yogesh seminar wpt
TRANSCRIPT
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Wireless Power TransmissionWireless Power Transmission
Presented by
Yogesh Chand Singhal
A2326110023M Tech. ECE-weekend, Semester II
Amity School of Engineering & Technology
Amity University, Noida
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OverviewOverview
y What is wireless power transmission(WPT)?
y Why is WPT?
y History of WPT
y Types of WPT
Techniques to transfer energy wirelessly
y Advantages and disadvantages
y
Applicationsy Conclusion
y References
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What is WPT?What is WPT?
y The transmission of energy from one
place to another without using wires
y Conventional energy transfer is using
wires
y But, the wireless transmission is made
possible by using various technologies
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Why not wires?Why not wires?
y As per studies, most electrical energy
transfer is through wires.
y Most of the energy loss is during
transmission
On an average, more than 30%
In India, it exceeds 40%
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Why WPT?Why WPT?
yReliable
y
Efficienty Fast
y Low maintenance cost
y
Can be used for short-range orlong-range.
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HistoryHistory
y Nikola Tesla in late 1890s
y Pioneer of induction techniques
y His vision for World Wireless Systemy The 187 feet tall tower to broadcast energy
y All people can have access to free energy
y
Due to shortage of funds, tower did notoperate
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History (History (contdcontd))
y Tesla was able to transfer energy from
one coil to another coil
y He managed to light 200 lamps from a
distance of 40km
y The idea of Tesla is taken in to research
after 100 years by a team led by Marin
Soljai from MIT. The project is namedas WiTricity.
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Energy CouplingEnergy Coupling
y The transfer of energy
Magnetic coupling
Inductive coupling
y Simplest Wireless Energy coupling is a
transformer
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Types and Technologies of WPTTypes and Technologies of WPT
y Near-field techniques
Inductive Coupling
Resonant Inductive Coupling
Air Ionization
y Far-field techniques
Microwave Power Transmission (MPT)
LASER power transmission
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Inductive couplingInductive coupling
y Primary and secondary coils are not
connected with wires.
y Energy transfer is due to Mutual
Induction
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Inductive coupling (Inductive coupling (contdcontd))
y Transformer is also an example
y Energy transfer devices are usually air-cored
y Wireless Charging Pad(WCP),electricbrushes are some examples
y On a WCP, the devices are to be kept,battery will be automatically charged.
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Inductive coupling(Inductive coupling(contdcontd))
y Electric brush also charges using inductive
coupling
y The charging pad (primary coil) and the
device(secondary coil) have to be kept
very near to each other
y It is preferred because it is comfortable.
y Less use of wires
y Shock proof
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Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC)Resonance Inductive Coupling(RIC)
y Combination of inductive coupling andresonance
y Resonance makes two objects interact
very stronglyy Inductance induces current
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How resonance in RIC?How resonance in RIC?
y Coil provides the inductance
y Capacitor is connected parallel to the coil
y Energy will be shifting back and forth
between magnetic field surrounding the
coil and electric field around the capacitor
y Radiation loss will be negligible
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Block diagram of RICBlock diagram of RIC
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An exampleAn example
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WiTricityWiTricity
y Based on RIC
y Led by MITs Marin Soljai
y Energy transfer wirelessly for a distance
just more than 2m.
y Coils were in helical shape
y No capacitor was used
y Efficiency achieved was around 40%
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WiTricity (WiTricity (contdcontd))
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WiTricity Some statisticsWiTricity Some statistics
y Used frequencies are 1MHz
and 10MHz
y At 1Mhz, field strengths
were safe for human
y At 10MHz, Field strengths
were more than ICNIRP
standards
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WiTricity nowWiTricity now
y No more helical coils
y Companies like Intel are also working on
devices that make use of RIC
y Researches for decreasing the field
strength
y Researches to increase the range
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RIC vs. inductive couplingRIC vs. inductive coupling
y RIC is highly efficient
y RIC has much greater range than
inductive coupling
y RIC is directional when compared to
inductive coupling
y RIC can be one-to-many. But usually
inductive coupling is one-to-one
y Devices using RIC technique are highly
portable
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Air IonizationAir Ionization
y Toughest technique undernear-field energy transfertechniques
y
Air ionizes only whenthere is a high field
y Needed field is 2.11MV/m
y Natural example:
Lighteningy Not feasible for practical
implementation
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Advantages of nearAdvantages of near--field techniquesfield techniques
y No wires
y No e-waste
y Need for battery iseliminated
y Efficient energytransfer using RIC
y Harmless, if fieldstrengths under
safety levelsy Maintenance cost is
less
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DisadvantagesDisadvantages
y Distance constraint
y Field strengths have to be under safety
levels
y Initial cost is high
y In RIC, tuning is difficult
y High frequency signals must be the supply
y Air ionization technique is not feasible
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FarFar--field energy transferfield energy transfer
yRadiative
yNeeds line-of-sight
yLASER or microwaveyAims at high power transfer
y
Teslas tower was built for this
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Microwave Power Transfer(MPT)Microwave Power Transfer(MPT)
y Transfers high power from one place to
another. Two places being in line of sight
usually
y Steps:
Electrical energy to microwave energy
Capturing microwaves using rectenna
Microwave energy to electrical energy
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MP T (MP T (contdcontd))
y AC can not be directly converted to
microwave energy
y AC is converted to DC first
y DC is converted to microwaves using
magnetron
y Transmitted waves are received at
rectenna which rectifies, gives DC as theoutput
y DC is converted back to AC
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LASER transmissionLASER transmission
y LASER is highly directional, coherent
y Not dispersed for very long
y But, gets attenuated when it propagates
through atmosphere
y Simple receiver
Photovoltaic cell
y Cost-efficient
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Solar Power Satellites (SPS)Solar Power Satellites (SPS)
y To provide energy to earths increasing
energy need
y To efficiently make use of renewable
energy i.e., solar energy
y SPS are placed in geostationary orbits
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SPS (SPS (contdcontd))
y Solar energy is captured using photocells
y Each SPS may have 400 million photocells
y Transmitted to earth in the form of
microwaves/LASER
y Using rectenna/photovoltaic cell, the
energy is converted to electrical energy
y Efficiency exceeds 95% if microwave is
used.
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RectennaRectenna
y Stands for rectifying antenna
y Consists of mesh of dipoles and diodes
y Converts microwave to its DC equivalent
y Usually multi-element phased array
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Rectenna in USRectenna in US
y Rectenna in US receives 5000MW of
power from SPS
y It is about one and a half mile long
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Other projectsOther projects
y Alaska21
y Grand Bassin
y Hawaii
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LASER vs. MPTLASER vs. MPT
y When LASER is used, the antenna sizes
can be much smaller
y Microwaves can face interference (two
frequencies can be used for WPT are2.45GHz and 5.4GHz)
y LASER has high attenuation loss and also
it gets diffracted by atmospheric particleseasily
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Advantages of farAdvantages of far--field energy transferfield energy transfer
y Efficient
y Easy
y Need for grids, substations etc are
eliminated
y Low maintenance cost
y More effective when the transmitting and
receiving points are along a line-of-sight
y Can reach the places which are remote
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Disadvantages of farDisadvantages of far--field energyfield energy trasnfertrasnfer
y Radiative
y Needs line-of-sight
y Initial cost is high
y When LASERs are used, conversion is inefficient
Absorption loss is high
y
When microwaves are used, interference may arise
FRIED BIRD effect
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ApplicationsApplications
y Near-field energy transfer
Electric automobile charging
x Static and moving
Consumer electronics Industrial purposes
x Harsh environment
y Far-field energy transfer
Solar Power Satellites Energy to remote areas
Can broadcast energy globally (in future)
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ConclusionConclusion
y Transmission without wires- a reality
y Efficient
y Low maintenance cost. But, high initial cost
y Better than conventional wired transfer
y Energy crisis can be decreased
y Low loss
y
In near future, world will be completely wireless
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ReferencesReferencesy S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, Wireless
power transmission a next generation power transmissionsystem, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) (Volume 1 No. 13)
y Peter Vaessen, Wireless Power Transmission, Leonardo Energy,September 2009
y C.C. Leung, T.P. Chan, K.C. Lit, K.W. Tam and Lee Yi Chow, WirelessPower Transmission and Charging Pad
y David Schneider, Electrons unplugged, IEEE Spectrum, May 2010
y Shahrzad Jalali Mazlouman, Alireza Mahanfar, Bozena Kaminska,Mid-range Wireless Energy Transfer Using Inductive Resonance forWireless Sensors
y Chunbo Zhu, Kai Liu, ChunlaiYu, Rui Ma, Hexiao Cheng, Simulationand Experimental Analysis on Wireless Energy Transfer Based onMagnetic Resonances, IEEE Vehicle Power and PropulsionConference (VPPC), September 3-5, 2008
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References(References(contdcontd))
y Andr Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D.Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher and Marin Soljai,Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly CoupledMagnetic Resonances, Science, June 2007
y T. R. Robinson, T. K. Yeoman and R. S. Dhillon,
Environmental impact of high power densitymicrowave beams on different atmospheric layers,
y White Paper on Solar Power Satellite (SPS) Systems,URSI, September 2006
y Richard M. Dickinson, and Jerry Grey, Lasers for
Wireless Power Transmissiony S.S. Ahmed, T.W. Yeong and H.B. Ahmad, Wireless
power transmission and its annexure to the gridsystem
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THANK YOU!THANK YOU!
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