3+.J 3

5+:6 / ++.+ ++,. ++.+ ++,. +J

5:6 / ++,. ++. ++,. ++. G

5G:J6 ,3./ G3.J +.G +.G G3.J /

5G:6 3. G3.J +G3.+ +GG.+ G.J 3

5:J6 /. ++. +.G +.G ++. /

5:6 / ++. +.J ++.+3 +.JGG +J

5J:36 /.+GGGG ++. +.J +.GGGG +,.GG3 +J

5:,6 3. G.J +G3.+ +G3.+ G.J /

5:,36 .J G.J +/.J +G3.J G.J 3

53:,6 ., +,.GG +G3.+ +G3.+ +,.GG /

53:6 /. +,.GG +.J +.J +,.GG /

5,:,6 ., +,.GG +G,.3 +G3.+ +G/.,G +J

5:,/6 / +.J +G+.J +.J +G+.J +J

5,/:,+6 / +G+.J +G.J +G+.J +G.J /

5,+:,G6 / +G.J +G3.J +G.J +G3.J 5,:,G6 J 3+.J +G3.J +G3.J 3+.J /

5,:,,6 ,J.J,GGG 3+.J +J/.J +.GGGG 3.+33 3

5,G:,J6 / +G3.J +G,.J +G3.J +G,.J

5,:,36 .,G333 +G/.,G +/.J +G,.333 +G.+GG G

5,J:,36 / +G,.J +/.J +G,.J +/.J

5,3:,6 / +/.J +.J +/.J +.J +J

5,:,,6 / +.J +J/.J +.J +J/.J G

5,,:,6 / +J/.J +J3 +J/.J +J3 +J

5,:/6 / +J3 +J,.J +J3 +J,.J G

  able $ ? *esou*ces needed fo* 1loc , $ - 

Note: bot1 )illed and un)illed manpo2er are in!luded

%tep $ - dra2 a time !aled $erion 5or ?uared6 of t1e net2or)

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  See fi#ure :

%tep $ 4 dra2 t1e reour!e 1ito#ram

%tep $ 9 1ift tart time of non !riti!al a!ti$itie firt 1a$in# lar#et float

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Ste$ 4  determine t1e normal pro9e!t !ompletion time and ao!iated !riti!al

pat1 for t1e follo2in# t2o !ae%

i. ;1en all !riti!al a!ti$itie are !ompleted 2it1 t1eir normal time. T1i

pro$ide t1e tartin# point for !ra1in# anal'i.

ii. ;1en all !riti!al a!ti$itie are !ra1ed. T1i pro$ide t1e toppin# point

for !ra1in# anal'i.

Ste$ 4 '  Identif' !riti!al a!ti$itie

  See table :

Ste$ 4 > determinin# t1e !ra1in# time

  To determine t1e !ra1in# time t1e- follo2in# fa!tor mut be !onidered

W T1e a$ailabilit' of material

W A$ailabilit' of manpo2er

W Capa!it' of t1e !ontra!tor  

W T1e time needed for !urin# purpoe

Ste$ 4 1 !al!ulatin# t1e !ra1in# !ot

  B' uin# t1e ame tep a to !al!ulate t1e normal !ot in p1ae I

  See table : ++

Ste$ 4 8 !ompute t1e !ot lope for ea!1 of t1ee b' uin# t1e relation1ip

 

Ati$ities d. #st . #st N.T C.T #st s!#3

5+:6 G : + : :

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5:G6 +,// : : :5G:6 ++J/.J : +.+ :

5J:6 +G+.J +J3//. 3.J, .J, 3G.J

5,:6 J3+/.GJ J,+.++ .3 .3 +//.,,5:++6 J/+33. JJJ. +.J + J

5++:+6 J/.3 J3. .J, .J, ,G.J5+:+6 ,,./ ,J.J +.J + 3.,3

5+:+J6 J/.+ J,J.J J G +.35+J:+36 /+3./ ,/G./3 J.J G.J GG.J+

5+3:+6 +J,. J.J +.J + /./5+:+,6 GJ/ ++ ./, +.J,

5+,:/6 J+ 3/ +.J + G,5/:+6 +/J/.3 +3+.+ +.J + /.,3

5+:G6 +/J., /JJ.33 +.J + G/+.G35G:6 : : : :

5:J6 J,. JJ3. J G J.G5J:6 ++J+.+ +/. .J +.J JG./J5:,6 +3+. +33., J G ++3.

5,:G+6 : : : : :5G+:G6 // : +./, : :

5G:GG6 3/ J/ +.J + 3/5GG:GJ6 : : .+ : :

5GJ:G6 +++.G +G++.J +.J + +.5G:G6 G,.J, J+. +.J + G,.3

5G:/6 J,. JJ3. J G J.G

5/:6 ++J+.+ +/. .J +.J JG./J5:6 /+.J J+G,.J J., G., J3/.GJ5:,6 3/ J/ +.J + 3/

5,:6 3/ J/ +.J + 3/

5:J+6 : : .+ : :5J+:JG6 +++.G +G++.J +.J + +.

5JG:JJ6 J,G. G.J + GG/.+5JJ:J36 3/,G., 3/+.,, J.J, G.J, .

5J3:J,6 ++J+.+ +/. .J +.J JG./J5J,:3G6 G JJ.J J J3G.J

53G:36 // ++++.G +++.G53:3J6 // ++++.G + ++.G

53J:36 : : .+ : :53:36 +++.G +G++.J +.J + +.

53:+6 J/++. JG3,., + GJJ.5+:6 3GJ3.J 3J+ 3.J .J ,+.J

5:6 +++.J, ++3.,3 G J.,

5:6 .3G J/.J .,G J.,G J.GJ

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5:,/6 +GJ/ +J .J +.J +5,/:,+6 +GJ/ +J .J +.J +

5,+:,G6 : : .J : :

5,G:,J6 +++.G +G++.J +.J + +.5,J:,36 J3+.J JJG+J. .J +.J JJG.,J

5,3:,6 3J3/.,, 3,G.J 3.J .J +G,.GJ5,:,,6 +++.J, ++3.,3 G J.,

5,,:,6 +GG.G +J.G J.J G.J /J.J5,:/6 GG.3 G+.J .J +.J /./

 

able $ c*ashing costs

Note: 56 are a!ti$itie 21i!1 !annot be !ra1ed more t1an t1eir normal time or

t1e' are dumm' a!ti$itie

T1e $alue of !ot lope for !riti!al a!ti$itie indi!ate t1e dire!t e@tra !ot

re?uired to e@e!ute an a!ti$it' per unit of time.

Ste$ 4 3  for redu!in# total pro9e!t !ompletion time- identif' and !ra1 an a!ti$it'

time on t1e !riti!al pat1 2it1 lo2et !ot lope $alue to t1e point 21ere%

i. Anot1er pat1 in t1e net2or) be!ome !riti!al- or ii. T1e a!ti$it' 1a been !ra1 till t1e optimal point i rea!1ed.

 And !al!ulate t1e total !ot for ea!1 a!ti$it' in t1e !ra1in# tep

  Total cost / direct cost 0 indirect cost 0 crasin& cost 

he anal6sis fo* the c*ashing p*ocess is as follo3s:

Before !ra1in# t1e total !ot i

  T. ! L dire!t !ot indire!t !ot

  +,+/3.,3 3./ +J,.J

  / 83>81' ,irr

+. Cra1 a!ti$it' 5JJ: J36 b' t2o da'  C. lope L .

59

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  T. ! L dire!t !ot indire!t !ot !ra1 !ot

  L +,+/3.,3 3./ +J3.J .

  / 816'3,irr +/.Cra1 5,, D ,6 b' t2o da'

  Cot lope L /J.J  T. ! L +,+/3.,3 3./ +G.J G+.G, /J.J   / 86'>33 ,irr 

++. Cra1 53G D 36F 53 D 3J6 ea!1 b' one da'Cot lope L ++.G

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  T. ! L +,+/3.,3 3./ +G.J ,. ++.G   / 8673''3 ,irr 

+. Cra1 5G D GG6 - 5 D ,6 F 5, D 6 ea!1 b' /.J da'Cot lope L 3/

T. ! L +,+/3.,3 3./ +G+ G/J./ 3/ +.J/ 8>83 ,irr 

+G.Cra1 5+J D +36 b' t2o da'  Cot lope L GG.J+  T. ! L +,+/3.,3 3./ + GJJ./ GG.J+   / 8

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  T. ! L +,+/3.,3 3./ ++.J, J.3+ ,+G.J /.  / 8

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'i(.3 ss /stem

e/: 'lo;

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• Contra!tor D brin# a re?uiition for material to t1e ite en#ineer 

• Site en#ineer: appro$e and ta)e t1e re?uiition to t1e a#en!' 5!ot.

F Adm. "ept6 to#et1er 2it1 t1e report t1at 1o2 t1e tatu of t1e

!ontru!tion at t1at pe!ifi! ite.

• Cont. F Adm. "ept D appro$e t1e re?uiition b' !oniderin# t1e

tatu and material re?uirement of ot1er imilar ite and pa t1e

re?uiition to t1e lo#iti! dept.

• 7o#iti! dept. D if t1e re?uired material i a$ailable in t1e a#en!'

tore t1e dept. order t1e tore to end t1e material to t1e ite- if not it

pae t1e re?uiition to t1e 4SE dept.

• 4SE "ept. D b' ta)in# t1e re?uet from t1e lo#iti! department

deli$er it to t1e different 4SE t1at are lo!ated at t1e produ!tion ite.

T1i department #et a 2ee)l' report on t1e produ!tion tatu of 

t1oe 4SE and it under ta)e t1e deli$er' of demand baed on t1at

report.

• 4SE:+ D T1ee are 4SE or#ani=ed to offer%

: >re!at beam produ!tion: Hallo2 blo!) produ!tion

  8ini1in# 2or) li)e%: 4etal 2or) 5door F 2indo26: 0la=in#

: Site 2or) 5e2era#e- road 6

• 4SE:: T1ee are alo 4SE or#ani=ed to offer%

: A##re#ate produ!tion: Sand produ!tion

Our aim i to impro$e t1e e@itin# 5 AS-?S 6 material and order flo2 'tem b'

1ortenin# t1e len#t1' pro!e b' uin# !ertain !riteria a a frame 2or).

A +"a(e "% +#" i(3"#$e(ent

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C1an#e effort tend to be mai$e underta)in# and in$ol$e !ore of 

different de!iion and a!tion. To #et a #ood 1andle o$er u!1 !omple@it' and to

!ompare and !ontrat t1e effort of different !ompanie- 2e need ome ort of 

!on!eptual- or at leat on or#ani=in#- frame2or). 4an' u!1 frame2or)

dei#ned to anal'=e buine and define performan!e impro$ement pro#ram

1a$e been de$eloped o$er t1e lat fe2 'ear- motl' b' aut1or of mana#ement

t1eor' and 2it1in t1e ma9or mana#ement !onultan!ie. T2o repreentati$e

frame 2or) are t1e

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in!orporate- independentl' and !olle!ti$el'- t1e follo2in# ape!t of t1e

or#ani=ation%

• St"ate')% etabli1 a !utomer D fo!ued trate#i! $iion t1at 2ill

optimi=e lon#:term u!!e.• Pe#3!e% or#ani=e- moti$ate and empo2er people to u!!eed.

• /,siness 3"#ess% redefine and tream line t1e buine pro!e to

implement trate#i! $iion and to a!1ie$e ma@imum effe!ti$ene and

effi!ien!' of all reour!e.

• Te0n#!#')% appl' appropriate te!1nolo#' to upport treamlined

pro!e- to pro$ide information and tool to upport t1e entire 2or)

for!e and to en1an!e !utomer

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• P"#ess% defined a t1e e?uen!e of a!ti$itie t1at fulfill t1e need of an

internal and e@ternal !utomer- and #enerall' t1e 2a' 2or) i done 2it1in

t1e or#ani=ation and t1e 2a' t1e !1an#e pro9e!t i a!tuall' reali=ed. A fo!u on identif'in# impro$in# pro!e i a per$ai$e feature of 

performan!e impro$ement pro#ram.• St",t,"e and s)ste(% 21i!1 define 21o !ommuni!ate 2it1 21om and

1o2- a 2ell a t1e de#ree of indi$idual or !olle!ti$e reponibilit' and

a!!ountabilit' t1e' !an enable and pre$ent t1e ne!ear'

!ommuni!ation- )no2led#e tranfer and !utomer !onta!t.

Si#nifi!ant !1an#e in tru!ture and 'tem a!!ompan' mot

performan!e impro$ement effort. A !ommon t1eme in !ompanie

e@perien!e in an emp1ai on Cro:fun!tional 2or) team. T1e !ro:

fun!tional nature of team 1elped to in!reae intra pro!e a2arene

and o2ner 1ip for t1e !1an#e effort. T1e emp1ai on !ro:fun!tional

team re?uire a i#nifi!ant !1an#e in t1e nature of )ill- edu!ation and

performan!e pa!)a#e. Si#nifi!ant impro$ement in time !ot and ?ualit'

alo reulted from !ro:fun!tional !ollaboration.

• Te0n#!#')% 21i!1 pla' a !riti!al role in t1e #eneration- tranfer and

mana#ement of information

 A it i de!ribed in t1e abo$e e!tion for impro$ement 2e 1ould !onider 

different dimenion of t1e !ompan' li)e trate#'- tru!ture- 'tem- and o on.

But no2 2e are #oin# to ue a /areto dia#ram. It 1elp toprioriti=e problem b' arran#in# t1em in de!reain# order of importan!e. In an

en$ironment of limited reour!e- t1ee dia#ram 1elp !ompanie de!ide on t1e

order in 21i!1 t1e' 1ould addre problem. In our !ae 2e need prioriti=e

!riteria t1at are ne!ear' for !1an#e. Belo2 2e 1a$e prepared a !1e!) lit t1at

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de!ribe prioritie of !riteria #i$en b' t1e uer of t1e 'tem to be emp1ai=ed

for impro$ement.

Criteria Participants (System Users) Total % shared Total*%shared

Contractor Site-engineer SE!s

Strategy

" "#$&% "#$&%

S'ill "#$&% %

hared

?alue

0 14.28@ 0@

tructur

e

2 14.28@ 28.56@

/stem   3 14.28@ 42.84@

taA 0 14.28@ 0@

t/le   1 14.28@ 14.28@

 

100% 

100%

Note% All t1e !riteria 1a$e e?ual 2ei#1t- i.e. t1e' 1a$e #ot e?ual 1are

5+//

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  'i(. areto Dia(ram

8rom t1e abo$e #rap1 2e !an ober$e t1at t1e tru!ture and t1e 'tem are t1e

t2o !riti!al area t1at are in need of impro$ement to atif' uer a 2ell a to

ma)e t1e information flo2 and order pro!ein# 1ort and fat a mu!1 a

poible. So t1at a 2e de!ribe earlier i#nifi!ant !1an#e in tru!ture and

'tem a!!ompanie mot performan!e impro$ement effort. A !ommon t1emein !ompanie e@perien!e i an emp1ai on t1e !reation of *ross-functional 

2or) team. T1i i a team !ompoed of different e@pertie from different

department. And no2 2e ue t1i approa!1 to impro$e t1e effi!ien!' of t1e

e@itin# 5 AS-?S 6 'tem. T1e propoed 5T-@E 6 'tem 2ill be%

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'i(. !he TO-BE /stem

 Descri#tion o< the =o; dia(ram

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• Sire:en#ineer  appro$e and ta)e t1e re?uiition to t1e a#en!' 5!ot.

F Adm. "ept6 to#et1er 2it1 t1e report t1at 1o2 t1e tatu of t1e

!ontru!tion at t1at pe!ifi! ite.

• 7o#iti! "ept. if t1e re?uired material i a$ailable in t1e a#en!'

tore t1e dept. order t1e tore to end t1e material to t1e ite- if not it

pae t1e re?uiition to t1e 4SE dept.

•  4SE:+ D T1ee are 4SE or#ani=ed to offer%

: >re!at beam produ!tion: Hallo2 blo!) produ!tion

  8ini1in# 2or) li)e%: 4etal 2or) 5door F 2indo26: 0la=in#: Site 2or) 5e2era#e- road 6

• 4SE:: T1ee are alo 4SE or#ani=ed to offer%

: A##re#ate produ!tion: Sand produ!tion

• Cro:fun!tional 2or) team: t1e !ro:fun!tional 2or) team i

!ompoed of different e@pertie t1at !ome from t1e !ontru!tion

adminitration department and 4SE department. T1i

department !arrie t1e ta) t1at 2ere done b' t1oe department

durin# t1e material flo2 F order pro!ein# time.

 A 2e !an ee- t1i !ro fun!tional team !an 2or) different a!ti$itie t1at 2ere

done b' different department. So t1at- t1i 2or) team !an en1an!e t1e

effi!ien!' of t1e 'tem order pro!ein# and material flo2 a!ti$itie t1rou#1 it

fa!ilitation for ?ui!) information flo2.

Pa"t II6,a!it) +a,!ts and ass,"ane in t0e #nst",ti#n

Qualit' i t1e bai! re?uirement in an' !ontru!tion a!ti$itie. In our !ae in lo2

!ot 1oue !ontru!tion t1e ?ualit' of t1e 1oue mut be better or at t1e ame

le$el a t1e ot1er non lo2 !ot 1oue buildin#. So t1e ?ualit' of t1e !ontru!tion

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pro!e from t1e oil tet up to t1e end of !ontru!tion mut be !ontrolled and

aured.

1. Soil Tests

  ,jective

• To 1o2 different t'pe of oil tet

 A an' !ontru!tion tart from ite preparation and oil tet- t1e lo2 !ot

1ouin# alo be#in it !ontru!tion from oil tet- t1u t1e t2o t'pi!al )ind of 

tet are !ondu!ted on t1e 7CH ite are%

+. 8ield tet

. 7aborator' tet

1.1. Field Tests

  8ield tet are oil tet t1at !arried on t1e ite o t1at reliable oil data i

#at1ered and anal'=ed to !alibrate t1e tren#t1 a 2ell a t1e ettlement

!1ara!teriti! of t1e ite

TPES of !?E"D TESTS *NDB*TED N TCE S?TE

+. #eolo#i!al !laifi!ation b' $iuali=ation or lo##in# b' #eolo#it

. field denit' uin# and repla!ement or !ore !utter met1od

3. Natural moiture !ontent met1od.

E"?*A" *"ASS?!?*AT?N @ 5?SBA"?9AT?N % "?N 

@ E"?STS 

Su!1 )ind of tet are !arried b' #eolo#it after a tet pit 1a been du# out b'

dail' laborer and t1e #eolo#it 2ill loo) at t1e #round profile and u##et21et1er t1e #round la'er i !ompoed of tron# ound la'er t1at are !apable of 

tandin# t1e t1at i !omin# from t1e uper tru!ture.

1.1.2. !?E"D DENS?T BS?N SAND %EP"A*EENT % *%E *BTTE% 

ETCD

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T1e field denit' of t1e oil 1ould be )no2n for !al!ulatin# borro2 or !ut and fill

?uantitie and for !ontrollin# t1e field !ompa!tion. for e@ample if t1e natural

denit' i +3./KNNATB%A" ?STB%E *NTENT

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T1e 2ater or moiture !ontent i defined a t1e ratio bet2een t1e 2ei#1t of t1e

olid material. It i e@preed a per!enta#e

8or an' material t1e 2ater !ontent i one of t1e mot i#nifi!ant inde@

parameter ued in etabli1in# a relation bet2een oil be1a$ior and it

propertie. T1e 2ater !ontent of a material i ued in e@prein# t1e p1ae

relation1ip of air- 2ater and olid in a #i$en $olume of material. In t1e fine:#rain

oil- t1e !oniten!' of a #i$en oil t'pe depend on it 2ater !ontent. T1e 2ater 

!ontent of a oil alon# it li?uid and plati! limit i ued to e@pre it relati$e

!oniten!' termed a li?uidit' inde@. T1e laborator' 2or) to determine t1e 2ater 

!ontent !onit of dr'in# t1e moit oil in an o$en. T1e 2ater !ontent i

!al!ulated uin# t1e 2ei#1t of 2ater and t1e 2ei#1t of dr' pe!imen.

 A our emp1ai on t1e ?ualit' auran!e of t1ee tet 2e 2ould firt 1a$e to

point out t1e problem t1at !aue for not bein# able to 1a$e proper parameter

of oil !1ara!teriti!.

+. la!) of ade?uate e?uipment and lab oft2are

E$en t1ou#1 ame reult are e@pe!ted from oil tet of t1e tri@ial and dire!t

1ear tet t1e tri@ial tet i more reliable in pro$idin# t1e 1ear tren#t1

parameter. It i learnt t1at onl' dire!t 1ear tet and UCS 5un!onfined

!ompreion tren#t1 tet6 i !ondu!ted in t1e a$ailable laboratorie.

'   "a,oratory Tests

T1e ma9or t'pe of laborator' tet are%

' Particle SiFe Distri,ution #Sieve Analysis# 

Soil i a produ!t of me!1ani!al and !1emi!al 2eat1erin# and i found in a 2ide

ran#e of parti!le i=e and 1ape. Simple ie$e anal'i i ued for parti!le i=e

lar#er t1an /./Jmm 21ile edimentation anal'i for parti!le i=e maller t1an

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/./Jmm. 8or oil ample t1at !ontain a meaurable portion of t1eir #rain bot1

!oarer and finer t1an /./Jmm i=e !ombined anal'i i re?uired.

H)d"#(ete" Ana!)sis Test

O*2eti$e: To determine parti!le i=e ditribution of oil finer t1an /./Jmm.

T1e i#nifi!ant of #rain i=e ditribution of fine:#rained oil 1a de!reaed

!oniderabl' in re!ent 'ear. T1ere i a #eneral re!o#nition t1at parti!le ot1er 

t1an #rain i=e u!1 a 1ape- arran#ement of parti!le and #eolo#i!al 1itor'

!ould be more important in influen!in# t1e be1a$ior of fine:#rained oil.

Ho2e$er t1ere are o!!aion in 21i!1 )no2led#e of #rain i=e ditribution of 

fine:#rained oil 2ill be e@tremel' ueful. "ei#n of filter for draina#e 'temand rie of 2ater in !apillar' openin# depend on t1e #rain i=e ditribution. T1e

be1a$ior of e@pani$e oil i a fun!tion of t1e proportion of !la' fra!tion in t1e

oil.

T1e 1'drometer met1od i baed on !ontinued edimentation met1od. T1e

tead' of fall of oil parti!le t1rou#1 a li?uid at ret i !alled edimentation. T1e

1'drometer met1od i baed on to)e e?uation t1at relate t1e $elo!it' of free

fallin# p1eri!al parti!le t1rou#1 a li?uid to t1e diameter of t1e parti!le- t1epe!ifi! #ra$it' of t1e parti!le and t1e $i!oit' of t1e li?uid.

T1e 1'drometer tet i !ondu!ted b' ma)in# a oil upenion and pla!in# in

#raduated !'linder. T1en t1e pe!ifi! #ra$it' of t1e upenion meaured at

different time inter$al uin# t1e 1'drometer to e!ure t1e ne!ear' data for 

!omputin# t1e a#e finer and t1e diameter of t1e parti!le. It i aumed t1at-

lo2 !on!entration to permit indi$idual ettin# of #rain 2it1 out interferen!e b'

ot1er.

-.1.1.S0ea" St"en't0 test

S1earin# reitan!e of a oil !an be determined in t1e laborator' b' t1e follo2in#

met1od%:

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Di"et S0ea" Test

O*2eti$e: To determine 1ear tren#t1 parameter !o1eion ! and an#le of 

internal fri!tion Y of dr' oil.

"ire!t 1ear tet i a 1ear tet in 21i!1 oil or ro!) under applied normal load i

treed to failure b' mo$in# one e!tion of t1e ample !ontainer relati$e to ot1er 

e!tion.

"ire!t 1ear tet i !ondu!ted uin# dire!t 1ear ma!1ine 2it1 bo@e of $ar'in#

i=e- t1e mot !ommon i=e bein# 3!m 3!m. T1e bo@ i plit in t2o portion 2it1

bottom 1alf fi@ed and top 1alf free to mo$e. T1e ample i !arefull' pla!ed in t1e

bo@. T1en t1e loadin# blo!) i pla!ed on top of t1e ample. A normal load >$ i

applied b' dead 2ei#1t a!tin# t1rou#1 a le$er arm. T1e 1ori=ontal load >1 i

t1en applied to t1e upper portion and t1e ample i 1eared t1rou#1 t1e plane

bet2een t1e upper and lo2er part of t1e 1ear bo@. T1e pro$in# readin#

indi!ate t1e applied 1ear for!e and t1e 1ori=ontal dial indi!ate t1e 1ori=ontal

51ear6 dipla!ement. &olume !1an#e of t1e ample durin# t1e tet !an alo be

ober$ed b' mean of a $erti!al dial #au#e- 21i!1 i fi@ed at t1e top of pe!imen.

T1e pro$in# rin# and t1e $erti!al dial readin# are ta)en at uitable time inter$al

or at ome !ontant 1ear dipla!ement to define t1e tre and train

relation1ip until failure of t1e pe!imen. T1ree tet are performed 2it1 identi!al

ample 2it1 different $erti!al load. T1e 1ear at failure 5ma@imum 1ear tre6

i plotted a#aint t1e normal tre. T1u t1e #rap1i!al olution to t1e e?uation i

obtained.

  Z L C [$tanY

21ere% Z L 1ear tre

C L !o1ei$e tren#t1

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  [$ L normal tre

  Y L an#le of internal fri!tion

T1e 1ear tren#t1 parameter of oil i ne!ear' for dei#n of 1allo2 and deep

foundation- and retainin# 2all- et!.

T"i>ia! C#(3"essi#n Test

T1e tren#t1 tet more !ommonl' ued in a laborator' toda' i t1e tri@ial

Compreion Tet.

O*2eti$e: To introdu!e t1e tudent to t1e bai! pro!edure for determinin# t1e

un drained oil 1ear tren#t1 parameter Y and C and t1e elati! parameter of 

tre train modulu E and >oion ratio of oil.

T1e oil pe!imen- !'lindri!al in 1ape i ub9e!ted to dire!t tree a!tin# in

t1ree mutuall' perpendi!ular dire!tion.

T1e tet e?uipment pe!iall' !onit of 1i#1 preure !'lindri!al tet- made of 

>erpe@ or ot1er tranparent material- fitted bore preure de$eloped in t1e pe!imen durin# t1e tet !an be meaured

2it1 t1e 1elp of a eparate pore preure meaurin# e?uipment.

T1e !'lindri!al pe!imen i en!loed in a rubber membrane. A tainle teel

piton runnin# t1rou#1 t1e !enter of t1e top !ap applie t1e $erti!al !omprei$e

load5!alled t1e de$iator tre6 on t1e pe!imen under tet. T1e load i applied

t1rou#1 a pro$in# rin#- 2it1 t1e 1elp of a me!1ani!all' operated load frame.

"ependin# up on t1e draina#e !ondition of t1e tet- olid nonporou di! or 

end !ap- or porou di! are pla!ed on t1e top and bottom of t1e pe!imen and

t1e rubber membrane i ealed on to t1ee end !ap b' rubber rin#.

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T1e len#t1 of t1e pe!imen i )ept about to +

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T1e 1earin# tren#t1 of fine:#rained oil i a fun!tion of t1e applied normal

preure- t1e re!onolidation preure and draina#e !ondition. Tri@ial

!ompreion tet #i$e t1e mot reliable reult. UCT !an be de!ribed a a

tri@ial !ompreion tet performed 2it1 =ero lateral preure. Sin!e t1ere i no

lateral preure- t1e tet ma' be performed onl' on a oil 2it1 uffi!ient !o1eion

to maintain it 1ape under it o2n 2ei#1t.

T1e relation1ip b76 and plati!it' inde@

5>I6 of a oil ample.

 A fine:#rained oil !an e@it in olid- emi:olid- plati!- $i!ou or fluid tate

dependin# on it 2ater !ontent. Aterber# propoed four tate of oil and

!orrepondin# t1ree boundarie a follo2

Solid tate Semi:olid tate >lati! tate &i!ou:fluid

tate

5Brittle6 5Non plati!6 5>lati! tate6

  S1rin)a#e 7imit >lati! 7imit 7i?uid 7imit

S7 >7 77

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Soil in t1e $i!ou fluid tate poee ne#li#ible 1ear tren#t1 for en#ineerin#

purpoe. T1e li?uid and plati! limit of oil 2idel' ued for en#ineerin#

!laifi!ation of fine #rained oil. T1e li?uid limit- plati! limit and plati! inde@ of 

oil are ued e@teni$el' eit1er indi$idual or to#et1er 2it1 ot1er oil propertie to

!orrelate 2it1 en#ineerin# be1a$ior u!1 a !ompreibilit'- permeabilit'-

!ompatibilit'- 1ri)e:2ell- 1ear tren#t1. T1e li?uid and plati! limit of oil !an

be ued 2it1 a natural 2ater !ontent of t1e oil to e@pre it relati$e !oniten!'

or li?uidit' inde@ and !an be ued 2it1 t1e a#e finer t1an /.//mm i=e to

determine it a!ti$it' number. 

E>a$ati#n and Ea"t0 W#"%s

 After t1e top oil i remo$ed and t1e dimenion of t1e foundation are et out

t1e e@!a$ation 2or) !an tart.

T1e tru!tural dra2in# 1a$e to be !1e!)ed !arefull'%

• ;idt1 of e@!a$ation

• "ept1 of e@!a$ation

• T'pe of e@!a$ated material

• T'pe of oil at foundation le$el

/a%+i!! #+ E>a$ated A"ea

A"#,nd F