youth unemployment ani) urban crimes in kampala: a

YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ANI) URBAN CRIMES IN KAMPALA:

A CASE STUDY OF NAMUWONGO PARISH

BY

NAMULI KULUTHUM

1162-06404-05254

A RESEARCH DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF HUMUNITIES

AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF A 1)EGREE IN

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OF

KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY

OCTOBER, 2018

DECLARATION

I. Namuli Kuluthum declare that this research dissertation on ‘~Youth Unemployment and Urban

Crimes in Kampala: A case study of Namuwongo Parish” is my original work and to the best or

my knowledge, has not been submitted for any award at any academic institution.

Student’s Name: Namuli Kuluthum

Reg. No: 1162-06404-05254

Signe& Date: .!~?.IP

APPROVAL

This research dissertation on “Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Kampala: A case

study of Namuwongo Parish” has been done under my guidance and Supervision as an academic

Supervisor and is due for submission to Kampala International Uni~ersity in Partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the award of a Bachelors Degree in Public Administration.

~ Date: (~SUPERVISOR: Madam Tusiime Rhobinah

DEDICATION

First ofall, I would like to dedicate this piece ofwork to the Almighty Allah who has enabled me

to carry out research successfblly and my beloved parents for their endless support bothfinancially and morally without forgetting my dear uncle Hajji Assuman Mugenyi and dear

brothers and lovely sisters. May the Almighty Allah bless you all.

lv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly am greatly indebted to the Almighty Allah for enabling me complete my academic career.

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Madam Tusiime Rhobinah for the

patience, guidance to ensure that this work is perfect. Thank you very much if it wasn’t for you I

don’t think I would have achieved this.

My sincere thanks go to my lecturers who have transformed me into a better and knowledgeable

person through the three years ofacademic struggle at Kampala International University.

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATIONAPPROVAL

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS vi

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introcluction I

1.1 Backgrund I

1.2 Problem Statenient 2

1.3 Objectives of Study 3

1.3.0 General Objective 3

1.3. I Specific Objectives 3

1.4 Research questions 4

1.5 Scope of Study 4

I .5.OContent scope 4

1.5.1 Geographical 4

1 .5.2 Time scope 4

1.6 Significance ofthe study 5

1.7. Conceptual Framework 5

CHA~ER TWO i

LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.0 Introduction i

2.1 Causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 7

2.2 Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 8

2.3 Effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

10

2.4 Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish,

Kampala, Uganda 12

vi

I

CHAtLIYJ’ER 1’I—I1~EE • 18

fvtE1’TIODOI..Oc’~’ • 18

3.I Introduction • 18

3.2 Researchdesign.18

3.3 Study population 18

3.4 Sample size and selection 18

3.5 Sampling techniques 19

3.6 Data.Collection Methods 19

3.6.1 Administering a written questionnaire 20

3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instruments 20

3.7.1 ‘Validity 20

3.7.2 lieliability 20

3.8 Data analysis 21

3.9 Ethical considerations ~. 21

CHAPTER FOUR 22

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 22

4.0 Introduction 22

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 22

4.1.! GenderofRespondents 22

4.1.2 Age of the respondents 23

4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondents 23

4.1.4 Education Levels of the Respondents 24

4.2 Findings on causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 25

4.3 Findings on Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 27

4.3 Findings on effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish,

Kampala, Uganda 29

4.4 Findings on the relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in

Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 32

CHAPTER FIVE 35

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35

vii

5.0 Introduction . 355.1 Discussion of findin~ ~ 35

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents 35

5.1.2 Causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 36

5.1.3 Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 36

5.1.4 Effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala 37

5.1.5 Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish,

Kampala, Uganda 38

5.2 Conclusions 38

52.1 Causes ofYouth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 38

5.2.2Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda 39

5.2.3Effects ofYouth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala 39


Kampala, Uganda 40

5.3 Recommendations 40

5.4 Areas for further research 41

More research needs to be done on the following; 41

REFERENCES 42

APPENDICES 43

APPENDIX 1: QUESTIQNNAIRE 43

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1: Gender distribution of the respondents 22

Table 4. 2: Age distribution of the respondents 23

Table 4. 3: Marital status of the respondents 24

Table 4. 4: Educational Level of the respondents 24

Table 4. 5: One of the causes of unemployment in Uganda, particularly amongst the youth. is due

to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance 25

Table 4. 6: Lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude of

individuals in power in Uganda 26

Table 4. 7: Often employees are not given the due recognition for their good periormance and

dedication in Uganda 26

Table 4. 8: Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda 27

Table 4. 9: 1-ugh rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased crime rates, illegal drug

use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs 27

Table 4. 10: A good number of the crimes committed by people who aren’t influenced by

substance abuse or losing control of their emotions 28

Table 4. II: There are those that believe that there is a strong connection between poverty and

homelessness, and the amount of crime in an area 28

Table 4. 12: Substance abuse, the abusing of alcohol and using ol drugs lead to much ol~ the

mental illness 2~)

Table 4. 13: Policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct, positive

eFFect on crime rates

Table 4. 14: Much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to hurglar~

and thefl. is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times 30

Table 4. 15: The net utility of crime and the employability of youths are simultaneously

determined 31

Table 4. 1 6: Youth can be positive agents of change in their communities in time of conflict and

disaster 3]

‘Table 4. 17: While there are numerous studies of youth labor market outcomes in advanced

countries. studies of youth labor in developing countries are more limited 32

ix

Table 4. 18: Youth Unemployment has implications for social exclusion and division within the

society 33

Table 4. 19: One ofthe fundamental mcans by which to prevent and deter crime is through avisible police presence in the community 33

Table 4.20: Strategies that take a behavioral approach to youth violence can also have positive.

consistent effects on violence, delinquency, and related risk factors 34

x

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter presents the background to the study, statement of the problem, the purpose of the

study, objectives of the study, research questions and assumptions, scope of the study.

significance of the study, the justification of the study and the operational definitions of ternis

and concepts as applied to suit the context of the study.

1.1 Background

Globally, the age pattern ofcrime is close to universal. In virtually all countries, criminal activity

rise with age, peak in the late teens, then fhll (l-Iirschi and Gottfredson 2011). For example, while

the conviction rate among Swedish men aged 19 to 24 in the year 20115 amounted to 4.2 percent

the corresponding figure for men aged 29 to 34 was nearly half as large. A popular explanation

for the age distribution of crime is that youths are more exposed to unemployment (Grogger

2014). Economists have argued that the income loss generated by unemployment lowers the

opportunity cost of engaging in crime (Brenner, 2012). Others have hypothesized that

joblessness triggers frustration and anger, which in turn may lead to violent behavior (Agnew

2012). It has also been suggested that unemployment provides individuals with more time and

opportunities to commit crime (Felson,2012). The global Youth Unemployment rate has

stabilized at 13 per cent following a period of rapid increase between 2007 and 2010 but it is still

well above the pie-crisis level of 11.7 per cent according to the 11.0’s Global Employment

Trends for Youth 2015 report released today. The report highlights a drop in the number of

unemployed youth to 73.3 million in 2014. That is 3.3 million less than the crisis peak of 76.6

million in 2009 (Adawo and Atan, 2013).

In Africa, the employment distribution of sub-Saharan Africa’s youth has changed little over 10

years. In both 1997 and 2007, about halfof Africa’s youth were either unemployed or “inactive.”

as defined by the ILO (David, Bloom and Salai Kumair, 2010). Particularly. young people

between the ages of 15 and 30 are disproportionately affected by and perpetuate violence and

crime in• cities due to unemployment on the continent The unprecedented rise of gangs. for

1

example. has been linked to the youth bulge (Cwlain, 2013). Gangs of young men between the

ages of 15 and 25 have become a distinguishing feature in these developing Cities and have been

linked to urban violence in Cities throughout Latin America, the Caribbean, and Sub-Saharan

Africa (Brenner, 2012).

Unemployment Rate in Uganda decreased to 3.80 percent in 2013 from 4.20 percent in 2012.

Unemployment Rate in Uganda averaged 3.63 percent from 2003 until 2013. reaching an all time

high of 4.20 percent in 2010 and a record low of 1.90 percent in 2007 (Good Wilson, 2002).

Unemployment Rate in Uganda is reported by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics. In Uganda every

year a total of 400,000 youth are released into the job market after graduating to a market that

has only 90,000 jobs (Briggs, 2014). That means that the rest of the youth who have graduated

will have no jobs because the job market is small and therefore if the youth are not job creators

than we will see many walking the streets looking for jobs that have been taken or are still

occupied by people who need to have retired (Richard Curtain, 2004).

In Uganda, rapid urbanization and the social and economic exclusion of youth have had serious

social ramifications (Curtain, 2013). Disaffected young people who lack the economic

opportunities to raise themselves out of poverty are more vulnerable than adults to participation

in armed violence, crime, gangs, drug trafficking, and other illicit activities. This issue is

exacerbated by uncontrolled and rapid urbanization, which concentrates the most at-risk

demographic group into urban enclaves of poverty, unemployment, and disenfranchisement in

the country (Damachi, 2011). As might be expected, the increase of youth in these environments

has led to an increase in conflict, instability, and violence in the developing world. It is becoming

increasingly clear that rapid urban growth without an increase in job opportunities for youth

increases the risk of political and social turbulence, Therefore, it was against this background

that the researcher intended to investigate on the youths unemployment as there is an increase on

the urban crimes,

1.2 Problem Statement

There is an increasing number of youth living in cities in the developing countries such as

Uganda that are facing daunting economic and social challenges. including social exclusion. lack

of economic opportunities, and limited access to resources (Baumer & Gustafson, 2015), They

2

are increasingly marginalized, excluded from the economic growth of cities, and forced to live

on the margins of society.

in Namuwongo a suburb of Kampala City, this economic and social exclusion is rooted in cities~

failure to create quality jobs (Curtain, 2013). As millions of youth migrate 1i’om small towns and

villages into the City, they face limited opportunities with insufficient infrastructure, housing.

and other basic services as well as unequal access to opportunities for education and employment

(Akers, 2016). As such, they are not sharing in and benefiting from the prosperity of’ their cities.

Rather than being at the center of economic activity and gro\vth in cities. the youth find

themselves unemployed or living in poverty in the unstable informal sector (Agnew, 2012).

As a result of limited job opportunities in the public or formal private sector, millions of young

people are forced into the unregulated, exploitative informal sector where wages are not

sul’licient to cover basic living needs (Dwight. 2016). In addition to the lack oi’ available

opportLinities, much of the youth population lacks the qualifications or training required by most

formal sector jobs. As a result of the underemployment, uncertainty, and low wages

characterized by the informal sector, the International Labor Office (ILO) found that 23 percent

of working youth live on USD I a day or less, making them extremely pool’ (Curtain. 2013). It

was in this regard that the researcher attempted to examine YoLith Unemployment and Urban

Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

1.3 Objectives of Study

1.3.0 General Objective

lo examine the impact of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Narnuwongo Parish.

Kampala. Uganda

1.3.1 Specific Objectives

i. To find out the causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala.

Uganda

ii. To identify the causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala. Uganda

iii. To identif~ the effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Narnuwongo Pai’ish.

Kampala, Uganda

3

iv. To examine the relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in

Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

1.4 Research questions

i. What re the causes ofYouth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala. Uganda?

ii. What are the causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda?

iii. What are the effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish.

Kampala, Uganda?

iv. What are the relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in

Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda?

1.5 Scope of Study

1.5.0 Content scope

The study focused on the causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala.

Uganda, the causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda. the effects of

Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala. Uganda and

relationship betWeen Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala.

Uganda

13.1 Geographical

This study took place at Namuwongo Parish. This is located in the heart of Kampala Capital

City; just a few kilometers from the city centre.

1.5.2 Time scope

The study covered a period of three months August to September 2018 because of the nature of

exercise that was undertaken in gathering, editing and processing data.

4

1.6 Significance of the study

The study was to increase awareness about the effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes

within the society.

The study was to act as a source of literature for the scholars who intended to do research on how

U i-ban Crimes can be curbed through addressing Youth Unemployment problem

It was also hoped that the research findings of the study was of great importance to those ~~ho

intend to do further research on the topic.

This research was a requirement for the award of degree in Public Administration under ihe

College of humanities and social sciences, Kampala International University

1.7. Conceptual Framework

This is a diagrammatic representation of variables. The framework shows the linkage of

variables in their measurable units.

Independent variable Dependent variable

Youth Unemployment Urban Crimes

Idleness Robberies

Illiteracy lnsecurit~~ RapePeer groups _______________________________

Gambling

Government intervention

Ngos support

Son rce: Researcher, (2018) e Community participation

5

The above conceptual framework indicates that the independent variable is Youth

Unemployment and this concerns ; idleness, illiteracy, peer groups and gambling. The

independent variable is Urban Crimes which focuses on; robberies, insecurity and rape. This is

intervened by government intervention, Ngos support and community pa rtici patton

6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This section presents the related literature that have been explored and studied both theoretically

and empirically on the existing literature on causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo

Parish, Kampala, Uganda, causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala, Uganda.

effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala, Uganda and

relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala.

Uganda

2.1 Causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

Poor education system

The education structure used in Uganda is not beneficial to the students as it does not directly

correspond to the prevailing economic activities outside the school system (Brenner. H.M.

2012). Rathpr than providing usefbl skills to students and molding professionals, theory is what

is being taught instead of practical. Such education systems just impart literary and general

education without sufficient practical content The end result of this system is an individual

whose skills do not replicate the current economic trends in the job market.

Lack of training facilities

Another vital cause of unemployment in Uganda, particularly amongst the youth. is due to

absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance (Briggs. i.E. 2014). As

previously listed, education structure is flawed as it purely provides academic knowledge thai is

not work oriented. Hence, this creates the need for establishment of several technical facilities

and other work oriented courses at the village level.

7

Poor leadership

Briggs, J.E (2014) noted that lack of employment is also linked to the had leadership and corrupt

attitude of individuals in power in Uganda. Moreover, there is a lot of mone~: embezzlement and

power retention exhibited by policy makers in the education sector. This means funds required

for improvement of education are diverted for selfish personal use. Hence, the education sector

remains largely undeveloped.

Employee Values

Often employees are not given the due recognition for their good performance and dedication in

Uganda (CIA World Fact Book, 201 3). This creates an unfavorable work environment, which

further demotivates employees. When values of employees are neglected by the organization,

they lose interest in their work. It becomes an indirect way of compelling employees to leave

their jobs. People remain unemployed until they find a good job.

Racial Discrimination

Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda. Its one of the most serious

causes of unemployment (Curtain R. , 2013). People who are not citizens ot that particular

country remain unemployed due to discrimination on grounds of race. religion, caste and

ethnicity. It becomes very difficult to find out a decent job under such circumstances. Thus.

earning money for survival becomes difficult and ultimately they are forced to leave the country.

2.1 Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

Fligh rates of unemployment

Curtain R. (2013) further noted that high rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased

crime rates, illegal drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs.

Immigration of people from rural areas to urban areas creates a strain on the available resources.

It also contributes to unpleasant demographic results. In some countries, rural-urban migration

has contributed to a high growth rate of slums. It also led to an increase in pollution. which poses

risks to the health of people within such environments,

8

Connections with d rugs and alcohol

Perhaps the person is impaired because of too much alcohol and ends up doing something that

they wouldn’t have done without impaired judgment, which would have left them in a state to

more clearly see consequences to their actions, and developed the mindset to fight the feeling or

thought (Curtain R., 2013). Or, there are the people who are addicted to hard street drLlgs. and

don’t have any more money to pay for their next ounce of whatever it is they’re taking, so. in

desperation. they rob someone at gunpoint, or rob a store, or attack someone for their money, or

burglarize a house, in the hopes of getting that cash they need for that next hit, so as not to go

through the pain of withdrawal. Then, of course, there are the street venders and the more

powerful drug lords who, in order to maintain control of their territory, or gain control ol’

someone else’s, decide to perform violent acts, such as murdering their competition. in order to

keep their upper hand.

Bad influences

Many times a person. especially people who are habitual criminal offenders, commit crimes

because that is all they know, from the environment that surrounds them, and/or because of the

peer influence around them (Damachi N. A., 2011). Perhaps they’re from a bad neighborhood.

and the only people they see getting ahead in life or getting out of the misery of poverty and

hopelessness, are the people who do some sort of illegal, or criminal activity. They learn the

techniques for burglarizing a property, or stealing a motor vehicle, and get all the

‘encouragement’ they need to go into such endeavors from the people around them. There are

also the young people that feel very threatened by their surroundings. or may have even been

attacked or hurt before, maybe on many occasions, and feel they need some protection. and the

only protection they seem to find is offered in street gangs, many of which go about committing

a plentitude of crimes.

Wrong Moral Choices

A good number of the crimes committed by people who aren’t influenced by substance abuse or

losing control of their emotions, particularly when it comes to property crimes like theft, larceny,

and motor vehicle theft, do so, out of deliberately choosing to do that act. even though it is

9

considered unethical and immoral (Damachi N. A, 2011). Making the wrong moral choices is

closely linked to the bad influences mentioned above. In these cases, the person knows that they

shouldn’t steal or perfbrm other violent acts, but don’t care, and decide to do it anyways.

Mental Disorders

There is no telling how many crimes are done by people who have some kind of mental disorder.

one which is difficult to control, even with proper medications or psychological treatments

(Baumer, B. P.; Gustafbon, R.~ 2015). We are often seeing stories in the news about people who

commit violent acts because of a mental illness they have. Of course, there are different thctors

that confound the information, distort the numbers, don’t account fir different things such as the

effects of medications on those people, and substance abuse. Another study suggests that it is

substance abuse, the abusing of alcohol and using ofdrugs that lead to much of the mental illness

that we see today; this study showed that if we accounted for this substance abuse, the effects of

mental illness on causing crime would be minimal.

Poverty and Homelessness

There are those that believe that there is a strong connection between poverty and homelessness.

and the amount of crime in an area (Baumer, B. P4 Gustafton, R.. 2015). This theory is known

as strain theory, in that social strains on individuals, to achieve upward financial mobility, are

causing those individuals to act out in ways that are illegal, since legal means to achieve that

upward mobility are not available to them. There seems to be some evidence to suggest that

poverty is not a cause of crime, but is reflective of the kind of social behavior that also leads a

person to want to commit crimes. In other words, criminal activity has more of a correlation to

poverty and homelessness rather than being caused (causation) by it. More will be talked about

this later.

2.2 Effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala,

Uganda

Policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct, positive effect on crime

rates. A new study of crime across the United States shows that crime rates rise and fall with

10

unemployment. But this truth is obscured by other factors (Baumer, E. P.; Gustat~on, R., 2015).A Discussion Paper published for the Centre for Economic Policy Research by two economists,

Steven Raphael of the University of California at San Diego and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer of the

University of Linz, finds support for the view held by most people that when men are out ofajobthey are more likely to steal because the risks seem more worthwhile. The writers find a

significant positive, but also quantitatively large, impact of unemployment on several crime

categories (Agnew, R., 2012).

Much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to burglary and theft. is

pro-cyclical, or higher in good times (Agnew, R., 2012). This aggregate picture can arise if other

crime-driving influences are disregarded. One prime candidate is alcohol consumption, which is

higher in good times, but on the other hand is a hefty determinant of all sorti of crime rates. And

there are other ‘omitted variables’ that have to be taken into account when analyzing overall

crime figures. One is the interaction between crime and joblessness, for the former can also

cause the latter.

The net utility of crime and the employability of youths are simultaneously determined. The one

other variable found to be a significant determinant of the net utility of crime is the length of

time since the youth’s last police contact (Dwight, 2016). Other significant determinants of a

youth’s employability include the length of time since the youth’s last police contact, the youth’s

employment status in the preceeding time period, and the seasons. A Dropping the strict

econometric interpretations of the two latent dependent variables, this study concludes that

policies such as government employment programs or a reduction in the minimum wage for

youths would have the beneficial effect of reducing youth crime. However, if youths displace

adults in the labor force, there may be an increase in adult criminality. Moreover, this study

suggests that judges who harshly reprimand delinquent youths demanding that youths find and

keep jobs as “proof” of their reformation will be successful in reducing delinquency

The theoretical sociological and economic literatures conflict with respect to the existence.

nature and importance of youth crime and employment relationships. Secondly, the findings of

the empirical studies on this topic conflict with respect to the direction. magnitude and

significance ofany youth crime-employment relationships (Dwight, 2016).

11

UNDP further, points out that youth can be positive agents of change in their communities in

time of conflict and disaster. Early action to stabilize their livelihoods builds resilience and

supports social cohesion; it also provides alternatives as conflict prevention for at-risk youth.Strategic entry points focus on mobilizing and empowering youth as positive agents of change intheir communities, including emergency employment and entrepreneurship and recovery of

critical livelihoods assets such as skills development and access to finance. Youth also can be

mobilized in disaster preparedness, education and post-disaster efforts- for instance, managing

natural resources, mobilizing communities via new technologies, acquiring peace-building skills.

or supporting effbrts to reduce gender-based violence (Dwight, 2016).


Kampala, Uganda

Brenner, H.M. (2012) noted that developing countries are becoming increasingly prominent in

the world economy as emerging market share and responsibility within the global economy

increases. Youth employment and unemployment is a challenging policy arena for developing

countries, and little empirical evidence is available to inform policy planning and development.

While there are numerous studies of youth labor market outcomes in advanced countries, studies

of youth labor in developing countries are more limited. Since developing countries have

considerably larger young populations as compared to developed countries, issUes of youth

employment and unemployment in developing economies, first ofall, will increase in importance

as these countries continue to gain weight within the global economy. Second. the fast arc of

development in newly industrializing countries provides a unique opportunity to focus on how

Youth Unemployment presents itselfwithin the global economy (Brenner, H.M., 2012).

The significance of the 15 to 24 years of age span cannot be overstated because this is the

developmental stage during which decisions that affect the rest of one’s life are made. According

to the 2008 Global Employment Trends for Youth report prepared by the International Labor

Organization (ILO, 2008), youth comprise approximately 40 percent of total unemployed

persons worldwide although they account for oTnly onequarter of the total working age population

(ages 15 and over). In the decade between 1997 and 2007, unemployment of youth worldwide

increased from 10.9 to 11.9 percent while the global adult unemployment ratio stayed level at 4.2

12

from 1997 to 2007 (ILO, 2008). Youth are approximately three times more likely to be

unemployed than adults.

The youth-to-adult unemployment ratio was 2.8 in 2007, up from 2.6 in 1997 (ILO, 2008, P. 3).

O’Higgins (2001, p. II) noted that Youth Unemployment rates are generally observed to be

higher than adult unemployment for every country for which statistics are available. With the

volatility of local economies in an era of recurrent global economic crises, the vulnerable

position of youth within labor markets may become more solidified as they are oPen not the

priority in the agendas of policy makers. Recent studies of the effects of the 2008 crisis and

studies of prior crises have shown that youth have been adversely affected and much more so

than adults; the effects have been very severe and long lasting (Verick. 2009: Bell &

Blanchfiower. 2009).

If overlooked, Youth Unemployment has a potential to have significant and serious social

repercussions. Youth Unemployment has implications for social exclusion and division within

the society (ILO, 2006). If prolonged, unemployment may have negative consequences thr the

later stages of working life in terms of lower wages and longer spells of unemployment (Fares &

Tiongson 2007; Arulampalam, Gregg & Gregory, 2001: Ellwood, 1982: O’lliggins, 2001). Such

scenarios imply that Youth Unemployment also has a potential to impact not only a person’s

lifetime economic well being. but also social and political participation and the economic

inequality in the society at large. Increasingly. it becomes apparent that youth experiences, as

they relate to the labor market, need to be viewed within macro—level contexts while taking

micro-level perspectives into consideration

l3lanchflower and Freeman (2000), in an analysis of youth labor markets in advanced countries.

discussed various explanations as to why there has not been any youth unrest in recent history

despite deteriorating labor market conditions for youth in these countries. At the time of the

~\riting of their book, the violent youth unrest in Greece I and earlier similar events in France had

not yet taken place

One of the fundamental means by which to prevent and deter crime is thi’ough a visible police

presence in the community. This includes police presence on the streets. in crime hot spots. at

13

public gathering places and at major events (Dianne L.Watts, Babaras S. Judy D and Marry ~vl.

2007).

Education and awareness actions can be divided into sub-categories as follows: - Educating [he

various sectors of the public about how they can avoid being victimized and can assist in

preventing and/or deterring crime and criminal behavior. - Educating potential offenders about

the effects of crime on the victim and the community and about the penalties/consequences ol

criminal behavior (Dianne L.Watts, Babaras S, Judy D and Marry M, 2007).

Rockville (1999) pointed out circumstances that lead to a young person choosing to become

involved in crime vary considerably ti~om individual to individual and as such youth intervention

programs need to be flexible. Some key youth risk groups may include school dropouts. children

in and from government care, children of drug using or criminal parents. homeless and street—

involved youth and youth with disabilities such as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD).

Studies show that by training parents in negotiation ski I Is, sticking to clear rules and rewarding

good behavior, offending rates amongst youth were halved. Parenting can also he an important

protective factor that moderates a child’s exposure to risk.

According to Rockville (1 999),crime reduction through intervention, is defined as reducing the

risk of violence among youths who display one or more risk factors for violence (high—risk

youths) or preventing further violence or the escalation of violence among youths who are

already involved in violent behavior. These types of interventions are also known as secondary

and tertiary prevention, respectively. Thus, intervention includes programs that target high-risk

(selected) populations of youths or already violent (indicated) youths. Although there is some

overlap between prevention and intervention efforts. programs that are most effective in general

populations of young people are not always effective in reducing further violence among

seriously delinquent youths (report on surgeon general 1999/ http:www.surgeongeneral/Iibrary).

Rockville (1999) said that strategies that take a behavioral approach to youth violence can also

have positive, consistent effects on violence, delinquency, and related risk factors. The

behavioral approaches shown to be effective in preventing youth violence on a universal scale

are generally school—based and include behavior monitoring and reinforcement of attendance.

academic progress and school behavior, and behavioral techniques for classroom management.

14

In his report these studies provide evidence that interventions focusing on enhancing positive

student behavior, attendance, and academic achievement through consistent rewards and

monitoring can reduce substance use, self-reported criminal activity, and arrests. as well as

enhance academic achievement in middle school students. In one study, for example, students

exposed to this type of intervention were far less likely than students in a control group to have a

delinquency record 5 years after the program (Bry 1982, Bry and Goerge, 1979, 1980).

Further, in the report review, Rockville said that the best strategies for promoting positive

classroom behavior are establishing clear rules and directions, use of praise and approval.

behavior modeling, token reinforcement, self-specification of contingencies, self-reinforcement,

and behavior shaping. Several strategies aimed at reducing negative student behaviors are also

effective: ignoring misbehavior, reinforcing behavior that is incompatible with negative

behavior, relaxation methods, and using disciplinary techniques such as soft reprimands.

timeouts, and point loss and fines in token economies. The Good Behavior Game uses classroom

behavior management as the primary means of reducing problem behaviors. The Good Behavior

Game targets elementary school children and seeks to improve their psychological well-being

and decrease early aggressive or shy behavior. While both of these programs can reduce

antisocial behavior, their eflècts on violence and delinquency have not yet been measured By

(O’Leavy and O’Leavy 19977)

Rockville (1999) suggests several other school-level environmental approaches are effective in

reducing youth violence and related outcomes. For instance, those that focus on building a

school’s capacity to plan, implement, and sustain positive changes can significantly reduce

student delinquency and drug use. One program in which students were empowered to address

school safety problems resulted in significant reductions in fighting and teacher victimization.

Program Development Education is an example of ihis approach to reducing youth violence. It is

a structured organizational development approach used to help organize. plan, initiate, and

sustain school change. This approach has demonstrated positive effects on delinquency rates

lasting at least 2 years into the program.

Rockville (1999), “the primary prevention strategies are effective at reducing the risk of

academic failure, a risk factor for youth violence: continuous progress programs and cooperative

15

learning. Continuous progress programs are designed to allow students to proceed through a

hierarchy of skills, advancing to the next level as each skill is mastered. This approach has

shown consistent, positive effects on academic achievement in elementary school students in

seven separate evaluations. Cooperative learning is another innovative environmental change

approach that can improve academic achievement in elementary school children. Quite different

ilom continuous progress programs, cooperative learning programs place students of various

skill levels together in small groups, allowing students to help each other learn. Studies show that

this approach has positive effects on attitudes toward school, race relations, attitudes toward

mainstreamed special-education students, and academic achievement (Slavin 1989. 19901’.

Very few studies examine Youth Unemployment or issues related to the employment ol’ youth in

Turkey considering the size of the problem (Yenturk & Baslevent, 2007), Most existing studies

are descriptive in that they lay out statistics on youth employment or unemployment.7 The

unavailability of micro data until recent ‘years and the challenging nature of the strucwre of the

data that are available have hindered comprehensive studies of the factors which impact the

distribution of employment and unemployment among youth. United Nations Development

Program (2008, p. 8) stated that Turkey needs an. articulate youth employment strategy. This

would involve: “identifying the specie features, constraints and opportunities which matter

most in terms of employment creation.” and “new and more specific employment policies.

geared towards the needs of the young” (UNDP. 2008, p. 8).

According to the 2008 Global Employment Trends for Youth (henceforth referred to as GET

Youth. 2008) report prepared by the ILO (2008), yoath comprise approximately 40 percent of

total unemployment worldwide although they only account for one quarter of the total working

age population (ages 15 and over). In the decade between 1997 and 2007. unemployment of

youth worldwide increased from 10.9 to 11.9 percent while the global adult unemployment ‘ate

stayed level at 4.2 from 1997 to 2007 (ILO, 2008). “The youth are approximately three times

more likely to be unemployed than adults. youth—to—adult unemployment rate was 2.8 in 2007. up

from 2.6 in 1997” (ILO, 2008, p. 3). 0’ Higgins (2001. p. I I) noted that Youth Unemployment

rates are generally observed to be higher than adult enemployment rates for every country for

\\‘l~1cl1 statistics are available.

16

From 1997 to 2007, worldwide youth participation rates decreased, while youth inactivity rates(non-participation in the labor force) increased (552 to 50.5 and 44.8 to 49.5 respectively).

These changes are explained by increased participation in flail-time education (ILO. 2008). The

decline in youth labor force participation rates for the standard definition of the youth age group,

15—24, does not hold true for the age group, 25—29 (ILO, 2008). The labor force participation

rate for this group remains constant over time. indicating that “the decline in youth labor force

participation rates [for the former group] is mainly a passive side-effect of longer education

terms, namely the postponing of labor force entry beyond the years which define ‘youth”(iLO,

2008, pp. 6—7). The report, thus, suggested that there is strong evidence for expanding the

standard definition of youth from 15—24 to 15-29 years of age for research purposes (1 LO, 2008.

pp. 6—7).lO O’Higgins (1997) illustrated that, between the early l980s and mid-l990s. the labor

force participation for youth across European countries has decreased largely due to increased

participation in flaIl-time education (O’Higgins, 1997, p. 20). He also showed that the rates for

teenagers (15—19) and young adults (20—24) are different.

Unemployment is one among many issues that youth face in the labor market (lLO. 2006). In

both developing and industrialized countries youth are more susceptible to issues such as bblong

working hours, work with short-term and/or informal contracts, low pay and little or no social•

protection” (ILO, 2004, p.1).

Studies have found that unemployment, if prolonged, may have negative consequences for a

person’s working life in terms of lower wages and/or longer spells of unemployment (Fares &

Tiongson, 2007; Arulampalam, Gregg & Gregory. 2001; Elwood, 1982: 0’ Higgins. 2001). The

authors used the term “scarring” to explain this phenomenon. Authors showed that for youth in

Bosnia, for example, jobless spells take a higher toll on youth with more education (Fares &

Tiongson, 2007). Arulampalam et al. (2001) have illustrated empirically that a significant

dimension of scarring is depreciation of skills during the periods of unemployment

(Arulampalam et al., 2001). The phenomenon of scarring signifies that unemployment is much

more costly for the individual and the society than the initial loss of earnings (Arulampalam. et

al., 2001).

17

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the methods the researcher used to collect data. It focused on the Research

design, organization of the study, data collection, and data collection procedure and data

analysis.

3.2 Research design

The study employed a case study research design. A case study research method as an empirical

inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context; when the

boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident; and in which multiple

sources of evidence are used. Quantitatively, data was collected from selected youths. Officials

at Namuwongo Community Police Post and community leaders. The study was specifically non-

experimental because the researcher wanted to describe and make observations of what the real

results uQ’ould be for purposes of making decisions based on the facts to improve the situation.

3.3 Study population

The study population of 100 respondents was drawn from Namuwongo Parish. Kampala and

these included; 15 Officials at Namuwongo Community Police Post, 10 community leaden in

Namuwongo Parish, 75 Selected youths. The study population of the study was 100 respondents.

3.4 Sample size and selection

In this study used the Slovene’s formula (1978) which guises.

n = N

I +N(e)2

Where n is the sample size, N is the target population and e level of significance/marginal error

(0.05)

18

N

n=

l±N (e2)

100

= 1+100(0.0025) = 80

Therefore the sample size was 80 respondents

3.5 Sampling techniques

The study used purposive sampling techniques. Officials at Narnuwongo Community Police Post

were randomly sampled to give every respondent an equal chance. The purposive sampling

technique was used for officials from the Ministry of Gender Labour and Social Development

and selected youths since they were believed to have vital information on ~~outh Unemployment

and Urban Crimes in Kampala.

Table 3. 1: Table showing target population and sample size

Category Target Sam pie Sam pling

Population size Techniques

Community leaders 15 12 Purposive sampling

O[ticials at Namuwongo Community 10 8 Random Sampling

Police Post

Selected youths 75 60 Purposive sampling

Total 100 80 —

Source: Primary Data (2018)

3.6 Data Collection Methods

Data for the research was collected using three methods. These included self—administered

questionnaires

19

3.6.1 Administering a written questionnaire

Questionnaire refers to a set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information

from individuals. A number of self-administered questionnaires were used because they enabled

the researcher to obtain first-hand inFormation from the Oeld, Primary data was obtained from

respondent categories indicated. The instrument was purposely selected because it sought

personal views of the respondents and thus enabled the respondents to use their knowledge in

providing a wide range of data as they never shied away in any way.

3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instruments

17.1 Validity

Validity refers to the degree to which results obtained from analysis of the data actually

represents the phenomenon under study. The validity of the research instrument was determined

by pretesting. Mugenda and Mugenda (2013) assert that pre testing ensures clarity and accuracy

of’ results so that data collected gives meaningful, reliable results representing variable in the

study. Pre-testing helped to estimate the time needed to take, to [‘ill the questionnaires. pre

testing was done by administering to (10) respondents within the study population but outside of

the sample. Questionnaires were scrutinized by five colleagues at the ft~cultyfor their peer

opinion on content and accuracy. Results from the field and opinion olcolleagues would help to

identify gaps and make modifications to the instruments where necessary. The supervisors ~~ere

notified accordingly.

3.7.2 Reliability

According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2013) reliability refers to the measure of the degree to

which a research instrument yields consistent results or data after repeated trials. Cronhach~s

Alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability of the instruments.

20

3.8 Data analysis

The study utilized statistical techniques to analyze data. In Objective One, the Percentage and

frequency distribution were utilized to analyze data according to the respondents profilecharacteristics. In Objectives Two and Three, the Means and standard deviation were used to

determine , which helped to show the weakness and strengths of the respondents therefore the

flowing numerical values and interpretation was used to interpret the respondent based on mean

range per each question.

3.9 EthIcal considerations

To ensure ethical considerations of the study and the safety, social and psychological well-being

of the person and/or community involved in the study the researcher got clearance letter from the

ethical committee, also getting an introductory letter from the University would ensure the

privacy and confidentiality of the information provided by the respondent which was used just as

academic matters. On the other hand, to ensure the safety of the person and/or community

involved in the study the researcher would work on to get the consent of the respondent approved

•by his signature before the respondent fills the questionnaire.

21

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATIONS, INTEPRETATIONS AND ANALYSTS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction

This chapter covers the presentation of the findings according to the themes of the study which

were: the causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala. Uganda, the causes

of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala, Uganda, the effects of Youth Unemployment

on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda and the relationship between Youth

Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala. Uganda

4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents

Under this section, the researcher was interested in finding out the demographic characteristics of

the respondents. They are presented as follows:

4.1.1 Gender of Respondents

The researcher wanted to know the gender or sex distribution of the respondents and this is

shown in the following table and illustration. This section indicates the both sexes with the

community.

Table 4. 1: Gender distribution of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Males 56 70

Females 24 30

Total 80 100


In the above table 4.1, the study established that the males whose frequency is 56 and females

who frequency is 24 scored 70% and 30% respectively. This implies that males are the majority.

22

ibis implies that the most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs that the males are the

ones who are mostly unemployed and often engage in Urban Crimes in Kampala.

4.1.2 Age of the respondents

The study went on to establish the different age groups of the respondents and the findings were

as presented in table 4.2. The study also involved all respondents who are responsible and ~ ith

mature understanding.

Table 4. 2: Age distribution of the respondents

Age Frequency Percentage (%)

20-35 years 28 35

36-49 years 40 50

50 and above years 12 15

Total 80 100


The study revealed that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 36-49 years had a

frequency of 28(35%). Age category 20-35 had a frequency of 28(35%), while the last category

was 50 and above years with a frequency of 12(15%). This implies that majority of the

respondents were adults who often do understand the impact of youths unemployment on Urban

Crimes in Kampala.

4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

The study further went on to establish the marital status of the respondent and the findings \\ crc

as represented in table 4.3. The researcher was also interested in finding out the marital status of

respondents.

23

Table 4.3: Marital status of the respondents

Marital Status Frequency Percentage

Single 18 22.5

Married 30 37.5

Divorced 23 28.75

Widowed 9 11.25

Total 80 100


The study established that the majority of the respondents who were married were of frequency

30(37.5%). The divorced had a frequency of 30(28.75%). the widowed was frequency of

9(11.25%) whereas the single had a frequency of 18(22.5%). Study flndings established that. the

majority were married and that due to their statuses, had children to take care of and yet

resources were not readily available.

4.1.4 Education Levels of the Respondents

The study also sought about the educational levels of the respondents and the flndings were as

represented in table 4.4. Under this section, the researcher was interested in Onding out the

education status of all respondents involved in the study.

Table 4. 4: Educational Level of the respondents

Education level Frequency Percentage

Primary level 15 18.75

Secondary 2 I 26.25

Certi1~cate level 18 22.5

Diploma 10 12.5

Degree 7 8.75

Master’s degree 9 I 1.25

‘lotal 80 100

Son i-ce: Primary Data (201 8)

24

Study findings in table 4.4 revealed that the least represented level of education was the degree

level with a frequency of 7(8.75%), followed by another category with a frequency of 9(1 1.25%)

of master’s degree, this was followed by another category with a frequency of 10(12.5%) \\ho

were diploma holders, certificate holders had a frequency of 18(22.5%), those were at secondary

school level with a frequency of 21(26.25%) and the remaining 1 8.75% were in primary school

level. This implies that semi—illiterate, thus with low levels of education hence did not fully

understand the concepts of youths unemployment and Urban Crimes in Kampala.

4.2 Findings on causes of Youth Unemployment in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the causes of Youth Unemployment

in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala. Uganda. These are presented as follows:

Table 4. 5: One of the causes of unemployment in Uganda, particularly amongst the youth,

is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance

Response Frequency Percent

Strongly Disagree 4

Le 7 14

Notsure 9 18

Auree 22 44

Strongly Agree 10 20

j~al_____ 50 100


The table 4.5 above indicates that 2(4%) of the respondents strongly disagreed. 7( 14%) of ihe

respondents disagreed, 9(18%) of the respondents were not sure, 44% agreed and the remaining

10(20%) of the respondents strongly agreed that one of the causes of unemployment in Uganda.

particularly amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational

guidance

25

Table 4. 6: Lack of employment is also linked to the bad leaclersh ip and corrupt attitude ofindividuals in power in Uganda

Response Frequency — Percent

Strongly Disagree 2 2.5

Disagree 6 7.5

Notsure II 13.75

Agree 21 — 26.25


Total 80 100


The study results revealed that 2(2.5%) of the respondents strongly disagreed. 6(7.5%) of’ the

respondents disagreed. 11(13.75%) of the respondents were not sure. 2 1(26.25%) of the

respondents agreed and the remaining 40(50%) strongly agreed that lack of’ employment is also

linked to the bad leadership and corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Uganda.

Table 4. 7: Often employees are not given the due recognition for their good performanceand dedication in Uganda


Strongly Disagree 4 5

Disagree 9 — I 1.25 —

Not sure 10 12.5

A~ree 30 37,5

Strongly Agree 27

Total 80 100

Source: Primary Data (201 8)

The table 4.7 above indicates that 4(5%) of the respondents strongly disagreed. 9(1 1.25%) ol’the

respondents disagreed, 10(12.5%) of the respondents were not sure. 30(37.5%) oF the

respondents agreed and the remaining 27(33.75%) of the respondents strongly agreed that oPen

26

employees are not given the due recognition for their good performance and dedication in

Uganda.

Table 4. 8: Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in UgandaResponse — Frequency Percent —


Disagree 2 2.5 —

Not sure 10 12.5

Agree 40 50


Total 80 100

The stLldy results presented in the table 4.8 above indicate that 5% of the respondents strongly

disagreed. 2.5% of the respondents disagreed, 12.5% of the respondents were not sure. 50% o1

the respondents agreed and the remaining 30% strongly agreed. This implies that the majority oF

the respondents revealed that racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in

Uganda.

4.3 Findings on Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish. Kampala, Uganda

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the Causes of Urban Crimes in

Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda. These are presented as follows:

Table 4. 9: High rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased crime rates, illegaldrug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs



Disagree 8 10

Not sure 7 8.75

Agree 40 50

Strongly Agree 21 26.25

Total 80 I 00



27

It was revealed that 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 10% of the respondents disagreed.

875% of the respondents were not sure, 50% of the respondents agreed and the remaining

26.25% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents

revealed that high rates of unemployment in urban areas lead. to increased crime rates, illegal

drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs.


Strongly Disagree 9 I 1 .25

Disagree 4 5

Not sure 10 12.5

Agree 27 3335


Total 80 100


According to the table 4.10 above, 11.25% of the respondents, 5% of the respondents disagreed.

I 2.5% of the respondents were not sure, 33.75% of the respondents agreed and 37.5% stronelv

agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that a good number of the crimes

committed by people who aren’t influenced by substance abuse or losing control of their

emotions. +

Table 4. 11: There are those that believe that there is a strong connection between povertyand homelessness, and the amount of crime in an area



Disagree 6 7.5

Not sure 10 12.5

Agree 28 35


3otal 80 I 00

Table 4. 10: A good number of the crimes committed by people who aren’t influenced bysubstance abuse or losing control of their emotions


28

• The table 4.11 above illustrates that 3.75% of respondents strongly disagreed, 7.5% disagreed.

12.5% of the respondents were not sure, 35% of the respondents agreed and the remaining

4 I .25% of the respondents strongly agreed that there are those that believe that there is a strong

connection between poverty and homelessness, and the amount of crime in an area.

Table 4. 12: Substance abuse, the abusing of alcohol and using of drugs lead to much of themental illness

Response Freq iien cy Percent


Disagree 10 12.5

Not sure 9 I 1.25

Agree 23 28.75


Total 80 100


The results presented in the table 4. 12 above indicate that 6.25% of the respondents strongly

disagreed. 12.5% of the respondents disagreed, 11.25% were not sure, 28.75% of the respondents

agreed and the remaining 4 I .25% of the respondents strongly agreed that substance abuse. the

abusing of alcohol and using of drugs lead to much of the mental i I ness.

4.3 Findings on effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish,

Kampala, Uganda

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the effects of Youth Unemployment

on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda. These are presented as Ibllows:

29

Table 4. 13: Policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct, positiveeffect on crime rates



Disagree 4 50

Not sure

Agree 30 37.5~A 1’) -

Strongly Agree

Total 80 I 00


The study results presented in the table 4. I 3 above indicate that 5% of the respondents strongly

disagreed, 5% of the respondents disagreed, 10% of the respondents were not sure, 37.5% of the

respondents agreed and the remaining 42.5% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies

that majority of the respondents agreed that policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas

can have a direct. positive effect on crime rates.

Table 4. 14: Much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to

burglary and theft, is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times

Response Frequency Percent —

Strongly Disagree I 1.25

Disagree 4 5

Not sure 8 10

Agree 27 33.75

Strongly Agree~ 40 50

Total 80 100


According to the results presented in the table 4. 14 above, I .25% of the respondents strongly

disagreed. 5% of the respondents disagreed, 10°/b of the respondents. 33.75% agreed and the

30

remaining 50% strongly agreed that much research up to now has concluded that violent crime.

as opposed to burglary and theft, is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times.

Table 4. 15: The net utility of crime and the employability of youths are simultaneouslydetermined



Disagree 4 5

Not sure 8 — 10

Agree 30 37.5


Total 80 100 —


The study results presented in the table 4.15 above indicate that 5% of the respondents strongly

disagreed, 5% of the respondents disagreed, 10% of the respondents were not sure, 37.5% otihe


that majority of the respondents agreed that the net utility of crime and the employability of

youths are simultaneously determined.

Table 4. 16: Youth can be positive agents of change in their communities in time olconilietand disaster



Disagree 5 - 6.25

Not sure 9 1 I .25

Agree 21 26.25


Total 80 100


31

The results presented in the table 4. 1 6 above indicate that 2.5% of the respondents strongly

disagreed, 6.25% of the respondents disagreed, 11.25% were not sure, 26.25% of the respondents

agreed and the remaining 53.75% of the respondents strongly agreed that youth can be positive

agents of change in their communities in time of conflict and disaster.

4.4 Findings on the relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in

Namriwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

To achieve this objective, the respondents were asked about the relationship between Youth

Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Narnuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda. These are

presented as follows:

Table 4. 17: While there are numerous studies of youth labor market outcomes inadvanced countries, studies of youth labor in developing countries are more limited



Disagree 10 12.5

Not sure 9 I 1.25

Agree 23 28.75


[otal 80 I 00


The results presented in the table 4. 1 7 above indicate that 6.25% of the respondents strongI~

disagreed, 12.5% of the respondents disagreed, 11.25% were not sure, 28.75% of the respondents

agreed and the remaining 41.25% of the respondents strongly agreed that While there are

numerous studies of youth labor market outcomes in advanced countries, studies of youth labor

in developing countries are more limited.

32

‘Fable 4. 18: Youth unemployment has implications for social exclusion and division withinthe society



Disagree 4 5

Not sure 8 10~ —~~wee iv

Strongly Agree 34 - 42.5

Total 80 100


The study results presented in the table 4. 18 above indicate that 5% of the respondents strongl\

disagreed, 5% of the respondents disagreed, 10% of the respondents were not sure. 37.5% of the


that majority of the respondents agreed that Youth Unemployment has implications for social

exclusion and division within the society.

Table 4. 19: One of the fundamental meansa visible police presence in the community

by which to prevent and deter crime is through

Response Freq uencv Percent

Strongly Disagree I I .25

Disagree 4 5

Not sure 8 10

Agree 27 33.75


Total 80 100


33

According to the results presented in the table 4.19 above, I .25% of the respondents stronelv

disagreed, 5°/b of the respondents disagreed, 10% of the respondents, 33.75% agreed and the

remaining 5O% strongly agreed that one of the fundamental means by which to prevent and deter

crime is through a visible police presence in the community.

Table 4. 20: Strategies that take a behavioral approach to youth violence can also havepositive, consistent effects on violence, delinquency, and related risk factors



Disagree 5 6.25

Not sure 9 I 1.25

Agree 21 26.25


Total 80 100


The results presented in the table 4.20 above indicate that 2.5% of the respondents strongly

disagreed. 6.25% of the respondents disagreed, 11.25% were not sure, 26.25% of the respondents

agreed and the remaining 53.75% of the respondents strongly agreed that strategies that take a

behavioral approach to youth violence can also have positive, consistent effects on violence.

delinquency. and related risk factors.

34

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introductloá

This chapter discusses, concludes and recommends reflecting on the study findings presented in

the previous chapter.

5.1 Discussion of findings

5.1.1. Demographic characteristics of respondents

The study findings revealed that the sample constituted of 80 respondents of which 70% were

males and the 30% remaining were females. This implies that males are the majority. This

implies that the most respondents were men due to the societal beliefs that the males are the ones

who are mostly unemployed and often engage in Urban Crimes in Kampala. The study revealed

that the majority of the respondents fell in the age category 36-49 years with a 35%

representation. Age category 20-35 had a total response of 35%, while 50 and above years age

group was represented by 15%. This implies that majority of the respondents were adults who

often do understand the impact of youths unemployment on Urban Crimes in Kampala.

The study established that the majority of the respondents were married at 37.5%. The divorced

comprised of 28.75%, the widowed were 1 125% whereas the single were only 22.5%. Study

findings established that, the majority were married and that due to their statuses, had children to

take care of and yet resources were not readily available. Study findings revealed that the least

represented level of education was the degree level which comprised of 8.75%, followed by

11.25% of master’s degree, 12.5% of the respondents ofdiploma, 22.5% of the respondents were

certificate holders, 2625% were in the secondary school level and the remaining 18.75% were in

primary school level. This implies that semi-illiterate, thus with low levels of education hence

did not fully understand the concepts of youths unemployment and Urban Crimes in Kampala.

35

5.1.2 Causes of Youth Unemployment iii Namuwongo Parish, Kampula, Uganda

It was found out that 4% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 14% ot the respondents

disagreed, 18% of the respondents were not sure, 44% agreed and the remaining 20% of the

respondents strongly agreed that one of the causes of unemployment in Uganda, particularly

amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational guidance.

This is in line with Briggs, (2014) noted that another vital cause of unemployment in Uganda.

particularly amongst the youth, is due to absence of training facilities and sufficient vocational

guidance. As previously listed, education structure is flawed as it purely provides academic

knowledge that is not work oriented. Hence, this creates the need for establishment of several

technical facilities and other work oriented courses at the village level.

The study results revealed that 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 7.5°/a ol the

respondents disagreed, 13.75% of the respondents were not sure, 26.25% of the respondents

agreed and the remaining 50% strongly agreed that lack of employment is also linked to the had

leadership and corrupt attitude of individuals in power in Uganda. fhis is in line with Briggs.

(2014) who noted that lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt

attitude of individuals in power in Uganda. Moreover, there is a lot of money embezzlement and

p~~~’er retention exhibited by policy makers in the education sector. This means funds required

liar improvement of education are diverted for selfish personal use. Hence, the education sector

remains largely undeveloped.

5.1.3 Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

It was revealed that 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 10% of the respondents disagreed.

8.75% of the respondents were not sure, 50% of the respondents agreed and the remaining

2625% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents

revealed that high rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased crime rates, illegal

drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs. This is in line \~itl1

Curtain (2013) who further noted that high rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to

increased crime rates, illegal drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal

gangs. Immigration of people from rural areas to urban areas creates a strain on the available

resources. It also contributes to unpleasant demographic results. In some countries. rural—urban

36

migration has contributed to a high growth rate of slums. It also led to an increase in pollution.

which poses risks to the health of people within such environments.

According to the study findings, 11 .25% of the respondents, 5% of the respondents disagreed.

1 2.5% of the respondents were not sure, 33.75% of the respondents agreed and 37.5% stronelv

agreed. This implies that majority of the respondents revealed that a good number of the crimes


emotions. This is in I inc with Darnachi (2011) noted that a good number of the crimes committed

by people who aren’t influenced by substance abuse or losing control of their emotions.

particularly when it comes to property crimes like theft. larceny, and motor vehicle theft, do so.

out of deliberately choosing to do that act, even though it is considered unethical and immoral

(Making the wrong moral choices is closely linked to the bad influences mentioned above. In

these cases. the person knows that they shouldn’t steal or perform other violcnt acts. but don’t

care. and decide to do it anyways

5.1.4 Effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala,

U ga nd a

The study results revealed that 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 5% of the respondents

disagreed, 10% of the respondents were not sure, 37.5% of the respondents agreed and the

remaining 42.5% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the

respondents agi’eed that policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct.

positive effect on crime rates. This is in line with Baumer & Gustafson. (201 5) who noted that

policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct, positive effect on crime

rates. A new study of crime across the United States shows that crime rates rise and fall with

unemployment. But this truth is obscured by other factors.

According to the study results, 1.25% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 5% ol the

respondents disagreed, I 0% of the respondents. 33.75% agreed and the remainina 50% strongly

agreed that much research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to burglary

and theft, is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times. This is in line with Agnew. (2012) who noted

that much research up to now has concluded that violent ci’ime, as opposed to burglary and theft.

is pro-cyclical, or higher in good times. This aggregate picture can arise if other crime-driving

37

influences are disregarded. One prime candidate is alcohol consumption, which is higher in good

times, but on the other hand is a hefty determinant of all sorts of crime rates. And there areother‘omitted variables’ that have to be taken into account when analyzing overall crime figures. Oneis the interaction between crime and joblessness, for the former can also cause the latter.

5.1.5 Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes In Namuwongo

Parish, Kampala, Uganda

It was also round out that 625% of the respondents strongly disagreed. 12.5% of the respondents

disagreed, 11.25% were not sure, 28.75% of the respondents agreed and the remaining 41.25%

of the respondents strongly agreed that while there are numerous studies of youth labor market

outcomes in advanced countries, studies of youth labor in developing countries are more limited.

This is in line with Brenner, (2012) who noted that while there are numerous studies of youth

labor market outcomes in advanced countries, studies of youth labor in developing countries are

more limited.

The study results revealed that 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed, 5% of the respondents

disagreed. 10% of the respondents were not sure, 37.5% of the respondents agreed and the

remaining 42.5% of the respondents strongly agreed. This implies that majority of the

respondents agreed that Youth Unemployment has implications for social exclusion and division

within the society. This is in line with ILO, (2006) who noted that if overlooked, Youth

Unemployment has a potential to have significant and serious social repercussions. Youth

Unemployment has implications for social exclusion and division within the society (If

prolonged, unemployment may have negative consequences for the later stages of working life in

terms of lower wages and longer spells of unemployment

5.2 Conclusions

52.1 Causes of Youth Unemployment In Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

The study concludes that lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt

attitude of individuals in power in Uganda. Moreover, there is a lot of money embezzlement and

power retention exhibited by policy makers in the education sector. Often employees are not

38

given the due recognition for their good perfbrmance and dedication in Uganda. This creates an

unfavorable work environment, which further demotivates employees. When values of

employees are neglected by the organization, they lose interest in their work.

The study concludes that racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda. It’s

one of the most serious causes of unemployment. People who are not citizens of that particular

country remain unemployed due to discrimination on grounds of race, religion, caste and

ethnicity.

52.2 Causes of Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala, Uganda

The study concludes that high rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased crime

rates, illegal drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of illegal gangs.

Immigration of people from rural areas to urban areas creates a strain on the available resources.

It also concludes that many times a person, especially people who are habitual criminal

offenders, commit crimes because that is all they know, from the environment that surrounds

them, and/or because of the peer influence around them. A good number of the crimes


emotions, particularly when it comes to property crimes like theft, larceny, and motor vehicle

theft, do so, out of deliberately choosing to do that act, even though it is considered unethical and

immoral

5.2.3 Effects of Youth Unemployment on Urban Crimes in Namuwongo Parish, Kampala,

Uganda

The study also concludes that policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a

direct, positive effect on crime rates. For instance most people are of the view that when men are

out of a job they are more likely to steal because the risks seem more worthwhile. It also

concludes that the net utility of crime and the employability of youths are simultaneously

determined. The one other variable found to be a significant determinant of the net utility of

crime is the length of time since the youth’s last police contact

39

Youth can be positive agents of change in their communities in time of conflict and disaster.

Early action to stabilize their livelihoods builds resilience and supports social cohesion~ it also

provides alternatives as conflict prevention for at-risk youth. Strategic entry points focus on

mobilizing and empowering youth as positive agents of change in their communities

5.2.4 Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Urban Crimes in Namuwongo

Parish, Kampala, Uganda

The study concludes that developing countries are becoming increasingly prominent in the ~ ovId

economy as emerging market share and responsibility within the global economy increases.

Youth employment and unemployment is a challenging policy arena for developing countries.

and little empirical evidence is available to inform policy planning and development. It also

concludes that Youth Unemployment rates are generally observed to he higher than adult

unemployment for every country for which statistics are available. With the volatility of local

economies in an era of recurrent global economic crises, the vulnerable position of youth within

labor markets may become more solidified as they are often not the priority in the agendas o[

p01 Ic makers.

The study concludes that one of the fundamental means by which to prevent and deter crime is

through a visible police presence in the community. This includes police presence on the streets.

in crime hot spots, at public gathering places and at major events

5.3 Recommendations

The study recommends that there is need to create funding mechanisms that are contingent on

mentorship and financial education. Sure, show them the money — but make equally certain

young entrepreneurs are mentored by experienced role models and gain access to financial

literacy programs.

There is need to encourage Entrepreneurship. lt’s no secret that entrepreneurs are pivotal to

creating wealth and driving economic growth, innovation and employment.

There is also need for reevaluating the distribution of welfare. Care must be taken to avoid

promotion of welfare as a viable alternative to work. Youth allowances can set a dangerous

40

precedent by encouraging the view that weliare is a necessity to fund their liFestyle. There needs

to be a review of the length of time that young job seekers can claim unemployment benefits, or

at least ensure that they are exploring all avenues for work.

There is need to moclernise apprenticeships. It’s important that there is a continued increase in

new and modem apprenticeship opportunities, particularly for those furthest from the labor

market. As part of the process for developing a new skilled workforce in Australia, there needs to

be an emphasis on developing the skills and knowledge of young Australians.

The study recommends that there is need to provide ftiir opportunities for disadvantaged youth.

Initiatives such as this need to continue to drive business growth and create more opportunities

for youth in disadvantaged areas.

5.4 Areas for further research

More research needs to be done on the following;

Impact of Youth Unemployment on poverty in Uganda

• Effect of insecurity on high crime rate in Uganda

41

REFERENCES

Brenner, H.M. (2012). “Influence of the Social Environment on Psychology: The HistoricalPerspective.” In James E. Barrett, ed., Stress and Mental Disorder. Raven University Press.

New York.

Briggs, i.E (2014) “Unemployment statistics and what they mean”. Monthly Labour Bulletin.

Washington DC; US Department of Labour.

C!A World Fact Book (2013). “httpllwww.cia.gov/Iibrary/publications/theworld-tb.ctbook.

Curtain R. (2013). “The Case of Investing in Young People as Part of a National poverty

Reduction Strategy.” United Nations Population Fund, New York

Damachi N. A. (2011). “Evaluation of past Policy Measures for Solving Unemployment

Problem” in Unemployment in Nigeria; CBN Bullion Vol 25, No 4 Oct/Dec

Baumer, E. P.; Gustafton, R. (2015). “Social Organization and Instrumental Crime: Assessing

the Empirical Validity of Classic and Contemporary Anomie Theories”.Criminology 45(3):

617463

Akers, R. L. (2016). “Is Differential Association/social Learning Cultural Deviance

Theory?”. Criminology 34(2): 229—247.

Agnew4 R. (2012). “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and

Delinquency”.Criminology 30:4748.

Dwight (2016). “Mafia: The Prototypical Alien Conspiracy”. The ANNALS of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science 423 (1).

42

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent

My name is NAMULI KULUTHUM, 1162-06404-05254, a student from Kampala

International University, carrying out a study on the Youth IJnemployment and Urban Crimes

in Kampala: A case study of Namuwongo Parish. I am very glad that you are m~ respondent

lhr this study. The purpose of this questionnaire was to obtain your opinion/views to he included

among others in the study. This research is one of the requirements leading to the award of’

Bachelor’s degree in Public Administration of Kampala International University. It is hence an

academic research and will not be used for any other purpose other than academic. Your co

operation and answers to these questions heartily and honestly ~vi II he signi licant to this stud\ to

gather the data needed.

SECTION A: BACKGROUND INFORMATiON

1. Gender

Male

Female

2. M~arital Status

Married

Single

3. Educational Background

Cciii ficate

Dip I om a

l3achelor’s Degree

Masters

4. Age.

Below 20

Between 20-39

Between 40-59

60 and above

43

5. Work Experience

Below 2 years

2-5 years

6-10 years

Over 1 0 years

Direction I: Please write your rating on the space before each option which corresponds to your

best choice in terms of level of motivation. Kindly use the scoring system below:

Score Response Mode Description Interpretation

5 Strongly Agree You agree with no doubt at all Very satisfactory

4 Agree You agree with some doubt Satisfactory

3 Neutral You are not sure about any None

2 Disagree You disagree with some doubt Fair

Strongly Disagree You disagree with no doubt at all Poor

SECTION B: CAUSES OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN NAMUWONGO PARISH,

KAMPALA, UGANDA~~~_________

Causes of youth unemployment

1 One of the causes of unemployment in Uganda. particularly amongst the

youth. is clue to absence of training facilities and sLiHicient vocational

guidance

2 Lack of employment is also linked to the bad leadership and corrupt

attitude of individuals in power in Uganda

3 Often employees are not given the due recognition for their good

performance and dedication in Uganda

4 Racial discrimination still prevails in many organizations in Uganda

44

SECTION C: CAUSES OF URBAN CRIMES IN NAMUWONGO PARISH, KAMPALA,

UGANDATr~ ~

Causes of urban crimes

T~igh rates of unemployment in urban areas lead to increased crime rates. —

illegal drug use due to idleness, prostitution and the formation of’ illegal

gangs

2 A good number of the crimes committed by people who aren’t influenced —

by substance abuse or losing control of their emotions

3 There are those that believe that there is a strong connection between

poverty and homelessness. and the amount of crime in an area

14 Substance abuse, the abusing of alcohol and using of drugs lead to much

of the mental illness

SECTION D: EFFECTS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT ON URBAN CRIMES IN

NAMUWONGO PARISH, KAMPALA, UGANDA

f T~T~ TIEffects of Youth Unemployment on urban crime

~: Policies designed to increase jobs in inner city areas can have a direct, —~ —

positive effect on crime rates~ 2 ~1ucli research up to now has concluded that violent crime, as opposed to

burglary and theft. is pro—cyclical, or higher in good times

3 The net utility of crime and the employability of youths are

simultaneously determined

4 Youth can he positive agents of change in their communities in time of

conflict and disaster~

45

SECTION E: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YOUTh UNEMPLOYMENT AND URBAN

CRIMES IN NAMUWONGO PARiSH, KAMPALA, UGANDA

TTT~T~1~ Relationship between Youth Unemployment and Lirban crime

While there are numerous studies of youth labor market outcomes in

advanced countries, studies of youth labor in developing countries are

more limited

Youth Unemployment has implications for social exclusion and dvision

within the society

~ One of the fundamental means by which to prevent and deter crime is

through a visible police presence in the community-~~____________________________

Strategies that take a behavioral approach to youth violence can also have

positive. consistent effects on violence. delinquency, and related risk

k~ctors-—

1

Thanks for your responses

END

46

youth unemployment ani) urban crimes in kampala: a

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