youth in the green economy

8/3/2019 Youth in the Green Economy

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Young People in a Green Economy

Discussion paper on Green Economy and Youth

Employment


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(Table of Content)

Executive Summary

0. Preface

1. Introduction

2. Setting the stagea. Green Economy: a primerb. Youth employment

3. Green Economy and Youtha. Views of governments and stakeholders on Employment and the Green Economyb. Youth Perspectives

c. Status quo - impact of Green Economy

4. Youth-enhanced green economya. Increased youth hiringb. Increased employabilityc. Increased entrepreneurship

5. Recommendations - Governance, policies and measures to improve youth in

GESDPE

G l d ti


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(Executive Summary)

For a transition to a green economy to deliver solutions to the challenges of poverty eradication

and sustainable development, it will need to be able to enable job creation at a large scale in

order to provide livelihood to an increasing number of men and women. In this context, and

considering that 33.000 young people are expected to enter the job market daily between now

and 2050, the degree to which this generation will be effectively integrated into the active work

force will undeniably be a determining factor of the success of the transition to a greeneconomy.

The Zero Draft of the outcome document of the Rio+20 UN Conference on Sustainable

Development addresses the issue of the creation of green jobs and social inclusion within the

frame of the green economy. However it lacks references to the measures needed in order to

specifically empower the young generation who represent a significant number of todays

population, build on young peoples energy and creativity to address the current youth

unemployment crisis.

The analysis of the inputs submitted by states to the process leading to the Rio+20 conference

also highlighted that, which many states consider young people as one of the most vulnerable

group in the context of the current economic crises, few of them highlighted their unique

potential to create jobs and support a prompt transition to a green economy.

This disc ssion paper aims at pro iding concrete s ggestions to address these three elements


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Make an in-depth analysis of the impact of the transition on the availability and

accessibility of jobs for youth and women

Implement a youth-guarantee in national macro-economic policies as a whole and formatgreen economy strategies as a crucial building block of such a youth-guarantee

Support employment of young graduates in global south as development policy

b. Enhancing youth hiring:

Continue to facilitate a smooth and efficient school-to-work transition all the while

promoting job quality and skills matching

Create subsidies and fiscal incentives for employers to hire young people by e.g.

discounting social fees and taxes

Create jobs that are earmarked for youth

Ensure youth participation in economic decision-making

c. Increasing youth skills for a green economy:

Use skills and education as an central dimension to define the green economy; Acknowledge and actively support non-formal education and voluntarism;

Address the potential technical skill miss-match by subsidizing technological studies

specialized in green technologies;

Create a frame for study loans for green jobs with job guarantee

Foster multi-stakeholders collaboration to equip students and pupils with the skills for the

green job market

Stimulate continuous professional activity for young job-seekers within a green economy


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Preface

As one of the leading advocates and practitioners for the engagement and involvementof young people in environmental issues, the United Nations Environment Programme(UNEP) develops and runs several global and regional initiatives, activities andnetworks to foster a generation of environmentally conscious citizens, capable ofpositive action.One such activity is the UNEP Tunza Youth Conference that brings youth from differentcountries, background and networks together to provide them with opportunities toshowcase their environmental practices, share experiences and learn from one anotherand from experts, and at the same time to reinforce UNEPs work with young peopleand to use best environmental practices developed by young people to inspire others totake action.

In 2011, UNEP organized a series of 6 regional and one global youth conference, witha central theme of 'Reshaping our Future through a Green Economy and SustainableLifestyles. Both the regional and global conferences discussed the role of youngpeople in sustainable development and brought forward a youth input to the Rio+20conference.The conference culminated with the Bandung Declaration which raised the profile ofthe Green Economy as "the only integrated framework that is truly sustainable, placingh ll b i i l it d i t l t ti l f ti " Y th


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Introduction

The Green Economy is a policy concept receiving increased attention and steady prominence in

the current global political agenda. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

(Rio+20 conference) scheduled for June 2012, is expected to take on the Green Economy in the

context of Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication (GESDPE) as one of its central

themes and focus on how governments from around the world could come together and

effectively support, move forward and deliver on the green economy agenda. Howeverpromising this concept is to shift our global economy to safe planetary operating margins, there

is still some work to explore the challenges and opportunities of such a Green

Economy. UNEP's Green Economy Report offers a contribution to this discussion, setting a firm

foundation for debate but also leaving quite some questions open. This paper aims to offer a

complementing perspective

- Background

The discussion on the green economy started in response to one of the most serious economic,

ecologic and social crisis in modern history which led to the collapse of global market

mechanism, a degraded environment and a further impoverishment of the poorest of the poor,

putting their lives in jeopardy. As much as the concept of the green economy is at the highest

level of the political agenda today, from the outset, this paper would like to acknowledge, the

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sectors. However, the report does not shed light on the role of youth in the green economy. The

entire report mentions youth once, in relation to employment in tourism. But in the context of the

Rio+20 process, the shared statement by the UN System Chief Executives Board (CEB) on theOutcome of Rio+20 include both youth and green jobs when listing a range of priority issues that

warrant particular attention. (2011:2) Furthermore, UNEP secretariats input to the compilation

document for Rio+20 states: investing in youth training and employment to build the necessary

skills base for the greening of economies and to secure participation in the development

process and their equitable sharing in the benefits of development (Rio Principle 21) (2011a: 3)-

as one of the high-order outcomes. Additionally, the input document stresses the need to invest

in the next generation, which is the current youth, in order to address the pressing issues of

todays global

It is also worth noting that a transition towards a sustainable society and a livable future seem to

be a general priority for young people involved in policy formulation. In the various youth

workshops organized by UNEPs TUNZA-programme young people expressed their interest and

concerns whether green jobs will be youth jobs. Therefore, in this paper, the central message

builds on the concerns raised by young people in strong calls for action such as the Bandung

Declaration and other youth submissions to the Rio+20 conference. The submission of theMajor Group of Children and Youth provides a powerful echo stating that: young people request

bolds steps to achieve this. According to young people, a green economy should cultivate

societal and cultural well-being and thriving and resilient natural ecosystems. The transition to a

green economy will require an improved notion of well-being, measured with indicators beyond

just GDP, that fully take into account the limits of our common planetary and social boundaries.

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Setting the stage

a. Green Economy: a primer

As mentioned earlier, the Green Economy emerged recently as a central policy-concept within

debates on sustainable development. However, its appeal and intuitive understanding tend to

mask a lack of common definition and consensus on what the concept signifies. Hence a

discussion on a satisfying consensus on what the Green Economy actually means is still

ongoing.

- The Green Economy Initiative

One of the most prominent entrepreneurs in defining the Green Economy is the United Nations

Environmental Programme. UNEP has launched the Green Economy Initiative as one of its

flagships and the resulting Green Economy Report plays a major role in creating understanding

on the green economy. It defines a green economy as one that results in improved human well-

being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological

scarcities. (2010: 30). It makes this more concrete by calling a green economy low carbon,

resource efficient and socially inclusive. (2011b: 16)

Its Green Economy Initiative builds on earlier calls of UNEP for a Global Green New Deal (2008)

as a strategy to tackle the financial and economic crisis while at the same time solving others

such as the energy and climate crisis.1 The Global Green New Deal echoes the Roosevelt New

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forest). According to UNEP this re-orientation of the economy should be a new engine for job-

creation. Hence, the initiative aims to give guidance on pro-poor green investment in both

private and public sector.

- Other views on a green economy

The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) from their side propose

to see the Green Economy in terms of green growth which it defines as promoting economic

growth while reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, minimising waste and inefficient

use of natural resources, and maintaining biodiversity. Green growth means improving health

prospects for populations and strengthening energy security through less dependence on

imported fossil fuels. It also means making investment in the environment a driver for economic

growth. (Visser 2010: 4) The OECD therefore proposes a definition that focuses mainly on

green eco-efficiency as such. This makes issues such as employment invisible while providing

an almost exclusive focus on the growth potential.

Previous approaches seem to focus to a great extent to the production side of the economy. The

idea of Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) offers a more global approach on how agreen economy could take shape from both a offer and demand side. Achieving SCP requires

both a changing behaviour of consumers as well as the drivers that influence product life cycles.

According to the SCP paradigm, reducing the impact of production is not enough and the

consumption part should be factored into the equation. For example, one is required to address

the rebound effect whereby reductions in the intensity of material and energy usage and the

subsequent reduction in the costs can lead consumers to demand and buy more products

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The whole quest for growth is therefore also questioned. Indeed, if we would consider the

damages caused to the environment in our measurement of growth, we would often find that thewealth of countries is not growing or is even decreasing, despite current indicators suggesting

otherwise (Latouche 2003). In return, an economy within planetary boundaries should be a

steady state economy (Daly 1977 and Constanza 1991). A similar critique can be found by

further questioning the need for growth and proposing de-growth economies focusing on social

redistribution (Victor 2008 and Jackson 2009).

To conclude, a lot of stakeholders and experts discussing the green economy do not define the

concept comprehensively. Another major area where perspectives differ relate to the definition

of which economic sector can be considered as being part of the green economy, low-carbon

energy being cited most often, followed by construction, transportation and agriculture. The

deployment of new innovation and technologies also seems to be a central assumption. As such

the Green Economy seems to be founded a strong optimism of achieving environmental gains

through (almost exclusively) technological innovation and modernisation (see Mol 2001;

Spaargaren, Mol and Buttel 2001, Dickens 2004) and state that the economy has to gain

seriously by moving to environmentalism. Hence there seems to be a broad consensus claimingthat environmental productivity can be a key driver for growth in pretty much the same way that

labour and capital productivity have done in the past.

- A green economy, employment and poverty eradication

There seems to be an implicit agreement that a move to a green economy would create more

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imperfect, unemployment rates are often the only statistical material available and should be

interpreted with caution on what they mean.

Thus, focusing on the NEETs (Not in Education, Employment or Training) offers a helpful

perspective on youth unemployment. According to the ILO it captures the non-utilized labour

potential of the youth population, including young people who are unemployed as well as those

who are inactive for reasons other than participation in education (thus including discouraged

workers but also persons who are inactive for other reasons such as disability or engagement in

household duties). It is especially this group which is not employed and doesnt have access to

education and training as an alternative that is at risk and thus seems as a key priority in

strategies aimed at tackling youth unemployment. However, data on NEETs is not always

available which makes it difficult to use systematically.

- The adverse effect of the crisis on youth employment

In the current context of continued economic instability, youth faces increasing uncertainty in

their hopes of participating satisfactory in the labour market. The ILO states that global youth

unemployment (15-24 years old) stood at 13 percent at the end of 2009, equivalent to 81 millionyoung people. Thats an increase of 7.8 million since 2007, prior to the global crisis. In the height

of the crisis period, between 2008-9, the largest annual increase in global youth unemployment

ever recorded was noted rising up to one per cent. A year later, the ILO states that the number

of unemployed youth (aged 1524) is estimated to have declined to 77.7 million youth which

equals 12.6 per cent in 2010, which is still well above the pre-crisis level.

Yet, the unemployment rate understates the vast negative impact of the crisis on youth


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Generally, youth unemployment is a pressing issue in both developing and developed

economies. As most developing economies have a larger share of young people working in

less-fixed establishments, like engagement in the informal economy through self-employment orfamily business, these young workers in the lower-income regions have been less visibly

impacted by the crisis in terms available data on unemployment. Countries where education is

readily accessible and affordable could also lead to distorted statistics.

In Latin America, evidence proves that the crisis adds youth to the ranks of vulnerable

employment and informal sector employment with an increase in the share of teenagers

engaged in informal sector employment during the crisis (ILO 2010).

In 2009, the economically active youth (15-24) amount to 620 million of which

approximately 350 million (or 56 per cent) live in the Asia Pacific region. More than 36.4

million of these Asian Pacific youth are unemployed which amounts up to 54.1 % of the

total unemployed in the region.

The Middle East, with an overall unemployment rate of 10.3 per cent in 2009, has the

highest regional rate in the world, demonstrating that the labour market as a whole in this

region is highly affected by the crisis. The youth unemployment rate was nearly 40%,

thus a fourfold of the average.

In North Africa, an alarming 23.6 per cent of economically active young people wereunemployed in 2010, with a specially challenging situation for young women. It is often

argued that youth unemployment is one of the underlying reasons for the Arab Spring.

In the European Union region and other developed economies, youth unemployment

rose as well in 2010, with 18.2 per cent, compared to 12.4 per cent in 2007. Because of

high enrollment in education and training this drops to 8.9% of unemployed to population

ratio in 2009 which is significantly higher than the 6.6% a year earlier.

Th l t t d li d f 20 8 t i 2009 t 18 9 t i 2010 i


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supply of jobs to accommodate them. This consequentially stimulates well-educated

young people leaving their countries resulting in a loss to the country which invested in

their education, the so-called brain drain. Lower educated youth in OECD/economically developed countries: Not only are their

unemployment rates higher, lower educated young people have fewer perspectives of

long-term contracts and obtaining full-time employment.

Ethnic minorities: Unemployment rates are higher due to a reflection of both lower

education levels among minorities and negative discrimination in the labour market.

Income level of the parents: Young people from low income families face more barriers

in entering the labour market than young people from middle and high income families.

- Lost generation

High youth unemployment is a vast economic loss representing a underutilized economic

potential. Unemployed youth generate less tax income and incur higher benefit spending,

especially where unemployment benefits exists. This downwards cycle leaves less leeway to

invest in for example training, education and greening the economy.

From the vantage point of the jobless youth, there is a causal relation between unemployment

and social exclusion as it creates a sense of uselessness and idleness among young people.

Moreover it also leads to decreased employability due to erosion of skills and increased

likelihood of entering unstable, low-paid occupations due to the stigma associated with

unemployment (for a longer period) all of which can have severe long-term consequences for

future employment. Hence several argue argues for therisk of lost generation as a legacy of

the crisis. This generation comprises of young people who detach themselves completely from

th l b k t i ll ff ti th i d l i t i (ILO 2010 ) Th lt


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are fewer opportunities, one is easier persuaded to accept less than optimal labour conditions. A

similar reasoning could be made for times of labor market shortages exerting an upward

pressure on labour circumstances. But this seems to be mitigated by the globalisation of labourwhich offers opportunities to seek labour across borders.

Next to a sort of conjunctural dimension, youth are also systematically seen as a generation to

test new norms of employment situations. Given the unfortunate systematic higher

unemployment amongst young people, they are at the forefront of labour precarisation and

generally lower labour welfare standards.

Young people also suffer disproportionately from decent work deficits such as working poverty

or poor employment status. The ILO estimates that 152 million young people (between 15 and

24), or about 28 percent of all the young workers in the world, worked but remained in extreme

poverty (earning less than US$1.25 per person per day) in 2008. (2010a) The ILO continues that

in particular, while more flexible working arrangements, such as temporary and part-time jobs,

can facilitate the entry of young people into the labour market, these arrangements may also

lead to persistent job insecurity. (2010b: 14) According to the institution most of the young

people in temporary jobs have not chosen such condition but failed to find permanent positions.This trend is observed in two-third of the countries for which data is available.

Within this overall picture, we should acknowledge different segments of realities. Current trends

do not affect all young people in the same way and highly skilled young people often find

themselves in decent work conditions. While higher educated young people seem better

protected against precarious working conditions, this is by no means a standard. The current

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a.Views of governments and stakeholders on Employment and the Green Economy

The consultation process engaged in the lead to the Rio +20 Conference provides an inclusivepicture of the broad range of visions and understandings of the Green Economy among

governments and stakeholders. The 2nd Preparatory Committee for the Conference

issues in 2011 an open call for governments, intergovernmental organizations and civil

society to submit contributions which will serve as a basis for the drafting of the outcome

document of the conference. These contributions provide an interesting outlook on the

assessment made by these different actors of the current situation. It also highlights the

current priorities of their authors and presents some concrete proposals to facilitate thetransition to a green economy.

In the course of the preparation of the present report, we analyzed the references to the issue of

employment, and more specifically youth employment (see the mapping of these

references in Annex II), in the contributions made by governments, regional consultations,

political groupings, youth-led/youth-related NGOs and most relevant intergovernmental

organizations.

The first conclusion from this analysis is that, while many states and IGOs assess the current

rates of unemployment as a major crisis (included in 23% of the governmental

contributions, 27% of the IGOs submissions reviewed). On the one hand, most of the

states indeed consider the green economy as a solution contributing to the creation of new

(decent) jobs (59% of governmental submissions, 51% of IGOs submissions reviewed).

The energy sector (including renewable energy and energy efficiency) was quoted the

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Youth Organizations highlighted much more frequently the potential and dynamism that young

generations can bring to the transition (79% of the submissions referring to the role of

youth in the green economy, compared to 29% of the submissions highlighting theirvulnerability). About a third of the governmental and youth submissions emphasizes the

need to enhance the training and vocational education of young people to equip them with

the skills enabling them to obtain green jobs, while the role of the promotion of

entrepreneurship of young people was more frequently by youth NGOs than by

governments.

b. Youth Perspectives

It is important to note that the views expressed by young people on a green economy often

reflect concerns related to the transition to a more sustainable model of society. Hence, these

youth perspectives address to a smaller extent the specific benefit for young people in terms of

employment and economic opportunities. Within the context of youth unemplyment, green

youth jobs may seem to be secondary. However, young people also acknowledge the key role

they can play in greening economies. In that light, green jobs for young people are a stepping

stone towards creating space for youth contributions to societal change. Another profound issue

for young people is inter-generational and international equity, however, this paper will only

touch upon these in the context of green jobs for youth.

It is also relevant to note that young people often perceive the scope of a green economy as

going beyond the conceptualization of green sectors of the economy (such as renewable

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The report states that various sectors will benefit from job creation, including forestry,

agriculture, building, transport, services, administration and the renewable energy sector (2011:

13). As we have seen in the introduction, quite a lot of the focus is laid on the productive sectorswith low-carbon energy productions and utilities leading the way in the minds of different

authors. Together with sectors such as building, clean-tech, transportation and agriculture these

definitely look like the sectors of a green future. The more detailed reports elaborate to include

services, R&D, financial services, food processing, chemistry, waste, retail and urban goods

movement systems which partially extends the scope to include consumption-oriented sectors.

From our perspective, the UNEP Green Economy Report is one of the contributions that

distinguishes itself with the inclusion of ecotourism as a promising sector of green economy.

Similarly, as we have mentioned before, not all works on green economy see the issue of labour

as an essential feature of the green economy worth looking at. UNEPs Green Economy Report

however is among those which argue that new processes and business practices that are better

for the environment should create a higher ratio of jobs per dollar invested while at the same

time also create a higher industrial output than their polluting counterparts. The same report

however suggests that in the longer term the employment ration may be similar to other, more

mature sectors. A similar reasoning potentially applies for the green economy sectors that haveto be developed, whereas a shift of activity and jobs in these sectors will not necessarily lead to

a net employment gain when factoring in the economic and employment losses in the brown

economy sectors that would be fading.

Furthermore, green jobs do not automatically mean that the jobs are qualified as decent work.

For example, the recycling sector is a classic example where the workers face health

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Secondly, significant share of the (existing and expected) green collar workers are low-income

workers. We would argue that the green economy should see these green jobs as an

opportunity to move green collar workers into higher-skilled occupations and upward career-paths. Hence an important element of the design of green economy policies will be to foresee

accompanying programs and career paths for an upward mobility. Therefore, workers in

declining industries must be re-trained and paid a reasonable wage in the emerging green

economy. Such people should be categorized as constituting part of that new economy, even if

their job activities remain what could be described as traditional in nature (e.g., a carpenter

undertaking traditional tasks at a wind farm, and so on).

Accommodating people to join forces in the transition to a green economy should rely heavily

through investing in the skill-base. As mentioned in the introductions, the educational element

might very well be seen as an important, if not definiting characteristic of the green economy.

We will further elaborate on this in the youth-related section on Green Economy.

When looking at the young workforce, the distribution of the new jobs created among diverse

sectors of the economy will play an important role in determining the impact of the transition to a

green economy on youth unemployment. Indeed, some sectors are particularly welcoming foryouth entering the labour market while others tend to privilege experienced workers. UNEPs

Green Economy Report refers for instance directly to the potential for the creation of youth jobs

only in relation to sustainable tourism (2011), sector which is not listed in the Zero Draft of the

Rio+20 outcome document as one of the examples of activities providing job opportunities.

While little research has been conducted on the demographics of the future workers in a green

economy, in particular considering the position of various age-groups in the green job market, a

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2) Green jobs may not lead to increased gender equality in the job market.

3) In addition, green jobs do not naturally address the social pillar of sustainable development as

the emphasis is generally put on environmental sustainability. This acknowledges that greenjobs are not by definition decent job, and also implies that the current definition of green jobs

does not encompass jobs that build on the social pillar of sustainability and help eradicate

poverty while developing sustainably.

- Three approaches to maximize the benefits of a green economy for young people

In this paragraph, the current seeds for a youth enhanced green economy will be described with

a focus on three levels:

increased youth hiring: young people taking part in the labour market within a green

economy.

increased youth employability: enhancing young peoples fitness for the labour market

within a green economy.

increased youth entrepreneurship: empowerment to co-create a green economy and

labour opportunities through entrepreneurship.

The aim is to give an overview about what is currently happening to enhance the role of youth

within the labour market and look forward to its potential for a green economy as well as to shed

light on gaps in enhancing the role of youth.

One general positive development which can be noted is the adoption in 2009 by the ILOs

membership of The Global Jobs Pact, which includes a range of measures to help sustain youth

employment, including incentives for job creation, skills development, income support, public


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The key assumption is that a lack of job experience, insufficient exposure to a working

environment and negative stereotypes are contributing to a negative perception of young

workers. Not only does this result in less hiring, it also often results in hiring youth on part-timebasis or informally and therefore receiving lower wages than adults. In times of economic crisis,

labour market discrimination against young people accelerates, also in term of redundancy

plans.

Policies that have been proven to be successful in addressing youth unemployment in general

include offsetting the mismatch of technical skills amongst young people. Successful measures

include counselling programmes, facilitating access to vocational training, creating an enabling

environment for the development and expansion of a competitive job training sector and

providing effective active labour market programmes to unemployed young people and

especially those living in isolated areas where the market does not reach. Other proven

measures are the promotion of subsidized on-the-job training programmes that provide financial

incentives to employers. (ILO 2010a)

Next to training, policies to ear-mark specific jobs for those entering the labour market have

produced positive results. This can be done by generating enough enthusiasm to do so byemployers, both public and private. Governments themselves are often provider of numerous

jobs and have been known to sometimes act as a first employer and reserving specific jobs for

young employed people3. However, pro-active attitudes towards new entrants in the labour

market should not be unique to public employers and private employers could demonstrate

similar leadership.

Other examples try to particularly incentivize the hiring of young people. This can be done


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A Youth Guarantees will offer a more tailored approach in helping young people deal with

structural failures of the labour market will eventually build trust and confidence, and are morelikely to strengthen the labour market ties and participation rates for the future. This could be

targeted specifically to vulnerable groups as well as have a strong pro-green economy

orientation in the design of the skill building programmes.

Finally, in case there is grave discrimination based on age in the labour market, the provision of

specific non-discrimination legislation combined with proper enforcement could improve greatly

the position of young people on the labour market.

If these measures were applied to green jobs, this would be an important step towards a youth

enhanced green economy. Most of these measures could include strong pro-green economy

policy options and hence be strong supporting policies for the green economy. The training,

counseling, ear-marked jobs, supported jobs etc. could not only be specifically targeting young

people, but as these intervene positively in the labour market, they could be oriented to help the

transformation towards a green economy.

b. Increased youth employability:

Increased youth employability and green skills for young people are key to make youth

contribute to a green economy. Relevant factors include the very basic opportunity to learn such

as access to education and gender equality, as well as what we learn in our educational system

and how we are encouraged to learn.


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through the vast amount of references to youth in the Skills for Green Jobs report developed by

the ILO. Mismatches in non-technical skills are increasingly recognized as a key barrier to

employing youth. A recent study by the Youth Employment Network and the International YouthFoundation shows that lack of life skills, lack of initiative and insufficient literacy skills were seen

as the primary constraints when hiring young people in Ghana and Senegal. (ILO 2011b).

It has been shown effective to take an holistic training approach that combines in-classroom and

on-the-job training, combining technical and non-technical skills. It also proves to be beneficial to

foster the cooperation of prospective employers in the design of training content and its delivery

through workplace training. In the case of moving towards sustainability, this could imply

adjusting the content accordingly. The challenge of potential mismatching competencies seems

to call for both a modification of what young people learn through their education as well as how

young people learn.

The UN Decade on Education for Sustainable Development contributes to addressing youth

employability in a society where sustainability challenges are increasingly profound. The efforts

to include sustainable development in studies positively influence what young people are

thought through the education system.

There are a number of key thinkers who stress the importance of transitioning how we learn, as

the current educational system does not sufficiently prepare young people for addressing the

pressing global challenges in our increasingly complex society. Ken Robinson (1998) argues

that schools kill creativity, while creativity is precisely the driving force for innovation which is

needed in sustainable development. Peter Senge (1990) stresses that society currently

evaluates people on their ability to know and argues that it would be more constructive , and


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financial, physical, and social capital. Young entrepreneurs face particular challenges when their

initiative is driven by necessity rather than choice, this is the case when entrepreneurship is

chosen as a response to lack of opportunities in formal sector jobs or in education. Youngpeople in general, and young entrepreneurs driven by necessity in particular often have a lack of

personal savings and resources, lack of securities and credibility, lack of business experience

and skills, and insufficient access to financial instruments to target youth.

Successful measures to address this barrier are entrepreneurship skills training for youth

seeking self-employment opportunities. It is seen as one of the most important investments to

carry out in developing countries where employment opportunities are scarce and self-

employment is often the only option for disadvantaged young people. An integrated approachhas been proven to be effective, including training, counseling and follow-up services,

internships, and access to (micro) credit as well as financial and banking instruments that are

tailored to young people, along with access to workspaces through free or subsidized schemes

in a business incubator and other government-subsidized support services.

Recommendations - Governance, policies and measures toimprove youth in GESDPE

In the following section, policies and actions for promoting and creating enabling environments

for youth in society will be lined out.

a. General Recommendations:


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Encourage the development of national action plans for scaling up youthemployment and employment creation through greening of economies5

The creation of a green youth employment agenda should be stimulated for all national

governments. The main aims for such an action plan would be fourfold: to create more and

better green jobs for youth and to ensure increased hiring of young people in green jobs, to

invest in youth employability and empower youth entrepreneurship in the context of a green

economy.

Make an in-depth analysis of the impact of the transition on the availability and

accessibility of jobs for youth and womenThe sectors most promising in terms of green job creation might not necessarily be those that

employ the most youth - possibly the opposite. Also these sectors are currently relying to a large

extend on a male work force. Studies should be conducted urgently in order to assess the

impacts of the transition on youth and women employment, and to propose measures to ensure

that this transition does not undermine further the position of these vulnerable economic groups.

This includes making readily available adequate statistical material to grasp the position of youth

and women in the labour market taking into account their reduced labour market participation.

Implement a youth-guarantee in national macro-economic policies as a whole and

format green economy strategies as a crucial building block of such a youth-

guarantee

As mentioned in the section on youth enhanced hiring o limit the maximum time that young

people can remain outside employment, training or education as a whole to prevent the

unemployment-scar as a result of prolonged unemployment by ensuring that youth labour


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Continue to facilitate a smooth and efficient school-to-work transition all the

while promoting job quality and skills matchingIt is of crucial importance to ensure a smooth transition from school or study to work, as youth

unemployment is a waste of potential. Therefore, National programmes should be designed to

enable a smooth transition.

Create subsidies and fiscal incentives for employers to hire young people by e.g.

discounting social fees and taxes

Subsidies and fiscal policies provide the state with an effective leverage to stimulate employers

to hire young talent. This policy can be specifically applied as an advantage for businesses that

take a pro-active stance towards greening their business and combat youth unemployment

simultaneously.

Create jobs that are earmarked for youth

Governments can provide numerous jobs which are specifically for young people without any

working experiences. They can act as a first employer and reserving specific jobs for young

employed people and use this work-force to make headways in the transition to a greeneconomy.

Youth participation in economic decision-making

To ensure that policies meet the needs of young people on the one hand, and allow for youth

ownership and engagement on the other hand, it is mutually beneficial to foster youth

participation in decision-making on policies regarding the green economy at large and the role of

youth in particular. Therefore, the value of youth participation through e.g national youth councils


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possible, bridges between the formal and non-formal education system should be developed.

Some examples are grass-root initiatives and civil internship on high-schools and stimulating

youth exchanges related to sustainable development in general and the green economy inspecific.

Address the potential technical skill miss-match by subsidizing technological

studies specialized in green technologies;

To ensure capacity building and knowledge development in the area of green technologies,

countries should take measures to encourage related studies through active promotion and

subsidizing. Those measures should be developed with a view at gender sensitivity, in particular

with regards to ICT training.7

Create a frame for study loans for green jobs with job guarantee

In order to support the participation to vocational and upper education of students with low

resources, as well as to better facilitate their integration on the job market, public-private

partnerships could be established in order to provide study loans schemes in supported by a

specific

Foster multi-stakeholders collaboration to equip students and pupils with the

skills for the green job market

Stimulate the development of public-private partnerships between educational institutions,

(local) governments and organization to both spur a green economy, capitalize on the qualities

of young people and increase fitness of young people for the labour market.

Continuous professional activity for young job-seekers within a green economy


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entrepreneurship and self-employment. Support measures could sustain the viability of such avibrant context of bottom-up initiatives.

Foster development entrepreneurial competencies8

Stimulate a more holistic approach to education where young people are encouraged to think

creatively, innovation, entrepreneurship to empower youth for taking initiative. For example, by

stimulating youth entrepreneurship through contests.

Providing an enabling environment for the creation of youth-led micro enterprises

through seeds funding9

Develop forward-thinking policies and programmes necessary to spur investment in youth greenbusinesses including youth focused financial systems like micro-credits and seed funding for

youth enterprises.

Knowledge assistance and mentorship

Stimulate the greening of youth enterprises through the development of tools to help youth

businesses go green in collaboration with chambers of commerce. An example could be to

provide trainings in sustainable business tailored to young starters and develop a starter kick

which outlines measures and benefits for green business.

e. International cooperation:

The Rio+20 Conference provides a unique opportunity for governments and intergovernmental

organizations to strengthen international cooperation and address collectively the issue of youth


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Global partnership on youth employmentBuilding on the youth focused activities and different competences of UNEP, UNFPA, UNESCO

and ILO, establish an inter-agency partnership to promote cooperation in the areas of youthemployment issues at the national level, inter alia, through exchange of best practices, joint

training and capacity building. Such a partnership could best address the needs and

opportunities identified by young people through co-management between representatives of

the agencies and youth representatives, inspired for instance by the experience of the Council of

Europe with such participatory decision-making. The Global Partnership would help

intergovernmental organizations how to best design their policies and activities and utilize their

existing resources to promote youth employment in the context of a green economy.

Furthermore, as mentioned, specific indicators that adequately frame youth (un)employmentcould be developed in such a partnership.

Integrate green professional skills acquisition as an element of the final years and

follow-up of Decade of Education for Sustainable Development

A more specific focus on the acquisition of the competences demanded by the green job market

could provide a new dynamic to the final years of the UNESCO-led decade of Education for

Sustainable Development. This focus would enable the Decade to better achieve its objective ofcontributing to the economic viability of the creation of a sustainable future.

Mainstream the decent work agenda in the Sustainable Development Goals while

paying specific attention to young people.

Rio+20 could propose a defined set of goals or launch a process of coming to such a set. As

these goals will underpin the progress on Sustainable Development, it is key that these goals

include all dimensions of Sustainable Development. The ILO Decent Work Agenda is a key


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Mol A. (2001), Globalization and Environmental Reform: The Ecological Modernization of theGlobal Economy.

New Economics Foundation (2008), A Green New Deal: Joined-up policies to solve the triple

crunch of the credit crisis, climate change and high oil prices.

http ://www .neweconomics .org /sites /neweconomics .org /files /A _ Green _ New _ Deal_1.pdf

Pauli G.(2010), The Blue Economy.

Peoples Republic of China (2008), Circular Economy Law.http://www .chinaenvironmentallaw .com /wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular -economy-law -cn -

en -final.pdf

Robinson K. (1998), All Our Futures: Creativity, Culture and Education.

Senge P. (1990), The Fifth Discipline, the Art and Practice of the Learning Organization.

Spaargaren G., Mol A. and Buttel, F. (eds.) (2000), Environment and Global Modernity.

Threlfall M. (2002),A Critique of the Statistics that Support the European Employment Policyin

Radical Statistics.

Victor P. (2008), Managing Without Growth: Slower by Design, Not Disaster.
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oads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdfhttp://www.chinaenvironmentallaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/circular-economy-law-cn-en-final.pdf


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You(n)GER Youth Unemployment in the Green Economy Discussion Paper

Annex I Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document

(Annex II. Mapping of References in Contributions to theCompilation Document)

Status Quo

Unemployment as a SD issue

Actors highlighted in this category have in their contribution assessed unemployment

as one of the current issue in relation to sustainable development.

Employment in the Green Economy

Job creation opportunity

The Green Economy is seen in most contribution as an opportunity for job creation.

Sectors (if specified)

The sectors listed in this category are those mentioned in the contribution explicitly

as a potential source of green jobs, or for which the transition might threaten jobs.

Risk for job destructionSome of the actors have highlighted the need to address risks of job destruction in

the transition to the green economy and/or suggested special attention for the

reconversion of the work force of the sectors impacted negatively in this process.

Youth in Green Economy

Vulnerable group


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You(n)GER Youth Unemployment in the Green Economy Discussion Paper

Annex I Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document

Fo Forestry

En Energy (including renewable

energy and energy efficiency)Ind Industry

Lan Land management

Mi Mining

SCP Sustainable Consumption and

Production

Tec Technology and Innovation

Tr Transport

Tou Sustainable tourismUrb Sustainable Urbanism

(including construction)

Wa Waste (including e-waste)


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Discussion Paper on Youth Employment in the Green Economy

Annex II.a Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document - States

Governments

Status Quo Employment in the Green Economy Youth in Green Economy Youth-targeted employment policiesUnemployment

as a SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability

of youthEntrepreneurship

Albania Fo, En, La

Algeria EnArgentina En ArmeniaAustralia Blu, En,

Mi, Ag

BelarusBenin Bhutan BoliviaBostwana Brazil En,Ag,Fi,

Bio, Urb

Burkina Faso Wa, BioBurundi Canada Wa Central

African Rep.

Ag x

Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Bio Croatia Cuba


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Governments


as a SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


Denmark

Dominican

Republic Fo

Ecuador xEgypt En, Tec

El Salvador Ag, Ind Georgia Ghana Ag Grenada Bio, Tou, Ag GuatemalaHoly See Honduras Tou

Iceland Ag, Blu, Lan India Ag, Fo, En,

Fi, Bio, Lan,

EHIndonesia SCP

Israel Urb, Ag

Jamaica Japan Fi, Tec, Urb

KazakhstanKenya


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Governments


as a SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


Lao PeoplesRepublicLiberia Ag, Fo

Liechtenstein Mexico Monaco Fi, En,

TouMontenegro Tou Nepal Fo, Bio New Zealand SCP, EnNiger Nigeria Norway En, Bio,

Fo

PakistanParaguay Peru Philippines Ind, Wa,

Ag, Fi, Urb

Republic of

Korea SCP, Fo

Republic of

Moldova


38/43


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Annex II.b Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document Political Groupings & Regional Consultations

Political Groupings

Status Quo Employment in the Green Economy Youth in Green Economy Youth-targeted employment policiesUnemploy

ment as a

SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


CARICOM

EU and its Member

States

SCP, Fo,

Blu, Bio,

Wa

Group of 77/ China Fi

Pacific Island ForumBlu, Fi, Ag,

Tou

Pacific Small Island

Developing States

Blu, Fi

Annex II.c Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document Regional Consultations

Regional

Consultations


ment as a

SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors

(if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


Africa Urb

Arab Region

Asia Pacific Blu Europe and North

America Urb, Wa,

En, Wa

Latin America and

Caribbean


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Annex II.d Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document Youth NGOs

Youth NGOs


as a SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


Rio+20 Global SongContestSave the ChildrenSpire Ag SustainUS TakingItGlobal x UEA and TEJOUNESCAP Regional

Youth

x

World Youth AllianceYPCD Network

Annex II.e Mapping of References in Contributions to the Compilation Document Intergovernmental Organizations

Intergovernmental

Organizations


as a SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


ADBAlpine Convention Blueprint Ocean

Sustainability Fi, Tr, En,

Tou

ECESA-Plus ECLAC


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Intergovernmental

Organizations


ment as a

SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerab

le groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


EESC FAO/IFAD/WFDGEFIAC-DESDIAEA AgICAO Ind

ILO En, Wa IMFIMO Tr IRENA

IUCN Bio, En, Wa,

Ag, Fo

OECD TecOIF UNCCD

UNCTAD

UNDP

UNDPI Fo

UNECE Urb

UNHCR

UNEMG Tou, Tec

UNEP


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Intergovernmental

Organizations


ment as a

SD issue

Job creation

opportunity

Sectors (if

specified)

Risk for job

destruction

Vulnerable

groupOpportunity

Employment

policy

Employability


UNESCO Tou, Ind

UNFPA

UN Global Compact

UN Habitat Urb UNICEF

UNIDO Ind

UNITARUNV

UN Water

UN Women Ind

UN WTO Tou

WHO WIPO TecWMO

WTO

youth in the green economy

Documents