Intelligent Nutritionfor the Purebred Dog™

Meet the Needs of Your BreedThe Yorkshire Terrier

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Table of ContentsThe AnimalBefore the Owner 3

The History of the Yorkshire Terrier 4The Yorkshire Terrier … a uniqueand different dog 6

The nutritional answer 7Long silky hair-like coat that growscontinuously but does not shed 8Very sensitive skinwith no undercoat 12

Strong teeth in a delicate jaw 15

Long life expectancy 21High requirementsfor tasty food 25Yorkshire Terrier: From the Tips oftheir Toes to Tip of their Nose 26

References 27A nutritional program for everystage of the Yorkshire Terrier’s life 28

Glossary 30A history of innovation at Royal Canin 31

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The Animal before the Owner

I N THE FIELD OF CANINE AND FELINE NUTRITION, some manufacturers put the owners firstand use them as the basis of all innovation. At Royal Canin, we put the dog and the cat at theheart of our research process. This is a radically different approach, the only rigorouslyscientific one, which forces us to choose nutritional legitimacy and refuse any marketing devices

that would only attempt to win over the consumer.

This approach, from which we have never deviated since our creation, is based on our constantdesire to make better observations that improve our understanding. The development of Yorkshire Terrier 28™, the only food dedicated exclusively to this breed, is a reflection of our philosophy.

In developing this product, as with any other Royal Canin product, we have not conducted any market research.

Therefore you won’t find any mention of any analyses that could havepresented the motivations and behavior of Yorkshire Terrier ownersthemselves. Our sole ambition has been to better understand thisfascinating dog – the Yorkshire Terrier – and therefore better answerits real nutritional needs.

For example, it was by working with a diverse group of interestedpeople, from Yorkshire Terrier breeders, to small-animal vets,nutritionists, and scientists in veterinary schools, that we were ableto penetrate the mystery of the steel blue coat with itsappearance of human hair, one of the factors that makes theYorkshire Terrier such a unique and interesting dog.

For each of us, the development of Yorkshire Terrier 28™has meant another step in combining passion for dogs withnutritional precision.

Pascal JouannetChief Executive OfficerRoyal Canin Group

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THE HISTORY OF THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER A small dog with a great historyThe ancestors of the Yorkshire Terrier are Scottish. At the turn of the 19th century, miners andworkers from the Clyde region were breeding a small hunting terrier called the Clydesdale, akind of Skye Terrier with a steel blue coat with golden head and legs.

The industrial revolution led to mass migration of workers within the United Kingdom. The communities of miners and workers in the wool industry of Glasgow left Scotland forYorkshire, bringing their dogs with them. These dogs were used to catch rats in mines and ferret out rabbits.

These Scottish Terriers were crossed with“Brokenhaired” dogs from Yorkshire, creating a new breed as small as a ferret with a silkyblack and tan colored coat, which became

known as Yorkshire Terriers.

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A famous hunting dog became a noble companionThe miners' living conditions were difficult and the pay low. Poaching was a vital necessity,but was heavily punished. This situation lead to the popularity of the Yorkshire Terrier. Manypoachers, through selection by breeding, managed to reduce the dog’s size.

As small as a ferret, they easily chased out rabbits which were then captured in nets. Thisblack and tan terrier was the perfect support for British poachers.

However, its silky hair was too slippery when the poacher needed to pull out his dog whendiscovered. They needed a much longer coat to facilitate the extraction from the rabbit holes.The breed was then crossed with the Maltese Terrier that brought the famous coat length thatwe know today.

This small blue and tan hunter, a result of various cross-breedings, was sobeautiful that it rapidly became a big success and later a popular pet.

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The YORKSHIRE TERRIER …A unique and different dog

1. Long and silky hair-like coat that grows continuously but does not shed

2. Very sensitive skin with no undercoat and a low hair density

3. Strong teeth in a delicate jaw

4. Long life expectancythat requires enhanced protection for the cells, heart, kidneys and joints

5. Very high requirements for tasty food because of its morphology, its character and its lifestyle

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YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™ ... The nutritional answer!

1. Strengthen the elements of the coat and improve its beauty through an exclusive complex containing:� amino acids with sulfur � chelated trace elements � unsaturated fatty acids � vitamins A, B and biotin

2. Offer skin protectionthrough a combination of: � polyphenols from tea and � zinc � biotin � selenium

3. Improve oral hygienewith a unique kibble with a flaky texture:� to make grasping easier � to slow tartar development� to optimize the penetration depth of the tooth into the kibble

4. Reduce the effects of aging by means of the exclusive “Anti-Aging complex” which provides:� heart protection (reduced sodium, arginine) � kidney protection (moderate phosphorus content)� joint protection (chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine)

5. Improve palatability via“Exclusive Savor”, a unique formulation containing:� highest quality selected ingredients � enhanced natural flavorings

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The Yorkshire Terrier is admired for itsstriking long coat, which is unusualfor a dog. It’s actually a lot likehuman hair.

The long hair of the Yorkshire Terrier (on average 5-9 inches long in general,and sometimes up to 14 inches in showchampions, compared to about 3/4 inchfor a short-haired dog) is perfectlystraight, both fine and silky, and it fallsfrom a parting along the ridge of theback, making you think of long straighthair on a woman.

The Yorkshire Terrier is one of those rarebreeds, together with the Maltese, the ToyPoodle, the Shih Tzu and the Lhasa Apso,which do not shed and whose hair growscontinuously (from about 3/4 inch permonth). Because of the length of its coat,the Yorkshire Terrier therefore has 3 timesthe length of hair (measured end to end)than a dog of the same bodyweight withmedium length hair.

1Long and silky hair-like coatthat grows continuously but does not shed

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YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Strengthens the elements of thecoat and improves its beauty

1st objective: Provide the raw materialsfor building strong hair

The hair is a flexible and elastic filament that, like the skin, is mostly composed of keratin.

Skin and hair renewal can account for up to 35% of the daily protein requirements in anadult dog. Any deficiency can lead to a dull, brittle and faded coat.

� An increased supply of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine andmethionine) are essential for keratin synthesis

� An increased supply of chelated trace elements (iron, copper, zinc,manganese) are essential for initiating enzyme reactions

SS SS

Cystine (formed by the associationof two cysteine molecules) andmethionine are the most importantamino acids for the structure of thehair protein keratin.

cystinemethioninesulfur

hair quality

Amino acids are an ingredient in hair protein keratin

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2nd objective: Enhance the coat's natural beauty

� A supply of unsaturated fatty acids: Omega 3 from fish oil for an anti-inflammatory action, combined withOmega 6, a high nourishment factor, that helps prevent a dull coat andprovide an anti-inflammatory effect. A deficiency in Omega 6 fatty acids canlead to a dull coat. Essential oil is also one of the rare Omega 6 fatty acidsto combine both a nourishing and anti-inflammatory effect.

It is known that many Yorkshire Terrier breeders have traditionally added unsaturatedfatty acids either in the food or directly on the coat (in the form of oils or lotions) tomake detangling easier.

� Increased supply of biotinBiotin is a vitamin of the B Group, also called vitamin H (from the Germanword "Haut" = skin), which is essential for fatty acid metabolism. Biotin alsohelps improve the softness of the coat, reduce dandruff and combats skindehydration. (Marsh KA., Watson TD., 1999)

B8B8 B8B8

B8B8

mitochondria,or

cell's "powerplant"

fatty acid amino acids

biotinbiotin

biotin

"respiratory chain"

skin and hair

glucose

“Krebs Cycle”

Its role in the bodyBiotin is involved in the catabolism(chemical breakdown reaction) of glucose,fatty acids and some amino acids. It isessential for the synthesis of some otherfatty acids.

(Extract from the “Nutrients” guide Pr D. Grandjean

Ed. Aniwa Publishing)

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� Increased supply of vitamin A, the vitamin needed for the epithelium especially to combat seborrhea. (Miller WH., 1986; ScottDW., 1986)

� Increased supply of fats.Even though Yorkshire Terriers live mostly indoors and are often spoiled, theyhave a lively temperament and expend a lot of energy. Therefore, they areone of the small breeds least likely to become obese. (Edney ATB., SmithPM., 1986).

The Yorkshire is less protected against the cold than other breeds, due to its lackof undercoat and low hair density. This predisposes them to heat loss and skindehydration, which in combination with their lively temperament explains thebreed’s higher calorie requirements.

This special breed characteristic has led us to increase the fat content of theYorkshire Terrier 28™ diet. This supply of fat, suited to the high energyneeds of the Yorkshire Terrier with its high levels of activity and heat losses, also has a very positive effect on a glossy coat and a healthy skin.

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Breed Hair compacity index (in µm)Yorkshire Terrier 200Cavalier King Charles Spaniel 530Smooth Haired Fox Terrier 430Cairn Terrier 337Standard Wirehaired Dachshund 330

Shetland 440

The absence of an undercoat makes the Yorkshire Terrier more susceptible than othersmall dog breeds to adverse environmental factors such as extremes of temperature and urban pollution.

The presence of long and low-density hairs increases this exposure to adverse factors suchas rain or wind, which accelerate drying out. The skin therefore becomes sensitive and theslightest sting or trauma can sometimes lead to skin reactions.

2 Very sensitive skin with no undercoat

Renewal

Growth Color

Anti-inflammation dermis

Sebum secretion

Epidermis

Sebaceousgland

Dermis

Information obtained so far shows that the hairdensity of the Yorkshire Terrier is around half

that of other breeds. This is certainly due to theabsence of undercoat.

One remarkable feature of the Yorkshire Terrier is that it does not have any undercoat. A single long hair sprouts from each hair follicle, whereas usually there are 3 to 5 hairs (the main hair and secondary undercoat hairs) in other breeds.

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1st objective:Improve nourishment for the skin

� Increased supply of unsaturated fatty acids (Omega 6 and Omega 3 from fish oil).

Omega 3 fatty acids, as precursors of EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid),slow down excessive inflammatoryreactions in the mucous membranes,the skin and the hair follicle.

(Reinhart GA., Davenport GM., 1995)

YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Provides protection for the skin

Omega 6

FATTY ACID METABOLISM

Omega 3

Linoleic acid Linolenic acid

Linolenic acid EPA Eicosapentaenoicacid

Arachidonic acid DHADocosahexaenoic acid

Beautiful coat Anti-inflammatoryrole

Fish oil

Fish oil

2nd objective: Protect the skin from adverse environmental factors

Supplying a unique "cocktail" to combat free radicals, prevent skin drynessand irritation.

� Increased supply of vitamin E. This antioxidant plays a major role in the protection ofcell membranes and blocks free radicals.

� Increased supply of vitamin C. This promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, allowing itto act again against free radicals.

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� Introduction of selenium, an essential trace element for tissue maintenance and growth,which, in interaction with vitamin E, acts as an antioxidant and cell detoxifier. Selenium offerssupplementary cell protection because it metabolizes the peroxides that have been alreadyformed following a "successful" attack by free radicals.

� Introduction of polyphenols from green tea having an antioxidant effect 20 to 50 times greater than that of vitamin E and acting within the cell on the DNA, cytoplasm and nucleus.

� Increased supply of vitamin A. This plays a key role in skin regeneration, combatingthe excessive formation of dead skin. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to what is familiarlycalled a “papery skin.”

� A supply of chelated trace elements (copper, zinc and manganese). These traceelements, whose concentration is usually only increased at the Mature stage for other smallbreed dogs, are included in Yorkshire Terrier 28™ from the adult stage to better protectand strengthen the more exposed skin of the Yorkshire Terrier.

Zinc in particular is reputed for its healing power, because many enzymes (especially those thatsynthesize the skin's collagen) need zinc as a co enzyme to start their enzymatic activity.

Znquality of skin and coat

reproductive function

Natural sourcesZinc is found in the form ofmineral salts, but also in wholecereals and in all productions ofanimal origin.

(Extract from the “Nutrients” guide Pr D. Grandjean-Ed.Aniwa Publishing)

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Derived from the Maltese and Scottish Terriers, the Yorkshire Terrier hasa delicate jaw armed with broad, strong teeth.

3 Strong teeth in a delicate jaw

Dog Number of Ratio of weight (kg) dogs studied mandible height / M1 height

- 5.0 33 (14.1%) 0.64 W 0.019 a

5.1 - 10.0 31 (13.3%) 0.76 W 0.020 b

10.1 - 20.0 53 (22.7%) 0.87 W 0.015 c

20.1 - 30.0 45 (19.2%) 0.97 W 0.016 d

30.1 + 72 (30.8%) 1.00 W 0.013 e

Radiograph of the 1st molar (M1)of a dog (Gioso MA et al., 2001)C = height of M1D = height of the mandible

Relation between dog weight and the ratio of height of the mandible (D) / height of the M1 tooth (C) (Gioso MA and al. 2001)

Small breed dogs have proportionately less bone tosupport their M1 molar than large breeds, which canmake them more susceptible to periodontitis. Amongthe small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier is especiallyat risk because this ratio (see graph) of 0.49 is 36%lower than that of a dog weighing 5 to 10 kg (0.76).

3.2 10 25 45

Weight in kg

Ratio of mandible height / M1

Yorkshire

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Bucco-dental disorders are the most frequent reason why Yorkshire Terriers of all ages are taken to the vet, in contrast to other small breed dogs. (Purdue Veterinary Medical Database Report - 1999)

In the Yorkshire Terrier, the milk teeth frequently appear late (they erupt under the gums at about2.5 months) and sometimes remain present longer than normal, leading to an incorrectalignment and position of the teeth.

All these characteristics favor the accumulation of food debris leading to the growth of a layer ofbacteria (called dental plaque), which gradually turns into tartar deposits.

Deposits of dental plaque and the accumulation of tartar can start very early in the YorkshireTerrier, (as soon as the teeth erupt) and loose teeth, gingivitis and even loss of teeth can occurfrom the age of four years.

Furthermore, in contrast to humans where the tartar formation occurs almostsimultaneously over all theinner surfaces of the teeth, in dogs, tartar accumulationstarts by attacking the base of the outside parts of theteeth. This leads to an earlyrisk of the teeth becomingloose even though the tartaris not yet very evident towardsthe crown of the tooth.

A pocket formsbetween the toothand the gum

Destruction of thesupporting tissues(periodontium)

=Periodontitis

The toxins secreted bybacteria in the dentalplaque attack the gum

=Gingivitis

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In collaboration with breeders, Royal Canin has developed a unique kibble

To overcome the special mouth and teeth problems that can occur in Yorkshire Terriers, it isessential that the shape, texture and size of the kibbles encourage them to chew.

Repeated contact between a slightly abrasive food and the dog's teeth has a cleansing effecton the tooth surface and thus slows the development of tartar.

Encouraging the Yorkshire Terrier to chew also stimulates saliva production. This phenomenon,in addition to its anti-bacterial action, exerts a very positive effect on the mechanical cleaningof the teeth.

1st objective: Encourage the Yorkshire Terrier to chew to slow down tartar development

YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™: Improves oral hygiene with a tailor-made kibble with a flaky texture

Influence of kibble size on caninetartar accumulation.

Tartar deposit was measured 28 days aftercomplete teeth scaling and cleaningaccording to the Warrick & Gorrel procedure.Larger kibbles led to 30% less tartar depositafter 28 days, due to a better crunching effect,compared to smaller kibbles.

(Soulard Y., Biourge V., 2001)Adapted and crunched kibble

Small kibble(not crunched)

Measurements by Warrick and GorrelWarrick and Gorrel index at day +28

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2nd objective: Improve kibble grasping

An analysis of the way Yorkshire Terriers grasp kibbles (observed by means of video images takenat the Royal Canin Research Center) demonstrated:

� The difficulty of grasping large kibbles designed for oral hygiene properties (20 x 20 x 14 mm)� The ease of grasping small round kibbles (6.4 x 4.6 mm) - but also that the dogs play with these,

leading to significant food waste.

This led the Royal Canin Research Center to develop a kibble with the ideal dimensionsfor the Yorkshire Terrier: the Yorkshire Terrier 28™ kibble (size: 9 x 9 x 4.5 mm)

5 prototypekibbles

were tested.

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Longitudinal extrusionClassical extrusion

A special extrusion technique (longitudinalrather than classical extrusion) for a texturethat promotes the penetration of the tooth intothe kibble.

The texture was evaluated using an adapted penetrometer (a tool for simulating the penetration of the dog'scarnassial into the kibble). The longitudinal extrusion techniquewas associated with a tooth penetration distance beforebreakage that was 3 times greater than with a kibble obtainedby classical extrusion. A greater tooth penetration is associatedwith a better abrasion-friction effect which is not in favor oftartar formation.

3rd objective: Optimize the penetrationdepth of the tooth into the kibble via a"flaky" texture

The texture of the Yorkshire Terrier 28™ kibble has been specially designedto allow the teeth to penetrate as deeply as possible into the kibble and thusprovide a cleansing action, rather like a toothbrush.

To obtain this effect, the kibbles had to be designed so that they didn't breaktoo quickly on contact with the teeth.

This decrease in the breaking strength is obtained by means of a "flaky"internal structure of the kibble. This "flaky" structure is produced by extrusionin the longitudinal direction of the kibble with the formation of elongated airbubbles aligned lengthwise.

The Yorkshire Terrier sometimes develops sensitive teeth or gums as it gets older so that chewingmight become painful. Extra special attention has also been paid to the hardness of Yorkshire Terrier 28™kibbles, which has been decreased by more than 50% compared to other special kibbles for smallbreed dogs, such as MINI Adult.

TexturometerRoyal Canin

Research Center

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* Indicative valuesmeasured (NewtonForce) at the RoyalCanin ResearchCenter

0 2010 60 70 90504030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18020 80 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 90504030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18020 80 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 905030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18080 120 160 200

0 2010 60 70 905030 100 110 130 150 170 190140 18040 80 120 160 200

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18

52

170

YorkshireTerrier 28™

MINIPuppy

MINIAdult

GIANTAdult

A texture designed for theYorkshire Terrier,50% morecrumbly than akibble designedfor small breeds ingeneral, such asMINI Adult.

Soft

Very friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard

Very friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard

Very friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard

Very friable Friable Barely friable Hard Very hard

Very soft

Crunchy

Crunchy

Of course, responsible owners will always take their Yorkshire Terrier to the vet for a dental check atregular intervals.

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A long life expectancy…

As with many small breed dogs, the Yorkshire Terrier has a very long life expectancy. Some vetsand breeders have reported Yorkshire Terriers reaching 15 or even 21 years of age. This lifespanis all the more exceptional when it is compared to that of giant breeds whose average lifeexpectancy is only 7 to 9 years.

… associated with an increased exposure to heart,kidney and joint sensitivities as they grow older.

Because of its urban lifestyle, the Yorkshire Terrier is very sensitive to adverse environmental factors, such as urban pollution and the stress of city life. As the dog grows older its exposure to cardiac, renal and articular risks obviously increase.

4 Long life expectancy

0

5

10

15

20

25

% mortality

Yorkshire Terrier

Giant breeds

7-10 years 10-15 years ≥ 15 years

(Deeb BJ, Wolf NS., 1994)

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YORKSHIRE TERRIER 28™:Reduces the effects of aging by meansof "Anti-Aging complex" (an exclusive process)

1st objective: Combat free radicals and slow the aging process

� Increased supply of vitamin E.Vitamin E, by blocking free radicals, plays a major antioxidant role in the protection of cell membranes, combating the biological effects of stress and strengthening the immune defenses.

� Increased supply of vitamin C.Vitamin C promotes the regeneration of vitamin E, andtherefore reinforces its action against free radicals and the combating of cellular stress.

� Inclusion of polyphenols from green teaextract. These have an antioxidant effect 20 to 50% greaterthan that of vitamin E and are capable of acting within the cellon the DNA, cytoplasm and nucleus. (Servet E., 2002)

� Inclusion of selenium. This mineral is essential fortissue maintenance and growth, and in interaction with vitamin E, helps to protect cell membranes. Selenium playsa supplementary role in the fight against oxidative stressrelated to factors such as aging and pollution.

1 - Cell membrane: action of vitamins E & C2 - Intracellular medium: polyphenol action3 - Nucleus: polyphenol action

1 2 3

Targeted action of antioxidants forcomplete cell protection

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2nd objective: Strengthen cardiac function

The Yorkshire Terrier has a strong heart, largely free from the risk of the diseases leading tocardiac dilatation that affect large and giant breed dogs. (Thrusfield MV., Aitken CGG., 1985)

However, it is one of the breeds most affected byendocardiosis (loss of elasticity in the heart valves).

Added polyphenols and revised levels of arginine, anamino acid that is a precursor of nitric oxide which is nowknown to play the role of a vasodilator (it protects theheart valves and blood vessels) help prevent endocardiosis.(Pouchelon JL., 1997; Abbrecht PH., 1972; Chevaux K., 1999).

The Yorkshire Terrier 28™ formula also has a reducedsodium content and an increased potassium content.

HeartAuricular side

1. Right ventricle2. Pulmonary trunk3. Right auricle 4. Cranial vena cava5. Aorta6. Caudal vena cava7. Left auricle8. Left ventricle

(Extract from the Royal Canin Dog Encyclopedia.Pr D. Grandjean & Dr J.-P. Vaissaire-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)

3rd objective: Protect the joints

The most frequently occurring joint problemsin the Yorkshire Terrier are patellar luxation,ruptured cruciate ligament and osteonecrosisof the femoral head (Purdue, Veterinary MedicalDatabase Report data, 1981-2001).

The addition of chondroitin sulfate, a nutrientderived from cartilage, helps ensure theelasticity of the cartilage in the joints.Glucosamine, another nutrient of naturalorigin, plays a supplementary role in thesynthesis of new cartilage.

The combined action of these two nutrientshelps to slow cartilage degeneration significantly (Lipiello L., 1998).

Chondroitin slows down the degradation of cartilage

Cartilage worn by aging process

Glucosamine stimulates the cellregeneration ofcartilage

(Extract from the “Nutrients” guidePr D. Grandjean-Ed. Aniwa Publishing)

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A reduced sense of smellSense of smell (or olfactory acuity) dependson several criteria that vary depending on thesize of the dog.

The area of the olfactory mucosa is very reduced in smalldogs: it does not exceed 20 cm2 in the Yorkshire Terrier,whereas in large sized sporting dogs the area of the olfactory mucosa can reach 250 cm2. The number of olfactory cells (receptors) is therefore lower: less than 60 million in the Yorkshire Terrier compared to 200 millionin a German Shepherd Dog for example (Vadurel A., 1995).

Dogs have a much less well-developed tasteapparatus than humans.

Therefore, in terms of enjoyment of the food, the sense ofsmell and taste do not have the same roles.

Unlike man, dogs mostly enjoy food through sense ofsmell. The surface of their olfactory mucous is, accordingto the breed, from 10 to 100 more times than that ofman. A German Shepherd’s nose, for instance, contains200 million olfactory captors, whereas a man’s nose will

contain no more than 20 million. Contrary to what most people think, taste plays a very littlepart in a dog’s choice of the food. While man claims 9,000 “taste buds”, dogs have from 6to 8 times less. In addition, once the food is in a dog’s mouth, it does not linger there andrushes to the stomach.

5High requirements for tasty food

Olfactory receptors (millions)

Gustative buds

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How the Yorkshire Terrier’s life style andcharacter makes it more demanding

The Yorkshire Terrier is a very fussy dog interms of its food, for two main reasons.

Lifestyle The Yorkshire Terrier is a breed that has avery close relationship with its owner andwhich is often used to receiving table tidbitsor special treats. This behavior makes thedog more difficult to feed.

CharacterBecause of its origins, the Yorkshire is a demanding and dominant dog. Forexample, it often picks at the food it is given to demonstrate its dominance andshow who is the final master.

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The Yorkshire Terrier from the tipsof their toes to the tip of their noseGeneral AppearanceThat of a long-haired toy terrier whose blue and tan coat isparted on the face and from the base of the skull to the end ofthe tail and hangs evenly and quite straight down each side ofbody. The body is neat, compact and well proportioned. Thedog's high head carriage and confident manner should givethe appearance of vigor and self-importance.

Head Small and rather flat on top, the skull not too prominent orround, the muzzle not too long, with the bite neither undershotnor overshot and teeth sound. Either scissors bite or level bite isacceptable. The nose is black. Eyes are medium in size and nottoo prominent; dark in color and sparkling with a sharp,intelligent expression. Eye rims are dark. Ears are small, V-shaped, carried erect and set not too far apart.

Body Well proportioned and very compact. The back is rather short,the back line level, with height at shoulder the same as at the rump.

Legs and Feet Forelegs should be straight, elbows neither in nor out. Hind legsstraight when viewed from behind, but stifles are moderatelybent when viewed from the sides. Feet are round with blacktoenails. Dewclaws, if any, are generally removed from the hindlegs. Dewclaws on the forelegs may be removed.

Tail Docked to a medium length and carried slightly higher than thelevel of the back.

Coat Quality, texture and quantity of coat are of prime importance.Hair is glossy, fine and silky in texture. Coat on the body ismoderately long and perfectly straight (not wavy). It may betrimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neaterappearance, if desired. The fall on the head is long, tied withone bow in center of head or parted in the middle and tiedwith two bows. Hair on muzzle is very long. Hair should betrimmed short on tips of ears and may be trimmed on feet togive them a neat appearance.

Colors Puppies are born black and tan and are normally darker inbody color, showing an intermingling of black hair in the tanuntil they are matured. Color of hair on body and richness oftan on head and legs are of prime importance in adult dogs, towhich the following color requirements apply:

Blue: Is a dark steel-blue, not a silver-blue and not mingled withfawn, bronzy or black hairs.

Tan: All tan hair is darker at the roots than in the middle,shading to still lighter tan at the tips. There should be no sootyor black hair intermingled with any of the tan.

Color on Body The blue extends over the body from back of neck to root oftail. Hair on tail is a darker blue, especially at end of tail.

Headfall A rich golden tan, deeper in color at sides of head, at ear rootsand on the muzzle, with ears a deep rich tan. Tan color shouldnot extend down on back of neck.

Chest and Legs A bright, rich tan, not extending above the elbow on theforelegs nor above the stifle on the hind legs.

Weight Must not exceed seven pounds.

Approved April 12, 1966www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm

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ReferencesPopulation data1. Deliver French Origins - Canine Central Company, 2000/2001 2. Inquire SCC - Sofrés, 2000

Dental health3. HENNET P. – The persistence of the teeth lactéales and itsconsequences in the dog and the cat. Prat. Med. Chir. Anim. Comp.,32:69 - 76, 1997.4. HENNET P. – Oral hygiene in the dog and the cat. Vet action., 1321:23 - 30, 1995.5. GORREL C., BIERER TL. – Long term effects of a dental hygiene chew onthe periodontal health of dogs. J. Vet. Dent., 16 (3): 109-113, 1999.6. MASSE P. — How to prevent the halitose of origin parodontale. How totreat it. The New Veterinary Expert, 4:19 - 22, 2001.7. ROSAN B., LAMONT RJ. – Dental plaque formation. Microbes andInfection, 1599-1607, 2000.8. WATSON ADJ. – Diet and periodontal disease in dogs and cats.Australian Veterinary Journal, 71: 313, 1994.9. SOULARD Y., BIOURGE V. — Diet and dental management, notpublished, 2001-2002.10. GIOSO MA. and al — Mandible and mandibular first molar toothmeasurements in dogs: relationship of radiographic height to body weight,J. Vet. Dent., 18 (2): 65-68, 2001.

Dermatology11. CAMPBELL KL. – Fatty acid supplements in dermatology. 13thveterinary Medical Forum (American College of Veterinary InternalMedicine), Lake Buena Vista, Florida, 1995.12. LOWE JA., WISEMAN J. — The application of an oral zinc tolerancetest to assess zinc absorption from three different dietary sources in thedog. Poster presentation at 111th Congress of British Society of AnimalScience, 1995.13. MARSH KA., RUEDISUELI FL. and al – Effects of zinc and linoleicsupplementation on the skin and coat quality of dogs receiving a completeand balanced diet. Veterinary Dermatology, 11 (4): 277-284; 2000.14. MARSH KA., WATSON TD. – Food containing biotin and other Bvitamins. International application published under PCT: A23L 1/00; WO99/48384, 25.03.99.15. RIO M del, FERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ J. and al — Wild and cultivatedBorago officinalis L: sources of gamma linolenic-acid. Grasas y Aceites, 44(2): 125-126, 1993.16. FAN YY., CHAPKIN RS. – Importance of dietary gamma-linolenic acidin human health and nutrition. Recent Advances in Nutritional Science,1411-1414, 1998.17. REINHART GA., DAVENPORT GM. – Omega-3 fatty acids andinflammation management. North American Veterinary Conference,Orlando, Florida, 1995.18. Miller WH. — Antiseborrheic agents in dermatology, 1986.19. Scott DW. — Vitamin A — responsive dermatories in the CockerSpaniel, Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 1986.20. SERVET E. — Vitamin E monography — polyphenol monography, 2002.

Palatability21. MCGENITY PM., BAKER DR. — Animal food composition. PCT A23K1/18, 1/16, 1/00; WO 00/03606, 27th January 2000.22. VADUREL A. – Physiology and pathology of the sense of smell of thedog. The Méd Vét, Nantes, 64-71, 1995.

Longevity23. BRONSON RT. – Variation in age at death of dogs of different sexesand breeds. Am J Vet Res, 43 (11): 2057-2059, 1982.24. DEEB BJ., WOLF NS. – Studying longevity and morbidity in giant andsmall breeds of dogs. Veterinary Medicine, Suppl Life expectancy, 89 (7):702-713, 1994.

Aging25. BREUR G.- Genetics and developmental orthopedic disease. ACVScongress, Orlando Fl, USA, 1997.26. EDNEY ATB., SMITH PM. – Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinarypractices in the UK. Veterinary Record, 118: 391-396, 1986.27. GLICKMAN LT., SONNENSCHEIN EG. and al — Pattern of diet andobesity in female adult pet dogs. Vet Clin Nutr, 2 (1): 6-13, 1995.28. HUSSEIN HS., SUNVOLD GD. — The efficacy of fructo-oligosaccharides in decreasing dog fecal odor. Res Vet Sci, 153-168,2000.29. LIPIELLO L. and al — Cartilage stimulatory and antiproteolytic activityis present in serum of dogs treated with a chondroprotective agent. CaninePractice, 23 (6): 10-12, 1998.30. PURDUE Veterinary Medical Database Report data (1981 to 2001).VMDB Publishing Award 1248 Lynn Hall, Purdue University — WestLafayette, IN 47907, 1999.31. THRUSFIELD MV., AITKEN CGG. and al -Observations on breed andsex in relation to canine heart valve incompetence. J ofr Small An Practice,26 (12): 709-717, 1985.32. POUCHELON JL. - Current events over cardiac failure and thecontaining soda restriction, 1997.33. ABBRECHT PH. — Cardio vascular effects of chronic potassiumdeficiency in the dog, American Journal of Physiology, 223: 555, 1972.

Anatomy34. Pr D. GRANDJEAN & Dr J.-P. VAISSAIRE — Encyclopaedia RoyalCanine of the Dog - ED. Aniwa Publishing

Nutrition general principles35. Pr D. GRANDJEAN — Guide " Nutriments " — Ed. Aniwa Publishing.36. FINCO Dr and al — Effect of dietary protein and phosphorus on thekidneys of dogs, 1996.37. CHEVAUX K. — Products containing polyphenols and L-arginine tostimulate nitric oxide production, PCT A23K 1/22, WO 99/45797, 16September 1999.

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10months

8weeks GROWTH PHASE

YORKSHIRETERRIERPUPPY 29™

For Yorkshire Terrier puppies from 8 weeks to 10 months old

RAPID GROWTHThe Yorkshire Terrier puppy grows quickly over a short period of time, maturing at 10 months.Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM is formulated with highlevels of key nutrients to support this rapid growth.

STIMULATES FUSSY APPETITESYorkshire puppies tend to be picky eaters,making it difficult to ensure the right nutrition forhealthy development. Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM

includes natural flavors and aromas guaranteedto appeal to even the most finicky puppy.

ULTRA DIGESTIBLEThe digestive tract of a puppy is not fully developeduntil he matures. Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29TM isformulated with a special blend of fibers thatgently supports the puppy’s healthy digestion.

A NUTRITIONAL PROGRAM FOR EVERY

29

YORKSHIRETERRIER 28™

For Yorkshire Terriers over 10 months old

SILKY COAT CAREA Yorkie’s coat is different from other breeds,growing in single strands, without an undercoat.Yorkshire Terrier 28TM protects the fragile, long-growing coat with Omega 3 from anchovy oil.

.STIMULATES FUSSY APPETITESYorkies can be picky eaters, judging both thesmell and taste of food. Yorkshire Terrier 28TM

includes both natural flavors and aromasguaranteed to appeal to even the most finicky dog.

AGING CARESmall breed dogs, like the Yorkshire, tend to live longer than their large breed counterparts.Yorkshire Terrier 28TM is formulated with antioxidants,which can help neutralize free radicals.

from

10months

ADULT AND MATURE PHASES

STAGE OF THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER’S LIFE

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Glossary

Antioxidant: substance that protects the cells (slows aging).

Arginine: An amino acid that is used to prevent heart valve disease to which elderly small breed dogs are

especially susceptible.

Biotin: vitamin of the B group that helps maintain a healthy skin and coat.

Chelated trace elements: trace minerals complexed to a neutral molecule to protect them from chemical reactions in the intestines and

increase their digestibility and assimilation by up to 2 to 10 times.

Chondroitin and Glucosamine: substances occurring naturally in the cartilage of joints which act in preventing arthritis.

Epithelium: tissue formed of one or more layers of cells that covers the exterior of the body (epidermis),

internal cavities (mucous membranes) or that form glands.

Free radicals: compounds causing degeneration (aging) particularly by oxidation.

Gingivitis: inflammation of the gums.

Keratin: protein rich in sulfur that is the fundamental constituent of hair, claws, etc.

Nutrient: food substance that can be directly and completely assimilated.

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids: two families of essential fatty acids that help maintain a healthy skin. Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids have an

anti-inflammatory power that is widely used in dermatology.

Palatability: a food’s ability to encourage animals to eat it spontaneously, with pleasure.

Periodontitis: destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth.

Polyphenols: substances occurring naturally in the skin and seeds of fruit, and other plant organs. In the form of an extract

(especially of green tea), they have a strong protective effect on the body and the tissues, through their

antioxidant properties.

Seborrhea: excessive sebum secretion.

Selenium: a trace mineral that acts in synergy with vitamin E in promoting exchanges between cells and in combating

oxidative stress.

Zinc: a trace mineral that is involved in skin renewal.

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A history of commitment to developing knowledge and respect for the needs of small, medium and large breeds.

1967: Launch of ROYAL CANIN by a veterinarian

1980: Launch of the first growth food for large breed puppies (AGR)

1988: Launch of the veterinary ranges

1990: Launch of the first diets to respond to the diversity of dog size (RCCI)

1997: Launch of the Size Nutrition program based on the dog’s age, activity, and size

1999: Launch of:• Starter, a unique kibble based weaning diet for dogs• A sporting dog diet (Energy 4800™)• A veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis in dogs (Mobility Support JS 21)

2000: Launch of a diet for giant breed dogs (Giant Adult 28™)

2001: Launch of a range of 13 veterinary diets (V Diet) including 2 hypoallergenic diets in Europe

2003: Launch of:• Foods just for small breed dogs (MINI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and Yorkshire Terriers (Yorkshire Terrier 28™)• Foods just for large breed dogs (MAXI Canine Health

Nutrition™) and breed specific foods (Labrador Retriever 30™ and German Shepherd 24™)

• Eight formulas dedicated for Professional Canine Breeders (Canine PRO )

2004: Launch of:• Foods for medium breed dogs (MEDIUM Canine

Health Nutrition™) including Bulldogs (Bulldog 24™)• Small breed specific foods (Chihuahua 28™ and Poodle 30™)• Food for very young large breed puppies

(MAXI Babydog 30™)• The first full line of therapeutic diets to help manage allergic

skin disease including canine atopy (Limited IngredientDiets, Hypoallergenic and Skin Support formulas)

2005: Launch of:• Small breed specific foods (Dachshund 28™ and

Shih Tzu 24™)• Food for Boxers (Boxer 26™ )• A specialized formula, HT42d, for the reproductive bitch• The first veterinary diet for the nutritional management of

osteoarthritis specifically for large breed dogs (Mobility Support JS 21 Large Breed)

2006: Launch of small breed foods (MINI Beauty 26™, MINI IndoorAdult 21™ and MINI Dental Hygiene 24™)

2007: Launch of:• MINI Toy Indoor Adult 25™• MINI Indoor Puppy 27™• Miniature Schnauzer 25™ • Golden Retriever 25™

2008: Launch of:• Cocker Spaniel 25™

2009: Launch of:• Pug 25™

2010: Launch of:• Chihuahua Puppy 30™• German Shepherd Puppy 30™• Labrador Retriever Puppy 33™• Yorkshire Terrier Puppy 29™

A history of innovation at Royal Canin

C0310_02 ©2010 Royal Canin USA, Inc. 310105 3/10

Royal Canin USA500 Fountain Lakes Blvd., Suite 100

St. Charles, MO 63301Phone: 1-800-592-6687

www.royalcanin.us

100% Satisfaction GuaranteedAt Royal Canin, we stand behind our products.

If you are not completely satisfied for any reason, we promiseto replace the product or refund your entire purchase price.

Contact us at 1.800.592.6687 or visitwww.royalcanin.us for more details.