“you had better live your best and act your best and think your best today; for today is the sure...
TRANSCRIPT
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““You had better live your best and act You had better live your best and act your best and think your best today; for your best and think your best today; for
today is the sure preparation for today is the sure preparation for tomorrow and all the other tomorrows tomorrow and all the other tomorrows
that follow.”that follow.”
-Harriet Martineau-Harriet Martineau
LIVE IN LIVE IN THISTHIS MOMENTMOMENT
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Necropsy-examination of Necropsy-examination of an animal after it has diedan animal after it has died
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Necropsy: Fun at the BeachNecropsy: Fun at the Beach
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TermsTerms
Pathology—study of diseasePathology—study of disease Gross pathology—pathologic changes seen Gross pathology—pathologic changes seen
with naked eyewith naked eye Histopathology—clinical changes seen with Histopathology—clinical changes seen with
a microscopea microscope Lesions—pathologic changesLesions—pathologic changes Pathogenesis—the sequence of events of Pathogenesis—the sequence of events of
the disease (dog was bitten → bacteria the disease (dog was bitten → bacteria entered wound → elevated temperature → entered wound → elevated temperature → pus formed → etc)pus formed → etc)
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Reasons for NecropsyReasons for Necropsy
– Determine cause of death Determine cause of death – Determine accuracy of clinical Determine accuracy of clinical
diagnosisdiagnosis– Evaluate effects of therapy Evaluate effects of therapy – In herds, 1 or more animals may be In herds, 1 or more animals may be
sacrificed to determine the cause of sacrificed to determine the cause of disease or toxicity disease or toxicity
– Routine in pharmaceutical studiesRoutine in pharmaceutical studies
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Preliminary Steps for Preliminary Steps for NecropsyNecropsy
Obtain owners permission; also determine Obtain owners permission; also determine if owner wants remains for burial, etcif owner wants remains for burial, etc
Correctly identify animal (species, breed, Correctly identify animal (species, breed, sex, age, ID tags or tattoos)sex, age, ID tags or tattoos)
Perform necropsy ASAP after death; if Perform necropsy ASAP after death; if delayed, refrigerate animal to delay delayed, refrigerate animal to delay autolysis; DON’T FREEZEautolysis; DON’T FREEZE
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Necropsy ReportNecropsy Report Location Location Number of lesionsNumber of lesions Color of abnormalities (dark red, black, Color of abnormalities (dark red, black,
etc)etc) Size of lesions (cm or weight)Size of lesions (cm or weight) Shape of lesion (round, flat, oval)Shape of lesion (round, flat, oval) DistributionDistribution Consistency (hard, soft, firm) Consistency (hard, soft, firm) Odor (sweet, sour, ammonia)Odor (sweet, sour, ammonia) Final Report tense should be consistentFinal Report tense should be consistent Report should be as specific as possible Report should be as specific as possible
without giving a final diagnosis unless a without giving a final diagnosis unless a test for the Dx was performed (i.e. rabies)test for the Dx was performed (i.e. rabies)
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Necropsy: FacilitiesNecropsy: Facilities
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Necropsy facility: overhead Necropsy facility: overhead hoisthoist
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Necropsy: Protective Necropsy: Protective ClothingClothing
Plastic apron, lab Plastic apron, lab coat, scrubscoat, scrubs
latex or plastic latex or plastic disposable glovesdisposable gloves
surgical mask if surgical mask if animal died from animal died from infectious infectious disease spread disease spread by aerosolizationby aerosolization
protective protective footwearfootwear
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Necropsy: Tools
KnivesKnives ScissorsScissors Tissue forcepsTissue forceps Bone-cutting tools (pruning shears, Bone-cutting tools (pruning shears,
hacksaw)hacksaw)
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Sample CollectionSample Collection Contact diagnostic lab for directions on Contact diagnostic lab for directions on
collection, preservation and shipping of collection, preservation and shipping of specific samplesspecific samples
Possible microbiology samples-sterile Possible microbiology samples-sterile containerscontainers– No preservativeNo preservative– Do not freezeDo not freeze– Primary disease sitePrimary disease site– Heart, blood, lung, liver, spleen stomach Heart, blood, lung, liver, spleen stomach
contents, aborted fetuses, placenta, exudatescontents, aborted fetuses, placenta, exudates– Tissue samples – 1x2x3 cm Tissue samples – 1x2x3 cm – Fluid samples – 3-5 mlsFluid samples – 3-5 mls
Virus samples – call labVirus samples – call lab
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FixativesFixatives
Stops autolysisStops autolysis Saves tissues for histopathologySaves tissues for histopathology 10% buffered formalin (carcinogen)10% buffered formalin (carcinogen) Sample thickness - 1 cm or lessSample thickness - 1 cm or less Ratio of fixative to sample = 10 to 1Ratio of fixative to sample = 10 to 1 Contact irritant and carcinogenContact irritant and carcinogen
– Use gloves: keep containers closed, Use gloves: keep containers closed, handle in ventilated hoodshandle in ventilated hoods
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Toxicology SamplesToxicology Samples
blood (10-20 ml)blood (10-20 ml) stomach contents stomach contents
and urine (50-100 and urine (50-100 ml)ml)
blocks of liver, fat, blocks of liver, fat, kidney, and brain kidney, and brain (5x5x10 cm; approx (5x5x10 cm; approx 200 g)200 g)
Samples
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Examine ExteriorExamine Exterior
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Horse necropsy: remove Horse necropsy: remove forelegforeleg
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Horse necropsy: remove rib Horse necropsy: remove rib cagecage
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Horse necropsy: internal Horse necropsy: internal organsorgans
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Horse necropsy: remove Horse necropsy: remove intestineintestine
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Horse necropsy: lungs and Horse necropsy: lungs and heartheart
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Horse necropsy: heartHorse necropsy: heart
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Horse necropsy: headHorse necropsy: head
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Necropsy VideosNecropsy Videos
http://video.vet.cornell.edu/virtualvet/bovine/chapters1-4.html
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EsophagusEsophagus
Normal
FoodUlcerationsBleeding
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LarynxLarynx
normal
necrosisulceration
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TracheaTrachea
normal
necrosisulceration
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Pericardial sacPericardial sacClick on picture to view video
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LungsLungs
Normal lung tissue-pink-spongy
Normal Bronchopheumonia
Lung abscess-liquid/“cottage cheese” likeappearance
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Airways and vesselsAirways and vessels
Lung artery
Lung airway
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Normal lung tissueNormal lung tissue
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Lung lesionsLung lesions
Emphysema-pops like bubble-wrap
Consolidation-heavy; solid (no air)
Lung worms
Lung adhesionsto ribs
Pneumonia- darker lesionsare more severe
Abscesses
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Heart: R ventricleHeart: R ventricle
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Heart: R side openedHeart: R side opened
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Heart: L sideHeart: L side
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Heart LesionsHeart Lesions
Necrotic lesions
Valve lesions
Septal defects—connectionbetween R and L sides
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Liver lesionsLiver lesions
Liver abscesses Liver flukes
Fractured liver—due to blunt trauma; (knife cuts smooth)Fatty liver
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Clean upClean up