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PRE-SETTLEMENT(MOLALLA & KALAPUYA TRIBES)

LAND OWNERSHIP CONFLICT(NATIVE AMERICANS & EUROPEANS | OPPOSING INTEREST GROUPS)

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST(OWNERSHIP & LAND USE)

PRE-SETTLEMENT (5000BC? - 1800AD) SETTLERS VS NATIVES (1800s - 1850s) OPPOSING INTEREST GROUPS (1850s - 1950s) SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (1948-PRESENT)

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There were many tribes within the Willamette National Forest. Closer, and possibly within the H. J. Andrews Eperimental Forest, were the Kalapuyans, and possibly the Molalla.

“Students from the University of Oregon discovered in 1970 an old site in a rock shelter, a shallow cave, at Baby Rock near Oakridge, Oregon. This site, located at about 850 meters elevation, has given a date of over 7,000 years before the present” (Beckham 23).

The Molalla bands, were at one time thought to be an eastern Oregon tribe pushed into the Cascades by warfare. However, it may be that the Molalla had been living in the western Cascades for a long time. They were divided into bands, although there is little evidence of the names and exact locations.

Eight different tribes made up the Kalapuyans. They were grouped together based on their shared language with three dialects. They were valley people who moved according to the seasons. Their seasonal movements corresponded to elevation differences among plants animals. They were hunters, gatherers, and fishers. They used obsidion for their arrowheads, some of which have been found in the H. J. Andrews forest.

MOLALLA KALAPUYANS

PRE-SETTLEMENT: NATIVE AMERICANS

The general difference was more regional than anything else,” explains Olson. “All Native people adapted to the region they were in. Molalla of the mountain region adapted to hunting the larger game of that area and those in the valley were more similar to the Kalapuya people whose primary diet was roots and small game, common in the valley.”

EUGENE

OAKRIDGE

HJ ANDREWS

FIRST FINDINGS


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LAND OWNERSHIP CONFLICT: EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT

Act creating a three-member commission and appropriated $20,000 for treaty-making. Of the 19 unratified treaties in 1851, 6 were made at Campoeg by the three commissioners. They valued most of the land at about three cents an acre, believing that settlers would make better use of the land than the Indians residing there.

They then pressured the tribes to leave; the Kalapuyan bands would not comply. The commission finally settled on a plan in which the bands retained two small reservations, one on each side of the Willamette River.

Justifying its action, the commission’s final report stated, “that these reservations will cause any considerable annoyance to the whites we do not believe. They consist for the most part, of ground unfitted for cultivation, but suited to the peculiar habits of the Indians.” (Schmeckebier, p. 60)

The commission was charged with purchasing western Oregon Indian lands and removing the native inhabitants to the east side of the Cascade Mountains.

Political leaders wanted the complete removal of western Oregon Indians to east of the Cascades. Some senators felt that the payments for the native lands were too high. Violence broke out in northern California and the 1852 discovery of gold brought miners who cared little about the fate of the Takelma, Chetco and Tututni.

Emergency treaties were made to halt the massacres of Indians by gold miners. Temporary reservations. AFter the wars, tribes were moved to Grand Ronde and Siletz (Coast) reservations. Kalapuyans got two small temporary reservations. The final count ended at 600 individuals.

CONGRESS REFUSED TO RATIFY THE 1851 TREATIES1850 1851- 1855 UNRATIFIED TREATIES WERE MADE


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SHEEP HERDERS

1896 - Several petitions by sheepmen and Oregon delegation to Congress to reduce the forest reserves. Several arrests of sheep herders and owners were made

1898 - Recommendations to reopen the Forest Reserves to sheep grazing were implemented by the General Land Office (GLO).

Sheep herders were often the butt of jokes and pictured as individuals of low mentality and questionable morals. In Scotland the townsman would remark “here comes the braw herd wi’ his flock,” the western Oregon townsman would remark, “here comes that damned herder with his stinking woolies.”

Sheepmen wintered their flocks in the valleys of eastern Oregon, and after lambing season began to trail their flocks toward the mountains. They would enter the foothills in May or June, then move toward the higher elevations as the snow receded, and reach the alpine meadows by August. In September before the storms set in they would begin trailing their flocks out of the area. Usually a herder and his packer would herd a band of 1,500 to 2,500 sheep. They had established driveways and established ranges in the Cascades and the Sisters area; some sheepmen had used the same range in the Mt. Jefferson area since the 1880s. Sheepmen protested against their exclusion from the Cascade Range Forest Reserve and there were instances of trespass. However, government regulations dated April 14, 1894, forbade “driving, feeding, grazing, pasturing or herding of cattle, sheep or other livestock” within any of the reserves.

GOLD MINERS

1852 discovery of gold brought minersMassacre of Natives in area1872 The General Mining Law_Slash was becoming a problem _The mining companies wanted a wood contract._Some of the cutting had been carried on in trespass_Miners built a road into the area without first acquiring a permit, and put up a gate.

LAND OWNERSHIP CONFLICT: OPPOSING INTEREST GROUPS


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1873 - Timber Culture Act 1881 - Department of Agriculture’s Division of Forestry was established1891 - first timber land reserve

The timber industry suffered with every act made to preserve the forest. This resulted in a hurt timber economy.In order to harvest timber, they needed roads for their equipement which disturbed other land users.

TIMBER INDUSTRY

1891 - Forest Reserve Act1893 - Cascade Range Forest Reserve established Joint Resolution by Oregon State Senate to create reserves. Oregon Fire Law passed.1896 - Forest Protection Act1897 - Organic Act (Sundry Civil Appropriations Act)

Motives for creating forest reserves, now national forests, varied; they included desire to preserve natural beauty; protection of city watersheds and watersheds of value for irrigation; preservation of game habitat; and hostility to land speculators, light burners, and sheepmen

The movement for forestry and Federal forests in the period 1876-1891 was a complex one. It involved a variety of agencies, ranging on the Federal level from the Division of Forestry to the U.S. Fish Commission and included state activity. At least three western states, Colorado in 1876, California in 1885, and Oregon in 1889, asked that forest reserves be created within their boundaries.


ENVIRONMENTALISTS


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1897 - government began to protect areas of value for city watersheds and huckleberry patches.

There were some clashes between sheepmen and Indians over use of the meadows that they used to harvest huckleberry.

Between 1908 and 1921 protests grew over the fact that the Indians got free grazing for their stock (protected by treaty rights) while stockmen had to pay a fee.

NATIVE AMERICANS

Most of the hot springs resorts were established between 1870 and 1900, along main roads and trails before the foundation of the national forests.

They were usually acquired by use of the Homestead Act.

Belknap springs were discovered by Dr. Abram N. Foley in the 1850s

HOT SPRING DEVELOPERS

The issue of the Copeland report in 1933 that summarized the varied uses of the forest for recreation and urged a process of classification and analysis of the needs of the people.

The first Willamette forest’s recreation planner, William Parke was hired to increase in the number of campgrounds and increased facilities for their uses campground shelters, garbage pits, toilets, tables, chairs, and the like. He also built many miles of trails, and enabled the Forest Service to keep up with demands for recreational facilities, and to plan for increased use in the future.

Establishment of 6 recreation facilities in the 30s.

RECREATIONAL USERS



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EXPERIMENTAL FOREST: THE BEGINNINGS

HJ Andrews (Blue River) Experimental Forest was established to address local forest and range problems, with applications to regional and national issues.

Many experiments from the early years of the research forest are still in action.

Mix of old growth conifer (500 years) and mature forests (100-150 years)

Quality representation of Pacific Northwest forest

Increasing efficiency of forest operations Regeneration Road engineering Logging systems appropriate for old-growth forests.

Manipulations of watersheds helped initiate research on : Ecosystem function Vegetation succession Nutrient dynamics Forest-stream interactions

What are the effects of logging on hydrology, sediment loads and nutrient losses?

Three small watersheds were clearcut and burned according to the practice of the time, two were partially cut, and three basins of similar size, elevation and aspect were left as reference sites .

In 1968, US Army Corps of Engineers build Blue Lake Dam and Saddle Dam for flood control and irrigation. The Blue River Reservoir was and still is heavily used for recreation. Supplemented with trout from local hatcheries.

1948 - OPENING 1950s 1960s


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Old-Growth forest investigations example : Original work on the northern spotted owl.

Established reference stands still used today Permanent forest vegetation plots used for research on :

Vegetation diversity, productivity, biomass, leaf area, stand structure, successional patterns, etc.

Became part of the International Biological Programme-Coniferous Forest Biome (IBP-CFB)

In 1976, a Biosphere Reserve was designed as part of the United Nations’ Man and the Biosphere Program.

Eugene Township Meeting on Land Use of the Willamette National Forest

Willamette Task ProposalEmphasized greater forest management intensityLarge acreage for wilderness studyReduced timber Production

Willamette Timberman’s ProposalPlaced no additional land into wilderness study - would increase developed recreation facilities and maintain timber production

Continued long-term studies Climate dynamics (e.g., temperature, precipitation) Streamflow, water quality Population dynamics of sentinel terrestrial and aquatic species Vegetation succession.

Landscape level studiesTesting methods of ecosystem management

Became a charter member of the National Science Foundation’s Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program.

CONFLICT AT 19751970s 1980s - 1990s

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST: CONTINUED


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Today, there are over one-hundred research projects a yearLong term data analysis for trends related to of climate change impactsExamine disturbance processesLandscape and water dynamicsCarbon sequestration and fluxes, influences on biological diversityForest-stream interactionsSpotted owl demographySoil and watershed processesLong-term site productivity

School Children:Schoolyard LTER: Teachers as Researchers, Research Experience for Teachers (RET), Canopy Connections... etc.

University Students:Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU), Undergraduate Student Researchers and Workers, Masters and PhD Research support...etc.

Outreach and Continuing Education:Andrews LTER Faculty Seed Money Awards, Field Courses and Tours of the Andrews Forest, HJA Day annual field tour, Writers-in-Residence Program -- The Forest Log, Visiting Scholars Program, Field symposia and gatherings

Summer ~ 50 researchers in residence at a timeWinter ~ only a few

Main headquarters provides the only facilities for researchers Conference room, offices, research labs, residence, utility workshop, fire pit, volleyball, covered picnic area, junk yard

Few general public visitors Old Growth Trail Fire Lookout Trail

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST: TODAY

RESEARCH EDUCATION VISITORS


ylz · 2013. 11. 4. · u up]lyzp[` vm o ylnvu a 9*/ r pnpk s \ymhjl s [y\j[\ylz d vuvmypv...

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