‘You Are Not Alone in This Fight’

Em powerm ent and Visibility Seen Through the Cultural Lensof Com m unity Film in Peru

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University!of!Amsterdam!Graduate!School!of!Social!Sciences!Masters!in!International!Development!Studies!

A!Community!Film!Case!Study!of!DocuPeru!15!January!2016!

Supervisor:!Dr.!Enrique!Llata Cazares!University!of!Amsterdam!

Second!reader:!Dr.!Arij!Ouweneel!Centre!for!Latin!American!Research!and!Documentation!!

Andrew De La Pena Email: ardelape@gmail.com Student Number 10918701

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Table of ContentsABSTRACT! 4!

INTRODUCTION! 5!

1. RESEARCH!QUESTIONS!AND!CASES!SELECTED 9!

RESEARCH!QUESTIONS! 9!CASE!STUDIES! 10!DOCUPERU!PROJECTS! 11!ADDITIONAL!AUDIOVISUAL!ORGANIZATIONS!INCLUDED!IN!DATA!COLLECTION! 13!

2. LOCATION!AND!CONTEXT!IN!PERU 15!

GEOGRAPHY,!CULTURE,!AND!DEVELOPMENT!IN!PERU! 15!THE!HISTORY!OF!COMMUNITY!FILM!IN!LATIN!AMERICA! 20!THE!HISTORY!OF!COMMUNITY!FILM!IN!PERU! 21!

3. THEORETICAL!FRAMEWORK 24!

ONTOLOGIES!AND!THEORIES!IN!CULTURE,!ALTERNATIVE!MEDIA!AND!INTERNATIONAL!DEVELOPMENT! 24!POSTRDEVELOPMENT!AND!AN!EPISTEMOLOGY!OF!SEEING! 30!THE!DOCUMENTARY!GENRE! 31!

4. CULTURE!FOR!DEVELOPMENT!METHODOLOGY 33!

UNESCO!CULTURE!FOR!DEVELOPMENT!INDICATORS! 33!OPERATIONALIZATION!OF!SELECTED!INDICATORS! 37!ETHICS!AND!LIMITATIONS!OF!RESEARCH! 43!

5. DATA!SECTIONS 45!

DATA!SECTION!I:!DOCUPERU!INFRASTRUCTURE:!FINANCES,!ECONOMIC!EMPLOYMENT,!PROFESSIONAL!TRAINING,!AND!SUSTAINABILITY! 45!DATA!SECTION!II:!DOCUPERU!PARADIGM!AND!METHODOLOGY! 52!DATA!SECTION!III:!DOCUPERU!PRODUCTION!PEDAGOGY! 59!DATA!SECTION!IV:!THE!RESULTS!OF!LA!MOCHILA!DOCUMENTAL! 63!EMPOWERMENT!AND!VISIBILITY!FOR!FILMMAKERS! 63!EMPOWERMENT!AND!PROFESSIONAL!TRAINING!FOR!PRODUCERS! 67!LA!MOCHILA!DOCUMENTAL!PRODUCTS! 68!

SUMMARY!OF!FINDINGS!AND!CONCLUSIONS! 79!

LOCAL:!DOCUPERU!AND!LA!MOCHILA!DOCUMENTAL! 79!NATIONAL:!THE!MINISTRY!OF!CULTURE,!PERUVIAN!COMMUNITY!FILM,!AND!INTERCULTURAL!CITIZENSHIP! 80!COMMUNITY!FILM!AND!INTERNATIONAL!DEVELOPMENT! 82!REFLECTION!ON!METHODOLOGY!AND!SUGGESTIONS!FOR!FURTHER!RESEARCH! 83!

REFERENCES! 84!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS! 91!

ANNEXES!I,!II,!III!&!IV! 92!

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Abstract The!research!builds!on!the!tradition!of!Latin!American!Community!Film!to!examine!how!

student!filmmakers!and!producers!come!together!in!efforts!to!democratize!documentary!

production!in!Peru.!It!builds!the!case!that!film!is!more!than!entertainment!and!culture,!

more!than!tradition.!When!those!elements!are!fused!in!horizontal!education,!they!produce!

content!and!processes!of!empowerment!and!visibility!that!can!be!captured!by!a!scientific!

application!of!UNESCO’s!Culture!for!Development!Indicators!(CDIS).!The!quantitative!CDIS!

Methodology!is!translated!in!this!research!to!a!local!scale!and!qualitative!inBdepth!

understanding.!In!a!mixed!method!research!design,!description!and!visibility!are!proposed!

to!capture!value!Culture!for!Development!misses!in!national!surveys!and!statistics.!

Boaventura!de!Sousa!Santos’s!Epistemology!of!Seeing!combined!with!the!CDIS!

multidimensional!methodology!creates!a!culturally!based!search!and!description!of!

alternative!development!and!antiBhegemonic!possibilities!emerging!from!Southern!

Epistemologies!and!social!mobilization.!This!multiBsite!and!multiBcase!research!included!

four!community!film!projects!in!diverse!Peruvian!geographies!including!the!organizations!

DocuPeru,!Educacion!Audiovisual,!Grupo!Chaski,!and!La!Combi!Arte!Rodante.!The!primary!

case,!DocuPeru’s!La!Mochila!Documental!workshop,!included!the!researcher!as!an!assessor!

(producer)!in!the!collaborative!production!of!an!animation!and!documentary!film.!In!the!

workshop,!values!in!the!dimensions!of!Education,!Social!Participation!and!Communication,!

and!Cultural!Heritage!characterized!the!human!empowerment!occurring!through!

producing!community!film.!The!products!of!the!workshop,!like!many!of!DocuPeru’s!

documentaries,!make!the!subjectivities!and!realities!of!absent,!marginalized,!or!isolated!

actors!visible!and!diffusible!through!sensitive,!aesthetically!engaging,!and!empathetic!

products.!!

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Introduction “Subversion!in!cinema!starts!when!the!theatre!darkens!and!the!screen!lights!up.!For!the!cinema!is!a!

place! of! magic! where! psychological! and! environmental! factors! combine! to! create! an! openness! to!

wonder! and! suggestion,! and! unlocking! of! the! unconscious.! It! is! a! shrine! at! which! modern!

rituals!rooted!in!atavistic!memories!and!subconscious!desires!are!!acted!out!in!darkness!and!

seclusion!from!the!outer!world.!!

The! power! of! the! image,! our! fear! of! it,! the! thrill! that! pulls! us! toward! it,! is! real.! Short! of!

closing!one's!eyes!BB! in!cinema,!a!difficult!and!unprecedented!act! BB! there! is!no!defense!against! it”!

(Vogel,!1974).!

“You!know!what!your!problem!is,!it's!that!you!haven't!seen!enough!movies!B!all!of!life's!riddles!are!answered!in!the!movies”!Steve!Martin!(BrainyQuote,!2015).!

Imagine!one! illiterate!mother!watching!a! foreign!movie!on!a! large!screen!under!the!stars!

with! her! community! in! the! Peruvian! Andes,! leaning! over! to! capture! the! subtitles! read! to!

her!by!her!daughter.!During!my!research!I!encountered!Peruvians!who!walked!four!to!eight!

kilometers!to!see!their!first!movie.!One!man!I!met!in!La!Mochila!Documental!in!Accha!Cusco!

walked!16!kilometers!across!the!mountains!because!he!had!heard!by!word!of!mouth!that!

there! might! be! political! audiovisual! communication! workshops! in! the! next! district.! He!

became!the!producer!of!two!short!films!about!his!community!in!two!weeks.!Peruvians!who!

have!never!been! in!a!cinema!are!making!movies!about! their!city,! their!mountains,! rivers,!

their! mothers,! aunts,! or! even! themselves,! and! watching! them! with! pride,! laughter! and!

tears.!!

These! are! the! impressions! I! gained! both! first! and! second! hand! of! the! community! film!

experience!in!Peru.!They!are!stories!gathered!during!a!threeBmonth!field!research!in!Peru!

investigating!how!local!organizations!composed!of!audiovisual!artists!share!their! tools! to!

promote!voice!and!visibility.! In!short,! they!create!cultural!and!communication!vehicles!of!

empowerment!for!sectors!of!society!that!have!been!forgotten!or!marginalized!both!by!the!

state!and!the!processes!of!modern!development.!!

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The! largest! and! most! complete! review! of! Latin! American! community! film! comes! from! a!

2014!qualitative!study,!“El!Cine!Comunitario!en!America!Latina!y!el!Caribe”.!It!summarizes!

community! film’s! common! denominator! as! a! community’s! will! to! reBinvoke! the! right! to!

communication:! “an! exercise! of! political! and! social! positioning,! in! societies! that! are!

frequently! made! invisible! and! marginalized.! Through! audiovisual! technology! those!

communities!affirm!their!right!to!express!themselves!to!society!as!a!whole!(Alvarez!et!al.,!

2014).! Community! film,! especially! documentaries,! offers! a! praxis! in! which! politics,! social!

and!environmental!issues,!technology,!culture!and!art!join!on!a!horizontal!level!to!create!an!

alternative!type!of!audiovisual!cultural!content!that!speaks!for!and!from!underBrepresented!

communities.! ! The! report! laments,! “Community! Film! has! been! studied! and! known! very!

little.!It!has!suffered!the!same!discrimination!and!marginalization!as!the!communities!that!

exercise! the! will! to! express:! ‘Here! we! are,! this! is! who! we! are! and! this! is! what! we! want’”!

(Alvarez! et! al.! 2014:! 16).! Elizabeth! Coffmani,! discovers! the! same! knowledge! gap! within!

academia;! “[c]ommunity! media! has! received! surprisingly! little! scholarly! attention,! even!

within! the! field! of! media! studies! itself.! If! anything,! this! deficiency! reinforces!

the!assumptions!of!marginality!that!surround!community!media”!!(Coffman!2009: 66).!!

Viewed! within! the! multilaterally! constructed! paradigm! of! UNESCO’s! Culture! for!

Development,! the! research! searches! for! audiovisual! organizations! in! Peru! who! promote!

diverse! cultural! expressions! with! unique! political,! educational,! and! social! audiovisual!

compositions.! Much! talk! in! International! Development! is! dedicated! to! giving! “the! poor”!

voice,!expressed!by!transcribing!their!stories,!or!recording!interpretations!of!life!quality,!in!

a!report,!or! involving!them!in!a!variety!of!participatory!political!processes!(Sen,!2004)!In!

our!digital,!largely!audiovisual!communication!era,!why!not!transmit!alternative!knowledge!

and! perspectives! through! the! medium! that! is! the! most! easily! consumed! and! clearly!

communicated! for! everyone?! Using! the! art! of! film! education! as! a! participatory! tool! gives!

not!only!voice,!but!also!visibility!to!marginalized!social!groups!in!a!way!that!tells!personal!

stories! and! transmits! messages! for! social! justice,! not! just! literally! but! figuratively,!

metaphorically! or! symbolically! (Alvarez! et! al.,! 2014).! To! tell! the! complete! story,! a!

multidimensional!and!multiBscalar!approach!will!be!applied! to!understand! the!processes,!

institutions!and!people!involved!in!local!contexts!of!both!the!production!and!distribution!of!

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this!type!of!alternative!media.!Previous!research!shows!that!initiatives!for!production!and!

experiences! of! diffusion! are! both! indispensable! for! the! task! of! community! film! and!

highlights! the! diversity!within! their! distinct! political,! social! and! cultural! Latin! American!

contextii.! The! organizations! examined! in! this! study,! while! sharing! similar! contexts! and!

many! common! objectives! and! practices,! are! diverse! in! their! approaches! to! where,! why,!

with!who!and!how! they!actualize! community! film.!Although! the!primary! case! focuses!on!

the! work! of! DocuPeru,! I! traveled! with,! worked! alongside,! and! spoke! to! three! other!

Peruivan!audiovisual!organizations.!This!provided!a!rich!contemporary!and!chronological!

context,!and!captured!aspects!of!the!phenomena!perhaps!invisible!when!engaging!with!just!

one!organization!carrying!out!one!project.!

Social! Cultural!Anthropology! student! Liesbeth!Hermens! ! (2013)! has!written! one!M.S.S.C.!

thesis!on!DocuPeru,!which!thematically!investigates!the!democratization!of!media.!Building!

on!her! theoretical! conclusions! I! have! chosen! to! focus!on! the!processes!of! empowerment!

involved!in!DocuPeru’s!work.!Empowerment!is!one!of!the!most!important!links!connecting!

Culture!and!Development!(UNESCO,!2014)!and!is!at!the!heart!of!most!current!development!

strategies,!whether!cultural,!economic,!social,!or!political.!!Amryta!Sen,!a!heavily!influential!

international! development! theorist,! taught! that! empowerment! in! international!

development! should! be! driven! by! increasing! elemental! and! substantial! capabilities! of!

individuals! and! communities! (Sen,! 2004).! Building! communication! and! creative! cultural!

capacities! and! capabilities! needs! effective! tools,! and! the! instruction! of! how! to! use! them.!

Community! film! is! certainly!not! going! to! solve! the! riddles! of! International!Development.!

Organization! directors! confirm! that! the! funds! or! energy! devoted! to! the! basic! immediate!

needs! of! their! participants,! such! as! food,! shelter,! and! water! (Marlow’s! Theory),! must!

always!precede!any!audiovisual!intervention.!Notwithstanding,!I!will!examine!audiovisual!

communication! as! a! powerful! tool!which!when! shared!with! compassion! and! freedom! of!

expression!creates!a!basis!for!visibility!and!an!environment!of!empowerment.!!

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Chapter(Outline(

The! first! chapter! will! present! the! research! questions,! and! a! description! of! the! focal!

organizations! and! their! work.! The! second! chapter! will! consider! a! macroBanalysis! of!

Peruvian! development! and! community! film! through! socioBhistoric! processes! leading! (or!

not)! to! social! justice! and! intercultural! citizenship.! The! third! chapter! presents! the!

conceptual! and! theoretical! framework,! which! articulates! the! specific! PostBDevelopment!

and!Culture!for!Development!ontologies,!theories!and!epistemologies!for!the!research!and!

a!short!explanation!of!the!documentary!genre.!The!fourth!chapter!will!introduce!UNESCO’s!

Culture! for!Development! Indicators,! and!how! this!national!quantitative!methodology! can!

be! understood! and! operationalized! qualitatively! and! subjectively! to! provide! description.!

The! fifth! chapter! divides! the! data! analysis! in! to! four! categories! based! on! understanding!

DocuPeru’s! infrastructure,! paradigm! and! methodology,! pedagogy,! and! the! results! of!

processes! and! products! from! La! Mochila! Documental! workshop.! The! final! summary! of!

findings!and!conclusions!will!provide!answers!as!to!the!various!ways!and!scales!alternative!

audiovisual!communication!can!be!a!vehicle!for!empowerment!and!visibility.!!

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1. Research Questions and Cases SelectedResearch Questions To!bring!the!concepts!of!visibility,!empowerment,!and!education!into!community!film,!the!

primary!question!is:!!

• ‘How!do!Peruvian!community! film!organizations!generate!processes!of!empowerment

and! visibility! in! which! they! democratize! the! production! and! diffusion! of! diverse

audiovisual!cultural!content?’

This! initiates! a! line! of! questioning! that! begins! with! how! DocuPeru! (the! primary! case)!

functions!as!an!institution:!!

• “How! does! the! infrastructure! of! DocuPeru! facilitate! and! sustain! projects! and! what

internal!processes!of!empowerment!does!it!employ?”

Its!unique!contributions!is!better!understood!when!similar!Peruvian!organizations

are asked the same question. This includes the social problem they!identify!within!

Peruvian!society!and!their!mission!to!solve!it.!This!political!ideology!can!be!addressed!

with,!!• ”How!do!film!organizations!in!Peru!understand,!communicate!and!overcome!obstacles

to!inclusive!development!through!democratizing!audiovisual!communication?”

Once! the! context! is! understood! the! focus! moves! to! the! participatory! and! inclusive!

discourse,!content!and!actions:!!

• ‘What! are! the! horizontal! processes! of! education,! the! methodology! and! pedagogy

practiced!by!these!film!organizations?

And!by!looking!at!the!workshops!and!movie!screenings!analysis!can!be!drawn!from!

firsthand!and!secondhand!experience!articulated!with!the!question:!!

• ‘What! are! the! results! of! creating! and! distributing! participatory! audiovisual! cultural

content!and!how!are!these!results!related!to!individual!and!community!empowerment?’

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!The! results! will! be! analyzed! via! the! UNESCO! CDIS! Methodology! (2014)! that! produces!

multidimensional! values! for! Culture! for! Development.! Despite! the! documentary! focus,!

audiovisual! communication! is! only! the! primary! tool! from! these! organizations’! creative!

toolboxes.!We! should! investigate!visibility! and!empowerment! in! a!way! that! incorporates!

this!strategy!and!the!diverse!messages!it!can!communicate:!

• ”How!can!audiovisual!communication!be!utilized!as!a!flexible!tool!alongside!a!collection

of!other!art,!culture!and!communication!methods!in!order!to!make!a!plurality!of!social

issues!and!cultural!identities!more!visible?”

The! answer! to! these! questions! gives! clues! about! the! types! and! degrees! of!

empowerment! and! the! reclamation! of! visibility! or! selfBrepresentation! offered! by! these!

alternative!media!projects.!

Case Studies The! cases! were! selected! based! on! their! active! involvement! in! community! film! and!

accessibility,! with! their! central! offices! located! in! Limaiii.! A! more! in! depth! analysis! of! the!

infrastructure,!paradigm,!methodology!and!pedagogy!of!DocuPeru!will!be!presented!with!

the!primary!fieldwork!data!in!Chapter!5.!!

DocuPeru:

The!primary!case!for!investigation!is!DocuPeru.!DocuPeru!is!an!informal!yet!dynamic!and!

prolific! audiovisual! organization! (Alvarez! et! al.,! 2014),! which! has! dedicated! itself! to!

producing!media!and!art,!especially!documentaries,!in!order!to!collect!and!distribute!video!

cultural!content!by!democratizing!channels!of!communication.!It!was!founded!in!2003!as!a!

documentary!festival!by!Director!Jose!Belado!and!Vice!President!Isabel!‘Lali”!Maldueño.!

It!is! selfBdescribed! as! “a! civil! nonBprofit! association,! dedicated! to! the!

diffusion,!documentation,! production! and! the! artistic,! technical! and! professional!

education! of!documentary!processes!and!products!in!the!Andes!region!countries;!with!

an!emphasis!on!topics! of! education! and! interculturality,! searching! for! a! contribution!

to! individual! and!collective!development”! (Docuperu.pe,!2012).!The!central!concern!of!

the!members!of! the!

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organization!is!community!development!through!empowerment!and!social!inclusion,!while!

at! the! same! time! articulating! environmental,! social,! and! cultural! concerns! through!

documentary!film.!!

!DocuPeru Projects

DocuPeru’s!pilot!project!La!Muestra!Documental! (The!Documentary!Showing)!began!as!

an! open! festival! for! independent! national! and! international! documentaries.! DocuPeru!

began!with!Jose’s!friends!and!students!at!the!Catholic!University!of!Lima!creating!a!free!and!

nonBcompetitive! independent! documentary! film! festival! at! the! Lima! Spanish! Cultural!

Centreiv.!La!Muestra!still!continues!annually!and!since!2003!has!shown!619!documentaries:!

519! Peruvian! and! 100! foreign! (DocuPeru,! 2015).! After! a! few! years! of! documentary!

festivals,!DocuPeru!developed!La!Caravana!as!a!mobile!participatory!method!of!producing!

community!film!by!partnering!with!grassBroots!associations!in!diverse!socioBlocations:!“So!

we!started!to!create!a!network!in!Latin!America!and!to!know!other!festivals!and!to!know!

other!people.!So!we!said,!now!we!have!our!festival,!now!we!can!do!other!things!and!so!we!

started!the!Caravan!project!where!we!travel”!(Maldueño,!2015).!La!Caravana!Documental!

(The! Documentary! Caravan)! is! DocuPeru’s! hallmark! project! that! produces! the! diverse!

cultural!content!of!the!participatory!documentaries!by!traveling!to!communities.!

“Then!I!thought:!in!this!country!it’s!not!only!necessary!to!see!different!contents![…]!But!I!thought!it!was! also! needed! that! the! people!would!make! these! contents! themselves.! That’s! how! the! second!project!of!the!‘Caravana!Documental’,![…}!or!shortly!said!the!‘Caravana’,!arose.![…]!So!the!Caravana!gets!birth! in!2005!from!the! ‘prosumer’! logic.!We!are!producers!and!consumers!of!communication!

contents.![…]!The!Caravana!went!through!a!lot!evolutions.!When!we!went!on!the!first!Caravana,!it!was! a! kind! of! pilot! project.! We! went! to! the! communities! of! Villa! El! Salvador,! Comas,! Trujillo,!Cajamarca,!Chiclayo!and!Piura”!(Hermans!2013:!33).!

!The!Caravans!last!from!four!to!five!weeks,!each!week!spent!in!a!different!district,!town!or!

section!of!a!province.!Within!one!week,!DocuPeru!producers!and!local!filmmakers!produce!

as!many! as! four!documentaries!with!16B18!documentaries! for! each!Caravan.!There!have!

been!eight!Caravans!visiting!35!locations!serving!754!participants!and!producing!over!125!

documentariesv!(DocuPeru,!2015).!!

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!El!Otro!Documental!(The Other Documentary)!is(a!third!project!that!emerged!in!2007:!

“an! educative! and! decentralized! project! called! ‘El! Otro! documental’! […]! was! born! as! a!

specialized! course! for! documentary.! It’s! until! now! the! only! product! of! DOCUPERU! that!

people! pay! for”! (Hermans,! 2013,! 43).! DocuPeru! describes! El! Otro! Documental! (EOD)! as!

workshops! “[…]! that! allow! for! a! theoretical! approach! and! practice! of! documentary!

realization! through! the! proposal! of! education! and! alternative! methodology,! dictated! to!

professionals! in!the!area!of! the!documentary!or!other! like!areas”!(Elotrodocumental.com,!

2015).(

Las! Incidencias!(The!Incidences)!are!political!works!that!are!more!personal!and!don’t!fit!

other! projects:! they’re! not! Caravanas! or! La! Muestra:! “We! do! this! work! in! the! Cajamarca!

protest!marches!against!the!Conga!mining!project,!for!example,!and!so!we!go!and!film!and!

record!there”!(Hermans,!2013:!43).!Since!Hermans!wrote!her!thesis,!two!Incidencias!have!

become! more! structured! to! improve! the! sustainability! of! contact! in! specific! locations,!

which!are!chosen!according!to!socioBpolitical!interest!and!the!close!relationship!with!local!

community! organizations.! These! include! the! two! current! projects.! Medios! Que!

Conmueven! (Mediums! that! Move! You)! began! in! 2013! as! the! Cajamarca! ‘Incidencia’! in!

2009! described! above! and! became! a! more! formalized! workshop! for! communication! and!

media! procurement! and! capacity! building.! DocuPeru’s! goal! has! been! to! have! a! project! in!

Huancabamba! Cajamaraca! that! works! specifically! with! women’s! associations! on! themes!

such! as! the! Civil! War,! government! forced! female! sterilizations,! mining,! and! indigenous!

knowledgevi.!The!other!project,!La!Mochila!Documental!(The!Backpack!Documentary),!is!

focused!on!decentralizing!education!and!the!teaching!of!new!technologies,!which!combines!

the! stationary! pedagogy! of! the! EOD! in! Lima! with! the! traveling! methodology! of! the!

Caravana,! for! leaders! and! community! organizations! (El! Otro! Documental! Accha! Cusco,!

2015).! It! is! the! primary! research! project! for! which! I! functioned! as! an! assessor! for! two!

collaborative! audiovisual! products.! The! project gave in-depth! teaching! of! various!

communication!strategies!and!directed!out!to,!!

“rural!leaders,!men!and!women,!adults!and!adolescents.!They!work!with!grassBroots!organizations,!

about! Human! Rights,! or! the! environment,! culture;! they! are! community! and! rural! leaders,! the!

majority,! or,! the! people! around! the! town! who! work! in! community! themes! […]! To! enter! in! the!

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workshop!the!profiles!should!be!of! those! involved! in! immediate! intervention,!documentaries!that!are!more!political,!people!who!want!to!use!them!more!as!a!tool!for!development”!(Balado,!2015).!

The!primary!Mochila!Documentalvii!took!place!in!Accha,!Cusco,!with!the!same!partnerships!

as!a!visit!from!the 2014 Caravan!to!Apurimac!and!Cusco.!Below!is!a!geographic!distribution!

of!DocuPeru!projectsviii.!!

Additional Audiovisual Organizations Included in Data Collection Often! seen! as! the! godfather! of! alternative! Peruvian! film! production! and! distribution,!

Director!Rene!Weber!calls!Grupo!Chaski!“A!cinematographic!collective”!(Weber,!2015).!It!

is!a!thirtyBfive!year!old!NGO!that!has!a!regional!network!of!32!small!community!cinemas,!

improvised! public! spaces! called! microcinesix!in! 9! different! provinces! of! Peru.! Their! fullB

length! independent! films,! such! as! Gregorio! and! Juliana,! are! among! the! most!

critically!acclaimed!and!wellBknown!Peruvian!films.!Educacion! Audiovisual(was!founded!

in!2013!by!former! DocuPeru! general! producer! Adriana! UgarteBStirlich.! I! attended!

four! days! of! a!weeklong! series! of! cultural! and! environmental! community! workshops!

she! directed! in!Cocachimba! Amazonas,! Peru.! La Combi Arte Rodante is! “A! mobile!

cultural! group! that!travels! through! the! towns!of!Peru!and!Latin!America!with! the!

objective!of!decentralizing!artistic! activities! and! recuperating! the! different! cultural!

expressions! that! exist! on! our!continent”! (lacombi,! 2015).! The! founding! directors!

began! microcine! work! in! 2007! and!

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founded!La!Combi!in!2013.!La!Combi!travels!with!an!inflatable!large!screen!for!community!

projections!of!socially!conscious!movies!and!coordinates!with!select!communities!to!set!up!

more! permanent! screen! installations.! La! Combi! is! also! involved! in! participatory!

documentary!and!animation!production!with!a!focus!on!sharing!their!methods!with!young!

learners.! I! traveled!with! this! association! to! Chuingi,! Ayacucho,! a! postBconflict! context,! to!

help!with!production!workshops!and!film!screenings!that!explore!freedom!of!expression.!!

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2. Location and Context in PeruThe! organizations! in! this! investigation! perform! workshops! and! film! screenings! on! a!

national! scale! and! visit! various! regions! to! promote! diverse! cultural! expressions.! The!

research!geography!reflects! this!diversity!by! following!Hermans’!description!of!multiBsite!

research! using! a! certain! network! of! various! fieldwork! sites! as! an! answer! to! a! more!

interconnected!world,!concentrating!on!the!flows!of!ideas!and!productsx.!A!multiBsite!case!

study!that!incorporates!geographic!and!cultural!diversity!requires!flexibility,!determination!

and! initiative.! The! first! leg! of! research! required! visiting! microcines! and! doing! primary!

interviews! in! Lima.! The! projects! all! clustered! in! August.! Starting! then,! I! traveled!

to!Cocachimba! in! Las! Amazonas! province,! and! sheltered! in! a! leaky! tent! to! participate! in!

La!Educacion!Audiovisual’s!La!Semena!Cultural.!Two!days!later!I!left!with!La!Combi!from!

Lima!for! the! northeastern! Ayucucho! (Southcentral! Peru)! community! La! Chuingi!

for! film!production!and!screenings,!and!cold!nights!sleeping!on!the!municipality!floor.!Two!

days!of!bus! rides! after! that,! I! was! in! Accha,! Cusco! attending! the! twoBweek! Mochila!

workshop,!which!for!the!production!of!the!documentary!Checcapucara!left!filmmakers!and!

producers!refuged!together!in!a!barn.!The!work!of!these!organizations,!the!geographic!

demands!of!the!research,! and! the! inclusion! of! abstract! concepts! such! as! Culture,!

Empowerment! and!Visibility! calls! for! a! more! macroBanalysis! contextualization.! This!

answers! the! second!research! subBquestion! by! matching! secondary! data! and!

literature! with! how! the!respondents!understand!obstacles!to!inclusive!development.!!

Geography, Culture, and Development in Peru !“The!principle!factor!that!influences!the!cultural!diversity!of!Peru!is!its!geography”!!(Peru!

Ministerio! de! Cultura,! 2012,! 3).! Peru! is! South! America’s! third! largest! country! with! a!

population!of!about!29.5!million!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011).!The!cultural!diversity!

within! this! territory! is! astounding.! It! has! the! world’s! majority! of! Quechua! speakers! at!

3,262,137!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011)!and!in!the!Amazon!alone!there!are!60!dialects!

of! 11! indigenous! linguistic! families! (Peru! Ministerio! de! Cultura,! 2011).! There! are!

somewhere! around! 40! indigenous! groups! registered! with! the! government!

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(Bdpi.cultura.gob.pe,! 2015),! and! eleven! listed! world! cultural! heritage! sites,! the! most!

popular,! Machu! Picchu! receiving! almost! 600,000! visitors! a! year! (Peru! Ministerio! de!

Cultura,!2011).!!

!Urban! Theorist! Neil! Brenner! (2004)! presents! the! principle! challenge! of! contemporary!

studies! of! global! socioBspatial! restructuring! as! analyzing! it! at! all! scales,! as! an! ongoing!

historical! process! in! which! the! geographies! of! social! relations! are! continually! molded,!

reconfigured! and! transformed.! Diverse! geographic! ecoBregions! have! brought! about!

Peruvian cultures!shaped!by!different!degrees!of!isolation!and!contact!for!thousands!of!

years!(Peru!Ministerio! de! Cultura,! 2011).! The! last! four! hundred! years! of! colonialism,!

nationalization!and! globalization! have! flattened! this! geographic! isolation! and! often!

separated! these!cultures! from! their! territorial! roots,! most! often! by! migration! flocking!

to!the! coast.! From!1940B2007! the! population! proportion! of! the! Lima! coast! out! of! the!

national! total! almost!doubled! from! 28.3%! in1940! to! 54.6%! in! 2007xi!(Peru! Ministerio!

de! Cultura,! 2011).! The!human!geography!of!Peru! is!one!of!a!demographically!hollowed!

interior!and!a!populated!coastal!rim!(Marshall,!n.d.).!This!is!not!only!a!sierra!to!coast!

relationship!but!reflects!overall!rural! to! urban! migration:! the! emptying! of! human!capital!

in! provincial! communities! to!provincial!urban!centersxii.!Development!and!transnational!

networks!expanding!the!urban!spheres! globally! (Ouweneel,! 2012)! are!focused! on! the!

growing! population! centers.! This!leaves! the! participatory! research! sites!in! this! thesis,!

areas! that! have! been! emptied! of!human,!investment,!and!often,!cultural!capital.!These!

smaller!pueblos (people's and towns)!are!some!of!the!least! ‘developed’!and!part!of!the!

DocuPeru!mission!is!to!document!how!they!adapt!to!a! lack!of!state! infrastructure! and!

services,!the! loss! of! cultural! customs,! and! the! harmful!consequences!external!

actors!have!brought.!!

!

These!demographic!shifts!reflect!larger!contemporary!trends!in!development!and!equality,!

most!importantly!for!this!research,!education!quality!and!cultural! institution!distribution.!

In! 2007! literacy! in! the! bottom! nine! regions,! some! of! the! furthest! from! Lima! (at! 98%!

literacy)!were!all!below!90%,!with!the!lowest!at!78%!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011).!

This!inequality!is!even!more!concentrated!in!rural!areas!with!19.7%!illiteracy!compared!to!

3.7%! in! urban! areas! (Peru! Ministerio! de! Cultura,! 2011).! Particularly! telling! is! the!

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percentage! of! people!with! education! above! secondary! level,!which! in! 2007! in! Lima!was!

67%,! compared! to! Cajamarca! at! 29%! (Peru! Ministerio! de! Cultura,! 2011).! Respondents!

describe!the!unequal!access!to!cultural!production!and!distributionxiii!as!a!national!obstacle!

to!inclusive!development.!It!is!most!evident!in!the!distribution!of!commercial!cinemas!with!

36! of! Peru’s! cinemas! in! Lima! and! 20! in! the! rest! of! the! country! and! 12! regions!without!

cinemas!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011).!All!of!the!top!ten!grossing!films!shown!in!these!

cinemas! in! 2009,! for! example,! were! commercial! Hollywood!movies! (Peru! Ministerio! de!

Cultura,!2011).!Despite!the!population!density!of!Lima,!the!unequal!geographic!distribution!

of! higher! education! and! cultural! institutions! hint! at! an! underlying! inequality! in! creative!

cultural!capacity!throughout!Peru.!!

Peruvianism(and(Intercultural(Citizenship(

The! flattening! of! Peruvian! cultural! geography! has! challenged! traditionally! exclusive!

national! identity! assumptions! by! founding! identity! on! the! nation’s! cultural! diversity,!

expressed! through! intercultural! citizenship.! Peruvian! Anthropologist! Gabriel! Calderon!

described!contemporary!Peruvian!society!to!me!as,!

“A! new! space! now! to! reflect! about! what! is! Peruvianity,! it! gives! us! this! hegemonic!discourse!that!is!exclusive.!You!are!indigenous,!you!are!Spanish,!or!you!are!the!ones!who!believe! the! mestizo,! no,! in! this! moment! there’s! something! building! that! Peruvianity! is!indigenous,!it’s!Spanish,!mestizo,!and!that!it’s!plural”!(Calderon,!2015).!

Peruvianism! describes! the! complexity! and! plurality! of! Peruvian! culture,! identity,! and!

citizenship! stated! by! the! Peruvian! historian! Jose! Antonio! de! Busto! Duthurburu! as!

“Indigenism! and! Hispanic”! being! overcome! by! “Peruvianism”! in! a! Peru! that! is!

“independent,! one! nation,! pluricultural,! multilingual! and! mestizo,”! and! Peruvians! are! no!

longer! the! “vassals! of! Atahualpa! nor! the! subjects! of! Carlos! V” (Aeg.pucp.edu.pe,! 2015).!

Peruvianism!is!the!process!of!recognizing!an!inclusive!cultural!identity!and!citizenship.!The!

progression! towards! “the! common! denominator! of! Peruvianity”,! for! Dr.! Calderon! begins!

with! social! mobilization! at! the! end! of! 19th! Century! with! the! Pacific! War! (1878B1883)!

between!Chile,!Peru!and!Boliviaxiv.! “Since!then,!since!the!end!of!the!Pacific!War!until!now!

it’s! a! whole! line! of! arriving! towards! citizenship! that! presents! a! lot! of! ideas,! lots! of!

challenges! and! endless! elements! but! also! new! perspectives.! In! this! feeling,! the! Peruvian!

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Culture!of!today!is!diverse,!it’s!more!conscious!of!its!plurality,!complexity!or!universality”

(Calderon,!2015).!!

Respondents! described! discrimination! and! apathy! as! significant! human! obstacles! to!

culture,! communication! and! development.! Dr.! Calderon! explained! how! Peruvianism! and!

intercultural! citizenship! is! jeopardized! by! ethnic! discrimination,! even! selfBdiscrimination,!

based! upon! geographic! and! cultural! difference! and! inequality! in! the! dominant! socioB

economic! structuresxv.! DocuPeru! member! and! EA! director,! Adriana! Ugarte,! described!

Peruvian!society!affected!by!a!general!“lack!of!knowledge!and!lack!of!wanting!to!know!the!

other! ways! of! life! inside! of! this! country”! (UgarteBStiglich,! 2015).! The! centralization! of!

Lima1,! the!general!apathy!and! ignorance!to!a!plurality!of!cultural! identities!creates!social!

distance! and! discrimination! instead! of! intercultural! understandingxvi.! Dr.! Susana! Pastor,!

linked! this! apathy! in! Peru! to! disinterest! in! ‘knowing’! others! and! lacking! a! concept! of!

citizenshipxvii.! Intercultural! citizenship,! as! described! in! an! interview! with! the! Peruvian!

Ministry!of!Culture,!is!based!on!consciousness!of!being!part!of!a!diverse!country,!and!that!

this! diversity! has! “a! value,! it’s! a! capital! and! it’s! not! an! obstacle! as! it’s! been! traditionally!

understood!from!the!point!of!the!creole!and!Limen”!(Cacera!Vegas,!Official!A!and!Official!B,!

2015).!It!is!created!by!“knowing!how!to!respect!and!also!that!we!can!be!enriched!by!this,!

that!we!learn!and!get!to!know.!It’s!not!just!to!tolerate!but!also!to!understand.!To!give!and!

take,! in! the! end,! it’s! an! interaction” (Cacera! Vegas,! Official! A! and! Official! B,! 2015).! The!

research! follows! organizations! that! use! alternative! media! in! order! to! shorten! social!

distances,!caused!by!apathy,!discrimination!or! ignorance,!by!audiovisual! interactions!that!

build!an!intercultural!citizenship!based!on!“Peruvianity”!or!“Peruvianism”.!!

Developing(Peru:(Neo?Liberalism(and(Resource(Extraction(

The! overall! Human! Development! Index,! a! measurement! incorporating! life! expectancy,!

education! attainment! and! income! rate! Peru! at! .737! out! of! 1.! Much! of! the! literature! and!

respondents! link! the! increase! in! the! 1990s! until! 2010! (7.37)xviii!to! the! introduction! of!

“sound”! neoBliberal! marketBoriented! economic! and! trade! policies! by! president! Alberto!

1!“This!is!Lima,!this!is!nothing!new,!Lima!is!centralized.”!(Ugarte!Stiglich,!2015)!

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Fujimori! and!brought! to! a! crescendo! throughout! the! terms!of!Alan!Garcia! and!Alejandro!

Toledo!(Grissom!2012;!CIA!2012)!and!continued!to!date!by!Ollanta!Humala!Tasso!(cia.gov,!

2015).!The!HDI!indicator!has!risen!alongside!the!increase!in!GDP!growth!of!the!countryxix.!

It! is! economic! development! that! has! largely! been! based! on! high! international! prices! for!

Peru’s!largest!export!commodities,!construction!and!private!investments!in!mining!and!oil!

and!gas!projects!(CIA,!2012).!!

What! does! this! economic! development! mean! for! Peru! socially?! The! HDI! coefficient!

describes!the!potential!human!development!that!can!occur,!but!the!InequalityBadjusted!HDI!

gives! .562;! lower! than! the!potential! .595!HDI! in!1980! (Hdr.undp.org,!2015).!Even!with!a!

growing!economy,!25.8%!of!the!Peruvian!population!lived!below!the!poverty!line!in!2012!

(Hdr.undp.org,! 2015).! Despite! economic! growth! and! relative! political! stability,! equal!

distribution!of!human!development!in!Peru!is!not!even!reaching!it’s!potential!in!1980.!This!

harmful!mirage!of!economic!development!is!described!in!an!interview!with!the!director!of!

Cedep!Ayllu,!the!host!for!DocuPeru’s!Mochila!Documental!and!the!most!active!community!

NGO!in!Accha,!Cusco:!“The!comuneros!here!in!the!rural!and!far!away!areas,!this!famous!economic!growth!doesn’t!arrive!

there.!This!stays!within!the!accounts!of!the!country.!The!growth!is!seen!as!good!in!the!eyes!of!the!

other! countries,! so! they! look! at! financing! projects! and! they! think! that! Peru! already! doesn’t! need!that.”!(Arnaez,!2015)!

The! contentment! with! objective! economic! prosperity! can! in! fact! hurt! important! local development initiatives in socio-economic contexts that are invisible in the reports lauding the quantity of economic growth. More urgently, many of the social consequences of the economic development quality will come from its principle means: export commodities based on resource extraction. If you look at the maps below you will see different degrees of concessions to petroleum extraction are concentrated (green, red, yellow and dark blue) on the Northern coast and the eastern mountains and jungle. In the right image, the mining concessions run along the entire cordillera of the Andes and much of the coast claiming 20.3% of the territory. With both of the images displayed together you see a very explicit economic development scheme for the country.!

20!

The! same! regions! that! are! lacking! the! capacity! for! communicating! their! realities! and!

promoting! their! culture! through! creative! industries! are! the! very! territories! that!

are!targeted! for! the! consequences! that! resource! extraction! based! development!

interventions!are! bringing.! Five! of! the! seven! products! in! La! Mochila! Documental!

workshop! focused! on!the! social! mobilization! needed! to! reclaim! the! natural!

resources! and! culture! within!territories!hosting!mining!interventions.!It!is!emblematic!of!

the!context!in!which!DocuPeru!politically! and! purposively! searches! for! the! voice! and!

images! of! communities! who! are!silenced,!marginalized,!or!invisible.!!!

The History of Community Film in Latin America A(Political(Context(

Community! film! in! Latin! America,! which! involves! the! appropriation! of! processes! of!

production!and!diffusion!by!communities,!was!born!out!of!the!regional!cinematography!of!

the!1960s!and!1970s;!it!is!characterized!by!social!preoccupations!and!the!alternative!video!

boom!of! the!1980s!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!One!of! the!commonalities!of!community! film! in!

Latin! America! is! the! eruption! of! the! military! dictatorships! in! almost! all! of! the!

countries,!which!has!translated!into!censorship,!persecution!and!death.!Thus,!at!the!very!

beginning!of!the!Latin!American!Community!Film!tradition!filmmakers!operated!

clandestinely,!and!were!exiled!or!assassinated;!“the!new!film!that!hadn’t!even!arrived!at!its!

adulthood,!suffered!the!

21!

consequences! of! an! absence! of! freedom”! (Alvarez! et! al.,! 2014:! 25).! This! only! served! to!

politicize!filmmakers!in!the!field!of!education!and!popular!communication!with!actions!of!

production,!diffusion!and!capacitationxxi.!

A(Technological(Context(

The!eruption!of!video!and!explosion!of!new! technologies!at! cheaper! costs!and!simplified!

management! apparatuses! offered! technology! as! “a! trampoline! that! allowed! for! a! film! of!

individuals!to!jump!to!a!film!of!communities”!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014:!29).!Stefan!Kasper,!one!

Chaski!founder,!highlights!technological!innovations!as!the!primary!enabler!of!community!

film:!

“Now,!with!more!accessible!and!manageable!new!technologies,!accompanied!with!new!political!will!and!settings!of!networks!and!circuits!of! information!and!communication! […]! the!democratization!and! transformation! of! film! and! audiovisual! communication! begins.! The! search! for! methods,!concepts,! and!models! that! will! permit! the! development! of! an! audiovisual! culture! owned! by! the!community!begins”!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014:!467B477).!!

Many! of! Latin! America’s! community! film! innovations! originate! in! Brazil! with! initiatives!

such!as!TV!Viva!or!TV!Maxambombaxxii.!Director!Jose!Balado!learned!the!participatory!arts!

by! working! TV! Viva! in! Pernambuco! for! his! thesisxxiii.! Fieldwork! revealed! that! Brazilian!

Cultural!Points!and!Videoteca!programs!were!inspirations!for!the!same!programs!in!Peru.!

The History of Community Film in Peru The(Antecedents(

As!far!back!as!1917,!the!Lima!journal!El(Dia(del(Peru!describes!Lima!as!a!cinematographic!

city;!in!the!early!20th!Century,!every!neighborhood!contained!a!location!for!projection!and!a!

public!accustomed!to!watching!filmxxiv!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!Peruvian!Community!film!and!

video! is! an! important! reference! for! social! film,! and! the! communitarian! theme,! which!

exemplifies! the! characteristics! of! appropriating! technology! with! the! goal! of! revealing!

images! of! hidden! people,! their! daily! life,! their! ways! of! seeing! the! world! and! of! selfB

expression,!of!reinvigorating!fights!and!their!forms!of!collective!living!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014,!

445).!!Community!film!in!Peru!includes!using!the!native!language,!and!the!participation!of!

actors! from! different! Andean! communities! and! the! diffusion! of! their! beliefs! and! values!

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(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!The!most!famous!Peruvian!precursor!to!community!film!is!the!movie!

Kukuli( (1961),! a! work! of! collective! direction,! that! utilizes! both! documentary! and! fiction!

languages.!Furthermore,! it!demonstrates!the!social!and!geographic!conditions!of!a!reality!

that!had!been!previously!ignored!in!Peru!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!Based!on!a!popular!legend,!

it! was! the! first! movie! made! in! Quechua.! Los( Perros( Hambrientos( (1976),! by! Luis!

Figueroa,! narrates! confrontations! between! campesinos xxv !and! landowners! and!

highlights!the!relation!between!human!beings!and!nature.!Additionally!in!that!film,!

“there!doesn’t!exist!an!individual!protagonist,!the!central!character!is!a!collective:!an!

indigenous!community” (Alvarez!et!al.!2014:!446).!!

Political(Culture(and(Will(in(Governance(of(Community(Film(

The! political! governance,! the! culture! or! will! in! the! realm! of! Peruvian! cinematography!

relates! directly! to! its! promulgation.! One! of! the! greatest! boons! for! independent! Peruvian!

film!was! the!1972! law! (19!327),!passed!by! the!government!of!General! Juan!Velasco! that!

mandated! the!obligatory!exhibition!of!national!movies!and! taxes!on!box!office! sales.!The!

income!of!those!taxes!was!distributed!to!the!Peruvian!producers!of!long!and!short!films.!It!

also! mandated! that! before! every! imported!movie! a! short! national! film! of! ten! to! twelve!

minutes!be!shown!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!Access!to!cinema!theaters!was!more!equitable!by!

limiting! the!entrance! to! fifty! cents.! Stefan!Kaspar,! explains! this! legal! structure!as!making!

the! diffusion! of! their! first! fullBlength! productions,! Gregorio! and! Juliana! possible! with! a!

million!spectators!for!Gregorio,!and!600,000!spectators!for!Julianaxxvi.!!

The!neoBliberal!economic!policies!of!Fujimori!described!in!the!previous!section!were!also!

applied! to! Peruvian! cinematography! with! the! disappearance! of! the! (19! 327)! law.! This!

resulted!in!the!closure!of!neighborhood!cinemas,!concentrated!multiplex!cinemas!primarily!

in!the!capital!of!the!country,!and!led!to!the!increase!of!ticket!costs!making!cinematography!

inaccessible! to! the! majority! of! the! population! (Alvarez! et! al.,! 2014).! ! Stefan! Kasper!

describes!the!effect!this!had!on!Peruvian!film:!!

“In!the!1990s,!due!to!the!governing!political!economics,!of!the!380!film!rooms!more!or!less!distributed! throughout! the! country,! there! only! stayed!39!multiplex! cinemas,! of! those! 32!were! in!

23!

Lima,! giving! the! result! that! 9! out! of! 10! Peruvians! lost! access! to! cinematographic! exhibition.! The!percentage!of!ticket!sales!for!viewing!North!America!cinema!rose!to!95%,!reducing!the!percentage!of! the! other! cinematographies:! 3%! for! Peruvian! film,! 1%! for! Latin! American! film! and! 1%! for!European!cinema!and!the!rest!of!the!world.!It!was!this!way!that!the!role!of!film!in!the!country!was!reduced! to! centralism,! exclusion,! discrimination,! exit! of! view! points,! monopoly,! control! and!distortion!of!the!market!and!cultural!domination;!all!of!the!characteristics!that!contribute!nothing!to!the!real!communication!and!cultural!needs!of!the!people”!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014:!457).!

Despite! the! 2004! (28! 278)! Law! of! Radio! and! Television! that! sought! to! strengthen! the!

identity! and! customs!of! communities,! and! the! Film!Law!26!370,!which!was! supposed! to!

support! national! filmmakers,! previous! research! shows! that! in! Peru! the! State! was! not!

involved! in! the! development! of! community! film.! Additionally,! involvement! was,! still!

sometimes! is,! often! met! with! distrust! that! government! bodies! will! control! the! political!

content!of!the!films!produced!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014:!470).!

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3. Theoretical Framework

Ontologies and Theories in Culture, Alternative Media and International Development Culture(

John! Hawkes! expands! a! functional! definition! of! culture xxvii !with! intangible! aspects!

including:! ! “The! social! production! and! transmission! of! identities,! meanings,! knowledge,!

beliefs,! values,! aspirations,! memories,! purposes,! attitudes! and! understanding”! (Cultural!

Development! Network,! 2001:! 3).! UNESCO! also! identifies! cultural! activities! as! passed!

creatively!and! intellectually! through!generations.!Culture! is!understood!anthropologically!

as!guiding!“individual!and!collective!action![…]!a!stock!of! intangible!renewable!resources!

upon!which! people! draw! inspiration! and! through!which! they! express! the!meaning! they!

give!to!their!existence!and!its!development”!(UNESCO!2014:!10).!!The!more!dynamic!idea!of!

a! living! culture! continually! “meets! the! changing! face!of! contemporary! reality.!Cultural!or!

artistic! expression! is! the! outward! reflection!of! that! community's! evolution! in! the! face! of!

changing! social! and! physical! realities”! (Mavrocordatos,! 2015).! It! is! by! documenting! this!

living! culture! in! an! artistic! way! that! it! is! captured! in! cultural! content,! defined! as! “The!

symbolic!meaning,! artistic! dimension! and! cultural! values! that! originate! from! or! express!

cultural! identities”! (UNESCO,! 2003).! The!methodology! of! DocuPeru! documents! the! daily!

lives!of! the!pueblosxxviii(and!presents! them!as!cultural!heritage:!material!and!nonBmaterial!

cultural! resources! or! artifacts! of! cultural! memory! and! rememberingxxix.! The! goal! is!

showing! cultural! diversity:! “the! manifold! ways! in! which! the! cultures! of! groups! and!

societies! find!expression.!The!cultural!heritage!of!humanity! is!expressed,!augmented!and!

transmitted! through! diverse! modes! of! artistic! creation,! production,! dissemination,!

distribution! and! enjoyment”! (UNESCO,! 2003:! Article! I).! Cultural! diversity! interacting! is!

interculturality:! “the! existence! and! equitable! interaction! of! diverse! cultures! and! the!

possibility!of!generating!shared!cultural!expressions!through!dialogue!and!mutual!respect”!

(UNESCO,!2003).(

25!

Cultural(Theory,(the(Social(Contact(Hypothesis(and(Empathy(

Mary! Douglas! (2004)! looks! at! culture,! not! as! ethnicities,! but! as! lifestyles! and! cultural!

groups!that!exist!in!every!society.!She!outlines!four!different!cultural!groups!within!society:!

hierarchal,!entrepreneurial,!dissident,!and! isolated.!The!first!two!represent!command!

and!control!over!society.!Hierarchy!assumes!the!authority!of!stewardship!defining!limits!to!

its! responsibilities,! and! is! inclined! to! an! adversarial! attitude! to! other! cultural! types!

(Douglas,!2004).!It! is!concerned!with!conserving!tradition,!falls!prey!to!corruption,!and!is!

throttled! by! bureaucracy! (Verweij,! 2004:! 110).! The! entrepreneurial! or! individualist!

tendency!is!based!on!merit!and,!!“stands!in!direct!confrontation!with!stewardship!because!

it! explicitly! sanctions! individual! competition”! (Douglas,! 2004:! 92).! The! dissident! culture!

refers!to!the!several!varieties!of!permanent!opposition!to!the!two!cultural!groups!in!power:!

“Strongly!motivated!sets!of!people!hive!off!from!the!mainstream!and!form!minority!groups![…]!its!cosmology! of! “saints! and! sinners”! is! painted! in! black! and! white.! It! tends! to! be! egalitarian! in!principle! and! in! practice.! To! the! other! cultures,! the! sectarian! tendency! presents! an! opposed!identity,!it!stirs!the!community!conscience”!(Douglas,!2004:!93).!

The!dissidents!often!work!in!opposition!to!the!hierarchy!and!entrepreneurs!by!activating!

the!isolates,!or!“[Those]!who!have!dropped!out!of!the!exchanges!by!which!individuals!are!

incorporated”! (Douglas,! 2004:! 93).! These! ‘dropouts’! are! marked! by! a! general! apathy!

caused! by! disillusionmentxxx.! In! analyzing! Douglas’s! cultural! theory! Verweij! (2004,! 111)!

states,!“[…]!the!prevention!of!massive!fatalism!requires!all!four!cultures!to!be!interacting.”!

Throughout!the!research!audiovisual!organizations!(the!dissidents)!interact!with!the!other!

three! cultural! groups! in! order! to! develop! an! inclusive! communication! strategy,! which!

harmonizes!these!often!opposing!cultural!forces.!!

Many!of! the! respondent!descriptions!of! the!workshops! results! and!documentaries! fall! in!

line! with! the! principles! of! the! contact! hypothesis,! which! states! that! contact! between!

members!of! conflict,! or! “the!unknown!other”!groups!enhances!positive! relationships!and!

tackles!discrimination.! It!has!been!called! ‘nearness!by! resemblance’xxxi!in! that! individuals!

traditionally!at!odds!with!each!other!find!common!ground!and!eventually!know!each!other!

intimately.! In! this! hypothesis! “superordinate! goals”! force! groups! to!work! collectively.! In!

26!

short,! contact! is! thought! to! develop! empathy.! Empathy! is! a! strong! emergent! element!

captured! by! this! qualitative! research,! but! largely! absent! from! UNESCO! literature.! In! his!

recently!published!book,!the!Empathetic!Civilization,! Jeremy!Rifkin!(2015)!describes!how!

humanity!has!moved!though!an!Age!of!Faith,!to!an!Age!of!Reason,!and!today’s!generation!

must! embrace! their! inner! “Homo! Empathicus”! as! the! principle! means! to! both! creating!

social!life!and!advancing!civilization.!!

Alternative(Media(

Alternative! media! is! an! umbrella! term! for! audiovisual! production! and! distribution! that!

makes!an!effort!at!decentralization!and!democratization!of!communication.!Beltrán!defines!it!as:(

“The!alternative!communication!for!the!democratic!development!is!the!expansion!and!the!balance!

in!the!access!of!the!people!to!the!communication!process!and!in!the!participation!therein,!using!the!

media! –massive,! interpersonal! and! mixedB! to! secure,! apart! from! the! technological! advance! and!

material! wellbeing,! social! justice,! the! freedom! for! everyone! and! a! representative! government”*(Beltrán,*2006:!286).!!

Another! definition! by! Claudio! Aguirre! Bianchi,! speaks! to! intercultural! citizenship! as! the!

participation!of!often!absent!actors!and!voices:!“Alternatives!are!the!media!or!systems!of!

communication! that! incorporate! new! actors,! new! voices,! to! the! collective! dialogue! that!

occurs!in!society.!The!polylogue!expands!and!society!tends!to!get!more!complex,!plural!and!

democratic”+(Beltrán,+2006:!286).!

Popular! communication! is! born! out! of! social! movements! and! opposes! the! hegemonic!

discourse! “constructed! and! maintained! as! to! stop! critical! thinking! and! successive!

organization,! action! and! opposition”! (Hermans,! 2013:! 21).! Indigenous! media! refers! to!

minorities!producing!media! content! that! is! selfBrepresentative! (Schiwy,! 2009).!DocuPeru!

and! others! work! in! areas! with! indigenous! elements,! or! are! primarily! indigenous!

communities.!However,!due!to!the!multicultural!and!cultural!hybridized!character!of!much!

of!Peru!(Escobar,!1994),!content!and!producers!are!‘indigenous’,!not!in!any!legal!sense,!but!

27!

of!their!communities.!The!horizontal!participatory!element!of!alternative!media!production!

is!described!by!Beltran!as! interlocutors!having!the!same!rights!and!possibility! to!express!

themselves! freely! to! construct! a! common! discourse! for! developing! problem! solving!

capacities!and!collective!power!that!seeks!to!transform!unfair!social!structuresxxxii.!UNESCO!

describes!the!importance!of!participatory!communication!for!development!as!emphasizing!

community! participation! and! indigenous! knowledge! combined! with! communication!

technologies! working! for! “the! empowerment! of! citizens,! challenging! them! to!

collaboratively! and! democratically! generate,! exchange! and! utilise! relevant! knowledge!

towards!improving!their!communities,!livelihoods!and!the!environment.![…]![It!represents]!

strategies!for!empowering!communities!to!formulate!realistic!and!meaningful!development!

policies”(UNESCO,!2007).!

The(Culture(of(Development(

ExBPresident!of!the!World!Bank,!James!Wolfensohn!described!the!Culture!of!Development!

ignoring! the!Culture! for!Development:! “The!Culture! (of! the!poor)!can!be!one!of! the!most!

important! resources,! but! also! is! the! most! ignored! and! devastated! by! development!

programs”2.!Not!accounting!for!culture!in!development!paradigms!and!practices!represents!

a!missed!opportunity!for!real!international!growth!and!may!lead!to!failures!in!development!

interventions!(United!Nations!Program!for!Development,!2005).!Anthropologists!recognize!

that!development!is!a!discourse!and!a!‘narrative!of!progress’!(Ferguson,!1994)!formed!by!

the! occidental! culture! of! scientific! knowledge! construction! and! cosmopolitan! values.!

‘Standards!of!living’!and!‘quality!of!life’!in!this!paradigm!speak!of!not!only!a!historical!but!

also!a!moral!imperative!(Ferguson,!1994).!This!morality!is!culturally!formed!by!the!points!

of! view! and! aspirations! of! a! group! of! people! who! through! an! ethos! and! logos! of! care,!

compassion,!and!optimism!believe!that!whatever!forces!degrade!global!quality!of!life!may!

be!counteracted!or!transformed.!The!Culture!of!Development!is!certainly!noble,!however,!

cultural!assumptions,!power!relations,!or!political!motives!that!underpin!it!undermine!its!

effectiveness.!Gustavo!Esteva!(2010)!describes!the!initial!conceptualization!of!development!

as!a!comparative!adjective!that!belittles!the!world’s! incredible!cultural!diversity.!Creating!

2!From!his!speech!at!the!Florence,!Italy!conference!in!October!1999!

28!

the!concept!of!the!‘underdeveloped’,!the!poor!

"Ceased! being! what! they! were,! in! all! their! diversity! and! were! transmogrified! into! an! inverted!mirror!of!others’!reality:!a!mirror!that!belittles!them!and!sends!them!off!to!the!end!of!the!queue,!a!mirror! that! defined! their! identity,! which! is! really! that! of! a! heterogeneous! and! diverse!majority,!simply!in!the!terms!of!a!homogenizing!and!narrow!minority”!(Esteva,!2010:!2).!

The! professed! universalism! of! development! practices! assumes! that! the! poor! are! one!

culture! who,! with! the! right! technologies! or! vehicles! for! modernization,! will! lose! their!

divergent! tendencies! (Escobar,! 1994).! Culture! for! Development! and! community! film! are!

means!to!reverse!this!process!and!work!to!highlight!the!plurality!and!opportunities!cultural!

diversity!brings!to!international!development.!!

(Culture(for(Development(

Amaryta!Sen!(2004)!describes!“culture!as!a!constitutive!part!of!development”.!John!Hawkes!

(2001:!2)!recognizes!cultural!vitality!as!the!fourth!pillar!of!sustainable!development3;!“new!

governance! paradigms! and! views! of! what! constitutes! a! healthy! and! sustainable! society!

would! be! more! effective! if! cultural! vitality! were! to! be! included! as! one! of! the! basic!

requirements,!main! conceptual! tenets! and! overriding! evaluation! streams.”! A! Culture! for!

Development! approach! understands! that! “Culture! is! not! the! decoration! added! after! a!

society!has!dealt!with!its!basic!needs.!Culture!is(the!basic!need!–!it!is!the!bedrock!of!society”!

(Cultural! Development! Network,! 200:! 3).! It! means! counterbalancing! the! culture! of!

development,! which! in! its! overenthusiasm!may! be! ignoring! local! realities! and! artists! in!

development!contexts.!The!UNESCO!2005!Convention!on!the!Protection!and!Promotion!of!

Diversity! of! Cultural! Expressions! is! a! move! to! institutionalize! the! power! of! culture! in!

international!development.!The!mission! is! to! integrate! culture!on!all! development!policy!

levels! in!order! to!“create!a!more! favourable!environment! for!development!and! foster! the!

diversity! of! cultural! expressions.”! More! than! 125! countriesxxxiii ,! including! Peru,! have!

ratified!the!Convention!and!are!working!to!implement!its!resolutions!(Balta,!2014).!In!this!

case! UNESCO! defines! development! as! “the! process! of! enlarging! people’s! choices! [that...]!

3!The!other!three!pillars!are!Social!Equity,!Environmental!Responsibility!and!Economic!Viability!

29!

enhances! the! effective! freedom! of! the! people! involved! to! pursue! whatever! they! have!

reason!to!value”!(UNESCO!2014:!10).!!

Empowerment, the Capacity to Aspire and Visibility

!Achieving!UNESCO’s!‘effective!freedom’!means!local!empowermentxxxiv.!Empowerment!for!

this! research! pertains,! not! to! permitting! or! authorizing! someone’s! actions,! but! to! more!

internal! ‘bottom! up’! process! of! increasing! the! capacity! to! aspire! (Appadurai,! 2004)! by!

acquiring! new! capabilities.! It! means! sharing! tools! so! that! representation,! voice! and!

visibility!capacities!are!increased.!Kabeer!citing!Bartlett!describes!how!this!agency!“refers!

to! the!expansion! in!people’s! ability! to!make!strategic! life! choices! in!a! context!where! this!

ability!was! previously! denied! to! them”! (Ibrahim! and!Alkire:! 2007)4.! Khwaja! relates! it! to!

communication! as! “two! components:! information! and! influence,! which! together! allow!

individuals! to! identify! and! express! their! own! preferences,! and! provides! them! with! the!

bargaining! power! to!make! informed! decisions”! (NarayanBParker,! D.! (e.d.)! and! Kwaja,! A.,!

2005:! 273–274).! !It! is! characterized! by! approaches! based! on! social! mobilization! and!

“helping! the! poor! and! socially! excluded! individuals! realize! the! power! they! gain! from!

collective!action”!(Bennet,!2002). !

!International! development! theories! have! sought! to! bring! empowerment! into! their!

schemes!by!participation!incorporating!the!“voice”!of!those!being!developed:!

“As! part! of! the! background! work! for! the! 2001! World! Development! report,! the! World! Bank!supervised!a!broad!compilation!of!participatory!research!in!the!“Voices!of!the!Poor,”!attempting!to!signal!a!cultural!shift! in!the!World!Bank’s!practice!toward!seeking!to!listen!rather!than!to!tell”!(V.!Rao!and!M.!Walton!2004:!19).!!

Appadurai!(2004:!67)!describes!the!importance!of!empowerment!through!supporting!voice!

as!a!key!capability!for!‘aspiring’:!

“The!poor!seek!to!strengthen!their!voices!as!a!cultural!capacity,!they!will!need!to!find!those!levers!of!metaphor,! rhetoric,! organization,! and! public! performance! that!will!work! best! in! their! cultural!worlds.!And!when!they!do!work,!as!we!have!seen!with!various!movements!in!the!past,!they!change!the!terms!of!recognition,!indeed!the!cultural!framework!itself.”!

4!!Cited!from!(Bartlett,!2004:!57)!

30!

He! is! one! of! the! few! who! connects! political! empowerment! and! visibility,! lamenting! the!

invisibility!of!the!poor:!“This!is!a!particular!politics!of!visibility!which!inverts!the!harm!of!

the!default! condition!of! civic! invisibility!which!characterizes! the!urban!poor”! (Appadurai!

2004:! 78).! Combining! visibility! and! empowerment,! however,! can! encompass! more! than!

civic!politics,!and!its!full!realization!requires!a!theoretical!and!practical!amplifying!of!‘voice’!

to!become!sound,!action,!and!imagery.!!

Post-Development and an Epistemology of Seeing PostBdevelopment! theory! accounts! for! culture,! but! more! importantly! builds! more!

revolutionary!alternatives!epistemologically!based!on!cultural!difference.! It! is!a!project!of!

cultural!studies!as!political!practice,!which!offers!“possibilities!for!transforming!the!politics!

of!representation,!that!is,!transforming!social!life!itself”!(Escobar!1994:!225).!Investigating!

social! mobilization! helps! to! understand! “the! ways! in! which! cultural! actorsB! cultural!

producers,! intermediaries,! and! the! publicB! transform! their! practices! in! the! face! of!

modernity’s!contradictions”!(Escobar!1994:!225)xxxv.!Boaventura!de!Sousa!Santos!describes!

an!Epistemology! of! Seeing! as! a! search! for! alternatives! that! specifically! come! from! social!

mobilization!in!the!“underdeveloped”!global!South.!!The!“global!South”!and!“global!North”!

are!not!geographic!hemispheres!but!cultural! territories!of!hegemony!and!antiBhegemony.!

The!South!constitutes!a!rescaled!global!geography!from!which!absent!and/or!marginalized!

actors!may!be!offering!antiBhegemonic!possibilities!(de!Sousa!Santos,!2001).!It!is!therefore!

a!search!for!Southern!Epistemologies,!which!provide!alternatives!to!the!way!the!world!has!

hegemonically!constructed!society! through!new!processes!of!production!and!valorization!

of!valid!knowledges.! “Seeing”!describes! the!way! these!associations!promote! intercultural!

citizenship! audiovisually,! and! provides! an! opportunity! to! practice! an! epistemology! of!

alternatives!that!parallels!the!work!it!observes.!!

Logically,! the!antithesis!of!an!Epistemology!of!Seeing! is!an!Epistemology!of!Blindness.!De!

Sousa!Santos!(2001;!2012)!describes!“Blindness”!as!the!creation!and!ignorance!of!absences!

based!on!limited!representation!in!hegemonic!thinking!selecting!knowledge!circularly!with!

faith!in!normality!and!predefined!endsxxxvi.!He!describes!hegemony!as!the!past!AmericanB

European!Century,!which!has!exported!liberal!market!economies,!culture!and!public!policy!

31!

with!a! faith! in! its!own!universal!principles!(de!Sousa!Santos!2001).! ‘Seeing’,!on!the!other!

hand,!is!a!search!for!and!synthesis!of!collective!knowledge!relevant!for!cultural!translation!

(de! Sousa! Santos! 2012).! Cultural! translation! makes! an! “ecology! of! knowledges”xxxvii

possible! by! interpreting! cultural! differences! aiming! “to! identify! isomorphic! concerns!

among! them! and! the! different! answers! they! provide”! (de! Sousa! Santos! 2012:! 59).! The!

knowledge! is! collective! in! this! research! due! to! its! multidisciplinary! approach! and! its!

inclusion!of!participants,!projects!and!phenomena.!Another!idea!of!collective!knowledge!is!

to! have! knowledge! produced! collectively! with! the! Quechuan! concept! ayni:! community!

work! based! on! reciprocity! and! mutual! good! rather! than! money! market! systems.! The!

political!purposive!search!for!alternative!knowledge!is!based!on!common!sense,!requiring!

it!to!be!selfBevident,!transparent!and!obviously!useful!knowledgexxxviii.!!Science!merged!with!

common!sense!can!be!rhetorical!and!metaphorical!without!provoking!significant!ruptures!

in!reality;!it!can!be!persuasive!as!it!fuses!enjoyment,!aesthetics,!wisdom!and!the!emotional!

with!the!intellectual,!critical,!and!practical!(de!Sousa!Santos!2001:!271B72).!The!end!result!

should!be!a!sociology!of!emergences!replacing!the!emptiness!of!a!linear!future!with!plural!

and!concrete!possibilities,!utopian!and!realist!at!one!time,!and!constructed!in!the!present!

by!means!of!activities!of!care!(de!Sousa!Santos!2012:!54B56).!!

The Documentary Genre

In!the!1930s!John!Grierson!defined!the!documentary!genre!as!“the!creative!treatment!of!

actuality”,!which!takes!creative! license! in! the!artistry!of!production!and!at! the!same!time!

incorporates!the!responsibilities!of!the!journalist!or!historian!(Nichols,!2010):! !“Neither!a!

fictional! invention! nor! a! factual! reproduction,! documentary! draws! on! and! refers! to!

historical!reality!while!representing!it!from!a!distinct!perspective.”!(Nichols,!2010).!It!gives!

a! space! in! which! representations! of! reality! are! created! through! the! eyes! of! a! filmmaker;!

“Documentary! film! reveals! reality! and! interprets! it”! (Alvarez! et! al.,! 2014).! Nichols!

highlights!three!characteristics!of!the!documentary!genre:!films!involve!real!situations!and!

people!(social!actors)!who!present! themselves! in!stories!conveying!situations!and!events!

plausibly,! all! of! which! is! shaped! by! the! distinct! filmmaker! point! of! view! projecting! the!

historical! world! directly! rather! than! as! a! fictional! allegoryxxxix!(Nichols,! 2010).! He! then!

32!

provides!four!areas!for!analyzing!the!production!of!documentary!films.!Three!of!these!are!

important! to! understand! the! infrastructure! of! DocuPeru! and! its! work:! institutions! that!

support!documentary!production!and!reception,!the!creative!efforts!of!filmmakers,!and!the!

expectations!of!audiences.!!

Participatory(Documentary(Making(

Community! social! documentaries! break! down! vertical! social! hierarchies! to! produce!

cultural!content!horizontally!(Coffman,!2009).!This!process! is!revolutionizing!the!popular!

forms!of!social!documentaries:!

“Rather!than!waiting!for!an!individual!filmmaker!to!identify!them!as!storytelling!“material,”!though,!groups! are! beginning! to! seek! filmmaking! assistance! on! their! own.! Getting! one’s! story! told—well?told—is! more! affordable! now! too,! which! means! that! new! opportunities! exist! nationally! and!internationally! for! trained! filmmakers! to! work! with! nonprofit! groups! or! nongovernmental!organizations!(NGOs)”!(Coffman,!2009:!62).!!

Coffman’s!terms!for!participatory!documentaries!give!a!systemized!easyBtoBunderstand!

vocabulary!for!looking!at!participatory!documentary!filmmaking.!For!example,!La!Mochila!

Documental! student! participants! are! filmmakers,! DocuPeru! members! are! producers!

(assessors! in! DocuPeru! terminology),! and! the! subjects! and! community! are! the!

documentaries’! people,! setting! and! content.! She! points! out! many! challenges! within!

collaborative! documentary! genre! that! reflect! my! own! production! experience! with!

DocuPeru;!especially,!the!low!public!service!need!or!priority!of!audiovisual! interventions,!

filmmaker!and!producer!expectations!regarding!content!and!control,!and!the!assumptions!

that!filmmaking!is!easy,!disregarding!the!limits!of!time!or!money!(Coffman,!2009)5.!

5!I’ve!included!a!table!in!the!Appendix!summarizing!all!five!of!the!challenges!she!articulates!for!participatory!filmmaking!!

33!

4. Culture for Development MethodologyDe!Sousa!Santos! in!describing! the!binary!relationship!between! ‘Seeing’!and! ‘Blindness’! is!

observing! the! perceived! rupture! between! the! two,! not! recommending! it.! Scientific!

Knowledge! is!precise,! reliable,! applicable,! and! replicable;! this! is!why!a! sophisticated! and!

internationally! accepted! scientific! method! developed! by! the! UN! to! measure! Culture! for!

Development! has! been! applied! to! dissident! collectives.! I! applied! the! methodology! with!

poetic! license! by! translating! national! scale! to! a! local! scale! and! exploring! the!

conceptualization! and! application! of! the! quantitative! indicators! qualitatively.! This! is!

accomplished!by! founding! the!operationalization!and!application!on! the!basic! tenements,!

definitions,!and!mission!of!the!methodology!to!provide!assumptions!a!scientific!foundation.!

At! the! same! time! the! indicators,! like! culture! and! art,! are! given! the! capacity! to! evolve!

conceptually!and!create!new!knowledge!in!experimental!ways.!!

UNESCO Culture for Development Indicators

The!2014!UNESCO!Culture!for!Development!Indicators!(CDIS)!stem!directly!from!the!2003!

Convention! on! the! Protection! and! Promotion! of! Diversity! of! Cultural! Expressions!which!

represents!!“the!last!building!block!in!the!standardBsetting!structure!developed!by!UNESCO!

to! defend! cultural! diversity”! (Ministerio! de! Asuntos! Extoriales,! 2015).! It! was! enacted! in!

2007!in!consideration!of!“the!invaluable!role!of!the!intangible!cultural!heritage!as!a!factor!

in! bringing! human! beings! closer! together! and! ensuring! exchange! and! understanding!

among!them”!(UNESCO,!2003).!The!ripple!effects!of!this!convention!appear!internally!in!the!

CDIS!Methodology,!and!the!IFCD!funding!local!projects!that!treat!development!through!the!

creative! lens!(UNESCO!IFCD,!2014).!Externally,! the!Ministry!of!Culture!for!Peru!was!born!

five!years!after!ratifying!the!convention.!The!ministry!has!been!active!in!promoting!a!new!

cultural! policy! framework! for! the!multifaceted! nature! of! culture! for! development! (Balta,!

2014)!and!has!produced!a!national!statistical! report!applying!CDIS!methodology! to!Peru.!

This!research!pursues!three!of! the!UNESCO!internal!recommendations,!on!the! local! level,!

for!furthering!the!2005!UNESCO!Convention,!including!sharing!good!practices!in!key!areas,!

encouraging! attention! to! the! conditions! of! cultural! industry! and! the! role! of! civil! society!

34!

actors,!and!working!towards!the!explicit! inclusion!of!culture!as!a! ‘driver’!and! ‘enabler! ’in!

the! postB2015! development! agenda xl .! “Culture! is! one! of! those! omnibus! terms! like!

democracy! or! environment! which! embraces! many! different! usages! employed! by! many!

different! people! for!many!different! purposes”! (Cultural!Development!Network!2001,! iii).!

UNESCO!CDIS!Methodology!(2014)!is!an!effort!to!define!and!quantify!culture!so!that!policy!

makers! and! development! practitioners! can! account! for! it.! In! terms! of! UNESCO’s!

methodology,!however,!what!might!be!missing!by!quantifying!something!that!is!so!deeply!

subjective!and!embedded!in!being!human?!!

The!CDIS!Methodology!consists!of!7!dimensions,!Economic,!Education,!Governance,!Social,!

Gender,!Communication,!and!Cultural!Heritage,!organized!into!22!indicators.!!

35!

Basic(CDIS(Methodological(Tenements

These! indicators! are! constructed! upon! five! methodological! tenements.! The! first! is!

pragmatism,!which!is,!“taking!into!account!the!specific!characteristics,!needs!and!realities!

of! low! and!middleBincome! countries,! in! order! to! offer! them! a! viable,! effective! and! costB

efficient!tool”!(UNESCO!2014).!The!next!is!broad!participation,!as!each!country!interprets!

the!CDIS!Methodology!by! including! the!opinions!of! “a!broad!array!of! stakeholders! in! the!

process!of!data!collection”!(UNESCO!2014).!Flexibility!and!adaptability!are!needed!to!suit!

different! development! contexts! and! level! of! data! availability! and! offering! a! flexible!

implementation! scheme! that! accepts! the! construction! of! additional! and! alternative!

indicators!(UNESCO!2014).!One!Ministry!of!Culture!Official!who!adapted!the!UNESCO!CDIS!

indicators!to!Peru!described!to!me!how!the!indicators!were!changed!to!be!more!pertinent!

and! representative! because! the! indicators! didn’t! “represent! the! manner! of! producing!

culture! that! exists! in! this! country”xli.! ! The! fourth! tenet! is!multidimensionality,! which!

allows! for! a! transversal! analysis! and! dialectical! analysis! of! the! indicators,! creating! “a!

holistic! and! inclusive! illustration! of! the! relationship! between! culture! and! development”!

(UNESCO!2014).!Research!multidimensionality!comes!from!allowing!different!indicators!to!

interact! in! the! analysis! and! grouping! indicators! together.!The! last! tenement! is!capacityR

building! and! policy! impact.! This! allows! the! interpretation! of! cultural! statistics! to! offer!

suggestions! for!policy!purposes.!The! indicators!were!applied! first!with! the! core!UNESCO!

definitions! in! the! fieldwork.!The! fully!realized!conceptualization!comes! from!a!process!of!

respondent! participation! and! postBoperationalization.! Conceptualization! was! initially! a!

result!of!data!analysis,!and!later,!used!as!a!dataBcoding!tool.!This!process!includes!flexibility!

and!pragmatism!by!letting!a!few!indicators!fall!in!to!the!background!to!focus!on!answering!

research!questions.!This!gives!a!much!more!manageable!and!relevant!list!of!about!12!core!

indicators!for!analysis:!

36!

UNESCO(CDIS(DNAxlii(

UNESCO!rotates!these!indicators!horizontally!to!produce!Culture!for!Development!DNA.!“It!

is! a! data! visualization! device! created! to! facilitate! a! transversal! analysis! of! indicators!

and! a! synthesis! of! the! inclusive! and! multidimensional! contribution! of! culture! to!

development!at!the!national! level.”!(UNESCO!2014:!14).!!

37!

Culture,! like! genetics! is! inherited,! and! the! indicators! at! the!bottom! serve! to! translate,! or!

synthesize! culture! into! development! much! like! the! chemical! bases! in! our! DNA.! This!

visualization! tool! shows!how!Peru! is! applying! the!principles! of! Culture! for!Development!

nationally.!I!will!not!attempt!to!construct!an!entire!Culture!DNA!but!rather!understand!and!

describe!how!these!indicators!interact!multiBdimensionally!within!community!film.!!

Operationalization of Selected Indicators To! capture! phenomena!multiBdimensionally,! I! have! included! at! least! one! indicator! from!

each!dimension.!Subjectively!the!perceptions!of! those! involved!form!a!strong!basis!of! the!

research! explored! by! the! respondents’! reflection! on! relevant! experience,! work,! and!

valuesxliii.! I!describe!below!the!original!understandings!of! the!core!UNESCO!indicators! for!

the!research,!relevant!CDIS!results!in!Peru,!and!researchBtailored!conceptualizations.!!A!full!

list! of! the! 22! indicators! with! their! conceptualizations! and! findings! can! be! found! in! the!

appendix.!!

Economic:! UNESCO! describes! the! importance! of! culture! in! this! dimension! as! a! driver! of!

growth,! diversifying! national! economies,! generating! income! and! employment! in! national!

economiesxliv.!Employment! in! Cultural!Activities! is!defined!as! the!percentage!of!people!

employed! in! cultural! occupations! out! of! the! total! of! employed! population,! including!

cultural!and!creative!industries.!The!latest!CDIS!national!study!found!Peru!at!3.3%!cultural!

employmentxlv,!which!is!hardly!representative!of!the!real!number!of!informal!employment.!

The!research!focuses!on!members’!freelance!professional!work!to!sustain!themselves!and!

the!collective!social!work!that!is!based!on!noneconomic!incentives!and!values.!!!

38!

Governance:( Governance! represents! many! of! the! regulations,! policies,! and! institutional!

mechanisms! enacted! by! public! authorities! to! promote! cultural! diversity,! and! strengthen!

cultural! sectors! and! processesxlvi.! Standard! Setting! Framework! describes! the! national!

implementation! of! the! UNESCO! 2005! Convention,! which! can! be! explored! through! the!

national! Policy! and! Institutional! Framework! for! Culture.! The! national! policies! and!

institutions!observed!in!the!research!fall!in!line!with!the!standards!set!by!UNESCO!reflected!

in! the!high!Standard!Setting!Framework! level! in!Peru!at!0.78/1!(UNESCO!CDIS!Database,!

2014).!One!ministry!official!confirmed!this;!“through!the!law,!our!directives,!our!plans!are!

formed! by! their! [UNESCO’s]! proposal”! (Cacera! Vegas,! Official! A! and! Official! B,! 2015).!

Therefore! I! combine! these! two! indicators:! the! Policy! and! Institutional! Framework! is!

support! and! initiatives! by! the! national! ministries! of! Peru,! and! local! municipalities! in! the!

realm! of! community! film.! The! Distribution! of! Cultural! Infrastructure! functions! as! an!

index!that!illustrates!the!geography of!Peruvian!cultural!institutions.!The!research!focuses!

on!one!organization,!and!so!distribution!is!taken!out!of!the!definition.!Thus it becomes !the!

Organization!Infrastructure!of!DocuPeru!and!its!unique!mechanisms!of!sustainability.!

Education:! The! conceptualization!of! the!horizontal! audiovisual! educative!process! include!

Art!Education!and!Professional!Training,!both!in!production!and!diffusion,!and!will!often!

be!referred!to!simply!as!Education.!Documentary!film!is!an!art!form,!a!communication!tool,!

and! a! professional! vocation,! which! gives! it! a! further! connection! with! Employment! in!

Cultural! Activities.! These! two! education! indicators! can! be! applied! separately! in! data!

analysis! by! matching! professional! training! to! participation! in! technical! methods! of!

39!

production!and!distribution;!Art!Education!(AE)!can!be!applied!to!the!plurality!of!artistic!

languages! explored! in! workshops,! and! the! screening! of! socially! conscious! documentaries!

and! movies! in! communities:! a! pedagogy! of! cultivating! audiovisual! literacy.! In! the! CDIS!

Methodology!AE!represents!the!percentage!of!hours!of!AE!out!of!the!total!number!of!public!

school! instructional! hours! (UNESCO! CDIS! 2014).! Qualitatively! it! involves! creativity! in!

production,!generation!and!communication!of!symbolic!meaningxlvii!(Galloway,!S.,!&!Dunlop,!

S. 2007:!21).!The!UNESCO!Road!Map!for!Art!Education!(2006)!describes!AE!as!structured

through! three!complimentary!pedagogies:! the!study!of!artistic!works,!direct!contact!with

artistic! works,! and! engaging! in! arts! practices.! Peru! is! performing! well! in! Inclusive

Educationxlviii,!yet!scored!lowest!on!AE,!and!at!5.71%!is!closer!to!Namibia!(2.40%)!than!its

regional!neighbor,!Columbia!(17%)!(UNESCO!CDIS!Database,!2014).!Inclusive!Education,!is

the! underlying! mission! that! DocuPeru! member! Nataniel! described! as! “our! methodology

and!also!participation.!In!the!form!of!education!it!changes!the!relation!between!teacher!and

student”! (Fargung,! 2015).! ! Multilingual! Education! refers! to! the! plurality! of! languages

used! in! Peruvian! community! film,! in! the! case! of! La! Mochila! workshop,! Spanish! and

Quechua.

Social( Participation:! The! CDIS! indicators! measure! the! social! values! superficially! with!

Freedom!of!SelfRDetermination!(FSD),!which!is!the!median!score!of!percentage!of!people!

who! feel! they! have! control! over! their! lives.! IdentityRBuilding! Activities! (IDB)! as! the!

percentage! of! the! population! who! participated! in! one! such! activity! in! a! year,! and!

40!

Intercultural! Trust! as! the! degree! of! tolerance! within! a! society! towards! people! from!

different! cultural! backgrounds.! UNESCO! admits! that! IDB! especially! is! at! the! core! of!

intangible! cultural! heritage! of! a! group! or! society,! and! yet! represents! a! large! share! of!

activities! that! are! often! absent! from! official! national! statistics! (UNESCO,! 2014:! 85).!

Intercultural! Trust! is! included! in! the! broader! term! Interpersonal! Trust.! Often,! these!

indicators! will! be! grouped! together! as! Social! Participation! and! include! emergent!

indicators!such!as!selfBesteem!and!selfBrepresentation.!!

Gender:!In!this!context!Gender!is!measured!by!‘equal!opportunity!and!choice’!for!men!and!

women!to!take!control!of!their!lives!(UNESCO,!2014).!It!is!at!the!heart!of!realizing!inclusive!

development.!The!objective!Gender!Equality!in!Peru!output!is! .82,!above!average,!and!the!

subjective! perception! is! 77%,! the! second! highest! after! Uruguay! (UNESCO! CDIS! Database,! 2014).! Most! respondents! observed! both! the! perception! and! objective! output! of! Gender!deceptive! and! overly! optimistic,! and! confirmed! Peru! as! a! deeply! machista! society.!

Gender

!

41!

!Communication:!Freedom!of!Expression!is!a!human!rightxlix.!For!UNESCO!it!is!an!index!of!

print/broadcast/internetl based!media!freedom.!For!the!research,!it!is!the!central!theme!of!

Alternative! Media! and! the! driving! force! behind! most! Community! Film! Associations! and!initiatives!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!Diversity!of!Cultural!Content!will!be!valued!not!as!public!

broadcast! but! the! content! and! distribution! of! organizations’! alternative! cultural/artistic!products.!The!Cultural!Content!on!TV!was!measured!in!the!Peru!Culture!for!Development!

report! at! containing! 25%l!nationally! produced! content! and! 75%! international! content!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2014).!Except!for!Chaski,!most!of!these!organizations!rate!low,!

and!due!to!their! free!virtual!and!live!diffusion!strategy!their!audience!is!potentially!huge,!

but!their!products!remain!invisible,!especially!in!the!mass!media.!It!is!however!integral!to!

their! political! strategy! of! democratizing! media! and! makes! up! their! hopes! and! dreams.! In!almost! every! community! I! visited! for! audiovisual! projects,! Internet! was! not! an! option.!DocuPeru!works!within!the!Use! of! Internet! for!promoting!the!organization,!projects!and!

documentaries! and! also! in! terms! of! access! to! Internet! for! communities,! a! contemporary!component of Freedom of Expression.

Cultural( Heritage:! Cultural! Heritageli!Sustainability! is! an! indicator! aggregated! from!

informational! and! media! programs! that! enhance! social! agents’! connection! to! heritage! in!

societylii!and! describes! the! robustness! of! cultural! heritage! transmission.! This!

dimension!should!be!explored!qualitatively!acknowledging!Cultural!Heritage!is!made!

sustainable!with!

42!

community!film!diffusing!diverse!cultural!expressions,!documenting!them!creatively,!thus!

transmitting!cultural!heritage!as!a!living!resource.!!

Mixed(Methods(Approach(

The!following!primary!qualitative!techniques!are!based!on!pragmatism,!subjectivism,!and!contextual!relevancy6:!!

• Coding!and!content!analysis!of!interviews• Cognitive!mapping• Seeking!patterning!of!responses• Presenting!crossBsite!analysis!(crossBcase!studies,!with!focus!on!primary!case)• Personal!constructs• Narrative!accounts

Gathering! the!quantitative!data!meant! creating!primary! sources!with! two!questionnaires!

for!the!eleven!to!twelve!participants!at!the!Mochila!Documental.!The!surveys!try!to!collect!

information!on!qualitative!intangible!variables!through!a!closed!structure.!The!quantitative!

and! qualitative! approaches! are! connected! together! to! provide!what! Gerring! (2012)! calls!

“mere! description”.! In! order! to! prevent! indeterminacy,! description! removes! causal!

arguments!asking!‘why?’!Instead,!description!focuses!on!associational!understandings!with!

“descriptive! arguments! about! multidimensional! components! of! a! phenomenon,! or! the!

properties!of!various!units”! !(Gerring,!2012).!Description,!quantitatively!and!qualitatively,!

gives!an!impression!of!observational!evidence!that!is!useful,!but!at!times!immeasurable!and!

intangible,!and!hopefully!renders!the!focal!processes!and!values!visible.!!

6!These!techniques!are!from!Cohen!!(2011,!130)!

43!

Instrument! application! involved! purposive! sampling! of! relevant! phenomena! and! actors.!

This! included! document! analysis! and! audiovisual! research! to! analyze! the! products,! and!

nonBparticipant! observations! of! microcines! and! live! plays.! Participant! observation! was!

involved! in! setting! up! and! striking! community! screenings,! attending! classes! and!

audiovisual! production! workshops.! SemiBopen! inBdepth! interviews! were! conducted! with!

the! filmmakers,! producers,! ministry! officials,! academic! specialists! and! organization!

directors.! Two! surveys! in! the! Mochila! Documental! workshop! were! done! to! evaluate!

filmmakers’! experience.! The! first! focused! on! collecting! background! and! descriptive!

information,!and!the!second,!selfBreflection!on!the!possible!processes!of!empowerment!and!

results! of! the! workshop.! Two! questions! meant! to! measure! empowerment! and! visibility!

were! surveyed! at! the! final! Mochila! Documental! day,! after! the! premier! screening! of! the!

animation! and! documentary! films7.! The! first! question! refers! to! the! character! of! the!

products! and! the! possible! empowerment! or! visibility! value! produced! in! terms! of! Culture!

and!Communication!for!Developmentliii.!Rated!Low!to!High,!the!filmmakers!are!asked!to!

what!degree!the products!communicate! Community! Cohesion,! Local! Identity! Expression,!

Community!Aspirations,! Community! Issues,! and! Solutions! for! Local! Problems.! The!

second!question!refers!to!the!subjective!individual!and!intangible!processes!of

empowerment!and!visibility!involved! in! the! Mochila! Documental! workshopliv.! These!

measure! any! increase! in! Social!Participation! and! Communication! Dimensions,!

specifically,! Freedom! of! Expression,! SelfB Esteem,! SelfBDetermination,! Interpersonal!

Trust,! Identity! Construction,! and! Self!Representation.! It! was! further! explored!

qualitatively! by! asking! four! producers! and!filmmakers!each!what!they!and!others!have!

learned!in!their!experiences,!and!how!they!will!use!what!they!have!learned!in!the!future.!!!

Ethics and Limitations of Research “The!activities,!even!the!smallest!things!they!do,!are!of!these!groups!and!these!producers!

they! are! important! but! we! shouldn’t! lose! the! notion! that! it! is! very! small! what! they!

are!doing!and!aren’t!resolving!many!of!the!problems”!(Pastor,!2015).!Local!supervisor!

Susana!Pastor! describes! how! these! organizations! are! solely! making! and! spreading!

movies! as!7!The!full!surveys!can!be!found!in!the!Appendix!Section!

44!

guides!to!educate!and!offering!options!to!future!generationslv.!The!research!magnifies!the!

community! film! processes! and! products! and! it! should! be! kept! in! mind! that,! to! my!

knowledge,! the! real! impact! of! these! organizations! on! a! national! scale! is! rather! small,! or!

difficult! to! measure.! Voluntary! participation! and! informed! consent! were! provided,! and!

deception!was!avoided!by!having! the!Liman!respondentslvi!sign!consent! forms!explaining!

the!right!to!withdraw!and!a!checkbox!for!anonymity.!I!introduced!myself!on!the!first!day!of!

class! and! explained! the! research,! my! role! and! the! affiliate! university.! La! Mochila!

filmmakers!were!informed!of!the!right!to!anonymity!or!exclusion!from!the!research.!Before!

each! interview! I! reiterated! the! goal! of! the! research! and! offered! anonymitylvii.!More! than!

thirty!primary!interview!transcripts!were!translated!from!Spanish!and!transcribed!by!the!

researcher.!Although!I!am!not!entirely! fluent! in!Spanish,! this!did!not!hinder!participation!

and!I!worked!hard!to!represent!the!voices!of!respondents!honestly!and!with!personality,!at!

times! a! bit! resistant! to! translate! colorful! Peruvian! colloquialisms.! The! most! significant!

ethical! issue! arose! from! the! inBdepth! participation! in! the! workshops,! classes! and! film!

production.!These!organizations!have!a!clear!political!ideology,!with!which!the!researcher!

agrees.! I! was! aware! of! my! impact! within! the! workshops,! but! with! a! shootBfirstBaskB

questionsBlater!filmmaking!attitude,!I!chose!selfBparticipation!as!the!most!effective!way!to!

collectively! gain! knowledge.! In! terms! of! research! in! participatory! cultural! content!

production,!the!researcher!has!an!opportunity!to!share!whatever!relevant!tools!he!or!she!

has.!I!worked!vigorously!to!support!whatever!tasks!were!at!hand!and!include!myself!in!the!

creative!process.!Studying!people!and!events!critically!at!a!distance! in! the! realm! of! the!

production! of! cultural! content!will! never! have!more! clarity! than!when! the! researcher!

works!alongside!the!respondents!with!respect!and!deference.!There!were!consequences!to!

my!participationlviii,!and!throughout!the!whole!production!process!I!tried!to!meet!a!balance!

of!support!and!consciousness!of!exterior!influence.!Of!course,!both!had!implications!in!the!

production!and!educative!processes.!!

45!

5. Data SectionsThe!four!data!sections!answer!every!subBquestion!sequentially,!except!for!the!subBquestion!

on! the! obstacles! to! inclusive! development! in! Peru! answered! in! Chapter! 2.! The! narrative!

moves!from!DocuPeru!infrastructure,!to!the!paradigm,!methodology,!pedagogy!and!finally!

the!results!of!visibility!and!empowerment!in!La!Mochila!Documental.!!

Data Section I: DocuPeru Infrastructure: Finances, Economic Employment, Professional Training, and Sustainability

Finances(and(Funding(

All! elements! of! DocuPeru’s! internal! infrastructure! are! a! reflection! of! their! political! and!

ideological!posture.!DocuPeru!is!strictly!informal!refuting!any!form!of!NGO!structure:!!“Yes,!

we’re!not!interested!in!being!NGOs,!we’re!a!cultural!association.!If!you’re!in!an!NGO!you’re!

always!having!to!justify!your!salaries,!the!objectives,!the!information.”!In!recent!years!they!

relocated! their! office! from! Director! Jose’s! house! to! an! alternative! arts! high! school,!

symbolically! expressing! their! ideology! through! the! socioBlocation! of! the! organization.! In!

terms! of! funding,! my! findings! confirm! Liesbeth! Hermans’! (2013,! 74):! “As! a! nonBprofit!

organization!without!a!fixed!income!of!money,!financing!and!finding!funds!has!always!been!

difficult!for!DOCUPERU.”!Former!General!Producer!Andrea!comments!on!the!reluctance!of!

private!business!to!associate!with!DocuPeru!and!its!political!line:!!

“For!political!reasons,!DocuPeru!can’t!get! funding!from!businesses,! like!from!telecommunications,!or! credit! card! [companies]! […]! I! remember! once! that! we! wanted! finance,! and! one! of! my! best!friend’s! father! was! a! president! of! a! credit! bank.! And! I! asked! them! if! it! was! possible! to! receive!financing!from!the!credit!bank!and!he!told!me!‘!Look,!it!doesn’t!come!from!a!fiscal!source,!but!from!the! ideology! that! the! group! has! established.! In! reality! I! don’t! think! I! can! help! you! because! your!content!is!too!strong!politically!and!to!the!left,!and!we’re!not!going!to!meddle!in!these!things'”!(Vela!Arcon,!2015).!

This! differs,! for! example,! from! La! Combi’s! financing! strategy,! which! is! more! politically!

neutral!and!accepts!more!private!fundinglix.! !However,!the!limitations!are!not!only!due!to!

certain!social!sectors!perceptions,!but!DocuPeru’s!selectivity!in!their!networks,!both!local!

46!

and! financial,! to!maintain! their! social! and! political! integrity! and! promote! the! agenda! of!

local!communities:!!

“We!go!into!an!intervention,!puta,!with!heart,!with!respect.!If!an!organization!contracts!us!to!make!a!political!game,!photos,!the!bureaucracy,!no,!no,!no,!DocuPeru,!no,!pardon,!we!are!not!for!this.!So!this!means!we’re!really!fucked,!because!we!give!the!respect!to!the!public,!we!respect!the!communities;!if!an! organization! comes! with! some! shit,! we! split.! So! this! is! a! line! of! not! having! money! gave! us!political!freedom!to!do!what!we!want!to!do”!(Balado,!2015).!

Money!must!come!without!political!strings!attached!to!allow!the!freedom!to!follow!through!

with!inclusive!development!and!social! justice!in!their!work.!DocuPeru!is!hesitant!to!work!

with! and! therefore! promote! hierarchal! political! parties! and! institutions! or! private!

businesses.!This!filters!funding!and!networks!to!grassBroots!associations!and!national!and!

international! GOs! and! NGOs! who,! often! dissident,! share! similar! political! agendas.! For!

example,! Jose! describes! the! personality! clash! in! the! partnership! with! the! Ministry! of!

Education,!which!was!financing!the!Pullcalpa!Caravana,!unconcerned!with!and!absent!from!

the!process!of!visibility!and!empowerment,!assumed!a!leadership!role!giving!orders!on!the!

placement! of! the! screen,! logolx,! and! using! the! intervention! as! a! publicity! stunt.! Jose’s!

reaction:!!“I’m!not!going!to!do!whatever!you!want.!You!came!to!take!some!photos,!don’t!put!

us!in!the!photo;!we’re!not!working!for!politicians”!(Balado,!2015).!The!lack!of!fixed!funding!

and! the! political! and! social! line!mean! that! each! project! is! selfBmanaged! and! the! finance!

strategy!matches!the!profile!of!the!project.!Created!from!the!local!agenda!and!community!

issues,! the! profile! of! the! project! has! certain! themes! (for! example,! human! rights,! gender,!

climate! change,! leadership)! and! local! contacts.! Financiers! and! DocuPeru! converge! to!

support!and!visualize!these!themeslxi.!!

Wide!consensus!exists!among!members!that!even!if!there’s!not!enough!money!for!a!project!

sheer! will! and! determination! will! see! it! through.! Jose! describes! the! alternative! nonB

monetary!structure!as!a!uniquely!Peruvian!and!Southern!type!of!social!mobilizationBbased!

development:!

“These!other! countries! that!are!developed,!what! I! found! interesting,! is! that! if! there!are!no! funds,!there’s! no! development.! […]! If! they! don’t! have! money! they! don’t! do! it.! Here,! we! do! it! without!money.!The!money!will!come!afterwards.!It’s!a!different!logic!of!acting.![…]!This!is!what!I!like!about!Peru,! people! are! generating! projects,!with! or!without!money,! but! they! are! still! generating! them”!(Balado,!2015).!

47!

Of! course,! there! is! a! downside! to! downplaying! the! economic! necessities!when! it! causes!

certain! periods! of! financial! insecurity! for! projects.! For! example,! the! DAFO! Award! was!

miscalculated!by!23,000!soles,!and!before!Adriana!became!producer!in!2012,!DocuPeru!had!

never! properly! registered,! created! any! invoices! nor! paid! any! taxes.! In! interviews,! the!

financial!security!and!economic!limits!for!DocuPeru!were!members’!greatest!fears.!!

Sources(and(Flows(of(DocuPeru(Financing(

This!diagram!reveals!how!DocuPeru!uses!financing!networks:!IGOs!and!GOs!provide!the!

overall!funding!for!projects!and!the!local!NGOs!prepare!many!of!the!logistical!necessities,!

such!as!places!to!sleep!(a!church!or!someone’s!house)!and!food,!and!recruiting!workshop!

participants.!This!diagram!is!not!comprehensive!but!illustrates!the!diversity!of!financing!

that!DocPeru!must!find!to!accomplish!projects.!Despite!Jose’s!dislike!of!hierarchal!GOs,!

DocuPeru!has!worked!with!government!bodies!on!several!occasions.!In!many!cases!the!

INGOs!are!working!directly!with!local!NGOs,!such!as!Broederlijk!Delen!and!Cedep!Ayllu.!In!

48!

the!case!of!the!local!Huancabamba!NGOs!for!the!Medios!Que!Conmueven!project,!and!the!

women’s!association!in!Apurimac,!DocuPeru’s!community!mobilization!and!products!

served!as!a!channel!of!communication!to!demand!recognition!and!reparations!from!the!

Ministry!of!Justice.!These!examples!illustrate!the!potential!capacity!for!(virtual)!civic!

participation!by!showing!dissident!DocuPeru!products!to!Peruvian!congress!or!government!

hierarchies.!The!size!of!the!DocuPeru!team,!the!number!of!participants,!and!the!quantity!of!

funding!dictate!the!longevity!and!amount!of!activities!permittedlxii.!!

DocuPeru( Members:( Economic( Employment,( Professional( Training( and( Socio?Political(

Incentives((

DocuPeru! is! in! no! way! an! economic! employer,! however,! exploration! of! the! factors! of!

‘employment’! in! the! infrastructure! enabled! discovery! of! the! alternative! strategies! of!

organizational!sustainability!it!maintains!with!so!much!economic!insecurity.!Members!are!

paid!a!small!salary!for!projects,!which!they!estimate!at!one!third!of!the!market!price8.!The!

preBproduction!office!work!and!publicity! is!done!voluntarily,! facilitated!by!the!concept!of!

Ayni.!Members!cite! the!unique!DocuPeru! internal!mechanisms!operating!on!heart,! family,!

friendship,! love! and! affection! as! its! greatest! strength.! Above! all! else,! Ayni! rejects!

individualism!and!hierarchal!social!organization;!“It!surprised!me!how!individualism!didn’t!

exist!between!the!people!who!were!so!capable.!All!of!them!had!criticism!and!issues!of!other!

things,!so!each!one!had!an!idea!and!shared!it!with!everyone!in!the!process.!For!me!it!was!

like,! wow! this! exists,! a! community! in! which! you’re! not! doing! your! work! alone”! (Urco,!

2015).! !Jose!describes!the!magic!of!this!type!of!work:!“[…]!the!office!is!always!full.!So!you!

say!how!cool!because!we’re!from!the!heart,!no!one!is!working!on!a!salary,!they’re!working!

because!they!believe!in!the!project”!(Balado,!2015).!!

It!cannot!be!ignored!that!this!amount!of!unpaid!labor!also!leads!to!some!conflict!and!

unhappiness! among! members,! yet! any! complaint! is! greatly! overshadowed! by! the!

commitment! of! members! to! a! common! vision,! dream! or! aspiration.! ! As! manager! of! all!

projects,! the! general! producer,! feels! the! pressure! of! voluntary! work!most! acutely.! Both!

current!and! former!members!describe! the!general!producer!as!an!unpaid! fullBtime!office!

8!This!can!be!as!much!as!500!dollars!for!one!month!or!as!little!as!nothing.!

49!

worker.!Former!general!producer!Adriana!describes!this!as!a!point!of!conflict:!“It!becomes!

a! problem!when! they! start! asking! you! for!more! and! you’re! already! giving! a! lot! and! not!

receiving!a!pay! for! it! [...]”! (UgarteBStirlicht,!2015).!She!describes! it!as!an!obstacle! in! that,!

“You!need!a!more! constant!motivation! in!order! to! accept! this! level! of! responsibility! that!

takes! a! mountain! of! time! and! energy”! (UgarteBStirlicht,! 2015).! One! general! producer!

described! the! informal! collaborative! nature! of! DocuPeru! as! culminating! in! a!

disproportionate!amount!of!responsibilities.!Current!member!Nathanial!wants!to!formalize!

the!general!producer!with!two!positions,!!

“We!work!in!our!free!time!and!we!also!have!our!own!work,!apart!from!DocuPeru,!we!of!course!are!working.!So!we!don’t!need! financing,!we!have!to!search! for!money! for! the!projects.! I! think!this! is!something!that’s!bad,!that!it’s!something!that!should!change.!I!am!trying!to!find!money!to!sponsor!everything,!the!office,!the!coordination,!the!production,!like!a!production!office”!(Fargung,!2015).!

This! production! office! would! include! a! general! producer! and! coordinators! with! fixed!

salaries!to!carry!out,!what!in!reality,!are!full!time!jobs.!Although!only!an!aspiration,!it!would!

provide!the!necessary!support!and!commitment!to!the!current!increase!in!production!and!

organization!diffusion.!!

Every!DocuPeru!member! supports!himself!or!herself! financially! through! freelance!

professional! audiovisual! production 9 .! Members! are! actively! developing! themselves!

professionally! in! technical! skills! and! gaining! reputations! from! their! work! both! in! and!

outside! of! the! organization.! For! example,! although! Vice! President! Lali! had! studied!

audiovisual! communication,! she! had! no! professional! training! and! describes! her! first!

DocuPeru!production!experience:!“I!was!really!young!and!just!coming!from!university!and!

without! much! experience.! I! was! afraid! to! make! a! lot! of! mistakes! and! I! didn’t! want! to!

disappoint!my! team! and! Jose.! I! didn’t! have! the! perfect! technique,! because! other! people!

know!more!about!cameras!and!cutting!films”!(Maldueño,!2015).!Today,!she!is!a!successful!

professional!audiovisual!producer!contracted!for!largeBscale!concerts!and!international!TV!

shows! filmed! in! Peru.! Gabriela,! with! a! degree! in! anthropology,! describes! the! impact! of!

professional! training! within! the! organization:! “I! always! work! with! DocuPeru! because! it!

makes!me!really!the!person!I!am!now,!with!skills!in!production”!(Urco,!2015).!

9!Including,!movies,!photoshoots,!concerts,!independent!films!and!alternative!media,!and!TV!shows.!

50!

Empowerment! is! dialectical! between! filmmakers! and! producers;! the! professional!

training! is! not! only! in! technical! production! skills,! but! produces! intangible! results! due! to!

intercultural!contact.!Former!general!producer!Andrea!calls!it!a!school!that!teaches!“a!form!

for!conserving!cultural!production”!and!describes!it’s!interculturality!as!an!

“Experience!that!was!very!enriching!professionally!because!I!felt!that,!sometimes!when!you!live!here!in!the!city!you!see!things!only!like!this:!your!work,!your!apartment,!your!weekends,!your!friends,!your!family,!and!you!can’t!see!anything!more.!It!was!amazing!to!stay!in!one!of!the!houses!with!one!of!the!women.!Sleep!and!eat!with!them,!and!how!amiable!they!were,!they!invite!you,!they!laugh!and!joke!with!you.!To!see!this!was!very!strong!as!well,!it!was!strong!to!listen!to!what!they!had!lived! through.! I! feel! like! I! didn’t! return! the! same! from! there.! I! returned! seeing! things! totally!differently”!(Vela!Arcon,!2015).!

For! Gabriela,! “It’s! a! really! amazing! school! so! I! learned! a! lot! about! a! lot! of! things:! about!

movies,!film,!documentaries,!but!especially!as!a!person,!meeting!other!kind!of!people!and!

traveling.!That’s!something!that!you’re!not!going!to!learn!in!the!university!or!on!TV”!(Urco,!

2015).!Andrea!confirms!DP!members!as!middleBclass!“bubble!dwellers”!who!are!exposed!to!

the!country’s!realities!and!diverse!social!situations:!

“The!majority!have!confirmed!DocuPeru!as!a!middle!class!that!are!wellBoff!right?!Which!isn’t!bad.!Instead!of!having!ACHP!computers,!we!have!Macs.!This!contributes!to!the!feeling!within!ourselves,!that! all! live! within! a! bubble! before! entering! into! DocuPeru.! You! begin! to! travel! and! enter! in! to!zones,!which!you’d!never!think!of!going!to!because!they!aren’t!on!the!tourist!routes.!Additionally,!like!one!time!we!slept!in!a!high!school!that!was!in!the!cemetery,!we!didn’t!have!bathrooms,!it’s!like!you’re!going!to!war”!(UgarteBStirlich,!2015).!

Through!direct!contact!with!inequality!and!diversity!these!artists!became!more!politicized!

and!socially!responsible.!Adriana!describes!the!motivation!to!work!versus!pay;!“work!is!a!

commitment! that! you! can! aspire! to”! (UgarteBStirlich,! 2015).! Each! member! comes! to!

DocuPeru!with,!“a!vision!that!drives!us!which!is!rather!social,!then!in!this!feeling!that!all!of!

us!want!the!same!thing,!to!find!a!change!through!the!work!that!we!do”!(Andrea,!2015)!and!

Nathaniel!describes!it!as!“the!experiences!with!DocuPeru!help!you!to!have!a!guide!or!road!

to!finish!what!you!want!to!do”!(Fargung,!2015).!Lali!describes!committing!to!the!work!of!

DocuPeru!as!“We!really!love!our!jobs!because!it!is!not!like!a!job!for!us,!it’s!a!way!of!life.!It’s!a!

way!to!be”!(Maldueño,!2015).!

51!

While! work! is! enriching! and! enhances! members! professionally,! it! is! economically!

unsustainable,! which! creates! a! revolving! door! of! new! DocuPeru! members! bringing! fresh!

perspectives,!experience!and!subjectivities.!Jose!describes!the!organization!as!continually!!

“Adapting,! yes,! it’s! not! always! the! same.! And,! each! time! people! are! leaving! and! new! people! are!entering,! and! they! give! a! new! characteristic! to! the! project.! This! applies! to! us,! the! new! people! of!DocuPeru! bring! a! subjectivity,! because! they! have! different! experiences.! They! always! want! to! stir!new!things.![…]!They’re!bringing!other!tones!to!the!organization.!We!embrace!now!14!or!15!people,!each!one!brings!something!new!to!the!organization!and!also!the!project”!(Balado,!2015).!

This!is!one!aspect!to!the!alternative!of!DocuPeru’s!sustainability;!the!high!level!of!voluntary!

work!creates!temporal!employment!bringing!in!new!members!who!embrace!DocuPeru!as!

their!own,!and!in!doing!so!continually!shape!and!reinvent!it.!The!other!side!of!sustainability!

relates! to! exiting! members.! All! former! members! I! spoke! with! or! heard! about! were! using!

their!DocuPeru!experience!to!initiate!his!or!her!own!socioBpolitical!or!cultural!audiovisual!projects!and!associationslxiii.!Andrea!speaks!to!this!as!multiplying!the!idea!of!DocuPeru:!

“Much!of!us,!the!outcasts!that!are!DocuPeru,!continue!working!with!social!themes.!Everyone!applies!what!they!have! learned!from!DocuPeru!and!they!continue!creating!their!own!projects,!and!so!

the!idea!of!DocuPeru!keeps!on!multiplying!through!the!people!who!have!worked!in!the!project.!We!are!the!ones!who!are!charged!with!replicating!this!process.![...]!I!entered!DocuPeru!and!learned!a!huge!amount! how! to! resonate! with! people,! the! importance! of! maintaining! the! horizontal! work,! the!importance!of!traveling!through!my!own!country,!the!importance!of!the!creative!process,!and!how!to!structure!this!creative!process,!and!above!all!else!I!apply!this!to!my!work!”!(Vela!Arcon,!2015).!

!It! is! a! unique! alternative! media! space! and! because! there! aren’t! many! like! it,! former!

members!create!their!own!spaces:!

!“To! find!a!space! to!have! the! liberty! to!create!what!you!want! is!difficult!because!very! few!people!here! will! pay! attention! to! documentaries! or! the! culture,! because! the! whole! world! thinks! that!documentaries!are!boring.!So!it’s!very!difficult!to!find!a!space!in!which!you!can!work!and!because!of!this!I!think!that!the!majority!of!us!end!up!creating!our!own!space!to!do!this”!(UgarteBStirlich,!2015).!!

The! professional! training! and! economic! unemployment! in! DocuPeru! leads! members! to!

diffuse!its!methodology!and!paradigm!through!creating!their!own!economic!employment!in!

educative!projects!for!inclusive!development!when!they!leave.!All!of!this!reflects!DocuPeru!

operating! as! a! school! facilitating! intercultural! and!multifaceted! empowerment! internally!

through!professional!training!towards!realizing!aspirations!for!social!change.!!

52!

‘The(Caravana(for(Hire’(Strengthening(the(Infrastructure(of(DocuPeru(

Currently,!with! the! participation! of!more! experienced! audiovisual! professionals,! and! the!

reputation! of! DocuPeru! increasing,! the! collective! has! begun! to! support! each! other! in!

bringing!to!life!independent!projects!or!creating!new!partnerships:!

“Everyone! in! DocuPeru! needs! to! be! looking! for! more! projects! and! to! search! for! them! through!DocuPeru!is!much!easier!because!it!has!so!many!years!of!experience,!a!constitution,!an!organization!and!support.!I!believe!that!to!carry!your!needs!and!do!them!through!DocuPeru!is!a!great!strategy”!(Urco,!2015).!

2015’s!projects! included!production!of!DocuPeru’s! first! fullBlength!movie,!which!presents!

the! Yuyachkani! documentary! play! Sin( Titulo,! as! well! as! two! projects:! one! with! young!

entrepreneurs! and! the!Ministry!of!production,! and! the!other!partnered!with! the!Wildlife!

Conservation! Project.! These! extra! projects! function! as! a! way! to! develop! leadership! in!

members!as!producers/teachers!and!build! the!diversity! in! the!body!of! the!organization’s!

work.! Many! of! the! funds! from! these! projects! come! from! using! the! methodology! and!

pedagogy!as! ‘hiring!the!Caravana’!out,!and!can!be!recycled!to! finance!their!more!political!

projectslxiv.! As! members! are! given! more! autonomy! and! responsibility! in! direction! and!

production,!this!in!turn!increases!their!participation!in!the!organization.!It!is!a!way!to,!!“not!

to! see! it! like! an! institution! in!which! you! have! to!work! but! you! take! control! of!what! the!

organization!does”!(Urco,!2015).! Incorporating!this! into!the!infrastructure!of!DocuPeru!is!

still! in! the! process,! but! is! a! valuable! way! to! evolve! the! organization! in! a! collaborative!

waylxv.!!

Data Section II: DocuPeru Paradigm and Methodology The!DocuPeru!paradigm!and!methodology!centers!around!contact!and!superordinate!goals!

that!focus!on!subjectivities!from!local!communities.!This!is!done!to!produce!interpretations!

and!constructions!of!reality!and!identity!artfully!through!documentary!film.!!

DocuPeru(Film(Paradigm;(Leading(the(Senses(with(the(B(Roll(

In!documentary!film!the!A!roll!is!normally!the!text,!narrative!or!testimonials!and!the!B!Roll!

is! the! images! and! footage! that! supports! the! A! Roll! visually.! DocuPeru! reverses! this! by!

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leading!with!the!B!Roll:!the!photography!or!imagery,!and!sensory!aspects!of!the!content:!

“What! is! the!A!Roll?!The!text,! information,!what! is!valuable,! the!word,! it’s! the!screwed!occidental!way.!And!the!B!Roll,!what!is!it?!It’s!the!images,!which!informs!a!traditional!convention!that!always!puts!the!text!first!and!the!images!are!always!insert,!insert,!insert.![...]This!is!what!we!are!trying!to!change.!For!us!the!B!Roll!is!more!important.!It’s!not!a!“B”!Roll,!for!us!the!B!Roll!is!an!“A”.!So!the!“A”!is!the!“B”,!and!we!make!dramatic!islandslxvibecause!we!don’t!have!a!script.![...]!I!edit!first!the!image.!I!start!making! small!movies! of! images.!When! the! image! appears,! how!pretty!!But! it’s!missing! text.!What!is!text?!It!explains!the!image!right?!The!image!is!cool!but!I!need!text!here,!over!there,!because!we’re!missing!things!that!aren’t!so!clear.!So!then!the!text!becomes!a!support!of!the!images.!Another!component! that! is! important! is! like! the! sound,! or! the! light,! but! it’s! not! the! principal! component.!DocuPeru!is!small!movies,!that!are!not!reports,!and!it!doesn’t!matter!if!they’re!good!or!bad!because!they!have!a!different!energy.!So!what!happens?!This!is!a!political!and!ideological!question,!because!what!are!the!people!doing?!In!reality,!what!they!say,!and!how!I!live!my!life!is!also!drama.!Drama!is!not!only!the!plot!point!one,!plot!point!two,!the!technical!structure!of!the!narration”!(Balado,!2015).!

!Audiences!are!engaged!in!a!sensorial!way:!“You!start!with!a!blackout!and!first!I!hear!little!

birds.!For!three!or!four!seconds!everything!is!filled!with!the!little!birds.!What’s!this?!Crap,!

it’s! the!countryside!!You!saw![that]! the!sensorial!gave!me! the! first!visual,! that’s!what!we!

catch!in!DocuPeru”!(Balado,!2015).!!DocuPeru!offers!this!alternative!film!paradigm!to!build!

drama!from!the!subjects’!daily!lives,!“So!they![filmmakers]!realize!that!everything!that!they!

think!is!audiovisual,!and!what!they!say!can!be!a!script.!So!then!that’s!how!in!so!little!time!

we! can! tell! a! story”! (Balado,! 2015).! Their! alternative! film! paradigm! gives! products! an!

emotional!and!aesthetic!experience!that!tells!stories!of!cultural!identity,!development!and!

social!justice!literally,!artfully!and!symbolically.!

!The(Holy(Trinity(of(DocuPeru:(Subjectivism,(Accountability(and(Memory(expanding( Identity(

Construction(

The! Holy! Trinity! of! DocuPeru! consists! of! three! concentric! circles! of! Subjectivism,!

Accountability! and!Memory! to! construct! identity! and! reality! audiovisually.!Subjectivism!

begins!with!the!denial!of!objectivism,!thus!validating!the!filmmakers!and!subjects’!points!of!

view!and!identities.!!

“The!paradigm!that!says!‘you!are!the!important!one,!you!are!unique!in!life,!that!objectivity!doesn’t!exist,!it’s!a!shit,!a!stupidity,!a!lie.!What!exists!is!subjectivity!because!you!see!things,!you!act,!and!you!

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communicate!by!the!role!that!you!are.![…]!You!are!unique,!like!a!fingerprint.!You!are!unique!in!life.!You!are!not!the!same!as!any!other.’!This!subjectivity,!is!the!most!important:!I!am!the!center!of!my!life!because!I!see!life,!I!react,!I!am!unique!and!I!have!a!why!I!am!unique!which!is!the!accountability”!(Balado,!2015).!

This!subjective!centered! interpretation!recognizes!the!source!of!drama!as!people! in!daily!

lives!and!cultural!identities!performing!daily!social!roles:!

“As!DocuPeru,!I!am!not!interested!in!the!testimonies;!I!am!interested!in!this!man,!what!time!does!he!wake!up?!Where!does!he!cook?!Who!is!his!wife?!Where!does!he!work?!How!does!he!walk!to!work?!How!does!he!buy!the!ticket! to!carry!everything!back!to!his!house! for!his!children?![…]! If! I!have!a!person,!we’re!going! to! see! the!person!cooking,!we’re!going! to! see!how! the!person!buys! the! food,!afterwards,!how!is!the!school?”!(Balado,!2015)!

Accountability!expands!the!individual!point!of!view!and!immediate!reality!of!the!subject!

to!their!relations,!family,!friends!and!so!on.!“This!is!the!second!circle.!I!am!unique,!but!I!am!

a!family;!I!am!a!papa,!I!am!a!brother,!I!am!a!son,!I!am!a!campesino!member,!I!am!a!syndicate,!

I!am!a!musician,!I!am!whatever!I!am.!I!relate!with!my!immediate!internal!and!I!am!a!part!of!

this! second! circle”! (Balado,! 2015).! The! third! circle,! Memory,! looks! at! relations! and!

identities! on! a! cultural,! communal,! regional,! and! national! level.! ! “[...]! a! third! circle.! I! am!

Peruvian,! Cajamarcan,! Latin! American,! which! connects! me! beyond! my! accountability.! It!

connects!me!with! different!memories,!my!memory,! the! collective!memory,! the! historical!

memory,!daily!memory,! and! shit,! they!all! connect!me! in!a!different!way”! (Balado,!2015).!

With!all!three!circles!realized!in!a!documentary,!larger!national,!social!and!environmental!

connections! are! communicated! using! the! daily! life! and! realities! of! the! subjects! and!

community.! It! is! a! means! of! making! living! cultural! identity! and! heritage! relevant! and!

resourceful.! The! philosophy! of! expanding! individual! subjectivity! is! most! poetically!

described! in! the! DocuPeru! short! film! Almendra( (2012)! in! which! the! title! character,! a!

transgender! blues! guitarist,! describes! Lima! as! a! universe! of! subjectivities! connected! by!

humanity:!!

“It!would!seem!like!Lima!is!composed!of!millions!of!stars.!Time!and!experience!has!taught!us!that!it!will!only!be!possible!to!understand!the!universe!when!we!accomplish!the!total!inclusion!of!each!and!every!one!of! these! luminous!beings.!Between!a! larger!diversity!of!beings,!bodies,!and!genders!we!can!live!in!a!more!complex!and!rich!harmony,!unified!by!our!humanity.!It!will!be!possible!to!achieve!the!perfect!symphony!for!a!diverse!coexistence”.!!!

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DocuPeru( Community( Integration:( A( Path( to( Audiovisual( Empathy( through( Sensitivity( and(

Interpersonal(Trust(

Community!integration!during!a!project!is!essential!to!create!interpersonal!trust!and!soak!

up! the! community! subjectivities.! Integrating! respectfully! into! the! community,! with! local!

NGOs! and! filmmakers! providing! the! basic! needs! for! the! producers,! means! living! and!

working!with!them!intimately.!

“When!we!intervene!in!to!the!community!we!stay!with!the!community.!One!thing!is!a!person!who!does! workshops! from! 9B5,! says! ‘ciao!’! and! leaves;! and! it’s! another! thing! when! a! person! doing!workshops!sleeps!in!the!community.!Who!is!in!the!nighttime!with!the!community,!who!is!waking!up!and!preparing! for!work!with! the!children!at! their! side.! In! the!night! there’s! the!mama,! there’s! the!leaders,! the! drug! dealers,! there’s! those! who! are! smoking;! you’re! inside! of! the! community! in! an!intensive!way!generating!many!things.!For!us!it’s!important!not!to!arrive!like!the!people!who!come!to!do!workshops!who!have!arrived!to!teach.!We!are!just!another!person!who!has!come!to!share!in!your!space.!We!sleep!where!you!sleep,!we!eat!where!you!eat,![…]!this!connects!you!in!another!way!with!the!people.!It’s!not!the!other!who!goes!from!above!to!below”!(Balado,!2015).!!

This!brings!the!heart,!empathy!and!affection!into!the!participatory!production.!

“When! you’re! living! closely!with! the!people! that! you’re!working!with! you! a! feel! a! part! of! it.! You!understand!the!things!that!you’re!seeing!directly,!like!the!problems!from!the!inside,!it’s!emotional!and! sensitive.! You! see! what! they! eat,! how! they! feel,! what! they! think,! [how]! they! see! the! world!through!the!daily!life”!(Urco,!2015).!!

This!consistent!respect!and!contact!builds!the!interpersonal!trust!needed!to!collaboratively!

produce! an! empathetic! documentary.! DocuPeru! member! Antolin! describes! this! as!

revolving! to! the! other! side! of! representation! that! removes! imaginary! labels! and! is!

accomplished!through!contact:!

“What!DocuPeru!does![…is]!come!to!understand!the!people.!It’s!that!we!can!embrace!them,!embrace!them!in!a!feeling!of!returning!to!our!roots.!This!is!to!say!that!‘the!other’,!you’re!going!to!open!this!and!feel!at!least!a!nearness!and!feel!like!friends.!There’s!an!intention!of!understanding!that!is!more!than!anything,!honest”!(Pieto,!2015).!!

Realizing! ayni! with! care! in! communities! creates! sensitive! products! that! humanize! the!

subjects.! Vidal,! a! Mochila! filmmaker,! describes! this! empathetic! characteristic! of! the!

products! as,! “The! way! of! communication! that! DocuPeru! is! promoting,! through! the!

documentaries,!is!more!humanitarian.!It!seems!to!me!that!is!beneficial,!it’s!very!important!

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to!have!a!more!sensitive!way!and!identify!with!many!of!the!problems”!(Merma,!2015).!The!

relationships!built!with!the!NGOs,!community,!subjects!and!filmmakers,!and!the!resulting!

products!serve!to!eliminate!isolation!and!obscurity!through!contact!and!visibility,!dissident!

social!mobilization!and!solidarity:!

“In! situations! like! in! Peru,!which! is! totally! fucked! socially! through! the! country,! it’s! important! to!demonstrate!that!the!people!are!not!alone.!That!there!are!people!in!a!fight!in!one!place,!but!there!are!people! in!another!place! that!are! supporting!you,! they!are!with!you.!You!are!not!alone! in! this!fight.!That!there! is!a!mountain!of!people!that!are!connected,!and!we!feel! like!you!and!understand!what’s!happening!to!you”!(Balado,!2015).!

Jose’s! mantra,! “You! are! not! alone! in! this! fight”,! was! chosen! for! the! title! of! this! thesis!

because! it! encapsulates! the! way! social! participation! and! mobilization! partnered! with!

visibility,!can!combat!social!injustice!in!communities!in!a!peaceful,!yet!potent,!way.!This!is!

accomplished! through! ayni,! cooperation! with! respect,! friendship! and! determination!

bonding!community!members!and!producers,!culminating!in!more!empathetic!audiovisual!

cultural!content.!!

Plurality(of(Tools(and(Artistic(Languages(in(Audiovisual(Workshops(

Collective! plurality! in! a! workshop! makes! the! products! and! process! richer! and! more!

interesting;!diverse!cultural!contents!stay!in!the!community!as!different!creative!forms!of!

analysis! and! representation! based! on! living! cultural! heritage! and! resourceslxvii.! At! first,!

DocuPeru!used!only!audiovisual! tools! (being!audiovisual!artists).!However,! through! their!

travels!they!saw!documentary!film!as!only!one!small!part!of!inclusive!development!through!

cultural!production!and!so!began!experimenting!with!a!plurality!of!artistic! languages!and!

supports! to! give! a! more! holistic! art! education! experience.! Through! his! experience! as! a!

sound!designer!with!Yuyachkani!and!masters’!thesis!fieldwork!with!Cultura!Viva!in!Brazil,!

Jose!learned!how!incorporating!every!possible!artistic!language!in!a!workshop!deepens!and!

expands! the! processes! of! visibility! and! empowerment! for! community!members,! some! of!

whom!may!not!be!interested!in!documentaries.!!

“It!was!the!first!thing!that!we!started!to!do![documentaries],!but!by!luck,!like!the!reality!is!greater!than!just!one,!and!more!bigger!than!you!think!no?!We!started!to!learn!the!relations!that!we!started!to! knit! in! the! travels! and! the! people! we! intervened! with! was! more! than! audiovisual.! We! were!knitting! human! relations! and! there! are! things! that! the! audiovisual! stays! very! small! for!

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development.!We! realized! that! it’s!necessary! to! incorporate!other! languages! and!other! supports”!(Balado,!2015).!

These! languages! include! participatory! murals,! drawings,! photos,! corporal! and! theater!

activities,! fanzines! (short! booklets),! street! parades,! and! also! incorporate! local!musicians!

into! their! documentary!productions.! The!La!Mochila! classes! taught! diverse! and!practical!

communication! and! artistic! strategies! to! encourage! leadership! qualities! and! capabilities.!

These! included! Internet! Use,! Public! Demonstration! and! Installation,! Graphic! Design,!

Animation!and!Audiovisual!Production.!Supporting!documentary! images!and!testimonials!

with!indigenous!music!worked!especially!well!to!transmit!the!identity!and!cultural!heritage!

of! a! community.! In! La!Mochila!Documental! this! began!with! using! corporal! activities! and!

geographic! conceptual! mapping! to! connect! participants! personal! reality! to! wider! global!

and!national!connections,!as!seen!in!the!image!below.!!

The!most!visible!translation!of!languages!arose!from!the!production!of!the!animation!movie!

Nuestros( Territorios( (2015).! The! movie! was! inspired! by! an! exercise! in! conceptual!

geographic! Peruvian! region!mapping! the! natural,! communication! and! cultural! resources.!

This!map!was! eventually! superBimposed! on! filmmaker! Luna’s! stomach.! The! short!movie!

tells!a!story!of!development!with!resource!extraction!killing!the!natural!world!and!people!

salvaging!their!ecology!through!social!organization!and!respect!for!the!pachamama!(Luna’s!

torso!breathing!in!and!out!and!covered!in!lagunas,!flora!and!fauna).!

58!

By!moving! the!Mochila!workshop!to!a! local!Accha!high!school,! filmmakers!could!practice!

their! filmmaking!skills!as!children!enjoyed!a!day!of!art!and!movies.!Filmmakers! followed!

animation,! drawing,! and! theater! workshops! with! students.! I! conducted! the! theater!

workshop,!which!involved!corporal!and!vocal!Boalian!exerciseslxviii!and!looked!to!dramatize!

a!scene,!which!emerged!from!the!children!working!in!groupslxix. Filmmakers practiced

framing and capturing the movement involved.!I!saw!firsthand!a!plurality!of!artistic!

languages! blending! art! education! and! professional! training! in! a! very! practical!way.!!

Of! the! observable! phenomena,! Adriana’s! Semana! Cultural! in! Cocachimba! executed! most!

elegantly!the!translation!and!collection!of!multiple!artistic!languages!to!selfBrepresent!the!

local!environmentlxx.!Under!the!guidance!of!professional!artists,!children!drew!and!painted!

their! surrounding! environment! on! their! laps.! This! artwork! was! then! reorganized! into! a!

plan! for! a! mural! and! then! painted! collaboratively! with! children,! and! finished! with! adults!

and!artists!completing!the!finishing!touches.!!

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Educacion!Audiovisual’s!use!of! art! education! creates! selfBrepresentation! that! is!based!on!

local!perspectives!of!their!environment!and!freedom!of!expression!and!the!entire!process!

was!documented!with!a!stop!motion!film.!DocuPeru’s!pedagogy!of!documentary!production!

follows!the!same!participatory!line!for!identity!construction!based!on!selfBrepresentation:!

the!first!images!can!be!seen!as!pitching!by!filmmakers,!then!formulated!into!an!audiovisual!

strategy! with! the! producers! during! table! work.! Like! the! mural,! filmmakers! record!

phenomena,!with!the!producers!creating!the!guides!and!then!giving!the!finishing!touches!in!

editing.! The! end! results! of! both! are! colorful! and! engaging! exhibitions! of! a! permanent!

community! product.! Peruvian! audiovisual! organizations! use! a! plurality! of! artistic!

languages! that! translates! and! integrates! them! translaterally! to! create! an! art! education!

pedagogy!that!deepens!the!results!of!an!intervention!both!socially!and!aesthetically.!!

Data Section III: DocuPeru Production Pedagogy The! DocuPeru! methodology! is! a! Freirian,! more! accurately! Boalianlxxi!means! of! applying!

horizontal! education! to! activate! social! consciousness! into! the! production! of! audiovisual!

cultural!content.!Jose!always!describes!the!pedagogy!as!“not!coming!to!teach!but!to!share”!

practiced!to!

“Quit!the!arrogance!to!go!to!a!community!and!tell!them!that![…]!I’m!going!to!teach!you!something!that!you!don’t!know.![…]!!We!don’t!allow!the!students!to!call!us!‘teachers’,!we!are!not!‘teachers’,!The!idea!is!that!we!are!not!going!to!teach!you,!but!exchange;!you!will!show!something!that!you!know,!but!you!will!also!try!to!obtain!what!they!know.! !So!then!it! is!an!exchange!with!you.!This,!plus!the!family! component,! plus! the! same! vision! about! what! is! social! change! makes! DocuPeru! a! rather!different!organization”!(Balado,!2015).!!

The!Caravana!methodology,!their!mobile!production!strategy,!is!unwritten,!adaptable!and!

improvisationallxxii!allowing! it! to! be! used! in! a! variety! of! temporal! frames! and! socioB

locations.!The!methodology!functions!as!a!thematic!guide!rather!than!a!users!manuallxxiii.!!

Pitching(and(Practice(

Initial! contact! is! meant! to! break! the! power! relations! between! teacher! and! student,!

introduce!filmmakers!to!the!DocuPeru!paradigm,!and!show!documentaries.!The!next!step!

consists!of!experimenting!with!technical!equipment!and!skills.!One!of!the!most!important!

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exercises! for! this! is!Espacio,!Objectos! y!Personajes! (EOD),!which! instructs! filmmakers! to!

practice!subjective!audiovisual!storytelling!through!filming!spaces,!objects!and!characters.!

This!phase!ends!with!pitching!where!filmmakers!both!individually!and!in!groups!articulate!

their!vision!and!themes!for!a!documentary,!or!in!La!Mochila’s!case,!also!animation!movies.!

Traditionally!in!the!Caravana!pedagogy!assessors/producers!rotate!through!groups!giving!

feedback,!challenging,!or!supporting!filmmakers’!ideas.!The!result!is!that!filmmakers!must!

articulate,!defend!and!adapt! their! ideas!to!reality,!or! let! them!golxxiv.!The!themes!selected!

should! be! pragmatic,! sensitive,! and! personal! and! not! overriding! agendas! or! abstract!

themes!such!as!feminism!or!the!environment.!Themes!are!selected!by!a!democratic!vote!of!

all! of! those! involved.! Lali! describes! the! success! of! many! of! the! Mochila! documentaries!

originating!from!the!more!political!and!communityBbased!theme!pitches,!and!not!just!about!

“my!dear!grandmother”.!Gabriela,!on!the!other!hand,!related!the!difficulty!of!Checcapucara!

production! to! an! abstract! political! and! impersonal! theme! selection:! ‘The! Absence! of! the!

State’.!She!also!cited!DocuPeru!as!overly! faithful! in! the! filmmakers!as!community! leaders!

and!thus!reserving!necessary!criticism.!This!included!an!absence!of!assessors!circling!and!

critiquing! groups! of! filmmakers,!who! could!have!helped! formed!more! clearly! articulated!

and!executable!documentary!themes.!!

Participatory(Documentary(Production:(Filmmakers(and(Producers(Negotiate(Authorship!

The! key! element! of! production! is! not! only! supporting! freedom! of! expression! and! selfB

determination!of! filmmakers!but!also!challenging! it!so!that! filmmakers! learn!professional!

documentary!standards!tacitly.!Themes!are!selected!from!pitching!and!groups!are!formed!

and! assigned! one! or! two! DocuPeru! assessors! who! guide! the! filmmakers! through! the!

production!and!postBproduction!process.!First!the!assessors,!filmmakers,!and!Jose,!discuss!

the!logistics,!timeBspan!and!strategies!of!production:!“we!sit!at!the!table!and!see!what!we!

have! to! make! communication”! (Urco,! 2015).! Therefore,! production! is! an! intercultural!

process! in! which! filmmakers! and! producers! negotiate! authorship! dynamically! both!

technically! and! thematically.! Assessors! must! be! both! film! producers! and! facilitate! the!

autonomy! and! education! of! filmmakers.! Much! like! the! pitching,! the! filmmakers! must!

defend! their! framing,! sound,! and! content! choices! and! learn! through! a! trial! and! error!

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process!alongside!the!producers.!Jose!describes!this!process!of!participation!as!negotiating!

power!relations!in!production!lacking!the!paternalistic!practices!of!video!ethnography,!or!

‘outsider’!made!documentaries:!!

“This!is!how!the!negotiation!begins.!You!give!me!a!hand!we!change!the!plan.![…]!And!it’s!not!like;!oh!the!campesino!puts!the!camera!here!so!let’s!keep!the!camera!here.!No,!this!is!paternalism,!this!is!a!paternalistic! pedagogy! and! it! doesn’t! serve! anyone! ideologically.! What! we! want! is:! I! have! an!opinion.!You!have!one?!Let’s!defend!it.! I!have!a!tool,!you!have!another,! justify! it.! Justify! it?!Ok,!we!change! the! plan,! it’s! yours,! but! I! gain! also.! We! negotiate.! It’s! not! paternalism;! it’s! a! battle! of!negotiations.!Many!people!will!say!this!is!a!power!relation.!Yes,!like!all!of!the!power!relations!right?!I’m!going! to!make!a!plan!because! I!have!audiovisual! knowledge,! and! they!want! to!put! their!plan!because!they!have!knowledge!about!the!themes!that!they!want!to!present.!How!are!we!these!two!powers!not!going!to!fight?!We!participate!together,!we!meddle!with!each!other,!and!through!this!we!continue!growing!and!purifying!the!technical!question.!When!we!arrive!at!a!decision,!shit,!you!don’t!know!how!it!is.!A!black!is!a!black,!a!fade!is!a!fade,!a!badly!put!sound!is!a!badly!put!sound.!I!feel!that!this!sound!has!too!much!static;!we!have!to!erase!it!and!record!it!again.![…]!It’s!not!only!to!speak,!but!also! to!speak!correctly,!because!when!I!speak!correctly!people!will!be!able! to!understand!me.! If! I!put! something! forward! correctly,! the! people! are! going! to! enjoy! it! and! it! will! be!more! beautiful”!(Balado,!2015).!

The!assessors!in!the!documentary!production!are!meant!to!ensure!professional!standards!

so! that! the! audiovisual! language! is! spoken! correctly! with! efficacy! and! aesthetically!

engaging! while! still! staying! true! to! the! aspirations,! visions,! and! tacit! learning! of! the!

filmmakers.!!

Exhibition:(Self?Representation(and(Identity(on(the(Big(Screen(

The!last!phase!of!the!pedagogy!is!the!final!edit!and!exhibition,!the!latter!a!strategy!for!all!

associations!in!the!research!to!build!audiovisual!literacy!and!reclaim!or!rescue!community!

spaces.!PostBproduction!is!done!collaboratively!with!filmmakers,!with!the!producers!often!

working! until! sunrise! to! polish! the! documentary! for! the! final! exhibition.! This! exhibition!

normally! includes,! a! party,! photo! exhibition,! music! and! even! street! paradeslxxv.! Often!

documentary! projections! are! not! limited! to! the! last! day,! and! DocuPeru! shows!

documentaries! to! the! community! publically! at! night! after! classeslxxvi .! Much! like! the!

microcine! and! community! film! diffusion! practices! of! La! Combi! and! Chaski,! DocuPeru!

displays!documentaries!of!diverse!Peruvian!geographies,!cultures,!and!issues,!which!foster!

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intercultural!understanding!and!help! to!create!an!alternative!audiovisual!culturelxxvii.!The!

short! length! of! the! documentaries,! which! is! the! general! DocuPeru! documentary! format,!

holds!audiences!captive!in!busy!public!areaslxxviii.!!

The!exhibition!of!filmmakers’!documentaries!at!the!end!of!the!DocuPeru!workshops!is!an!

empowering! experience! in! which! people’s! representations! and! their! communities! are!

projected!in!a!formal!cultural!event!for!the!publiclxxix.!

“What!I!feel!that!there!is!at!the!end,!the!people!recognize!themselves!in!the!documentaries!and!they!say,! look! my! people! are! seeing! me! in! the! cinema.! This! happened! in! Apurimac,! I! did! one! with! a!señora, when the projection of her!documentary!started,!she!told!her!children,!‘look!I’m!in!the!film!’!she!had!never!seen!anything!like!that.!It!was!huge,!to!have!this!in!a!space!that!is!so!rural,!very!small,!or!here!in!Lima!in!a!spot!that!can!supposedly!be!rescued!or!reclaimed!and!you!put!those!kinds!of!projections,!it’s!a!very!strong!event”!(Maysundo,!2015).!!

It!can!be!an!emotionally!charged!event:!“!And!you!can!see!in!their!eyes,!they’re!crying!and!

they’re! happy.! They! say! that! it! really! means! something”! (Maldueño,! 2015).! Gabriela!

describes!the!finale!of!Medios!Que!Conmueven!as!realizing!a!holistic!identity!of!the!women!

involved! that! moves! past! victim! stereotypes.! It! demonstrates! their! love! of! their! families!

and! livestock! and! their! strength! of! character! in! daily! life,! “When! everyone! calls! you! a!

victim,!you’re!role!is!as!a!victim.!Instead,!seeing!them!continuing!being!women,!to!see!how!

much!affection!they!have!for!every!little!thing.!This!was!something!that!was!very!strong!in!

this! work,! and! very! strong! in! the! final! screening”! (Urco,! 2015).! Creating! a! documentary!

with!care,! interpersonal! trust!and!affection! is!especially!powerful! for! the! filmmakers!and!

subjects!who!see!themselves!and!their!work!exhibited!on!the!big!screen.!!!

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Data Section IV: The Results of La Mochila Documental The!first!part!of!the!section!combines!the!qualitative!and!quantitative!data!to!describe!the!

human!results!and!the!second!part!describes!the!movies!collaboratively!produced!in!the!

workshop.!

The(Programming!

For!a!complete!schedule!of!classes!and!activities,!please!see!the!appendix.!The!workshop,!

originally!proposed!as!a!threeBweek!program,!lasted!two!weeks!from!the!23rd!of!August!to!

the! 4th! of! September.! This! meant! more! activities! packed! into! a! shorter! amount! of!

time!producing! seven! products! with! only! five! assessors.! Both! DocuPeru! members!

and!filmmakers!commented!on!how!the!scheduling!could!be!improved!and!that!the!

timeframe!was!too!short!to!include!so!many!activities!and!production!teams.!!

Empowerment and Visibility for Filmmakers

Mochila! filmmakers! identified!high! levels!of!empowerment! in!the!processes!and!visibility!

in!the!products,!what!Antolin!described!as!“personal!growth!and!change!in!attitude”!(Pieto,!

2015)10.! La! Mochila! Documental! workshop! participants! were! mixed! gender,! 18B56! years!

old,! with! nearly! every! participant! having! at! least! some! university! education.! The!

participants!were!multicultural!and!international,!with!more!than!half!from!outer!Andean!

provinces.!Their!occupations!were!in!social!organization!and!mobilization!(NGOs!and!youth!

associations),!and!journalism!(radio!and!audiovisual).!They!were!engaged!in!education!and!

antiBmining! socioBenvironmental! protest! movements.! While! the! profile! of! many! of! the!

Caravana! workshops! would! include! the! more! isolated! cultural! group,! the! profile! of! these!

filmmakers! was! politicized! and! dissident! with! social! and! cultural! objectiveslxxx.! Their!

motivations! for! workshop! participation! were! to! learn! alternative! audiovisual! and! social!

documentary!production!and!build!a!network!of!contacts.!Coming!into!the!workshops!they!

wanted!to! improve!their!social!organizations!with!social!economics,!social!consciousness,!

recuperating!traditional!culture!and!customs,!and!promoting!cultural!projects! that!would!

10!Antolin!is!referring!to!his!own!personal!experience!that!does!not!include!La!Mochila!Documental!

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generate!critical!and!integrated!perspectives!and!identities.!Their!visions!for!the!future!

of!their!collectives!were!rooted!in!social!mobilization,!organization!and!justicelxxxi.!In!the!

final!surveys,!many!were!optimistic!about!their!individual!and!collective!future.!In!one!

divergent!response!that!highlights!his!personal!struggle!an!Espinar!(Cusco)one socio-

environmental!journalist was!not!so!optimistic.!In!the!face!of!institutional!obstacles!to!

social!justice!in his!hometown!he!saw!himself!in!the!future,!“Reduced,!humiliated,!

mistreated,!disappeared…invaded!by! the! mining! economic! powers”.! More!

representative! of! the! responses! was! one! 56! year!old!participant,!a!

socioBenvironmental!protestor!against!mining! in!Cajamarca,!who!stated!that! in! twenty!

years! he! would! be! “well! because! I! will! still! have! the! strength! to! continue!forward!

more!than!30!years”.!!!

By!the!end!of!the!workshop!respondents!almost!unanimously!responded!that!they!would!

very! much! use! documentaries! as! a! tool! in! their! organization! or! community! work.! Seven!

respondents!selected!documentaries!as!an!important!and!urgent!means!of!communication!

for! their! communities! in! the! final! survey,! compared! with! only! two! respondents! who!

selected!documentaries!with!the!same!question!and!options!in!the!initial!survey!two!weeks!

before.! When! filmmakers! were! asked! to! reflect! on! the! results! of! the! products,! every!

average! value! communicated! was! at! medium! or! above! with! community! cohesionlxxxii!and!

local!community!issues!having!the!highest!average!valueslxxxiii.!It!also!shows!these!products!

communicate! all! of! these! elements! at! least,! or! almost,! at! a! medium! level.! This! bar! graph!

visualizes!perceptions!of!the!productslxxxiv!after!their!exhibition:!!

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Filmmakers’! perception! of! individual! empowerment! through! the! processes! of! the!

workshop!was!also!high,!with!the!mean!average!for!every!indicator!above!‘medium’!and!the!

highest!scores!being!for!SelfBEsteem!and!Interpersonal!Trust.!!!!

Respondents! identify!a!certain!amount!and!degree!of!personal!growth,!the!highest!result,!

interpersonal!trust,!most!likely!comes!from!the!diverse!social!contact!and!unifying!goals!in!

the!workshop.!Some!of!the!lower!results!for!some!indicators,!and!the!irrelevancy!of!a!few!

questions! in! the! initial! survey,! may! have! come! from! constructing! the! survey! questions!

based!on! the!methodology!of! the!Caravana.!La!Mochila!differed! from!La!Caravana! in! that!

many!of!the!filmmakers!were!not!from!the!same!community!as!the!subjects.!Therefore!the!

products!and!processes!of!identity!or!selfBrepresentation!might!have!been!more!accurately!

measured!by!removing!the!possessive!adjective! ‘my’!(community)!from!the!questionslxxxv.!

Obviously,!a!filmmaker!from!Lima!making!a!documentary!about!Accha!would!feel!he!or!she!

personally!had! less! identity,! or! community! representation! than!a! local! filmmaker!would.!

Interpersonal! Trust! and! SelfBEsteem,! perhaps! closely! connected! processes,! may! be! less!

intangible! than! the! others,! therefore! easier! for! respondents! to! identify.! SelfBEsteem! and!

Interpersonal! Trust! were! very! apparent! observationally,! and! Jimena! described! building!

selfBesteem! in!her! group!as!overcoming!a! fear!of! responsibility:! “It! can!be! scary!because!

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they’ve!never!recorded!sound!or!worked!a!camera,!they!might!be!scared!to!be!in!charge!of!

that! or! taking! bad! shots,! because! they! have! responsibility.! There! are! people! that! are! not!

prepared!to!assume!this!and!what!you!have!to!do!is!push!them!a!lot!more”!(Mora,!2015).!

Filmmakers! in! La! Mochila! clearly! identify! a! substantial! increase! of! individual!

empowerment!through!the!La!Mochila!Documental!workshop!processes!as!well!as!visibility!

in!the!products.!The!most!important!results!for!filmmakers!were!selfBesteem,!interpersonal!

trust,!professional!training,!and!empathetic!products.!The!diverse!geographic!origins!of!

participants!involved! important! networking! for! DocuPeru! producers! and! the!

likeBminded!community!leaders!and!journalists.!Luna!described!this!as!!"The!results!of!

these!two!weeks!have!been!creating! a! feeling! of! family,! not! just! with! the! people! from!

Lima! but! between! all! of! these!associations!that!we!are!generating”!(Mochila!Filmmakers!

and!DocuPeru!Producers,!2015).!These! results! show! different! components! of! their!

personal! growth! as! leaders.! In! surveys!and! interviews,! filmmakers! appreciated! the!

documentary!and!animation!making and learning internet use!as!an!integral!part!of!their!

own!formation!as!community!leaders;!!

“For!me!it!is!important!as!a!leader!to!know!the!competencies!we!have!in!this!country.!It’s!important!to! learn! how! to! manage! technology,! all! of! these! courses! in! which! we! learn! how! to! manage! the!technology!of!today!is!very!important!for!us:!how!to!use!cable,!how!we!can!give!solutions!for!ways!of! life! in! reality.! We’ve! learned! how! to! use! all! of! the! different! social! networking! like! Twitter! and!Facebook;! it’s! learning! how! to! use! the! actual! technology.! Learning! all! of! these! technologies! is!a!competency!for!us,!it!will!be!very!important”!(Mochila!Filmmakers!and!DocuPeru!Producers,!2015).!

Especially!important!to!many!of!the!filmmakers!was!the!value!of!DocuPeru’s!methodology!

of!production!in!creating!humanizing!stories!that!sensitize!the!audience!to!social!realities.!

For!Yeymy,!“All!of!the!workshops!that!resulted!in!what!we!saw!today,!all!of!this!work!is!to!

sensitize!those!that!are!in!our!houses,!our!friends,!children!and!family,!from!here!what!can!

start!to!organize!ourselves![…]!it!has!been!an!experience!that!reaffirms!what!you!shoot!for.!

It’s! work! that! is! hoping! to! sensitize! people,! nothing! more”! (Mochila! Filmmakers!

and!DocuPeru! Producers,! 2015).! This! type! of! sensitization! or! empathy! is! about!

revealing! the!daily!life!of!Peruvians!as!heroic!and!worthy!of!movie!making.!The!higher!

survey!results!for!products!communicating!community!and!individual!identities!and!

aspirations!would!seem!to! support! this.! The! lower! result! for! “local! solutions”! may! not!

be! a! deficiency! in! the!products,! but! speak! to! the! basic! difficulty! and! value! of!

capturing! honest! visibility! for!

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individuals! and! communities.! Even! without! local! solutions,! a! cultural! product! produced!

collaboratively! offering! visibility! to! individuals,! communities,! and! issues!means! a! valued!

accomplishment!in!its!own!right.!!Luna!describes!the!workshop!as!a!story!of!empowerment!

for!both!subjects!and!filmmakers:!!

!“I’m!very!happy!and!emotional!to!visibilize!what!is!really!the!stories!of!everyday!life!that!we!don’t!see!in!television,!but!it’s!all!of!you,!it’s!us,!it’s!all!of!the!people!who!are!sowing!their!potatoes,!they!are!taking!care!of!their!livilihoods,!taking!their!children!to!the!church,!they!are!integrated!with!this!whole!environment! that! is!around!us,!our! trees,! the!sun,! the! rain,! like! the!beautiful!documentary!you!made!that!touched!all!of!us.!We!must!remember!this,!that!the!protagonists!of!the!story,!it’s!us,!it’s!the!story!of!the!people!who!appear!in!the!video,!but!it’s!about!all!of!us!with!different!stories!and!how! we! can! come! together! with! these! tools! that! we’re! learning,! that! thanks! to! DocuPeru,! are!beautiful!tools!that!we!can!use!to!tell!these!stories”!(Mochila!Filmmakers!and!DocuPeru!Producers,!2015).!

Empowerment and Professional Training for Producers

The!producers!developed!themselves!professionally!in!their!role!as!assessors!and!teachers!

in! La! Mochila! Documental! because! it! taught! them! to! realize! a! horizontal! participatory!

pedagogy! within! their! audiovisual! production! skills.! La! Mochila! was! the! first! traveling!

workshop!containing!all!female!producers,!which!highlighted!DocuPeru’s!ability!to!develop!

alternative! female! cinematographers.! The! women! of! DocuPeru! describe! professional!

cinematography! in! Peru! as! more! exclusory! to! female! artists! and! professionals,! and!

appreciate! this! aspect! of!DocuPeru.! The! assessors! taught! all! of! the! extra! communication!

classes,!with!Lali!and!Francesca!performing!nobly!and!competently!in!teaching!an!Internet!

Use! class! with! no! Internet! available.! Jimena! learned! to! take! control! of! a! documentary!

production! group! that! was! less! motivated! in! production! and! negotiated! teaching! and!

authorship! in! a! way! that! was! educational! but! also!met! the! production! quota!with! good!

qualitylxxxvi.!Later,!her!persistence!in!inclusion!and!participation!in!postBproduction!allowed!

filmmakers!to!blossom!within!visual!and!sound!editing!and!interview!transcription!skills.!!

Lali!set!her!filmmakers!loose!to!film!freely,!and!then!improved!their!skills!by!correcting!and!

explaining!their!mistakeslxxxvii.!!She!cites!this!as!an!important!element!of!autonomy!in!their!

future!work:!“This!audiovisual!methods!instruction!is!good!to!structure!it!for!the!next!time.!

They! know! what! to! do! when! they! want! to! show! something”! (Maldueno,! 2015).! In! the!

production!of!Espinar(se(Levanta,!Andrea!and!Francesca!recognized!the!filmmakers’!talents,!

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experience! and! personalities! to! enrich! the! process! and! allow! them! to! grow! individually.!

WellBfitted!production!roles!were!assigned!as!Vidal,!the!local!insider,!created!contacts!and!

community! trust! and! provided! secondary! footage.! Luna,! outgoing! and! sensitive,!

approached!people!and!learned!interviewing!skills,!and!Jose!Luis,!quiet!yet!friendly,!took!a!

more! backseat! role! that! was! no! less! active! or! educational.! In! Checcapucara! production!

Gabriela! (and! I)! learned! how! to! maintain! determination! in! a! project! in! the! face! of! an!

apathetic!local!director,!and!distrust!and!fear!from!the!community!subjects.!

All! these! experiences!mold! producers! into! socially! conscious! political! filmmakers.! In!my!

first! interview! with! Francesca! she! denounced! social! documentaries! as! boring,! cheesy,!

quiche,!and!unnecessarily!polarizinglxxxviii:! “It’s!very!oneBsided,! it!stays! in!the!complaining!

part,!that’s!what!I!don’t!like!about!documentaries!when!they!stay!complaining:!‘Oh!they’re!

so!poor!and!contaminated’.!I!don’t!like!that”!(Dasso,!2015).!After!her!production!of!Espinar(

Se( Levanta! on! the! criminalization! of! socioBenvironmental! protest,! her! first! assessor!

experience!with!DocuPeru,!the!deep!political!and!social!material!changed!her!mind:!

“I!wouldn’t!have!chosen!that!theme,!for!example,!but!we!did!that!theme.![…]!I!entered!it!quickly!and!there!was!already!so!much!material.!I!fell!in!love!with!it,!because!the!message!from!Espinar!is!very!strong”!(Dasso,!2015).!!

This!change!of!heart!is!one!example!of!how!it!is!only!partly!the!political!and!social!nature!of!

the!producers!that!influences!the!product!and!workshop.!Producers!are!further!politicized!

and! sensitized! by! their! direct! contact! with! social! injustice! in! the! communities.! This!

reinvigorates! them! to! use! their! audiovisual! tools! to! continue! fighting! alongside!

communities.!!!

La Mochila Documental Products

Analysis!is!given!of!three!of!the!Mochila!Documental!products.!I!was!an!assessor!(producer)!

of! the! first! two! products,! Papa( Tarpuy( and! Checcapucara.! Hopefully,! showing! the!

“backstage”! of! production! gives! a! view! in! to! the! intercultural! complexities! and! unique!

challenges!of!participatory!documentary!making.!!!

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Papa(Tarpuy(((Plant(the(Potato)(

Three!local!Accha!filmmakers!pitched!the!short!animation!film,!Papa(Tarpuy,!to!

demonstrate!indigenous!and!sustainable!ways!to!make!delicious!potatoes.!It!seeks!to!teach!

youth!to!plant!this!staple!Andean!crop!and!food!source!in!a!way!that!improves!overall!

ecological!healthlxxxix.!Without!a!word!of!text!or!dialogue!this!animation!movie!shows!the!

life!of!two!potatoes!until!harvest!and!consumption.!One!is!grown!with!artificial!fertilizers!

that!decimate!and!kill!the!poor!microbials,!which!in!turn!makes!a!desert!of!the!soil.!When!

tasted!they’re!pushed!away!in!disgust.!Another!potato!is!grown!with!natural!fertilizer!and!

humus!bringing!back!dancing!microbials!and!live!worms.!The!documentary!ends!as!we!eat!

with!relish!the!potatoes!grown!in!this!manner!only!meters!away.!!

One!of!the!directors,!Saul,!played!music,!accompanied!by!the!researcher!on!guitar,!and!all!of!

the! potatoes,! soils! and! other! plants!were! sourced! from! the! surrounding! environment.! It!

was! a! lowBtech! production! using! a! cell! phone! taped! to! a! chair,! yet! is! probably! the!most!

engaging!and!effective!animation!movie!in!the!workshop.!The!result!was!a!practical!and!fun!

short!movie! that! exemplified! the! possibilities! of! producing! positive! audiovisual!material!

and! art! education.! Saul! describes! the! need! for! this! type! of! education! and! environmental!

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agricultural!message!for!his!community:!

!“From!there!when!we!use!fertilizers!the!agricultural!soil!becomes!weak,!we!kill!the!organisms.!We!

are!trying!to!rescue!the!normal!experience!with!organic!fertilizers.!There’s!a!difference!between!the!

two!worlds,!there’s!biomechemical!and!the!normal!agriculture!from!before.!We’ve!seen!more!than!

anything!with!this!kind!of!work!on!the!potato!is!more!diseases!like!cancer!and!other!diseases.!The!

public! consumer! sees!bigger!potatoes,! so! it! obligates! also! the!population,! but! it! shouldn’t! be! like!

that.!We!want!to!work!with!organic!fertilizers!so!we!can!take!care!of!our!land!and!it!stays!well!for!

our! children,! and! our! children! to! come.! We! are! not! bosses! of! the! land,! it! is! loaned! to! us! this!

territory.!We!are!small!hosts!for!a!small!moment.!How!are!we!preparing!it,!how!are!we!protecting!it!

for! those! that! will! come! soon?! That’s! why! it! has! that! message:! how! do! you! take! care! of! the!

environment?”!(Manami!Nina,!2015).!

Saul! plans! to! screen! the!movie! for! local! high! schools! and! his! youth! organizations,! along!

with!the!other!La!Mochila!movies.! !

Checcapucara(

“My!Checcapucara!works!and!continues!forward;!we!continue!practicing!Ayni!with!only!one!heart.!That! which! was! taught! by! our! ancestors,! for! which! we! will! never! forget”! Opening! narration( Checcapucara((2015).!

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This!documentary!was!pitched!with!the!theme!of! ‘Absence!of!the!State’! in!Checcapucara,!a!

small! isolated! comunero! community! in! Omacha! District! about! five! hours! west! of! Accha.! This! turned! out! to! be! an! unproducible! theme! because! of! its! vagueness! and! the! subjects’!resistance!to!be!filmed!or!give!testimonials!due!to!their!mistrust!and!fear.!On!the!first!day!

the! first! subject,! the! local! filmmaker! and! director’s! aunt! (pictured! above)! refused! to! be! filmed! and! ran! away! from! us! in! the! middle! of! shooting.! Eventually! we! recorded! her!testimonial! about! her! husband! (also! pictured! above)! who! had! been! mistreated! by! the! Cusco!hospital,!but!my!partner!assessor!chose!not!to!use!it!because!it!was!negative!and!sad,! and! had! little! connection! to! any! primary! visual! or! ‘B! Roll’!

storytelling! footage.!Filmmakers! interviewing! had! to! learn! not! to! probe! subjects! on!

negative! or! politically!driven! questions!searching! for! an! emotionally! charged! response.! This! is! part! of! caring! and! respect! for! the! character!(the!subject):!Even!though!production!presented!compelling!stories!and!images,!such! as! the! subjects’! hard-worn! feet,! it! is! important! to! realize! that! the! representations! show! the! identity! of! the! subject! and! community! and! must! be! constructed! positively! and!sensitively.! This! is! done! with! an! aesthetic! and! methodology! that! communicates! heavy! emotional! realities! and! stories! with! an! identity! that! is!empowering!of!the!local!subjects!and!

communities.!!

We!moved!on!in!search!of!a!subject!and!his!or!her!testimonial.!The!same!filmmaker’s!cousin!

and!uncle!wouldn’t!be!filmed!or!interviewed,!and!filming!an!empty!health station!(the!root!

of!the! uncle’s! problems! in! Cusco)! as! the! ‘absence! of! the! state’! was! presenting! a! very!

boring!and!negative!documentary!theme.!We!followed!a!second!subject,!an!elder!of!the!

community!who! had! worked! in! the! schools! and! municipality,! and! filmed! his! daily! work,!

including! an!energetic!musical!performance!on!his!flute!for!the!camera.!He,!friends!and!

family!members!cooked! breakfast! while! constructing! the! first! level! of! a! three-story! adobe! building! made! from! mud! and! rocks! in! their! front! yard.! With! footage! of! the! town,! the! aunt! (the! original!subject)!cooking!lunch,!and!the!elder!constructing!his!house!and!gathering!hay!for!the!roof!in! a! collective! chakra,! the! theme! transformed! to! the! difficult,! sustainable,! and! ayni!

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heritage! resources! for! Checcapucara! accompanied! by! sparse! Quechua! narration! and!musical!flare.!

Subject! testimonials! were! further! restricted! after! a! confrontation! with! the! bosses! of! the! chakra,( a! bit! inebriated! on( chicha,( encountered! during! filming.! I! abstained,! as! producers!and! local! filmmakers! debated! in! mixed! Spanish! and! Quechua! with! three! community! members!on!whether!we!were! foreign!mining!engineers,!or!a!business!profiting!off!of! the!

photography.! Despite! having! a! signed! permission! from! the! comunero xc !leader,! these! individuals! wanted! us! out! of! the! community! and! to! desist! production! blaming! the! local!filmmaker! with! name-calling! and! questioning! his! legitimacy! as! a! comunero.! In! a! community! of! 200! people! this! was! a! heavy! experience! for! all.! After! scheduling! an!interview,! the! elder! subject! refused! to! be! filmed! again,! convinced! we! were! engineers!

or!going! to! sell!DVDs,! and! demanded! payment! for! the! interview.! This! was! impossible;! all! of! DocuPeru’s! production!and!diffusion! is! free!and! their!mission! is!contrary! to!economic!profit.!We!had!no!money! to! give! even! if! it! were! an! acceptable! idea.! The! end! finished! in! mistrust! and! misunderstanding! with! a! few! community! members,! an! outward! reflection! of! a! torrid! history! of! oppression! and! conflict! with! exterior! influences! and!contact.! This! element! was! heavily! influential! in! the! production! process! but! not! characteristic! of! the! overall! contact,! hospitality! and! friendliness! and! good! character! of! the! people! in! the! community,! and! we!decided,!that!is!the!side!that!should!be!shown.!!

To! understand! the! mistrust! involved! in! production! I! interviewed! Cedep! Ayllu! Directors,! collecting! background! information! for! post-production! documentary! editing! and! data! for!my!research.!I!learned!that!the!majority!of!Omacha!district!consisted!of!mining!concessions!

and! the! town! had! served! as! one! of! the! last! strongholds! of! Sendero! Luminoso! (SL)! in! the! recent!Civil!War.!Cedep!Ayllu!was!involved!in!anti-mining!mobilization!in!the!town!and!had!

witnessed!a!former!SL!member!voted!in!as!mayor!and!the!last!SL!leaders!taken!away!by!the!

government! in! 2005.! When! SL! entered! the! community! it! had! still! largely! been! a! hacienda!

system! and,! after! gaining! trust! for! a! decade,! their! relationship! ended! in! heavy! fighting!

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killing! 10%! of! the! population! and! SL! and! Federal! Armed! Forces! raping! many! of! the!

womenxci.! In! editing,! as! assessors! we! wanted! to! link! this! historical! and! living! reality! the!

community!faces,!the!“memory”!circle!of!the!Trinity,!with!their!cultural!resources,!heritage!

and!identity.!We!closed!the!movie!with!informative!text:!!“Omacha!is!considered!the!second!

district!at!the!national!level!in!extreme!poverty.!Checcapucara!has!been!highly!affected!by!

the! internal! armed! conflict.! This! community,! actually,! has! 86%! concessions! to! mining!

businesses”!(Checcapucara,!2015).!!This!was!done!to!sensitize!the!documentary’s!subjects!

and! community! by! paralleling! the! photographic! beauty! of! the! community’s!

culture,!customs,!people,!and!environment!with!its!harsh!realities.!While!Checcapucara!is!

probably!not! the! most! compelling! documentary! in! La! Mochila,! it! is! the! most!

expressive!photographically.! DocuPeru’s! methodology! was! put! to! the! test! sometimes!

failing,! and! at!other!times,!saving!the!documentary.!The!local!director!hopes!to!show!the!

documentary!to!the!community! to!clear!his!name!and!assert!his! identity!as!a!proud!

nativeBborn!member.!For!him!it!is!a!way!to!communicate!his!vision!for!the!future!of!his!

town!by!presenting!social!mobilization,!Ayni,!and!education!as!solutions!to!community!

problemsxcii.!With!the!director!turned! apathetic! and! conflicted! over! the! documentary!

direction,! the! filmmakers! and!producers! had! to! finish! the! process! relying! on!

selfBdetermination! and! optimism.! The!process! highlighted! the! importance! of! having! a!

wellBknown! and! regarded! community!member!to!facilitate!community!integration!and!

build!trust!in!an!audiovisual!intervention.!As! DocuPeru! continues! to! have! filmmakers!

that! are! not! from! the! community! they! are!filming,!they!will!have!to!include!more!

community!coordination!in!their!pedagogy.!This!will!facilitate! contact! with! people! who!

have! never! been! exposed! to! audiovisual! production!equipment.! This! experience! also!

shows! the! need! for! more! clear! strategies! of! inclusion!within! participation.! Authorship!

for! producers! and! filmmakers! can! become! contentious!with!one!dominating!and!the!

other!resentful,!or! irrelevant!with!an!apathetic!and!isolated!group!member(s).! !

74!

Espinar(se(Levanta((Espinar(Rises)(

“The!Tintaya!Mine!has!existed!more!than!30!years!in!the!province!of!Espinar.!In!the!year!2003,!after!various! conflicts! the! company! signed! a! Formal! Agreement.! In! which! they! were! obliged! to!compensate!and!assume!social!and!environmental!responsibility.!However,!the!promises!were!not!completed,!and!the!harm!increased.!In!May!2012,!tired!of!the!territories!being!destroyed!and!their!health!deteriorating,!the!population!rises!up”!Opening!Text!Espinar(Se(Levanta!(2015).!

Espinar(Se(Levanta!is!one!of!DocuPeru’s!longest!and!most!explicitly!political!documentaries.!

Espinar!is!a!capital! in!southern!Cusco!and!has!had!been!considered!dangerous!due!to!the!

social!unrest!cause!by!mining!protests.!Local!filmmaker!Vidal,!producer!of!public!television!

and!radio!news!programs,!pitched! the!documentary!as!an!extension!of!a!video!report!he!

had!already!made!on!the!same!subject!called!La(Otra(Cara(de(la(Mineria(en(Espinar.!It!shows!

“the! forms! of! life! that! the! comuneros! lived”! and! how! the! arrival! of! the!mining! business!

hasn’t!brought!development,!but!loss!of!cultural!customs,!poverty!and!political!divisionxciii.!

This! video! and! the! Mochila! documentary! both! explore! the! state! and! mining! business!

75!

coming! together! to! criminalize! socioBenvironmental! protests! in! Espinar:! “this! social!

conflict,!there!have!been!many!uprisings!in!1990,!2010,!2005,!and!other!dates!which!show!

that!we’re!in!a!social!conflict!that!is!rather!strong,!also!in!2012.!It!generates!the!persecution!

of!protesting,!the!persecution!of!the!leaders!and!the!authorities,!and!also!the!men!who!do!

communication!telling!the!truth”!(Merma,!2015).!Vidal!wanted!!Espinar(se(Levanta!to!

!“[...]!give!a!way!of!knowing!about!the!fights!of!the!people!that!in!some!ways!are!isolated.!In!Espinar!and!in!Cajamarca!they!are!fighting!for!the!same!thing,! in!Oyatambo!they!are!fighting!for!the!same!thing.!Through!this!documentary!we!want,!above!all!else,!to!sensitize!the!population.!For!the!other!towns! that! still! don’t! have! any! mining! where! the! mining! and! the! state! come! cheating! and!manipulating!the!comuneros!to!put!in!so!many!false!promises!that!finally!end!passing!to!the!back.!In!Espinar!we’ve!had!more!than!33!years!of!mining,!and!we!are!demonstrating!that!mining!does!not!bring!development.!The!only! thing! it!brings! is!disgrace!and!death,!and! irreparable! impacts! to! the!environment”!(Merma,!2015).!!

The! documentary! is! made! to! expose! the! disturbing! reality! of! modern! development! in!

Espinar,! not! only! for! the! community’s! sake,! but! also! as! a! warning! for! other! Peruvian!

territories.!The!movie!fuses!Vidal’s!extensive!archive!of!footage!of!protests,!police!brutality,!

and! interviews!with!comuneros! and! the!primary!Mochila! filming.!The! testimonials! of! the!

documentary! focus! on! the! harmful! effects! of! the! mines! and! the! efforts! to! quell! public!

dissidence! to! the! company’s! irresponsibility.! For! example,! Espinar’s! mayor! from! 2011B

2014,! first! explains! the! social! problems! resulting! from! the!mine’s! actions! and! later! tells!

how!he!was! unlawfully! arrested! after! protesting! and! imprisoned! for! two!weeks!without!

judicial! proceedings.! Another! subject! explains! how! police! planted! explosives! in! order! to!

frame!and!arrest!activists.!A!comunero!explains!the!effect!mining!has!had!on!his!livelihood:!

“I!am!living!with!this!terrible!experience!of!pollution!of!the!environment.!The!Tintay!Mine!

provokes!this!contamination.!Not!only!in!my!case,!all!of!my!livestock,!before!this!all!of!my!

animals!died!and!I!am!left!with!nothing”!(Espinar(se(Levanta,!2015).!Water!contamination!

has! brought! rare! diseases! for! livestock! and! people,! making! their! community! nearly!

uninhabitable.! Like!many!other! social!documentaries,! the!documentary!uses! government!

documents,! in!this!case!a!health!report!by!the!Cusco!regional!government!that!states!that!

the! population! is! exposed! to! high! levels! of! heavy!metals! such! as! Cadmium,! Manganese,!

Lead,! and!Mercury:!with! Cadmium! 11.6! times! over! the! recommended! limit,!Mercury! 33!

times!over!it!and!Tungsten!171.6!times!over!the!limit!(Espinar(se(Levanta,!2015).!!

76!

The! film! ends! with! the! family! of! Felix! Yauri! V,! a! veteran! socioBenvironmental! activist,!

describing! his! murder! by! the! State! at! his! gravesite! in! the! cemetery! overlooking! Espinar.!

His!daughter!describes!his!years!of!activism;!“He!always!carried!a!white!flag!because!he!

wanted!peace![…]!but!the!authorities!continued!to!abuse!him!and!mistreat!him”!

(Epinar( se(Levanta,!2015).!The!photo!to!the!right!shows!Felix!holding!his!white! flag!after!

such!an!encounter!with!the!police!(a!screenshot!from!the!movie):!!

Felix!was!killed!during!the!2012!protests,!described!by!his!grandson;!“my!grandfather!died:!

all!the!blame!is!on!the!mining!(company)”!(Espinar(se(Levanta,!2015).!The!movie!ends!with!

his!family!remembering!him!in!the!cemetery!as!Tintay!company!trucks!in!the!background!

drive!by!the!graves!of!those!who!died!fighting!against!their!presence.!!

The!production’s!only!difficulties!came!from!its!geographic!distance!and!classification!as!a!red!zone:!!

“It’s! far! and! is! in! a! zone! known! as! a! red! zone! because! it! was! declared! as! a! state! of! emergency.!There’s! a! large! quantity! of! abuses! by! the! police,! although! recently! they! took! away! the! army.!However! it! is! a! very! problematic! population! due! to!many! difficulties! but! the! biggest! one! is! the!mining.! It!wants! to!maintain! its!power!and!dominate! the!population;! they!have!hit!men,!police!at!their! favor! and! defense! of! the! state.! They! try! to! make! opaque,! or! above! all! minimize! what! is!happening! weekly.! This! is! very! problematic! when! there! are! people! with! a! camera,! it’s! really!entering! in! to! the! oven! then.! From! there! it! was! complicated,! we! didn’t! go! to! places! where! the!conflicts!were!situated,!but!because!I’ve!been!working!more!than!6!years!in!Espinar!in!the!theme!of!communication,! it! has! been! possible! to! achieve! a! huge! amount! of!material! of! all! of! those! years”!(Merma,!2015).!!

77!

The! DocuPeru! Espinar! contact! with! the! community! was! the! opposite! experience! from!

Checcapucara!with!community!members!eager!and!willing!to!be!approached,!interviewed!

and! filmed! with! a! clear! antiBmining! discourse! from! all! subjects.! This! is! due! to! the!

reputation! of! Vidal! in! the! town! but! also! shows! a! community,! much! larger! than!

Checcapucara,!and!a!population!that!is!much!more!politically!activated!and!organized:!

“[...]!when!doing!the!interviews!the!people!of!Espinar!are!very!willing!to!give!their!declaration.!The!people! want! to! tell! something! because! the! problem! lives! in! their! firsthand! experience.! There!weren’t!many!problems!in!being!able!to!interview.!In!Espinar!whichever!person!you!talk!to!is!going!to!tell!you!the!same!thing!of!what!is!going!on!their!community!because!the!problem!is!the!same.!The!people!perceive!firsthand!the!impacts!and!all!of!the!problems!that!have!come!along!with!the!mining!business”!(Merma,!2015).!

As! the!documentary! fades! out,! the! text! dedicates! the! film! to! the!77!Peruvians!who!have!

been!killed!or!disappeared! in! socioBenvironmental!protests! throughout! the!country.! !The!

text! gives! a! list! with! the! names! of! each! individualxciv.! It! is! a! strategy! of! connecting! the!

material,!the!subjects!and!community’s!daily!reality,!to!the!collective!memory!and!cultural!

heritage! inherited! by! all! Peruvians.! Creating! documentaries! like! Espinar( Se( Levanta!

represents! the! socioBenvironmentalists! humanely! by! interviewing! family! members,! and!

promoting! a! humble! message! transcending! pro! or! antiBmining! political! divisions.! One!

activist!explains!that!they!are!already!cohabitants!with!mining!and!only!want!companies!to!

conduct! themselves! with! respect! and! responsibility.! He! explains! they! are! for! life,!

sustainability!and!wellbeing,!not!antiBmining:!

“We! are! not! a! danger! to! society,! the! state! has! catalogued! us! calling! us! ‘extremists’! that! we! are!radicals!and!it’s!not!like!this.!This!is!a!complete!lie.!We!are!not!antiBmining.!We!are!included!in!the!proBmining,!why?!I!say!that!it’s!because!we!have!lived!alongside!the!mining!for!35!years.!The!only!thing! that! we! reclaim! is! that! the! mining! [businesses]! respect! human! rights,! respect! our! land,!respect! our!water.!What! are!we! going! to! pass! on! to! our! children?!What!will! we! pass! on! to! our!grandchildren?! We! were! a! fertile! land,! a! clean! land! with! clean! water.! In! these! three! decades!everything! has! gone! dirty.! We! are! betraying! our! children! because! we’ve! let! them! damage! our!territories”!(Espinar(Se(Levanta,!2015).!

Through! his! documentary! Vidal! wants! to! show,! ! “The! social! leaders! of! Espinar! that! are!

defending!above!all!else!respect!for!the!population,!respect!for!the!social!life!of!Espinar,!and!

the!environment!and!everything!that!is!life”!(Merma,!2015).!Jose!repeated!this!sentiment!as!

78!

the! overarching! mission! of! DocuPeru.! It! is! a! search! for! more! diverse! contexts! of! social!

injustice!ignored!by!the!mass!media.!He!cites!La!Mochila!and!the!Espinar!documentary!as!

representing!this!peaceful,!nonBcombative!fight:!

“All! of! this! we! have! to! reaffirm! the! agenda! and! keep! pushing! it! forward! so! that! our! territory!changes!in!to!peaceful!hills,!and!places!that!don’t!look!behind,!that!will!continue!fighting.!We!are!all!from!different!countries,!from!different!provinces,!different!in!sex,!but!what!unites!us!is!that!we!are!human!beings.! It’s! like!the!man!said! from!the!documentary![Espinar(Se(Levanta],! ‘we!are!not!proBmining!we!are!proBlife’”!(Mochila!Filmmakers!and!DocuPeru!Producers,!2015).!!

79!

Summary of Findings and Conclusions Local: DocuPeru and La Mochila Documental Critical! analysis! focused! on! the! infrastructure,! paradigm,! methodology! and! pedagogy! in!

order!to!present!DocuPeru!as!a!Southern!Epistemology!that!can!be!diffused!and!replicated.!

DocuPeru! is! a! school! and! a! vehicle! of! empowerment! for! members! and! workshop!

participants!with!ayni,!a!collective!social!mission,!and!familial!inclusion!as!both!its!internal!

and!external!mechanisms.!Reliable!financial!support!for!their!infrastructure!is!absent!and!

their! financing! strategies! rely! on! partnerships! with! GOs,! NGOs,! and! INGOs! with! different!

profiles! to! match! each! project.! These! partnerships! and! their! inclusive! education! strategy!

bring!together!diverse!cultural!groups!(dissident,!hierarchal,!entrepreneurial,!isolate).!The!

high! level!of!professional! training,!and! lack!of!economic!employment! form!an!alternative!

sustainability! in! which! DocuPeru! is! continually! evolving! by! introducing! new! filmmaker!

subjectivities.! The! new! members! are! increasing! autonomy! and! ownership! of! the!

organization!with!independent!collective!DocuPeru!audiovisual!projects.!This!furthers!the!

diffusion,!evolution!and!very!sustainability!of!DocuPeru’s!alternative!media!paradigm.!The!

same!goes!with!former!members!creating!their!own!audiovisual!spaces.!Although!effective,!

DocuPeru’s!practice!is!not!perfect.!They!need!a!General!Producer!and!Coordinator!as!fullB

time! paid! positions,! be! they! well! below! market! price.! DocuPeru! is! working! on! a! local,!

national!and!international!scale!and!increasing!their!core!and!extra!projects.!This!requires!

an! increase! in! organizational! capacity.! As! they! adapt! their! EOD! and! Caravana!

methodologies!and!pedagogies!to!new!contexts!they!must!dive!deeper!in!to!their!concepts!

of!participation,!community!coordination,!scheduling!and!programming.!Overall,!however,!

the!unique!mechanisms!and!teachings!of!DocuPeru,!illustrate!a!flexible!and!adaptable,!

political and! ideological! example! of! best! practices! in!community!film.!

DocuPeru! methodology! is! built! on! community! integration! and! horizontal! education! that!

empowers!people!to!tell!their!stories!using!the!Holy!Trinity!(Subjectivism,!Accountability,!

Memory),! a! B! Roll! reverse! towards! sensorial! and! aesthetic! imagery,! and! a! plurality! of!

80!

communication!and!artistic!languages.!The!pedagogy!involves!teaching!the!alternative!film!

paradigm! and!methodology,! documentary! exhibition,! pitching,! and! table!work.! It! creates!

artistic! cultural! content! through! a! tacit! learning! of! audiovisual! skills.! La! Mochila!

filmmakers! identified! empowerment! through! high! increases! of! interpersonal! trust,! selfB

esteem,! and!professional! training.!They!built!networks,! gained! technical! capabilities,! and!

reaffirmed! their! leadership! roles.! The! products! communicate! and! promote! community!

cohesion,! identify! issues,! and! support! aspirations! and! individual! identity,! with! local!

solutions! more! ambiguous.! Specifically,! they! communicate! themes! on! cultural! heritage,!

ayni! in! collective! water! rights! and! daily! life,! sustainable! local! agriculture,! social!

mobilization!and!the!criminalization!of!socioBenvironmental!protests!against!irresponsible!

mining! practices.! The! production! process! develops! DocuPeru! producers! as! alternative!

audiovisual!professionals!politicized!and!engaged!ethically.!Products!reflect!the!sensitivity,!

politics,!and!education!behind!their!creators!and!processes!of!creation.!Social!participation!

creates! audiovisual! self! and! community! representations! that! are! virtual,! sensorial,! and!

emotional! experiences.! Marginalized! voices! are! therefore! heard! and! their! owners! seen!

through! artistic! visibility.! Text! and! words! fade! to! the! background! as! a! camera,! held!

collectively! with! ayni,! forms! honest! human! shapes! and! realities,! thus! provoking!

understanding!and!empathy.!!!

National: The Ministry of Culture, Peruvian Community Film, and Intercultural Citizenship

DocuPeru! and! the! other! Peruvian! audiovisual! organizations! work! on! a! national! scale!

producing! and!diffusing! alternative!media!with! the!purpose!of! inclusive!development!by!

freedom! of! expression! and! in! doing! so,! build! tentative! foundations! for! intercultural!

citizenship.!DocuPeru!believes!that!film!coming!from!the!interior!of!the!country!or!underB

represented! coastal! communities! needs! professional! schools! so! they!won’t!misrepresent!

their!culture!due!to!the!quality!of! language!their!using.!As!a!dissident!group,!DocuPeru!is!

strengthening! fellow! dissident! individuals! and! associations,! working! to! activate! isolates,!

and!participates!with,!or!at!times!demands!recognition!and!social! justice!from,!hierarchal!

and! entrepreneurial! cultural! groups.! Contrary! to! previous! community! film! studies,! the!

81!

Peruvian!hierarchy!or!hegemony!is!slowly!recognizing!the!legitimacy!of!community!film!as!

an!inclusive!development!strategy.!The!Ministry!of!Culture!has!worked!with!or!supported!

all! four!organizations! in! this! research!at! some!point.!This! includes!permanent! funding!of!

Chaski’s! microcine! network! and! this! year’s! DAFO! prize! for! DocuPeru’s! Caravana! to! the!

North.!The!most!interesting!partnership!is!with!the!Office!of!Interculturality!and!La!Combi.!

This!department! funded! local!projects!of! community! film!production!with!La!Combi! and!

then!collected!those!participatory!documentaries!and!others,!including!DocuPeru!products,!

as!an!online!database!called!Videoteca!de!Las!Culturas.!This!videoteca!in!turn!is!made!into!

an! educational! public! resource! by! creating! travel! cases! containing! short! documentaries!

alongside!pedagogical!guidelines!and!activities.!They!are!given!to!sister!ministries,!such!as!

the!Ministries!of!Education,!Housing,!and!Women,!the!last!of!which!is!in!coordination!with!

a! program! called! ‘Let’s! Play’! for! zones! more! vulnerable! to! extreme! poverty.! For! each!

educative! context! these! travel! cases! are! meant! to! give! an! intercultural! component! to!

education!and!formation!of!Peruvian!citizenship.!!

The! Department! of! Cultural! Diversity! in! the! Ministry! explained! that! they! are! eager! to!

promote! community! film!but! lack! the! funds! to!provide!adequate! support.!This!has! to!do!

with! a! younger! ministry! and! department! competing! for! limited! fundsxcv.! The! research!

showed!that!within!municipal,!regional,!and!national!government!bodies!there!is!a!political!

culture! for! and! valorization! of! community! film! that! is! debilitated! by! an! insufficient!

budgetxcvi.! This! helps! explain! why! the! audiovisual! associations! have! largely! relied! on!

foreign! funding.!Government!bodies! that!value!a!Culture! for!Development!agenda!should!

devote!more!funding!to!grassBroots!cultural!content!production.!Community!film!functions!

largely!on!a!nonBprofit!basis;!despite!its!value,!private!funding!is!extremely!limited.!In!some!

cases!there!appears!the!capacity!for!business!partnerships!to!fund!local!cinematography!in!

an!effort!at!social!responsibility.!Peruvian!community!film!is!still!largely!left!out!in!the!cold,!

however,!and!scraping!for!change!on!the!national!scale.!For!Peru,!ignorance!of!alternative!

media!and! community! film!will! only!keep! the!mass!media!hegemonic! and!undemocratic,!

irrelevant! to! and! unrepresentative! of! true! Peruvianism.! However,! the! majority! of! local!

identities,!aspirations,!and!realities!in!Peru!and!the!modes!to!project!them!needn’t!remain!

invisible.!!!!!!

82!

Community Film and International Development

!All!cultural!groups!in!this!research!found!common!ground!in!community!film!(except!for!

maybe! a! few! mining! or! petroleum! companies).! Moving! up! a! scale! to! global!

governance,!DocuPeru!and!other!associations!were!actively!producing!the!indicators!

UNESCO!describes!for!Culture!for!Development.!UNICFD!invests!in!Culture!for!

Development!best!practices!in!mass! media! in! the! Republic! of! Macedonia! and!

microBinitiatives! from! audiovisual!entrepreneurs! in!Guatemala! (UNESCO!IFCD,! 2014).!

Add! to! this! the! large! portion! of! INGO!and!IGO!funding! in!Peru,! it!can!be!said! that!within!

the!Culture!of!Development! there! is!a!broad! institutional! recognition! that! community!

film! is! worth! investing! in.! The! potential!audiovisual! empathy! that! can! be! created! in! the!

global! North! and! South! with! this! type! of!production!is!enormous.!For!example,!it!is!

important!to!understand!that!consumption!and!investment!habits!in!a!global!supply!chain!

based!on!resource!extraction!means!consuming!and!demanding!from!a!real!person’s!

backyard.!International!development!interventions,!or!private!business!investments!that!

result!in!development,!often!mean!a!meeting!of!cultures!and! this! should! be! done! with!

clear! visibility! and! understanding! through! beneficiaries’!creative!cultural!lenses.!

Community!film!is!an!important!activity!to!invest!in!for!Culture!for!Development! and! as!

a! communication! strategy! to! accompany! a! diverse! range! of!development!

initiatives.! Based! on! research! results! it! is! not! difficult! to! imagine! an!alternative!

communication! strategy! centered! on! empowerment! through! a! pedagogical!production!

whose! movies! then! make! global! realities! and! solutions! more! visible! and!

intercultural!citizenship!more!global.!Lastly,!it!is!important!to!make!community!film!and!in!

general,! Southern! Epistemologies! available! and! consumable;! the! concepts! and! actions! of!

ayni,! the! pachamama,! or! community! film! itself! present! valuable! alternatives! and! ideas!

to! a!more!sensible,!sustainable,!collective!and!empathetic!Culture!of!Development.!!

83!

Reflection on Methodology and Suggestions for Further Research

I!used!the!methodology!in!an!experimental!way,!creating!concepts!translated!qualitatively!

from! the!ground!up! from! literature!and! respondents.! It!was! in! essence!building!my!own!

house,!its!foundations!and!construction!as!solid!as!my!effort!and!skills.!For!this!reason,!the!

methodological! application! should! be! open! for! debate! and! improvement.!My! experience!

was!that!the!division!of!Culture!for!Development!values!in!clear!dimensions!and!indicators!

is!a!useful!methodological!tool!for!qualitative!and!quantitative!researchers!interested!in!the!

realm!of!culture!and!development.!To!my!knowledge,!this!research!is!the!first!to!attempt!at!

a! closed! structured!measurement! of! intangible! results! of! empowerment! and! visibility! in!

community!film!(or!any!other!participatory!art).!Most!researchers!assume!that!results!for!

values! in! these! phenomena! can! only! be! understood! qualitatively;! it! only! takes! a! bit! of!

creativity! and! rigor! to! disprove! that! assumption.! The! actual! methodological! task! was!

monumental! and! the! sheer! multidimensionality! and! flexibility! of! the! CDIS! methodology!

produced!mountains!of!data!that!were!not!well!fitted!to!the!narrative!confines!of!a!master’s!

thesis.! Some! of! the! CDIS! data! and! most! of! the! data! on! peripheral! organizations! are!

fascinating,!yet!not!in!the!thesis.!Despite!this,!an!arduous!sifting!process!brings!clear!ideas!

of! empowerment! through! culture.! Additional! and! alternative! indicators! emerged! in! the!

field! such! as! Indigenous! Knowledge,! Environmental! Stewardship,! SelfBEsteem,! Empathy,!

and!SelfBRepresentation.!!

84!

Recommendations(for(further(Research(

• Improvement! and! expansion! of! UNESCO! CDIS! methodology! for! a! deeper! census,

more!qualitative! interpretations!and!best!practices!models! from!governments!and

grass!roots!associations.

• Research! on! the! perceptions! of! audience!members,! both! subjects! of! communities

and!general!public!viewers,!after!watching!participatory!documentaries.!This!should

be! surveyed!and!qualified!descriptively!on! a!more!national! scale! including!virtual

empathy!and!intercultural!contact!measurements.

• The!CDIS!Methodology! can! be!used! to! understand! empowerment! and! visibility! in

any! creative! industry.! It! would! be! particularly! interesting! to! understand! the

differences! in! Andean! documentary! film,! and! independent! Andean! fiction! film

production!through!the!perception,!enjoyment!and!valuation!of!Andean!audiences.

• Producing!best!practices!research!and!analysis!of!community!film!on!a!global!scale.

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Acknowledgements I am very grateful for all of the support that made the creation, collection and explanation of this

research possible. I thank the University of Amsterdam and the Graduate School of Social

Sciences and all the professors therein that gave me the academic tools and allowed me to study

an atypical subject in the field of International Development Studies. My thesis supervisor

Enrique Gomez-Llata supported this research for the larger part of a year, at times reigning in my

ambitions, and other times encouraging my passion and personal interests. Most importantly, he

gave me the freedom and autonomy to make mistakes and learn from the process. I am extremely

grateful for the professors Dr. Gabriel Calderon and local supervisor Susana Pastor in the

Audiovisual Communication Department at Pontifca Universidad Catolica de Peru. Their

hospitality was warm and they shared key experiences, contacts and knowledge on culture and

community film in Peru that framed and guided the research. The largest thank you goes to the

audiovisual organization members and directors who took the time to explain their work and

furthermore, integrate me as a team member, adding to the richness of data collection and my

own professional training and personal growth. Special thanks to DocuPeru Director Jose

Balado, VP Lali Maldueno and General Producer Gabriela Urco, and the other DocuPeru women

involved in La Mochila Documental who taught me how social change can be achieved with

love, empathy, respect, and determination. I thank the participants of La Mochila Documental,

including Cedep Ayllu, for their inspiration, their willingness and candidness in research

participation, and including me in their family of solidarity as they continue forward fighting for

and developing their communities. Another special thanks goes to the directors of La Combi

Arte Rodante, especially Teresa Castilla and Beatriz Nicasio, for including me on the

unforgettable experience of doing community film in Chunigi, Ayacucho; the basis of which I

plan to analyze and write up as Community Film and Peace Education. I wish to thank Adriana

Ugarte-Stirlich of Educacion Audiovisual for showing how to combine strategies of ecological

education,cultural heritage, community film, music, and arts practices in a truly beautiful and

enlightened way in Cocachimba, Amazonas. I’d like to thank those in the Office of Cultural

Diversity at the Ministry of Culture. Lastly, I must thank my family who, despite geographic

distances, are and always have been the core of my strength of character and love, and who

supported me unconditionally and, even rigorously, proofreading this massive document

92!

Annexes I, II, III & IV Annex!I!Mochila!Documental!Movie!Links,!Class!Schedule,!and!Movie!Description!Table!

Links!to!La!Mochila!Documental!Products!

La!Mochila!Schedule!

Movie! Internet!Link!Papa!Tarpuy! https://youtu.be/KQLViQlPb0o!Checcapucara! https://youtu.be/KRT8vP6NtWY!Nuestros!Territorios! https://youtu.be/rtdSiFf3oT8!

El!Niño!de!Santa!Rosa! https://youtu.be/iXqEgeQojAQ!

Checcapucara! https://youtu.be/QyMzNH3UNrk!Unuykiwan!Kausarisun:!Con!Tus!Aguas!Viviremos!!

https://youtu.be/xCGyTes8WUo!

Espinar!se!Levanta! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5V845yIAonM!

93!

Description!of!La!Mochila!Documental!Movies!

Movie! Language!

Location! Themes! Footage!

Papa!Tarpuy! N/A! Accha,!Cusco! Sustainable!agriculture!makes!better!produce!and!healthy!ecologies!

(Animation)!Potatoes!grow!with!artificial!fertilizer,!killing!lifeBsustaining!microbial.!Natural!humus!and!fertilizers!bring!soil!back!to!life.!

Checcapucara! Quechua! Accha,!Cusco! Social!Mobilization!and!Cultural!Resources!Against!Mining!

(Animation)!The!town!of!Checcapucara,!rich!in!natural!sustainability,!mobilizes!socially!against!mining!businesses!

Nuestros!Territorios!

Spanish! Accha,!Cusco! Social!Mobilization!and!Care!for!the!Pachamama!!

The!Pachama!as!a!female!human!torso!with!earth!and!plants!on!her!is!decimated!by!resource!extraction!and!recuperated!by!social!moblization!

El!Niño!de!Santa!Rosa!

Spanish! Accha,!Cusco! Respect,!Practice!and!Conservation!of!Tangible!and!Intangible!!Cultural!Heritage!in!the!Local!Andean!Catholic!Tradition!

The!documentary!gives!testimonial!!follows!the!religious!devotional!practice,!including!processions,!dances,!and!dressing!up,!the!reportedly,!400!year!old!Christ!child!doll!avatar.!

Checcapucara! Quechua! Checcapucara!

Ayni!as!Intangible!Cultural!Heritage!!

The!documentary!shows!the!daily!life!activities!and!practices!in!Ayni!as!the!community!works!in!agriculture,!cooking,!and!construction!collectively!and!sustainably!!

Unuykiwan!Kausarisun:!Con!Tus!Aguas!Viviremos!!

Quechua/Spanish!

Amancay,!Accha!District!Cusco!

Conservation!and!Distribution!of!Water!Resources!with!Ayni!and!respect!for!the!Pachamama!

The!documentary!follows!the!sources!and!uses!of!water!by!farmers!individually!and!as!a!collective.!It!works!as!well!as!a!strategy!for!conserving!water!rights!from!mining!practices!

Espinar!se!Levanta!

Quchua/Spanish!

Espinar,!Cusco!

The!Criminalization!of!SocioBEnvironmental!Protest!!

Archive!footage!is!matched!with!primary!footage!and!testimonials!telling!the!story!of!activism!against!irresponsible!mining!practices!in!the!area!!

94!

Annex!II!Summarized!Results!for!Each!CDIS!Methodology!Indicator!

This!section!gives!the!orginal!UNESCO!conceptualization!for!the!indicators!and!the!research!conceptualization.!It!also!gives!extra!findings!that!did!not!fully!permeate!the!thesis,!but!may!be!of!interest!for!a!more!inBdepth,!perhaps!irreverent,!findings!in!any!particular!indicator!or!dimension.!Alongside!each!Dimension!description!is!a!bar!graphxcvii!with!the!results!from!the!2012!Peru!Culture!for!Development!Report.!The!bar!graph!for!the!last!four!dimensions!is!given!at!the!end!with!Cultural!Heritage.!!

Economic!

INDICATOR:!Employment!in!Cultural!Activities!(Bar!2)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:((“The(percentage(of(the(population(employed(in(primary(and(support(cultural(activities.”(((UNESCO,!2014)!

RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!DocuPeru!Member!employment!inside!and!outside!of!DocuPeru.(

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!

• Not!surprisingly,!economic!employment!in!social!documentary!making!is!incrediblydifficult!anywhere,!but!especially!in!a!country!that!is!still!trying!to!develop!andrefine!its!own!mass!media!and!national!cinematographic!industry.

• For!Chaski!this!means!wages!for!the!microcine!coordinators.• La!Combi!hosts!local!restuarant!entrepenuers!selling!concessions!at!movie!screenings.

INDICATOR:!Contribution(of(Cultural(Activities(to(GDP(((Bar(1)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:(“Percentage(of(the(contribution(of(private(and(formal(activities(to(Gross(Domestic(Product”((UNESCO,!2014)!

RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!DocuPeru!is!nonBprofit!and!informal!so!this!indicator!was!unsuitable!for!conceptualization.!The!vast!majority!of!community!film!practices!in!Peru!fly!well!below!any!GDP!measurement.!Qualitatively,!there!is!difficulty!matching!the!different!quantitative!interpretations!of!GDP,!such!as!measuring!from!income,!spending!or!consumption!to!qualitative!research!where!the!lines!become!blurrier,!especially!in!an!informal!dissident!“market”.!!!

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!

• By!buying!the!rights!to!screened!movies,!Chaski!is!often!providing!independentfilmmakers!with!income.

95!

• Copyright!also!provides!Chaski!with!income!as!their!independent!movies!such!asGregorio,(Juliana,!and!this!years’!La(Ultima(Noticia,!are!legally!intellectual!property.

• Despite!earning!income!for!their!movies,!Chaski!is!flexible!and!are!primarily!concernedwith!their!diffusion.!Maria!Benites!describes!an!encounter!that!highlights!this!diffusionbefore!economic!profit!ideology:!“We!went!to!‘el!hueco’!where!they!sell!all!of!thepirated!movies.!This!is!where!we!go!to!look!for!Latin!American!movies!that!we!canwatch!and!see!if!they!can!be!in!the!microBcinemas.!There!we!saw!Gregorio,!Juliana,!all!ofour!movies,!and!we!said,!‘how!many!of!these!do!you!sell?”!and!they!said!a!lot.!We!askedthem!if!they!knew!that!these!movies!come!from!our!production!company!Chaski?!Theysaid!that!they!didn’t!know,!but!were!afraid!of!the!court.!We!said!it’s!ok!and!we!let!themsell!it,!and!they!asked!for!our!autographs!!Now!they!can!sell!that!signature!”!(Benites,2015)

• Community!film!as!a!component!of!corporate!social!responsibility!would!be!aninteresting!means!of!promoting!local!culture,!and!could!result!in!local!filmmakersmonitoring!a!community!intervention!transparently!and!publically.

INDICATOR:!Household(Expenditure(on(Culture!(Bar!3)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Percentage(of(household(consumption(expenditures(on(culture(set(against(total(consumption(expenditure”((UNESCO,!2014)!

RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!DocuPeru!is!nonBprofit!and!informal!so!this!indicator!was!unsuitable!for!conceptualization.!These!community!film!organizatios’!absence!in!this!indicator!and!the!previous!one!speak!louder!than!any!alternative!or!stretched!conceptualization.!!

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!

• Chaski!is!involved!in!the!expenditure!indicator!by!charging!a!token!fee!for!themicrocines,!normally!1.50!Peruvian!Soles!in!order!to!emphasize!that!culture!has!value:“The!people!have!to!learn!how!to!pay!for!culture.!If!they!pay!for!beer,!why!wouldn’tthey!pay!for!cinema?”!(Benites,!2015).!This!relates!directly!to!GDP,!as!Chaski!must!buythe!rights!to!the!movies!they!show.

Education!

INDICATOR:!Inclusive(Education!(Bar!4)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Index(of(average(years(of(schooling(of(the(population(between(the(ages(of(17(and(22,(adjusted(to(reflect(inequalities”!(UNESCO,!2014)!

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RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!It!is!the!core!of!DocuPeru!paradigm,!methodology!and!pedagogy!in!bringing!professional!and!art!education!to!less!visible!and!marginalized!areas.!

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!• DocuPeru!is!extremely!inclusive!of!age!and!gender!demographics.!Recent!high!school

graduates!were!partnered!with!people!in!their!fifties!and!many!groups!hadinternational!members,!including!myself.

• It!also!speaks!to!their!impact!as!a!small!informal!audiovisual!association!probablyeducating!no!more!than!a!thousand!students.

• Inclusive!Education!is!at!the!heart!of!the!paradigm!of!spreading!audiovisual!literacy!forall!of!these!Peruvian!organizations!that!work!to!bring!equality!in!access!to!creatingcultural!content.!The!largest!impact!is!spreading!audiovisual!literacy!in!microcines.

INDICATOR:!Multilingual(Education((Bar!5)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Percentage(of(instructional(hours(dedicated(to(promoting(multilingualism(in(relation(to(the(total(number(of(instructional(hours(dedicated(to(languages((grades(7?8)”(((UNESCO,!2014)!

RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!The!diversity!of!indigenous!languages!used!in!production!and!products.!!

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!• DocuPeru!encourages!subjects!to!give!testimonial!or!text!in!their!native!language

and!it!is!shown!in!the!high!use!of!Quechua!and!a!few!Amazonian!languages!in!theirbody!of!La!Caravana!and!La!Mochila!Documental!documentary!work.

• DocuPeru!and!La!Combi!members!relate!multilingual!education!to!building!selfBesteem!in!the!workshops.!Many!participants!come!shy!or!ashamed!to!speak!theirnative!language!and!at!the!end!of!the!workshop!are!confident,!sometimes!givingpublic!speeches!in!their!native!language.

• The!Peruvian!community!film!tradition!of!diffusing!and!legitimizing!nativelanguages!still!continues!with!each!and!every!organization!producing!and!screeningindigenous!multilingual!content.

INDICATOR:!Art(Education((Bar!6)!

UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!Percentage(of(instructional(hours(dedicated(to(arts(education(in(relation(to(the(total(number(of(instructional(hours((grades(7?8)((UNESCO,!2014)!

RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!DocuPeru!pedagogy!teaching!documentary!film!art!and!using!a!plurality!of!artistic!tools.!!

EXTRA!FINDINGS:!

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• The!DocuPeru!Caravana!objective!is!not!to!create!documentary!filmmakers!from!professional!training!but!show!participants!they!have!the!capacity!to!make!a!film!with!a!unique!combination!of!building!selfBesteem!and!selfBrepresentation.!!!

• Some!DocuPeru!members!(former!and!current)!attest!that!sometimes!DocuPeru!is!not!as!willing!to!explore!more!artistic!ideas!and!approaches!!

• Calderon!says!that!the!emphasis!is!on!technical!and!science!education!and!art!education!is!underfunded!in!Peru!!

• Ministry!of!Culture’s!travel!cases!give!a!mobile!art!education!pedagogy!with!25!DVDs!of!participatory!documentaries!and!animation!movies!for!adolescents!and!young!learners.!

• The!screenings!in!classrooms!from!the!travel!cases!create!a!space!for!people!to!collect!and!learn!about!alternative!audiovisual!production!and!the!films!content!teaches!different!cultures!of!Peru!through!Art!Education.!!

• Chaski’s!microcines!operate!sometimes!in!public!schools!giving!formal!education!and!audiovisual!art!component!by!coordinating!with!administrators!and!teachers!

• DocuPeru!does!theatrical!corporal!workshops!with!Cultura!Viva!Comunitaria!in!Lima.!DP!!

• Andrea!Flores,!who!specializes!in!DocuPeru’s!corporal!workshops!has!been!a!part!of!Pallaseres!clown!group!since!2007;!this!group!does!theater!interventions!in!the!streets.!!

• Chaski’s!microcine!screening!space!creates!a!realm!of!art!education!by!conducting!discussion!forums!after!the!projections.!!

• La!Combie!directors!say!that!using!audiovisual!tools!with!art!education!increase!selfBesteem!

• La!Combi’s!project!in!Chuingi,!Ayacucho!that!the!research!participated!in!explored!how!art!education!is!an!important!part!of!Peace!Education!towards!positive!peace.!This!is!dones!by!teaching!young!people!the!past!reality!of!their!community!and!families,!a!transmission!of!cultural!heritage.!!!!

• Chuingi!trip!local!organizer!believes!audiovisual!art!education!can!diffuse!and!recuperate!culture!and!the!environment.!!

• All!organizations!believe!that!audiovisual!art!education!means!gaining!literacy!in!a!language,!like!learning!how!to!read!and!write;!if!not!then!there!is!only!mindless!uncritical!consumption!

• The!challenges!in!achieving!superordinate!goals,!inherent!in!audiovisual!art!education,!in!the!Checcapucara!production!taught!the!group!teamwork,!determination,!and!perseverance.!!

• Respondents!and!researcher’s!experience!attest!that!apathy!from!student!filmmakers!can!have!disastrous!results!for!a!project.!!

• Audiovisual!Art!education!is!done!tacitly!and!learning!through!production!!!• Filmmaker!Yeymi!makes!radio!programs!and!produces!shows!of!Andean!stories!for!

children,!and!wants!to!use!what!she!learned!in!La!Mochila!Documental!!• DocuPeru!began!only!as!an!audiovisual!organization!but!while!building!relations!in!

communities!they!say!the!need!to!include!a!plurality!of!artistic!languages!and!support!!

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• Using!photos,!drawings,!murals,!music!make!the!processes!and!products!more!interesting!and!leave!the!community!with!different!forms!of!analysis.!!

• DocuPeru!member!Nataniel!explained!how!a!DocuPeru!project!in!a!prison!in!Lima!made!carrying!audiovisual!equipment!too!dangerous!and!so!they!did!literature,!murals,!photos,!drawings!and!stop!motion!and!allowed!participants!(the!prisoners)!to!choose!their!most!suitable!medium.!!!!

• Corporal!Workshops!open!people!up!who!aren’t!used!to!physical!contact!and!this!generates!selfBesteem!and!interpersonal!trust.!!

• The!corporal!workshop!and!prop!creation!can!be!used!in!street!parades!• If!there!is!no!internet!or!electricity!then!audiovisual!production!is!useless!and!it’s!

necessary!to!use!other!artistic!tools.!!!!!INDICATOR:!Professional(Training((Bar!7)(!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Index(of(coherency(and(coverage(of(technical(and(vocational(education(and(training((TVET)(and(tertiary(education(in(the(field(of(culture”(((UNESCO,!2014)(!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!DocuPeru’s!function!as!a!school!for!DocuPeru!producers!and!student!filmmakers!for!professional!training!in!alternative!media!production.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!

• DocuPeru!wants!to!connect!audiovisual!professionals!and!students!to!new!rural!or!campesino!institutes!in!the!Andes!to!provide!professional!training!!!

• Director!Jose!traveled!to!Guadalajara!Mexico!this!summer!in!order!to!spread!professional!training!in!the!DocuPeru!paradigm!and!methodology!of!production!to!spread!DocuPeru’s!mission!internationally.!!

• DocuPeru!General!Producers!have!to!learn!accounting!and!business!skills.!!• Collective!work!(Ayni)!teaches!professional!skills!by!supporting!workshop!

participants!horizontally;!DocuPeru!audiovisual!artists!become!teachers!and!the!students!become!filmmakers.!!

• DocuPeru!projects!is!a!great!means!for!members!to!train!professionally!and!practice!their!technical!skills!in!video!production.!!

• Andrea!(and!I)!studied!Social!Science!and!had!the!opportunity!to!become!a!documentary!producer!by!interning!with!DocuPeru.!

• DocuPeru!members!join!because!they!don’t!want!conventional!the!conventional!business!and!work!channels;!they!want!to!start!their!own!projects!and!become!alternative!audiovisual!producers!who!can!run!workshops.!!

• In!the!production!of!La!Mochila!Documental,!DocuPeru!General!Producer!Gabriela!learns!to!trust!and!apply!the!methodology!by!releasing!control!and!producing!the!film!quickly!and!sensitively.!!

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• The!filmmakers!gain!different!aspects!of!professional!training!in!the!production!of!El!Niño!de!Santa!Rosa:!Catalina!can!use!her!lessons!in!sound!training!for!her!teaching!job!in!Lima!and!Carlos!from!working!in!the!postBproduction!sound!in!the!video!can!use!the!documentary!to!apply!to!university!to!study!Sound!Engineering!in!Argentina.!!

• DocuPeru!products!and!credits!are!important!for!members!to!receive!funds!for!education!or!future!projects.!!

• The!2015!La!Muestra!Documental!will!have!workshops!that!provide!professional!training!in!documentary!production!by!professionals!for!the!public.!!

• Training!in!audiovisual!methods!for!Cedep!Ayllu!participants!allows!them!to!expand!their!principle!mission!in!working!with!the!Accha!community.!!

• La!Mochila!Documenal!differed!from!the!Caravana!because!of!the!selective!participation!process!so!that!the!students!had!concrete!and!urgent!needs!to!use!audiovisual!tools!to!achieve!the!objectives!they’re!already!working!on.!!

• In!La!Mochila!Documental,!the!film!techniques!practice!at!the!high!school!could!have!been!improved!by!having!the!participants!edit!what!they!filmed!so!they!understand!the!entire!process!before!they!start!production!of!the!main!documentary.!

• Filmmakers!gain!skills!in!how!to!communicate!and!collaborate!with!subjects!in!the!community.!!

• DocuPeru!filmmaker!Yeymey’s!private!audiovisual!company!does!more!commercial!work!“disposed!to!the!image!of!an!institution,!or!in!the!end!is!not!the!true!reality!of!other!districts!or!their!values”!(Numba,!2015),!she!will!begin!incorporating!more!social!documentaries!in!to!her!company.!!

• Chaski!microcines!produce!professional!training!in!film!production,!but!mainly,!distribution.!

• Chaski!looks!for!community!members!with!leadership!capacities!and!gives!them!gives!them!a!microcine!for!them!to!coordinate!autonomously,!developing!them!professionally!as!leaders.!!

• Chaski!runs!courses!for!increasing!professional!capacity!and!leadership!for!the!coordinators.!

• The!Chaski!coordinators!have!to!manage!four!microcines!per!province!and!write!a!report!on!the!results!and!processes!of!helping!the!volunteers!with!the!projections!

• For!Chaski!the!formation!of!professional!leadership!skills!means!taking!responsibility!and!committing!for!a!project;!this!means!not!being!involved!in!everything!!

• In!a!few!cases,!La!Combi!has!participants!that!are!interested!in!becoming!filmmakers!and!using!video!journalism.!!

• La!Combi!Ancash!movie!screening!project!is!sustained!by!the!young!people!there,!developing!themselves!professionally!in!the!community.!!

!!Governance!!!INDICATOR:!Standard?Setting(Framework(((Bar!8)!

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UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Index(of(development(of(the(standard?(setting(framework(for(the(protection(and(promotion(of(culture,(cultural(rights(and(cultural(diversity”((UNESCO,!2014)!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!This!indicator!fell!under!the!indicator!for!Peruvian!State!Policy!and!Institutional!Framework!!FINDINGS:!

• Dr.!Gabriel!Calderon!explained!how!the!Ministry!of!Culture!will!make!laws!governing!culture!from!the!UNESCO!Conventions!but!that!they!are!not!enforced!or!carried!through.!UNESCO!Conventions!are!limited!in!this!sense.!

• The!United!Nations!Office!of!Project!Services!provides!services!to!the!state!cultural!infrastructure!but!also!monitors!and!assesses!projects.!!

• Chaski!Director!Rene!Weber!was!part!of!a!government!formed!coalition!for!the!promotion!and!protection!of!diverse!cultural!expressions!that!helped!create!the!Ministry!of!Culture!from!the!National!Institute!of!Culture!!

!!!INDICATOR:!Policy(and(Institutional(Framework(for(Culture(((Bar!9)!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Index(of(development(of(the(policy(and(institutional(framework(for(the(protection(and(promotion(of(culture,(cultural(rights(and(cultural(diversity”((UNESCO,!2014)(!!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!The!existence!of!cinematographic!policies!and!institutions!that!support!community!film.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• Chaski!Director!Maria!Elena!was!involved!with!the!Ministry!of!Culture’s!Puntos!Culturales!program!!

• In!August!2015!the!Ministry!of!Production!hired!the!Caravana!methodology!and!DocuPeru!producers!to!work!with!entrepreneurs:!“We!were!contracted!by!the!Ministry!of!Production!because!it!has!a!project!with!young!entrepreneurs!that!detect!young!people!in!different!socioBeconomic!sectors!and!the!majority!coming!from!the!peripheries!in!the!conos!here!and!give!a!consultancy!for!the!for!commercial!entrepreneurs,!social!ones,!many!have!applications!for!phones.!Different!businesses!that!have!to!do!with!technology!but!don’t!have!money!or!consultancy.!The!Ministry!of!Production!has!an!office!that!helps!young!entrepreneurs.!They!contacted!us!to!film,!or!some!of!the!lives!of!these!young!people!in!a!participative!way.!They!can!film!it!themselves!and!they!can!learn!the!mediums!of!audiovisual!communication!as!a!tool!that!they!can!have!in!their!own!projects.!In!November!there!will!be!a!national!meeting!of!young!entrepreneurs!so!the!Ministry!wants!to!show!the!documentaries!

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that!were!made!by!the!young!people.!They!contracted!us!to!do!the!documentaries!that!they!want!to!show!in!November.”!!(Balado,!2015)!

• Municipalities!and!regional!governments!often!support!Chaski’s!microcines!!• Chaski!is!supported!financially!by!the!Ley!de!Cine!mentioned!in!the!Research!

Context!!

!INDICATOR:!Cultural(Institution(Distribution(((!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Distribution(of(selected(cultural(infrastructures(relative(to(the(distribution(of(the(country’s(population(in(administrative(divisions(immediately(below(State(leve”l((UNESCO,!2014)!!!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!The!indicator!looks!at!the!infrastructure!of!DocuPeru,!its!organization!mechanisms,!financing,!and!sustainability.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• Due!to!a!lack!of!funds,!DocuPeru!has!begun!selling!merchandise,!such!as!tBshirts,!stickers,!or!booklets.!!

• DocuPeru!is!heavily!impacted!by!global!economic!developments,!for!example!during!the!2009!crisis!finances!plummeted!and!the!2012!Caravan!became!mostly!volunteer!based,!also!the!deflation!of!the!Euro!means!that!DocuPeru!loses!money!in!the!currency!conversion.!

• DocuPeru!is!partly!sustained!by!Jose’s!rich!experience,!ability!to!gain!trust,!theoretical!knowledge,!charisma!and!personality!as!he!embodies!and!directs!the!leadership!of!DocuPeru.!Charismatic!and!dedicated!leaders,!who!interestingly!both!immigrated!to!Peru,!founded!both!Chaski,!with!founder!Stefan!Kasper,!and!DocuPeru.!!!

• Jose’s!wife!Milagro!has!always!been!an!instrumental!consultant!for!DocuPeru!who!often!takes!charge!of!the!budget!and!advising!the!administration!on!financial!opportunities!and!limitations.!!

• There’s!very!little!formality!or!systemization!to!the!structure!of!DocuPeru!comes,!at!least!in!part,!from!the!constant!and!intense!focus!on!production.!!

!!Social!Participation!!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!This!dimension!aggregated!the!three!indicators,!Identity!Building!Activities,!Self!Determination,!and!Interpersonal!Trust,!to!understand!the!human!processes!and!audiovisual!products!in!DocuPeru!workshops.!I!will!disaggregate!the!dimension!again!to!give!any!extra!findings.!!!

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INDICATOR:!Participation!in!GoingBOut!Cultural!Activities!(Bar!12)!!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Percentage(of(the(population(who(have(participated(at(least(once(in(a(going?(out(cultural(activity(in(the(last(12(months”((UNESCO,!2014)!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!Not!applied!in!the!research!because!it!describes!better!the!screening!of!community!film,!while!the!focus!of!DocuPeru!is!the!production!of!community!film.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• La!Combi!or!Chaski!microcines!and!screenings!are!the!most!important!example!of!the!impact!community!film!can!have!on!this!indicator.!These!areas!represent!a!communal!and!shared!space!for!community!members!to!gather!together!and!enjoy!modern!culture!and!art!in!a!way!that!would!be!impossible!without!these!organizations.!!

!INDICATOR:!Identity!Building!Activities!!(Bar!13)!!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!(“Percentage(of(the(population(who(have(participated(at(least(once(in(an(identity?building(cultural(activity(in(the(last(12(months”((UNESCO,!2014)(!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• Identity!construction!is!a!theoretical!base!and!communication!process!that!is!closely!related!to!selfBrepresentation!in!the!case!of!community!film.!It!works!through!a!creative!process,!such!as!drawing!or!film,!that!tells!a!story!and!allows!filmmakers!and!subjects!to!take!a!stand!on!whom!they!are!and!how!they!want!to!be!perceived.!!

• DocuPeru!member!Nataniel!described!that!Identity!Building!Activites!and!Interpersonal!Trust!build!empowerment!in!reinforcing!identity!that!can!be!witnessed!through!selfBesteem!and!selfBrepresentation.!!

• One!of!the!results!from!La!Combi’s!trip!to!Ayacucho!for!community!film!is!that!in!PostBConflict!Education,!is!that!if!young!people!don’t!know!Peruvian!history!(the!Civil!War),!they!don’t!have!an!identity!that!is!connected!to!their!land!or!cultural!heritage.!!

• When!construction!of!identity!is!done!through!cultural!expression!it!has!a!huge!potential!to!transmit!and!interact!with!cultural!heritage.!!

!!!

!INDICATOR:!SelfBDetermination!(Bar!16)!!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Median(score(of(perceived(freedom(of(self?determination”(((UNESCO,!2014)!

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!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• SelfBdetermination!is!an!integral!part!of!superordinate!goals!guiding!and!driving!the!filmmakers!and!producers!together!collaboratively.!!

• It!is!closely!linked!to!identityBconstruction!for!community!leaders;!this!is!true!for!participants!in!the!DocuPeru!workshops,!DocuPeru!members,!and!Chaski!microcine!coordinators.!!

• Chaski!Director!Maria!Elena!Benites!believes!that!building!audiovisual!literacy!involves!a!spirit!of!learning!to!be!critical!and!this!impacts!people’s!capacity!for!selfBdetermination.!!

!!!INDICATOR:!!Interpersonal!Trust!(Bar!14!and!15)!!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Degree(of(interpersonal(trust”!(UNESCO,!2014)!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!The!trust!built!by!community!film!organizations,!mainly!in!contact!and!integration!with!local!communities!and!filmmakers!in!producing!film.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• Most!respondents!describe!Peruvian!society!as!very!distrustful,!this!is!supported!by!the!data!from!the!Ministry!of!Culture!CDIS!research,!and!anyone!who!has!walked!the!streets!of!Lima!and!seen!the!high!walls!and!barred!windows!that!characterize!people’s!homes.!!

• Respondents!link!this!to!Peruvians!seeing!other!cultural!groups!or!ethnicities!as!the!“other”!in!a!lack!of!intercultural!citizenship.!!

• Documentary!community!subjects!are!often!distrustful!of!DocuPeru!producers!at!first!but!after!community!integration;!this!was!true!of!my!experience!in!Chuingi,!Ayacucho,!and!Accha,!Cusco.!!

• Local!organizer!Maner!Lizana!in!Chuingi,!describes!the!development!of!the!first!highway!to!come!there!and!that!it!will!open!access!to!markets!but!also!lead!to!a!cultural!invasion!and!distrust!can!grow!in!the!small!community.!!

• For!the!local!Mochila!filmmaker!of!the!Checcapucara!film,!distrust!in!the!community!is!an!obstacle!to!his!desire!to!become!a!community!leader;!he!wants!to!use!documentary!screenings!to!build!a!culture!of!trust.!!!

• This!same!filmmaker!was!distrustful!of!the!researcher!because!of!his!American!nationality!and!was!worried!that!I!might!be!CIA!or!a!mining!engineer.!After!many!friendly!conversations!and!collaboration!in!documentary!production,!he!told!me!that!I!had!changed!his!mind!about!Americans!and!learned!to!be!more!trustful.!!

• Filmmakers!of!Espinar(Se(Levanta!don’t!bring!cameras!to!the!market!because!they!think!it!will!scare!people!and!make!them!uncomfortable.!!

!

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!Communication!!!INDICATOR:!Freedom(of(Expression((Bar!19)!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!“Index(of(print,(broadcast,(and(internet?(based(media(freedom”(((UNESCO,!2014)!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!It!is!the!primary!goal!of!these!organizations!and!speaks!to!spreading!the!right!to!consume!and!produce!communication!through!decentralization!of!modes!of!audiovisual!production!and!diffusion.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• Within!DocuPeru’s!work,!fostering!selfBesteem!and!selfBrepresentation!builds!freedom!of!expression.!

• DocuPeru’s!work!is!democratizing!media!because!it!democratizes!documentary!tools.!!

• The!alternative!audiovisual!artists!believe!that!there!is!hegemonic!media!control,!meaning!some!people!have!more!capacity!or!freedom!of!expression!than!others!!

• Local!Filmmaker!students!in!all!of!the!organizations!are!encouraged!to!create!their!own!content!without!censorship.!!

• DocuPeru!member!Nathaniel!describes!the!difference!between!commercial!film!production!and!participatory!documentary!production!is!the!freedom!of!expression!in!collaborative!authorship.!!

• The!Ministry!of!Culture!works!with!La!Combi!to!produce!and!collect!participatory!documentaries!because!they!don’t!believe!there!is!enough!education!in!selfBrepresentation.!!

• One!of!the!goals!of!Educacion!Audiovisual!Director!Adriana’s!Semana!Cultural!is!for!the!children!and!artesenal!workers!in!the!community!to!make!artifacts!and!advertising!for!tourism!that!is!truly!representative!of!the!culture!and!identity.!!

!!INDICATOR:!Diversity!of!Cultural!Content!on!Television!(Bar!21)!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:!(“Ratio(of(annual(broadcasting(time(of(domestic(television(fiction(programmes(out(of(total(annual(broadcasting(time(of(television(fiction(programmes(on(public(free?to?air(national(TV(channels”((UNESCO,!2014)(!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!It!speaks!to!the!creation,!but!mostly!the!diffusion!of!community!film,!which!is!mostly!limited!to!public!screenings!and!the!internet.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

! 105!

• Most!Peruvians!call!Peruvian!TV!“el!telebasura”!!• Much!of!the!cheap,!low!quality!international!content!shown!is!based!on!purchasing!

cheap!rights!to!show!them.!!• Most!respondents!described!the!TV!audience!as!not!receptive!to!the!documentary!

genre.!• In!encouraging!freedom!of!expression!in!areas!without!selfBrepresentation,!they!are!

creating!voice!and!visibility!by!creating!and!diffusing!alternative!cultural!that!the!mass!media!doesn’t!care!about.!!!

!INDICATOR:!Internet(Use!(20)!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:(“Percentage(of(individuals(using(the(Internet”((UNESCO,!2014)(!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!Internet!is!the!primary!diffusion!strategies!of!the!majority!of!these!audiovisual!organizations,!and!one!of!the!largest!hindrances!on!receiving!and!producing!communication!in!more!remote!areas.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• La!Mochila!Documental!had!different!levels!of!Internet!literacy!and!even!without!internet!in!the!town!or!for!the!Internet!Use!Class,!they!learned!how!to!use!internet!platforms!to!diffuse!and!build!their!organizations!online.!!

• DocuPeru!members!believe!that!lack!of!access!to!Internet!means!isolation.!!!!!Gender!!!INDICATOR:!Objective(Gender(Equality!(Bar!17)!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:(“Index(of(the(gaps(between(women(and(men(in(political,(education(and(labour(domains(and(in(gender?equity(legislative(frameworks((objective(outputs)”((UNESCO,!2014)!!INDICATOR:!Subjective(Gender(Equality!(Bar!18)!!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:(“Degree(of(positive(assessment(of(gender(equality((subjective(output)”((UNESCO,!2014)!!RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!These!indicators!were!combined,!the!gender!demographics!in!the!audiovisual!organizations!and!workshops!give!an!objective!result,!and!gender!equality!was!explored!subjectively!through!respondents’!perceptions.!!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!

! 106!

!• Dr.!Gabriel!Calderon!described!how!quantitative!statistics!cannot!capture!

qualitative!gender!inequality,!especially!faced!with!inequal!income!and!violence.!!• DocuPeru!member!Antolin!described!how!there!was!a!large!gender!component!to!

the!workshop!in!Apurimac!that!centered!on!women’s!submission!to!men!and!the!documentary!production!changed!the!gender!dynamic!by!having!the!women!direct!the!men.!!

• DocuPeru!both!creates!content!on!LGBT!subjects!and!themes!and!screens!LGBT!films.!!

• Chaski!Director!Maria!Elena!Benites!described!how!one!microcine!in!the!more!conservative!interior!in!the!country!showed!a!Spanish!movie!about!a!gay!relationship!and!the!audience!has!a!visceral!reaction!but!then!continues!watching!it!because!the!story!was!engaging.!!

• Even!though!most!of!the!regional!coordinators!are!men!Chaski!tries!to!encourage!female!coordinators;!one!of!the!largest!obstacles!for!this!is!when!the!father’s!won’t!let!their!daughters!come!to!meetings!or!events!in!Lima.!!

• Medios!que!Conmueven,!an!explicitly!female!empowerment!centered!project,!almost!unanimously!the!favorite!experience!for!DocuPeru!members.!!

• The!theme!of!the!forced!sterilization!of!women!in!Medios!que!Conmueven!shows!how!the!Ministry!was!able!to!trick!the!women!because!they!were!illiterate!and!hadn’t!received!education.!!

• DocuPeru!member!Natalia!describes!a!high!amount!of!discrimination!and!patronization!as!women!are!discouraged!from!technical!work,!such!as!photography,!camera!work!or!as!lighting!assistant.!!

• Natalia!explains!how!there!is!only!one!female!Director!of!Photography!(her!dream!job)!and!this!lady!works!outside!of!Peru.!!

• By!working!in!the!technical!aspect!of!professional!film!production!Natalia!sees!herself!as!a!role!model!for!other!women.!!

• A!few!respondents!explained!how!Peruvian!society!is!machista,!however,!women!are!the!real!leaders!because!they!run!the!soup!kitchens!for!children!and!sometimes!singleBhandedly!take!care!of!the!family.!!

• Mochila!Filmmaker!Yeymy!describes!how!women!are!not!allowed!to!be!protagonists!in!Peruvian!society!and!campesina!women!don’t!have!voice,!votes,!or!the!freedom!to!grow;!the!result!of!all!this!is!that!many!girls!get!it!stuck!in!their!head!that!they!can’t!be!leaders.!!

• Yeymy!describes!how!increasing!gender!equality!requires!sensitizing,!so!that!women!are!conscious!of!their!role!and!know!the!gender!stereotypes!they!need!to!break.!!!!

Cultural!Heritage!!!INDICATOR:!Cultural(Heritage(Sustainability!!

!UNESCO!DESCRIPTION:(“Index(of(development(of(a(multidimensional(framework(for(heritage((

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Sustainability”((UNESCO,!2014)!(RESEARCH!CONCEPTUALIZATION:!Cultural!heritage!is!made!sustainable!with!community!film!diffusing!diverse!cultural!expressions,!documenting!it,!thus!transmitting!it!as!a!living!resource.!!!EXTRA!FINDINGS:!!!

• In!her!DocuPeru!experience!Adriana!in!Urubamba!has!a!group!of!children!that!want!to!show!their!native!Machiyenga!culture!by!dressing!as!the!ancestors!and!telling!a!story!of!how!the!Yucca!came!to!earth;!fictional!storytelling!!!can!work!to!incorporate!identity!in!to!the!cultural!heritage!dimension!of!documentary!making.!

• Dr.!Gabriel!Calderon!explains!how!the!cultural!heritage!of!Peru!is!destroyed!day!by!day!because!the!registry!of!territory!is!incomplete!and!the!artifacts!and!archaeology!of!the!country!is!crumbling!because!even!though!the!laws!exist,!they!don’t!accomplish!them.!!

• Dr.!Calderon!also!explains!that!there!are!limited!Peruvian!archaeology,!ethnography,!and!paleontology!projects!because!the!funds!are!lacking.!!

• DocuPeru!members!confirm!that!the!majority!of!the!cultural!heritage!in!their!documentaries!is!intangible.!!

• Local!Chuingi!organizer!Maner!wants!to!use!audiovisual!means!to!transmit!local!cultural!heritage!and!music!from!Chuingi.!!

• Maner!wants!to!work!with!historians!and!use!audiovisual!tools!to!find!and!register!the!lost!city!of!Mayamarca!and!Incan!roads!near!his!coffee!fields!below!Chuingi.!!

• The!local!Mochila!filmmaker!in!Checcapucara!explains!its!largest!obstacle!to!development!as!the!community!losing!it’s!cultural!heritage.!This!is!manifested!in!the!festivals!with!the!running!of!the!bulls!that!no!longer!occurs,!lacking!transmission!of!the!rich!local!music!tradition,!and!community!organization!supporting!education,!health,!and!collective!rights!in!water!usage!for!agriculture!and!pasturing.!!

• The!Mochila!filmmakers!from!Accha!and!Checcapucara,!Cusco,!describe!the!traditional!Andean!Catholic!Religion!threatened!by!a!growing!culture!of!Evangelicalism!in!the!area!that!dissuades!the!community!from!traditional!customs!and!practices.!

• The!Mochila!Filmmaker!Saul!described!el!Nino!de!Santa!Rosa!documentary!he!produced!to!reinvigorate!the!local!Catholic!cultural!heritage!tradition.!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!On!the!next!page!I!give!a!complete!operationalization!table!that!truly!represents!the!multidimensionality!of!data!collection!and!analysis!with!multiple!indicators!converging!on!single!units!of!observation.!I!divided!these!same!images!by!dimension!for!the!text!of!the!thesis!but!this!misrepresents!the!intense!interconnectivity!of!the!indicators!and!the!data!they!produce.!In!qualitative!research!the!CDIS!DNA!can!be!rotated!horizontally!to!vertically!with!units!of!observation!acting!as!the!data!that!the!indicators!replicate!as!codes.!!!!

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!

! 110!

Annex!III!List!of!Qualitative!Sources!for!Data!Collection!in!the!Field!!

Name!! Organization! Age!

Sex! Data! Date! Location!

Andrea!Vela!Alarcon! DocuPeru!(former)!

28! f! SO!Interview! 24/06/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Nataniel!Furgang! DocuPeru! 31! m! SO!Interview! 26/06/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Jose!Balado!! DocuPeru!(director)!

54! m! SO!Interview! 29/06/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Adriana!Ugarte!Stiglich!!

DocuPeru!(Former)!Educaccion!Audiovisual!(Director)!

26! f! SO!Interview! 30/06/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Antolin!Prieto! DocuPeru! 32! m! SO!Interview! 01/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!!

Andrea!Flores! DocuPeru! 27! f! SO!!Interview!

01/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!!

Isabel!“Lali”!Madueno!Medina!

Docu!Peru!(VP)!

32! f! SO!Interview! 02/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Jimena!Mora! DocuPeru! 36! f! SO!Interview! 03/06/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Natalia!Maysundo! DocuPeru! 28! f! SO!Interview! 08/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Rene!Weber!! Chaski!(Director!Production)!!

73! M!! SO!Interview! 10/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Maria!Elena!Benites!! Chaski!(Director!Diffusion)!

55! f! SO!Interview! 10/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Gabriel!Calderon!Chuquitaype!

Professor!Communication!for!Development!!

45! m! So!Interview! ! !

Gabriela!Urco!! DocuPeru!(General!Producer!

26! f! SO!Interview! 18/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Susana!Pastor!! Professor!of!Audiovisual!Communicatio!&!former!Chaski!

59! f! SO!Interview! 22/07/15!

Lima,Peru!

Jose!Balado!! DocuPeru!Director!

54! m! SO!Interview! 30/07/15!

Lima,!Peru!

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Francesca!Dasso! DocuPeru!! 32! f! SO!Interview!! 03/0815! Lima,!Peru!!Bernardo!Cacera!Vegas!and!two!of!his!colleagues!(Anonymous)!

Ministry!of!Culture!

B! m/f!

Group!Interview!

04/08/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Beatriz!Nicasio,!Carolina!Martin,!Teresa!Castillo!!

La!Combi!(Directors)!

32B44!

f! Group!Interview!

06/08/15!

Lima,!Peru!

Adriana!Ugarte!Stiglich!!

Educaccion!Audiovisual!(Director)!

26! f! SO!Interview! 12/08/15!

Cocachimba,!Amazonas,!Peru!

Sergio! Goctalab!(Director)!

33! m! O!Interview! 12/08/15!

Cocachimba,!Amazonas,!Peru!

Bruno!Monteferri!! Conservamos!Por!la!Naturaleza!

36! m! O!Interview! 12/08/15!

Cocachimba,!Amazonas,!Peru!

Moner!Lizana! Ayacucho!workshop!Organizer!!

48! m! O/Collaborative!Interview!

20/08/15!

Chuigi,!Ayacucho,!Peru!

Teresa!Castillo,!Beatriz!Nicasio!!

La!Combi!(Directors)!!

32B44!

f! Group!Interview!

21/08/15!

Huamanga!Ayacucho,!Peru!

Yeymy!Numb! XPRESARTE,!participant!MD!

25! f! SO!Interview! 03/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

Vidal!Merma! EUCLA,!Video/Radio!Journalist,!Participant!MD!

33! m! SO!Interview! 03/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!!

Participant!A! B! B! B! SO!Interview!! 03/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

Saul!Mamani!Nina! Juventia!Mundo!Joven!(Director)!

27! M! SO!Interview! 04/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

DP!Member!A! DocuPeru! B! F! SO!Interview! 04/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

DP!Member!B! DocuPeru! B! F! SO!Interview! 04/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

Andres!Arnaez! CEDEP!Allyu!(Director)!

52! m! SO!Interview! 04/09/15!

Accha,!Cusco,!Peru!

DP!Member!C! DocuPeru! B! f! SO!Interview! 07/09/15!

Lima!Peru!

! 112!

DP!Member!D! DocuPeru!! B! F!! SO!Intierview! 08/09/15!

Lima!Peru!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

! 113!

Annex!IV!Example!SemiROpen!Interview!guide!and!Closed!Surveys!!!Interview!Guide!M.S.Sc.!in!International!Development!Studies!GSSS!UvA!!!!Interviewer:! !

Interviewee:! !Place!of!Interview! !Date!of!Interview! !

!Age! !Position!in!the!organization!! !Years!working!for!the!organization!! !!!Questions:!!!

1. Como!llegó!usted!trabajar!con!este!tipo!de!trabajo?!!2. Como!empezó!la!organización?!!3. Que!es!la!misión!o!objetivos!de!la!organización?!!4. Como!recolar!los!fundos!para!la!organización?!!5. Están!los!artistas!empleados!o!voluntarios?!!

a. Si!son!voluntarios!como!viven?!b. !Como!ganan!dinero?!!

6. Que!tipos!de!talleres!ofrece?!!7. Como!es!esta!organización!única!que!las!otras!organizaciones!que!trabajan!con!artes!

comunitarias!y!participativas?!!8. Que!es!su!percepción!de!los!resultados!de!los!productos!culturales!(los!

documentales)?!!9. Trabaja!con!juntos!con!el!Ministerio!de!Cultura?!!10. De!las!7!dimensiones!y!22!indicadores,!cuales!son!los!mas!relevante!e!importante!

para!su!organización?!!11. Como!se!entiende!los!posibilidades!o!obstáculos!de!cultura!o!comunicación!para!el!

desarrollo!nacional!e!internacional?!!12. Culaes!son!sus!miedos!o!esperanzas!para!el!futuro!de!la!organización?!!13. Cuales!su!experiencia!favorita!trabajando!en!cine!comunitario?!!

!

Cuestionario!Inicial!para!La!Mochila!Documental!!Datos!para!la!Investigación!de!Desarrollo!e!Internacional!de!Universidad!de!Ámsterdam!Tema:!DocuPeru!y!Cultura!para!Desarrollo!!!Edad! !

! 114!

Genero! Hombre!!!!!Mujer!Comunidad!! !Ocupación!! !Organización,!Empresa!o!Asociación!!

!

Nivel!de!educación!! Primeria!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Secundaria!!!!!!!!!!!!!Superior!(Universidad,!Instituto)!!

1. ¿Cuál!es!su!motivación!participar!en!el!taller?!!!!!

2. Lo!más!importante!para!mi!identidad!es!(se!puede!marcar!más!de!uno):!!!

Yo!mismo!como!individuo!

Mis!relaciones!interpersonales!y!familiares!

Mi!Pueblo! Mi!región! Mi!País!! ninguno!

!3. ¿Cómo!se!relaciona!su!comunidad!con!las!esferas!de!poder!del!país?!

!! Bajo! Medio! Alto!económico! ! ! !político! ! ! !jurídico! ! ! !!

4. ¿Qué!canal!de!comunicaciones!considera!más!importante!y!urgente!para!su!comunidad?:!!!carreteras! teléfono! televisión! cine! documentales! radio! Internet! fotografía!!!Artes!Escénicas!

murales! festivales! periódicos! reportajes!! ninguno! ! !

!Otro:_____________!

5. ¿Qué!tipo!de!contenido!cultural!se!consume!más!en!su!pueblo!o!ciudad?!!!

!

Otro:_____________!!6. ¿Cuál!clase!de!tradiciones,!costumbres,!o!conocimientos!de!su!comunidad!es!importante!para!

comunicar!y!promover?!!!!!

7. ¿Cuál!es!el!mensaje!que!usted!quiere!comunicar?!!

!(

8. ¿Qué!quisiera!cambiar?!!(el!actual!modo!de!vida!de!su!comunidad! si! no!las!fuerzas!externas!de!la!comunidad( si! no!

(9. (¿Qué!desearía!transformar!en!su!organización!social?!!

Música!! DVD! Cine! libros! revistas! programas!de!TV!

artes!escénicas!

Contar!Cuentos!

documentales! Artesenales,!textos,!o!media!religiosa!

! 115!

!"

""

10. ¿Cómo!se!ve!a!usted!mismo!y!a!la!colectividad!a!la!que!pertenece!de!aquí!a!20!años?"!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Cuestionario!para!el!final!de!La!Mochila!Documental!!Datos!para!la!Investigación!de!Desarrollo!e!Internacional!de!Universidad!de!Ámsterdam!Tema:!DocuPeru!y!Cultura!para!Desarrollo!!

! 116!

!1. Los!productos!realizados!que!hicimos!en!los!dos!semanas!pasadas!comunican!y!sirven!para!!

!

! Alto! Medio! Bajo!!la!cohesión!comunitaria! ! ! !expresión!de!la!identidad!local! ! ! !aspiraciones!de!mi!comunidad! ! ! !la!identidad!individual! ! ! !las!aspiraciones!del!individual! ! ! !los!cuestiones!de!mi!comunidad! ! ! !soluciones!para!problemas!locales! ! ! !!2. Los!talleres!de!DocuPeru!han!aumentado!mi:!

!

! Alto! Medio! Bajo!

libertad!de!expresión! ! ! !

autoestima! ! ! !

libre!determinación! ! ! !

confianza!interpersonal! ! ! !

construcción!de!la!identidad!! ! ! !

autoBrepresentación! ! ! !

3. ¿Qué!taller!o!clase!fue!su!favorito!y!por!qué?!!!

4.!El!audiovisual!o!documental!es!una!herramienta!que!utilizaré!en!mi!trabajo!o!en!mi!comunidad!en!el!futuro!

(mucho/poco/nada)!!

5.!¿Qué!clase!de!comunicaciones!considera!más!importante!y!urgente!para!su!comunidad!o!organización?:!!

!carreteras! teléfono! televisión! cine! documentales! radio! Internet! fotografía!!!Artes!Escénicas!

murales! festivales! periódicos! reportajes!! ninguno! ! !

!

6.!Durante!los!dos!semanas!yo!he!estado!expuesto!a!otras!culturas!y!comunidades!Peruanas!por!el!audiovisual.!

!(mucho/poco/nada)!!

7.!¿Hay!algo!que!mejoría!la!experiencia?!

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Thesis Submission Checklist:

! References + Plagiarism! Last Formatting and Read-Through

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Introduction!!

!i!Professor!of!Global!Media!and!Documentary!Studies!quoting!Ellie!Rennie!ii!“When!55!principal!experiences!were!reviewed!in!13!reports!of!the!investigation,!the!highlights!were!diversity!and!each!one!belonging!to!the!political,!social!and!cultural!Latin!American!context.!There!are!initiatives!of!production!and!experiences!of!diffusion,!and!in!the!majority!of!cases!both!activities!were!indispensable!for!the!task!of!community!audiovisual!work.” (Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!!

Chapter!1!Research!Questions!and!Case!Studies!!

!iii!For!example,!La!Restinga!would!could!not!be!a!case!because,!despite!their!activity!in!community!film,!they!are!based!in!the!distant!northeastern!Amazonian!province!of!Iquitos!iv!"It!had!a!lot!of!success!and!the!director!of!the!centre!liked!this,!so!we!repeated!it!various!times.!This!project!was!growing!a!lot,!but!I!didn’t!want!it!to!turn!into!a!competitive!festival.!We!just!wanted!to!show,!to!project.!And!for!free.!Later!we!started!calling!this!project!‘La!muestra!documental’!or!‘The!documentary!show’”!(Hermans,!2012,!33).!v!This!excludes!this!year’s!Caravan!to!the!North!in!the!department!of!Piura,!Medios!Que!Conmueven,!and!their!individual!and!international!workshops!which!until!today!are!together!more!than!50!short!documentaries.!!vi!“For!us,!Cajamarca!was!very!important.!It!was!the!only!place!where!we!could!be!there!for!3!years,!fixed! there.!We! could! see! campesinos! for! 8! people,! or! do! a! workshop! with! one! person! ten! times.!This!is!the!arc!of!development;!this!is!why!Cajamarca!was!so!important.!One!of!the!things!that!we!realized!in!Cajamarca!was,!how!to!convince!most!people!that!the!fight!for!nature!is!important,!and!mining! is! not! the! best! for! this! country.! Now! with! Huancabamba,! this! first! part! was! the! five!documentaries,! which! are! primarily! about! the! sterilization.! The! testimony,! the! situation,! what!happened,!it’s!very!strong.!In!September,!we’ll!return!to!Huancabambaa!because!we!want!to!search!for!wisdom!for!healing.”!(Balado,!2015)!!vii!The!Ministries!of!Production!in!the!beginning!of!August!2015!funded!an!audiovisual!workshop!which!served!as!a!Mochila!prototype!for!young!entrepreneurs!producing!promotional!videos!for!their!businesses.!!Chapter!2!Geographic!Context!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!viii!This!image!was!retreived!from!the!DocuPeru!document!El!Otro!Documental!Accha!Cusco.!(2015).!

1st!ed.!Lima:!DocuPeru.!

ix!microcines!are!described!by!the!Grupo!Chaski!as!“a!space!of!audiovisual!diffusion,!of!recreation,!and!meeting,!where!the!diversity!and!richness!of!cinematography!charged!with!human!values!and!cultures,!conducive!to!a!critical!consciousness,!action!for!social!change,!communication,!dialogue,!debates!on!the!problems!and!aesthetics!suggested!in!the!movies…”!(Cine!Comunitario).!x!“an!answer!to!the!always!more!interconnected!world!and!the!consequential!less!limited!and!less!separate!fieldwork!sites!that!often!form!such!networks.!In!multiBsited!fieldwork!it!is!the!anthropologist!who!follows!a!certain!network!to!various!fieldwork!sites.!This!kind!of!fieldwork!is!then!concentrating!more!on!flows!of!ideas!or!products!without!concentrating!on!one!clearBcut!location,!as!is!the!case!for!present!research”!(Robben,!2007).!(L.!Hierman,!2014)!xi!On!the!other!hand,!the!population!proportion!of!the!sierra!at!the!same!time!was!reduced!from!65%!to!32%,!the!proportion!in!the!jungle,!traditionally!marked!by!low!population!numbers,!doubled!from!6.7%!to!13.4%!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011).!xii!“Currently,!the!largest!share!of!the!population!B37%B!lives!in!urban!areas![…]”!(Ouweneel,!2012)!xiii!There!are!64!Cultural!Centers!in!Lima!while!the!total!of!all!of!the!other!regions!comes!to!44!with!eight!regions!lacking!them!completely!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011)!.!Lima!also!has!the!majority!of!Museums!with!76!museums!and!the!next!two!runnerBups,!Cusco!and!Arequipa,!at!25!each!(Atlas!Cultura).!There!are!33!theaters!in!Lima!and!22!in!the!rest!of!the!country!(Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura,!2011)!.!!xiv!“In!a!certain!form!the!external!conflict!against!Chile,!generated!the!mobilization!of!the!entire!country.!The!indigenous!sector!was!first!used!as!cannon!fodder,!but!when!the!war!ended,!the!indigenous!population!saw!that,!yes!we’re!part!of!a!collective!that’s!called!Peru!and!in!some!forms!we!have!rights…It!started!with!the!indigenous!saying,!‘ok!we!are!a!part!of!this!country,!what!are!my!rights?!If!I!am!a!part!of!this!country!I!believe!that!I!can!also!have!property’.!They!started!to!fight!because!this!is!the!meaning!of!tending!their!land.!Precisely,!at!the!end!19th!Century,!at!the!beginning!of!the!20th!century!it!rotated!around!the!reclaiming!the!fight!of!the!indigenous!and!what!signifies!the!property!of!their!land.”!(Calderon,!2015))!xv!“We!discriminate!ourselves!by!this,!we!differentiate!ourselves!because!we!obviously!know!what!is!the!structure!of!domination!that!there!is.!This!logic!of!discrimination!isn’t!substituted!by!a!logic!of!citizenship!in!where,!fine,!you!have!money!or!you!don’t,!you!come!from!the!sierra!or!the!cost.!In!a!marginalized!urban!zone!or!a!small!town!lost!in!the!Andes,!but!all!are!citizens,!and!under!the!law!this!what!they!should!mandate:!that!all!are!Peruvians!under!the!law,!all!of!them.!“(Calderon,!2015)!xvi!She!describes!it!as!a!“systematized!indifference![…]!from!congress,!to!the!school!backyard.!It’s![…]!just!ignoring!the!realities!of!hundreds!of!thousands!to!millions!of!Peruvians,!and!it’s!crazy.”!(Ugarte!Stiglich,!2015)!xvii!“The!first!thing!is!to!know,!and!then!later!it’s!to!accept!that!which!you!know,!but!many!people!don’t!have!the!interest!in!knowing.![…]!The!concept!of!citizenship,!we!still!don’t!have”!(Pastor,!2015)!!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!xviii!During!the!decade!of!Civil!War!with!the!Sendero!Luminoso!in!the!1980s!we!see!it!only!increase!from!.595!to!.615!but!then!from!the!1990s!it!steadily!increases!until!2010!at!.722!with!a!minor!increase!to!7.37!in!2015.!(Hdr.undp.org, 2015)!xix!Peru’s!economic!growth!was!strong!over!the!7!years!up!to!2010,!averaging!7.0%!a!year”!(2012,!CIA!Factbook)!and!an!average!of!5.6%!from!2009B13!(Cia.gov,!2015)!xx!The!Petroleum!Map!retrieved!from!http://servindi.org/img/2007/07/Lotes2007enero.jpg!and!the!Mining!Map!retrieved!from!http://www.conflictosmineros.org.pe/sites/default/files/ocm_mapa_concesiones_mineras_mayo_2014.jpg!xxi!“Around!the!independent!productions!they!promoted!debates!inside!of!organized!social!groups:!syndicates,!professional,!indigenous,!neighborhood,!human!rights,!ecological,!feminist!and!other!organizations.”!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014,!27)!!xxii!“Brazil!is!in!itself!a!continent,!not!only!for!its!size,!but!for!the!abundance!of!participative!and!community!audiovisual!experiences.!After!the!emblematic!initiatives!of!the!1980s!and!1990s,!such!as!as!TV!Maxambomba!or!TV!Viva,!others!of!greater!amplitude![…]”!!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014)!xxiii!“carrying!education!of!visual!art,!theater,!and!circus.!We!worked!with!these!people!in!Pernambuco!and!my!thesis!was!about!this!theme”!(Belado!2015).!xxiv!“Human!science!has!brought!us!an!invention!that!is!the!continuous!and!interminable!preoccupation!of!the!people!of!the!city:!all!ages!and!all!social!classes!participate!in!it.!It!is!the!fondness!for!the!cinematography.!We!believe!that!neither!in!the!United!States,!Paris,!nor!in!Buenos!Aires,!nor!in!any!part!is!there!the!proportion!of!cinema!locals!that!one!finds!in!Lima”!(Bedoya,!2009,!100)!xxv!A!rural!or!agrarian!individual!!xxvi!“The!support!of!the!law,!the!novelty!of!seeing!protagonists!from!the!popular!world!on!the!big!screen,!the!existence!of!neighborhood!and!small!city!cinema!theaters,!the!low!prices!of!tickets,!along!with!other!factors,!permitted!the!success!of!the!movies!of!Grupo!Chaski”!(Alvarez!et!al.!2015,!457).!!Chapter!3!Theoretical!Framework!!!xxvii!Culture!as!a!Sector!includes:!Cultural!workers,!artists!and!other!creative!professionals;!commercial!businesses;!notBforBprofit!firms!in!the!arts!and!culture;!public!cultural!institutions…education!and!training!institutions!in!the!arts;!government!agencies!and!ministries!responsible!for!arts!and!cultural!affairs;!NGOs!and!civil!society!involved!in!cultural!activity!(UNESCO!CDIS!2014,!10).!xxviii!I!refer!to!the!Latin!American!Spanish!understanding!combing!both!‘peoples’!and!‘towns’!xxix!Cultural!resources!“reflect!historical!and!contemporary!patterns!of!behavior,!traditions,!beliefs!and!thoughts.”!(Ouweneel!2012,!3)!xxx!“[Those]!who!have!dropped!out!of! the! exchanges!by!which! individuals! are! incorporated.!They!are!isolates.!No!one!is!around!who!wants!their!advice,!they!have!no!chance!of!persuading!anyone!of!anything!because!no!one!else!is!regularly!there.!”!(Douglas,!2004)!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!xxxi!The!author’s!idea!of!‘nearness!of!resemblance’!is!formed!with!a!documented!lecture!in!the!bibliography!and!also!multiple!lectures!by!South!African!Dean!Dr.!Jonathon!Jansen!which!the!researcher!personally!attended!at!University!of!Amsterdam!24/02/2015!xxxii!“Participative!communication!exists!when!all!the!interlocutors!have!the!same!possibility!and!the!same!rights!to!express!themselves!freely!and!to!construct!a!common!discourse!–oriented!towards!the!growing!of!a!critic!individual!and!social!consciousnessB,!for!the!development!of!the!capacity!of!solving!problems!and!for!the!acquisition!of!a!collective'power'with'the'goal'of'transforming'unfair' social'structures”'(Beltrán,'2006,'286).!xxxiii!Excluding!the!world’s!largest!economy!and!exporter!of!culture,!the!U.S.A:!Seen!through!UNESCO!CDIS!Reports,!support!for!culture!could!be!severely!underdeveloped!in!many!parts!of!the!North!(J.! Balta!UNESCO!Evaluation)!!!xxxiv!“Culture!shapes!the!multidimensional!peopleBcentred!development!in!many!ways,!ranging!from!the!fostering!of!economic!growth,!creativity!and!innovation,!to!the!empowerment!of!communities!and!the!encouragement!of!a!sense!of!inclusion.”!(UNESCO!2014,!10).!xxxv!Escobar!cites!both!the!Brazilian!indigenous!groups!use!of!airplanes!and!audiovisual!communication!to!defend!their!lands!and!the!numerous!ways!in!which!Peru!hybridizes!modern!and!traditional!culture!in!the!process!of!political!organization!as!examples!of!investigation!and!practices!needed!for!development!alternatives!(Escobar!1994).!xxxvi!Modern!Science!and!Epistemology!of!Blindness:!“Impoverished,!tautological!or!circular!relation!between!facts!and!theory…Once!the!laws!of!the!normal!and!natural!are!formulated…the!facts!either!corroborate!such!concept!of!normality!and!the!propensity!to!predefined!ends,!and!are!established!as!relevant,!or!they!don’t,!in!which!case!they!are!discarded!as!abnormal,!marginal,!irrelevant.”!!(de!Sausa!Santos!2001,!251)!xxxvii!Cultural!translation!makes!this!kind!of!“ecology!of!knowledges”!possible!by!“interpreting!two!or!more!cultures,!aiming!to!identify!isomorphic!concerns!among!them!and!the!different!answers!they!provide.”!(de!Sausa!Santos!2012,!59)!xxxviii!De!Sausa!Santos!(2001,!271B2)!describes!common!sense!as!“complexities!of!conscious!relations!and!is!based!on!pragmatic!action,!and!the!principles!of!individual!creativity!and!responsibility,!and!distrusts!the!opacity!of!technological!objectives!and!esoteric!knowledge”.!xxxix!Most!documentary!film!theorists!see!the!line!between!fiction!and!documentaries!as!a!very!thin!or!blurry!one.!For!example,!the!portrayal!of!the!protagonist!in!the!first!documentary!film,!Nanook!,!is!seen!largely!as!an!invention!of!Robert!Flaherty!as!he!directed!the!actor!playing!Nanook!to!dress!and!act!as!a!stereotypical!Inuit!(B.!Nichols).!On!the!other!hand,!the!protagonist!from!Schindler’s!List!!could!be!seen!as!a!more!accurate!portrayal!of!a!historical!figure!than!Nanook,!yet!it!is!not!a!documentary!because!it!is!a!fictional!allegory!performed!by!actors!and!created!by!Steven!Spielberg!(Alvarez!et!al.,!2014).!‘Mockumentaries’!such!as!the!comedy!Best!in!Show!or!the!Blair!Witch!Project!!give!the!aesthetic!of!documentaries,!yet!tell!fictional!stories!involving!fictional!characters.!!Chapter!4!Methodology!!

!xl!“(1)!Facilitate!and!encourage!Parties!and!all!stakeholders!of!the!Convention,!including!intergovernmental!organizations!and!civil!society!organizations,!to!share!good!practices!in!key!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!areas!(2)!Encourage!Parties!to!pay!particular!attention!to!the!conditions!of!cultural!industries!and!to!the!role!of!civil!society!actors!in!their!countries…!(3)!UNESCO!should!continue!its!efforts!towards!the!explicit!inclusion!of!culture!in!the!international!postB2015!development!agenda,!both!as!a!‘driver’!and!as!an!‘enabler’”!(Balta!2014,!46B47).!!xli!“It!was!a!challenge.!The!way!that!we!worked!in!order!to!distribute!this!from!UNESCO!was!something!that!was!very!pertinent,!the!manner!of!governance!and!everything.!So!when!we!had!this!proposition!to!change!the!indicators!of!UNESCO!we!saw!that!they!weren’t!representative!of!the!consumption!of!culture!in!the!country.!So!this!is!why!we!wanted!to!change!them!in!a!way!that!is!closer!to!reality,!like!we!have!in!the!country.”!(Cacera!Vegas,!Official!A!and!Official!B,!2015)!xlii!this!Peruvian!DNA!Culture!for!Development!was!taken!from!"Presentacion!Indicadores!UNESCO!De!La!Cultural!Para!El!Desarrollo!Peru."!Peru!Miniesterio!De!Cultura,!UNESCO!Diversity!of!Cultural!Expressions,!Lima,!2014.!xliii!To!reBinterpret!the!CDIS!Methodology!the!organization!members!were!given!the!printed!Peruvian!CDIS!Matrix,!marked!the!most!important!indicators!and!how!their!organization!accomplishes!them.!This!was!a!jumping!point!for!conversation!on!the!indicators’!meaning!within!the!context!of!their!work!in!Peru,!and!any!indicators!they!found!missing.!xliv!“culture!as!a!productive!sector!has!played!an!increasingly!important!role!in!national!economies.!Cultural!activities!and!industries!are!becoming!drivers!for!growth,!enabling!the!diversification!of!national!economies,!generating!income!and!creating!employment!in!developing,!emerging!and!OECD!economies.”!(UNESCO!,!2014)!xlv!Out!of!those!Employed!in!Cultural!Activities,!90%!are!employed!in!central!activities!and!10%!in!support!(UNESCO!CDIS!DATA,!2014).!xlvi!“The![Governance]!dimension!deals!with!regulations,!policies,!measures,!institutional!mechanisms!and!cultural!infrastructures!put!in!place!by!public!authorities!to!structure!dynamic!cultural!sectors,!strengthen!cultural!processes,!and!protect!and!promote!cultural!diversity!in!all!its!forms.”!(UNESCO!2014)!xlvii!Art!is!education!in!aesthetics:!it!includes!an!“emotive!aspect!(propensity!for!delight!or!despair)!and!a!formative!aspect!(its!generation!of!a!creative!reaction!to!familiar!things),!and!cognitive!value!(deploy!our!skills!in!interpreting!and!reinterpreting!the!world).”!(Bailey!n.d.,!439).!It!is!training!in!nonBartistic!disciplines!(reading,!digital!media),!and!it!fosters!cognitive!and!social!growth,!problem!solving,!technical!skills,!physical!coordination,!emotional!control!and!training!in!aesthetic!and!cultural!tools.!xlviii!Respondents!had!some!strong!opinions!on!the!high!level!reported!in!Inclusive!Education!for!Peru;!“It’s!a!lie!”!(Maldueño,!2015)!xlix!“Everyone!has!the!right!to!freedom!of!opinion!and!expression;!this!right!includes!freedom!to!hold!opinions!without!interference!and!to!seek,!receive!and!impart!information!and!ideas!through!any!media!and!regardless!of!frontiers.”!(UN!Declaration!of!Human!Rights).!l!My!local!supervisor!describes!the!national!TV!content:!“And!this!25%![national!production]!is!totally!trash.!I!don’t!know!but!at!least!20%!is!trash.”!(Pastor,!2015)!li!“[…]!both!a!product!and!a!process,!which!provides!societies!with!a!wealth!of!resources!that!are!inherited!from!the!past,!created!in!the!present!and!bestowed!for!the!benefit!of!future!generations.”!(UNESCO!CDIS).!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lii!The!aggregate!combines!‘mobilization!of!support’,!‘protecting,!safeguarding,!and!management’,!and!‘Registrations!and!Inscriptions’!(UNESCO,!2014).!It!includes!informational!and!media!programs!and!facilities!addressed!to!the!general!public!and!to!key!social!agents!in!order!to!foster!understanding,!recognition,!respect!and!enhancement!of!heritage!in!society!(UNESCO,!2014).!!!liii!The!indicators!include!concepts!from!the!report!Cultura!y!Desarrollo?!Desarrollo!y!Cultura?!(United!Nations!Program!for!Development,!2005),!which!creates!a!prototype!of!Culture!for!Development!indicators,!and!the!values!from!Arjun!Appudurai’s!(2004)!Culture!as!the!Capacity!to!Aspire!as!well!as!practical!value,!such!as!Solutions!for!Local!Problems.!liv!The!Indicators!include!UNESCO!CDIS!(2014)!Social!Participation!and!Communication!indicators!as!well!as!emergent!concepts!of!SelfBEsteem!and!SelfBRepresentation.!lv!“putting!guides!so!that!we!can!do!more,!we!have!to!put!more!pressure!to!resolve!the!problem.!It’s!making!movies!for!the!next!generations,!and!spreading!movies!to!educate,!and!for!the!new!generations!for!them!to!think!and!not!forget!and!know!if!we!want!to!do!this!or!not!want!to!do!this”!(Pastor,!2015).!lvi!I!didn’t!give!consent!forms!to!the!more!provincial!respondents,!I!took!verbal!consent,!people!who!don’t!have!a!tradition!of!paperwork!and!usually!only!sign!formal!agreements!would!be!wary!and!put!off!by!formal!consent!forms.!!lvii!To!not!betray!trust!and!respect!the!privacy!of!opinions!and!personal!information!I!am!keeping!two!Ministry!officials!identity!anonymous!and!one!Mochila!Documental!participant!anonymous.!These!respondents!are!regarded!as!Ministry!Official!A!and!Ministry!Official!B!and!Participant!A.!lviii!In!the!case!of!the!production!of!Checcapucara!the!high!amount!of!distrust!and!general!confusion!of!locals!was!not!improved!by!having!an!assessor!that!was!supposedly!an!American!‘mining!engineer’!bringing!foreign!technology.!My!restraint!for!objectivity!also!had!consequences,!as!my!coBassessor!commented!that!if!she!had!given!more!autonomy!to!Participant!A,!as!I!had!unassertively!suggested!to!her,!he!might!have!learned!more!and!the!documentary!may!have!been!different.!!Data!Section!I!!

!lix!In!Ancash,!for!example,!La!Combi’s!openBair!cinema!project!was!financed!by!the!energy!company,!Enersur,!as!a!cultural/educative!component!of!their!social!responsibility!policy!in!the!area.!lx!He!describes!how!the!ministry!officials!only!came!on!“The!last!day,!they!tried!to!take!control!in!a!shitty!way,!in!the!middle!of!the!celebration!with!the!community!dancing,!eating,!moving.!It!comes!to!four!in!the!afternoon,!the!end!of!the!intervention;!they!say!“where!is!the!logo?”!“The!logo!is!here.”!“But!the!logo!needs!to!be!over!here.”!lxi!“This!project!in!the!North!has!a!certain!funding!profile.!There!are!other!projects!that!have!a!different!funding!profile.!For!example,!for!Human!Rights!we’re!going!to!go!to!a!Human!Right’s!Group!to!find!the!money.!There’s!another!profile!that!is!about!gender!and!women,!so!we’re!going!to!find!money!from!women!organizations!interested!in!the!gender!theme.!We!compete!for!funds!or!we!have!parties!here,!various!fundraising,!giving!out!the!fanzines.!Clearly,!with!funding!you!have!to!find!it!any!which!way.!(Balado,!2015)!lxii!Jose!estimates!that!it!costs!about!5B6,000!dollars!a!week!for!5B6!assessors!and!8,000!for!12!assessors.!This!number!is!an!average!for!Caravana!or!Mochila!projects.!For!La!Mochila!Documental!in!Accha,!two!weeks!of!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!room!and!board,!classes!and!production!came!out!to!about!1,200!dollars!for!about!eleven!participants!each.!For!most!every!participant,!Derechos!Sin!Fronteras,!Broderlijk!Helen,!or!Cedep!Ayllus!covered!this!fee.!lxiii!Examples!in!include!Nico’s!Lobitos!film!Project,!Adriana’s!Educacion!Audiovisual,!and!Andrea!using!her!experience!in!DP!to!teach!participatory!research!methods!for!Communication!for!Development!students!at!PUCP!lxiv!The!political!projects!include!Accha’s!Mochila!and!Medios!Que!Conmueven.!One!of!the!dream!projects!includes!collaborating!with!a!UK!university!in!order!to!carry!out!six!months!of!audiovisual!and!cultural!production!in!prisons.!This!year!Jose!conducted!EOD!workshops!with!audiovisual!students!producing!documentaries!in!red!zone!communities!in!Guadalajara,!Mexico.!lxiv!Coded!as!Professional!Training!lxv!Lali!describes!the!extra!projects:!“This!is!maybe!something!we!shouldn’t!have!talked!about!because!it’s!all!very!much!still!in!the!process.!It’s!a!theme!though!that!really!interests!us.!Something!that’s!cool!is!that!we!are!trying!to!get!in!very!difficult!projects!in!the!feeling!that!they!are!challenges!to!give!workshops!to.!It’s!new!kind!of!things!that!we’re!going!to!keep!pursuing.!We’re!trying!to!find!how!to!do!it!and!discovering!the!methodologies!of!the!work.!“(Maldueno,!2015)!!Data!Section!II!!lxvi!Jose!learned!the!concept!of!dramatic!islands!from!his!first!job!in!Peru!as!a!sound!designer!with!the!theater!group!Yuyachkani.!They!are!the!use!of!isolated!yet!connect!scenes!and!events!that!serve!as!links!in!a!chain!with!selective!objects,!images,!actions,!and!sensations!serving!as!an!anchor!for!cultural!heritage!and!memory.!!!lxvii!In!the!conos!of!Lima!a!prison!workshop!made!audiovisual!methods!impractical!and!DP!member!Nathaniel!used!drawings,!potos!and!a!participatory!mural.!In!a!Pullcalpa!workshop!Adriana!described!how!a!young!girl!made!an!encyclopedia!of!medicinal!plants!and!a!boy!made!a!Retrato!Ayucuchano!to!visualize!his!shaman!grandfathers’!Ayahuasca!visions.!In!the!sierra!Adriana!made!a!documentary!of!youth!dressed!as!their!Huaymangi!ancestors!and!perform!a!traditional!myth.!lxviii!Based!one!Augusto!Boal’s!Theater!of!the!Opressed:!the!research!has!a!Bachelor’s!Degree!in!Theater!Arts!and!experience!in!theater!education!in!Peru,!including!an!internship!with!Yuyachkani.!lxix!These!themes!included!‘not!being!able!to!participate!in!local!cultural!festivals!because!their!family!is!Evangelical’,!and!domestic!corporal!punishment,!the!latter!we!made!in!to!a!scene!asking!why!and!how!the!action!unfolds!and!acting!out!solutions.!lxx!Working!with!environmental!organization!and!the!Ministry!of!Culture,!Adriana!intigrated!international!film!screenings,!art!and!environmental!workshop!to!actívate!as!much!community!involvement!as!posible.!The!Semana!Cultural!had!candlelight!and!bonfire!storytelling!nights,!a!final!concert!of!Peruvian!music,!photography!workshops!and!exhibitions,!local!environmental!workshops,!and!movie!screenings!so!participants!and!the!community!could!partake!in!the!Festival!de!Cine!in!Lima.!All!of!this!was!done!with!less!than!a!thousand!dollars!of!funding!and!within!three!months!of!planning.!!

Data!Section!III!!lxxi!I!refer!to!the!godfathers!of!Brazilian!alternative!education!systems:!Paolo!Freire’s!Pedagogy!of!the!Oppressed,!and!Augusto!Boal’s!Theater!of!the!Oppressed!lxxii!“Like!improvisation.!From!there!we!have!to,!like!improvisation,!improvisation!is!not!just!to!do!whatever.!Improvisation!has!rules,!it!has!marks,![…]!So!DocuPeru!plays!with!this.”!(Balado,!2015)!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lxxiii!“what!we!are!taking,!we!don’t!have!models,!not!one!person!in!DocuPeru!is!going!to...we!have!a!guide,!each!one!has!a!guide!in!the!themes!that!they!are!going!to!touch!upon!in!their!workshops.!But!there’s!not!a!user’s!manual,!there’s!not!a!user’s!manual!for!the!first!day!or!the!second!day!or!for!whatever!hour.!It’s!a!rather!open!thing!where!I!can!teach!what!we!are!going!to!do!within!that!week.”!lxxiv!Jose!describes!this!pitching!process:!“My!story,!is!about!my!little!cow.”!“And!what’s!your!little!cow’s!name?!Where!does!it!stay”!“Ah,!it!stays!in!my!field!(chakra)!for!two!days.”!“Oh,!we!can’t!do!two!days!because!we!have!production.”!So!then!we!can’t!make!that!one!and!Phew!!The!theme!is!gone.!So!we!keep!throwing!away!themes,!for!questions!of!production,!or!because!it’s!not!very!clear!between!them.!So!this!is!a!project!that!for!a!moment!is!going!to!bother!them.!lxxv!“The!space!isn’t!very!big!where!it’s!open,!like!a!church,!or!whatever!it!may!be.!So!we’re!here,!we!put!the!photos!here,!photo,!photo,!photos.!Frr...all!of!it!is!an!exposition!from!the!photography!workshop,!and!from!the!fanzine!workshop!we!make!copies!of!the!fanzine!and!we!gift!the!fanzines!to!the!people!when!they!arrive.!So!the!people!arrive!with!a!fanzine,!with!the!photos,!the!drawings,!and!at!the!end!we!screen!the!documentaries.!There’s!a!body!of!a!street!parade,!music!vrroof!!We!have!a!party!which!ends!with!the!documentaries.”!(Balado,!2015)!lxxvi!“So!you!see!this!methodology,!which!is!working!like!so,!and!in!the!nights!from!7B9,!when!we!can,!almost!always,!we!present!documentaries!in!the!public!spaces.!If!I’m!in!the!community!giving!workshops!to!40!or!50!people,!in!the!night!we!go!to!the!plaza!and!we!show!a!documentary.”!(Balado,!2015)!lxxvii!“Yes,!logically,!we’re!in!the!jungle!so!we!show!documentaries!from!the!coast,!showing!Quechua.!Here,!a!different!documentary.!The!people!are!there!and!ah!!And!the!good!thing!is!when!they’re!documentaries!of!DocuPeru,!they’re!made!by!the!community,!so!they!have!a!different!flavor.!So!they’re!people!of!different!color,”!(Balado,!2015)!lxxviii!“[…]!and!they’re!short,!because!in!a!public!space!to!present!long!documentaries,!there’s!still!not!an!audiovisual!culture.!So!if!we!present!documentaries!that!one!hour!or!two!hours!the!public!will!leave.!So!sometimes!we’re!in!a!plaza,!we!don’t!have!all!the!lights!off,!the!mototaxis!are!passing!by,!lots!of!noise:!short,!short,!short!because!the!people!will!stick!and!there’s!always!another!one”!(Balado,!2015)!lxxviii!“I!saw!that!with!the!people!who!are!having!the!workshops,!they!finish!the!documentaries!and!we!have!a!public!presentation.!We!say!it’s!always!like!a!Harvard!graduation.!Everyone!comes!so!dressed!up![…]”!

!lxxix!“I!saw!that!with!the!people!who!are!having!the!workshops,!they!finish!the!documentaries!and!we!have!a!public!presentation.!We!say!it’s!always!like!a!Harvard!graduation.!Everyone!comes!so!dressed!up![…]”!!Data!Section!IV!!lxxx!In!the!inital!survey!respondents!looked!to!communicate!environmental,!antiBcorruption,!and!horizontal!social!organization.!lxxxi!For!example!one!filmmaker!saw!their!organization!as!“As!a!movement,!part!of!other!movements!generating!different!relations!with!power!and!proliferating!distinct!contexts”!lxxxii!It!is!important!to!note!that!a!significant!amount!of!respondents!(5)!didn’t!respond!to!this!question!leaving!their!opinions!as!missing!data!and!possibly!pulling!the!average!more!to!the!high!extreme.!lxxxiii!It!would!also!be!valuable!to!ask!the!documentaries’!subjects!the!same!questions!after!viewing!the!products.!In!La!Mochila,!however,!this!was!impractical!because!production!was!realized!in!three!different!districts!of!Cusco.!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lxxxiv!Both!graphs!represent!the!mean!average!of!each!indicator!with!1,!2,!and!3!dummy!variables!for!Low,!Medium!and!High,!and!removing!nonBresponses!as!missing!data.!Due!to!the!low!number!of!participants!Data!

was!organized!and!averages!taken!from!basic!Excel!functions.!lxxxv!This!type!of!Mochila!workshop!is!innovative!for!DocuPeru!and!so!the!researcher!only!had!members’!experience!in!the!Caravanas!and!Medios!Que!Conmueven!workshops!in!which!filmmakers!were!almost!aways!

from!the!community!they!were!filming.!lxxxvi!“There!are!people!that!are!not!prepared!to!assume!this!and!what!you!have!to!do!is!push!them!a!lot!more.!It’s!like!being!a!high!school!teacher!there!are!kids!that!have!abilities!and!wake!up!really!quickly,!but!there!are!

kids!who!don’t.!It’s!a!little!bit!like!that.”!(Mora,!2015)!lxxxvii!“Like!I!said!it!was!for!me!really!cool!as!an!assessor!to!see!everyone!do!everthing,!from!how!to!conserve!the!idea!until!how!to!do!the!shooting,!and!finding!out!why!they!were!mistaken.!In!the!edition!they!would!say!know!I!understand!why!you!asked!me!to!do!this!or!why!before!we!couldn’t!do!it!a!different!way.!This!audiovisual!methods!instruction!is!good!to!structure!it!for!the!next!time.!They!know!what!to!do!when!they!

want!to!show!something.!That!was!really!cool.”!(Maldueno,!2015)!lxxxviii!“So!There’s!this!the!women!who!is!crying!over!the!lake,!and!there’s!voice!over.!If!you!see!all!of!these!little!towns!that!are!about!antiBmining,!they!don’t!have!any!sewage!treatment!plants.!It’s!not!about!that!they!don’t!have!money!they!have!different!priorities.!It’s!dirty,!and!then!it’s!like!look!at!the!big!mine!!Nothing!is!right,!but!it’s!not!about!polarizing!the!country!in!that!way.!If!you!see!the!news,!you’ll!see!what’s!going!on!with!the!mine!and!the!amount!of!investment!that!is!brought.!There’s!a!polarization,!not!because!there’s!the!pollution,!but!like,!you’re!evil.!They!are!like!gods!from!the!mountains,!and!you!don’t!go!anywhere!like!that.!

They!don’t!see!that!because!they!are!extremists.![…]”!(Dasso,!2015)!lxxxix!Saul!explains!the!importance!for!Accha!“Yes,!just!because!here!in!Accha!and!whichever!place!the!agriculture!already!left.!It’s!a!biochemical!period,!because!they!don’t!use!nature,!because!before!it!was!man!and!nature.!There!wasn’t!pollution,!every!thing!consumed!came!from!nature.!Today!in!the!market!all!of!the!competition!obligates!us!to!the!same!producers,!because!when!you!produce!it!with!chemicals!you!grow!a!

potato!of!a!good!size,!but!less!quality,!which!the!consumers!or!buyers!don’t!see.”!(Manami,!2015)!xc!In!Peru!this!term!means!a!joint!handler!of!common!lands!and!can!refer!to!the!legitimacy!of!the!individual’s!legitimacy!as!a!community!member.!!xci!“We!were!working!there!in!1999.!We’ve!worked!there!with!specific!projects!since!2000!and!2002.!We!took!charge!of!starting...When!we!started!there,!there!were!judges!and!governors!put!there!by!Sendero.!Checcapucara!was!a!base!for!the!Sendero!Luminoso.!It!was!in!front!of!the!territory!Chunbimercas,!those!two!communities!were!bases!for!Sendero!Luminoso.!There!are!lots!of!children!also,!that!don’t!know!their!father,!because!with!the!Sendero!there!the!army!raped!many!of!the!ladies.!In!the!night!time!the!women!were!alone!in!the!house!because!all!of!the!men!escaped!to!the!hills!to!sleep.!Sendero!there!killed!many!of!the!people,!in!the!middle!of!Checcapucara,!like!in!many!of!the!other!communities.!There!were!also!friends!who!arrived!because!this!commission!with!the!recommendation!knowing!what!the!case!was!there.!I!started!to!speak!with!the!people!and!in!the!end!it!had!to!be!said!who!was!the!first!person!that!brought!the!Senderos.!It!was!one!of!our!leaders!from!one!of!our!first!courses!so!I!knew!him.!I!talked!with!him!later.”!!(Arnaez,!2015)!There!wasn’t!any!highway,!all!of!the!nights!they!just!eat!and!sleep.!The!justice!never!came!there,!trying!to!

make!right!all!of!the!abuses!on!the!people.!Until!2006,!many!of!the!people!wanted!the!Sendero!to!come!back.”!xcii!He!cited!the!loss!of!interest!in!cultural!festivals!and!music,!a!lack!of!water!for!agriculture!making!animals!sick,!community!organization!and!mobilization,!and!health!and!education!service!as!the!biggest!challenges!to!

Checcapucara’s!development.!xciii!“The!video!tries!to!show!all!of!this.!It!shows!that!between!30!years!of!mining!there!haven’t!been!considerable!changes!or!betterment!of!the!quality!of!life,!there!hasn’t!been!development.!The!only!thing!is!

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!tries!to!get!is!only!division,!and!brought!disgraceful!poverty.!We!lose!the!values!that!existed!in!the!community!before.”!(Merma,!2015)!xciv!Producers!and!filmmakers!told!me!that!this!was!a!result!of!what!I!had!discussed!with!them!about!a!public!installment!near!my!high!school!in!Lafayette,!California!where!multiBreligious!grave!markers!were!given!for!each!American!killed!in!the!country’s!foreign!wars.!It!also!harkens!back!to!the!Yuyachkani!play!Sin(Titulo!(soon!to!be!a!full!length!DocuPeru!movie)!in!which!two!women,!one!in!an!Andean!dress!and!the!other!in!indigenous!jungle!clothes!have!photographs!and!names!of!killed!and!disappeared!victims!in!the!past!century’s!internal!conflict.!!Summary!of!Findings!and!Conclusions!!!xcv!Peruvian!investment!in!culture!is!only!at!.7%.!That!is!.2%!below!the!UNESCO!recommendation,!and!officials!remarked!that!even!this!number!is!statistically!inflated.!xcvi!“To!have!a!specific!seat!for!culture!and!this!seat!has!the!theme!of!interculturality!and!political!film.!For!this!side,!I!believe!it’s!worth!it!for!these!things!to!have!a!budget.!We’re!missing!a!thousand!things!to!do!and!really!we’re!still!the!ugly!duckling!of!the!Ministry,!but!we’re!still!working!on!it.”!(Caceras!Vegas,!Official!A!and!Official!B,!2015)!!Appendix!!xcvii!All!bar!graphs!are!from!"Indicadores!UNESCO!De!La!Cultura!Para!El!Desarrollo!En!Perú."!INFOARTES.!2014.!Accessed!May!1,!2015.!Peru!Ministerio!de!Cultura!