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Yucca Mountain Homework Review Solar Energy Passive Solar Energy Active Solar Energy GM GYM Hydroelectric Energy The Ocean Resource Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear Fission Homework Review . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE NEED FOR ENERGY ORGANIC FUELS COAL PETROLEUM NATURAL GAS HOMEWORK REVIEW DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL
GETTING AROUND OTHER ORGANIC FUELS ATOMIC THEORY ATOMS, ISOTOPES RADIOACTIVITY NUCLEAR FISSION RADIOACTIVE WASTE CHERNOBYL
Yucca Mountain Homework Review Solar Energy Passive Solar Energy Active Solar EnergyGM GYM Hydroelectric Energy The Ocean Resource Wind Energy Geothermal Energy Nuclear Fission Homework Review
I. ENERGY• Common: Heat, light, and electricity
• Other forms: mechanical energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy.
• These forms of energy meet the energy needs of the people on Earth.
ENERGY Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy can, however, be changed
The storage, transfer, and conversion of energy is the driving forces behind all life on Earth
A. THE NEED FOR ENERGY
1. A fuel is any substance from which energy can be obtained
2. Electricity is generated by the conversion of other forms of energy
3. This conversion is not 100 percent efficient. • Some energy is converted to
heat, light, or sound
THE NEED FOR ENERGY 4. Non-renewable resource – a
resource that is used faster than it is replaced in natureEx. Fossil Fuels, Sand, Metals
5. Renewable Resource – a resource that is replaced in nature faster than it is used.
Ex. Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water
B. Changing Energy Needs1. Hunter-gatherer societies
○Light, heat, and cooking○Wood met needs
Changing Energy Needs 2. Agricultural societies
Domesticated animals ○energy sources for plows and
other farm equipment
Changing Energy Needs• 3. Industrial Revolution
• Machines take over tasks○Farm equipment: horse-drawn plow
gave way to tractors and harvesters
Fuel consumption increases due to manufacturing and use of machines
C. Organic Fuels1. Organic Fuels:
a. Contain carbon b. Were once part of living organismsc. Also contain hydrogen
• 2. A compound composed only of carbon & hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon
Organic Fuels3. Hydrocarbons may contain
impurities
other chemicals, such as sulfur or lead compounds
Impurities contribute to the pollution
4. Fossil Fuels Stored energy from ancient organisms
can be used today as fuel source
Ex. Oil, Coal, Natural Gas
D. Coalplants + swamps + sediment + time = Coal
Formed when ancient plant material is compressed below sediment
Rock that is an organic fossil fuel
Coal Heat & pressure:
Forces out waterIncreases the carbon concentration
Increased carbon concentration means Increased energy and less smoke released during combustion.
1. Stages in Coal formation1. Peat
2. Lignite
3. Bituminous Coal
4. Anthracite
a. PeatFound on Earth’s surfaceCompressed plant materialHigh water concentration Low energy production Burns smokyBrittle and brownLow carbon concentrationResembles decaying wood
b. Lignite
• Compressed peat • Lower water concentration • Soft brown coal (40% carbon)• Releases little smoke and burns quick• Found below surface - Mined
c. Sub-bituminous coal
Type of coal whose properties range from those of lignite to those of bituminous coal
Used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation
d. Bituminous coalSoft black coalMost abundant in USAForms deep below surface – Mined• Less water & fewer impurities than
lignite• Higher carbon concentration (85%)• Releases little smoke and burns hotter
than lignite• Widely used in industries - power plants
d. Anthracite coalMetamorphic rockShiny black colorLeast water, fewest impurities Highest carbon concentration (95%)Located deeper in the ground than any
of the other forms of coalBurns the hottest with the least amount
of smokeMost expensive
E. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS Fossil fuels can occur in the three
phases of matter. Coal - solidPetroleum - liquid Natural Gas - gas
1. Petroleumorganic material + shallow seas + sediment
+ time = Petroleum
• Syrupy black liquid fossil fuel• Formed from ancient plankton and other
microscopic protists, plants, and animals
Oil Trap
Impermeable Shale
Impermeable Shale
•Impermeable - water & other liquids cannot pass through it.•Permeable – water & other liquids can pass through it.
Permeable Sandstone
Oil Wells• Pressure builds up
• Gusher: drilled well into a pressurized pool of oil - shoot upward
• Where there is little or no pressure, oil must be pumped to the surface
a. Petroleum• One of the world's most important
resources• Separated or refined to make a
variety of products• Gasoline• Jet fuels• Motor oil• Heating oil• Kerosene
Petroleum examples cont’ Grease and lubricants used to
reduce friction are petroleum by-products
The asphalt, synthetic fabrics, and plastics are also made from petroleum
Petroleumb. Worldwide population increases so does the demand for petroleum
2. Natural Gasa. Mixture:
Methane - major hydrocarbonEthane - minor hydrocarbonPropane -minor hydrocarbonTrace amounts of:
○Hydrogen sulfide○Carbon dioxide○Nitrogen○Helium
Natural Gasb. Use:
IndustryHomes and businesses for heating
– burns cleanerHousehold appliancesDoes not have to be converted to
electricity first; more efficient
Natural Gas Household appliances Ex.
StovesWater heatersClothes dryers
Natural Gasc. Natural gas forms in much the same
way as petroleum
Often found trapped above petroleum pools
Sometimes viewed as waste of drilling oil
Homework Review - Homework
Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are
(a) fuels; (b) fossil fuels;(c) organic fuels; (d) hydrocarbons.
Homework Review - Homework
Energy conversion is not 100% efficient because energy is lost in the form of (a) light(b) heat(c) sound (d) all of the above
Homework Review - Homework
The type of society that has the greatest energy needs is the
(a) hunting society;(b) gathering society; (c) industrial society;(d) agricultural society.
Homework Review - Homework
The first stage in the formation of coal is(a) lignite; (b) peat;(c) anthracite;(d) bituminous coal.
Homework Review - Homework
The type of coal that has the highest carbon content is
(a) peat; (b) lignite; (c) bituminous coal; (d) anthracite.
Homework Review - Homework
The most abundant form of coal in the United States is
(a) peat; (b) lignite;(c) anthracite; (d) bituminous coal.
Homework Review - Homework
Coal is to fossil fuel as (a) Petroleum is to crude oil(b) Peat is to coal (c) Methane is to swamp gas(d) Alcohol is to biomass fuel
Homework Review - Homework
Crude oil is another name for (a) alcohol;(b) methane; (c) peat; (d) petroleum.
Homework Review - Homework
Petroleum: plastics as (a) alcohol: gasoline;(b) coal: carbon; (c) garbage: electricity;(d) industry: fuels.
Homework Review - Homework
Mines: coal as (a) petroleum: refineries;(b) corn: alcohol; (c) land: agriculture;(d) wells: petroleum
Homework Review - Homework
The use of corn to make alcohol is an example of
(a) bioconversion; (b) fossil fuels;(c) hydrocarbon; (d) refining.
Homework Review - Homework
Of the following the only example of a biomass fuel is
(a) coal; (b) petroleum;(c) wood;(d) natural gas.
Homework Review - Homework
The process by which alcohol is made by yeast is called
(a) fermentation;(b) bioconversion; (c) purification; (d) distillation.
Homework Review - Homework
Unlike fossil fuels, biomass fuels (a) do not release carbon dioxide; (b) are renewable resources; (c) are buried beneath the surface;(d) are not products of living things.
OTHER ORGANIC FUELS OBJECTIVES:
Describe some of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels
Compare biomass fuels to fossil fuels, and give an example of a bioconversion technique
1. availability & pollution
○The availability problem fossil fuels are not renewableAll available - have already formed
F. Problems associated with the use of fossil fuels
Problems with Fossil Fuels cont’
• Coastal states and offshore drilling• risk of environmental damage
• oil spills • widespread habitat alteration
Problems with Fossil Fuels An alternative - depend on the oil
that are already known to existLocation, Location, Location…
Operation Desert Storm - supply and demand
Problems with Fossil Fuels3. Pollution
• various kinds, especially air pollutiona. release carbon dioxide
4. Increased use of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution – increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by more than 20% –
5. Greenhouse Effect
Problems with Fossil FuelsObtaining fossil fuels is Dangerous
6. Natural gas – combustible7. Coal miners
Suffocation by natural gas Explosions of natural gas and coal
dust
Coal Mine Explosion
G. Biomass Fuels1. A fuel formed from the
products of living organisms.
2. Ex. wood, garbage,
methane, and alcohol
3. Renewable Resource – Can be produced
4. Wooda. Cheap, used mostly in developing
nations• Cost and availability
1. Large amounts of time spent searching
b. Smoke and high carbon dioxidec. Can be damaging to natural forests
5. Garbage a. Much is largely organic materialsb. About two-thirds can be burnedc. Heat waterd. Produce steam
• Turn turbines• Bingo… electric
6. Methanea. Swamp gas:
• produced in swamps • from decaying plants• naturally produced form of methane
b. Decaying garbage in dumps also produces methane
c. Methane removed from swamps and garbage dumps is used as a fuel
7. Alcohol a. Bioconversion : the conversion of
organic materials into fuels • Ex. Sugar cane or corn to make alcohol
b. Ethanol • Yeast – Fermentationi. Liquid biomass fuel
Burns cleanly & Renewable
Alcohol• Brazil - 2 million cars fueled by
ethanol
ii. Gasohol is a mixture of 90 percent gasoline to I0 percent ethanol
• Future: Engines that run on alcohol made from sunflower or peanut
Objective Revisited
Describe some of the problems associated with the use of fossil fuels and what you think should be done to overcome these problems
Objective Revisited
Compare biomass fuels to fossil fuels, and give an example of a bioconversion technique
ATOMIC THEORY
Covalent and Ionic Bonding
II. ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITYA. Atoms – Basic building blocks
of matter Composed of:
1. Protons2. Neutrons Nucleus
3. Electrons Neutral Atom # of p+ = # of e-
The AtomSubatomic
Particle Location Charge Mass
(amu = atomic mass unit)
Proton (p+) Nucleus + 1 amu
Neutron (n0) Nucleus Neutral 1 amu
Electron (e-) Outside Nucleus
- ~0 amu
Helium
1 Å = 1 ten billionth of a meter
B. Atoms and Isotopes1. AII atoms of the same element have
the same number of protons in their nuclei.
a. Atomic Number - # of p+ Ex. O = 8 protons /atomic number is 8
b. Atomic Mass/ Mass # = # of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atoms and Isotopesc. Individuals atoms of the same
element may have different mass #’s because the # of neutrons in the nucleus can vary.
d. Isotope : same element but different mass number – different number of neutron.
Isotopes
Ions vs. IsotopesChange in Number of Electrons
- No change in mass- Change in charge - Formation of an ion
Change in the Number of Neutrons
- Change in mass- No change in
charge- Formation of an isotope
C. Radioactivity Radioactivity – unstable isotopes of
atoms, emitting particles & energy from their nuclei as they decay
Studied by Marie Curie
Ex. H-1 is not radioactive, nor is H-2. H-3 is radioactive.
2. Three Types of Radiation a. Alpha particles are made up of two
protons and two neutrons
b. A beta particle is a high-speed electron.
c. Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation
Radioactivity Alpha decay process changes one
element into another
3) Half-life : the amount of time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay
Objective Revisited Describe the structure of the
atom and the atomic nucleus. Draw an image of a planetary model of an atom and a electron cloud model. Make sure to label the three subatomic particles and give the charge and mass for each.
D. REACTIONS AND REACTORS1. Energy holds protons and
neutrons together
2. Nuclear Fission- splitting the atom; releases energy
a. Can be used to Generate electricity
Nuclear Fissionb. Uranium-235 most used
i. Splits when struck by a neutronii. When U-235 splits, it releases
energy & forms new nuclei, called Daughter nuclei
• Often barium or krypton• Often radioactive
E. Nuclear Reactors
1. Nuclear reactors function very similarly to fossil fuel power plants.
2. Energy is released by nuclear reaction Energy is heatHeat boils waterSteam Rises Steam Turns Turbines Generates Electricty
Look Familiar?
How About Now?
Nuclear Reactors
3. Water: a. Acts as a coolant preventing the
core from meltingb. Slows the movement of the
neutrons released during the chain reaction
Nuclear Reactorsc. control rods
regulate the speed of the chain reaction i. made of cadmium, boron, or other
materials ○absorb neutrons○ regulate heat production
coolant water may reach temperatures above 275 °C
Nuclear Fission vs. Nuclear Fusion
RADIOACTIVE WASTE• OBJECTIVES
–Define radioactive waste, and explain the dangers that arise from it.
–State the problems involved in the safe disposal of radioactive wastes.
F. RADIOACTIVE WASTE1. Produced by Nuclear power
plants ~32 metric tons typical nuclear/year
○ Reprossessed into 1.5 tons of extremely radioactive – Dangerous
Large amounts of low-level waste
RADIOACTIVE WASTE• Radiation is unhealthy for living
things
• Actively dividing cells• blood-cell producing bone marrow• skin cells
RADIOACTIVE WASTE Radiation Exposure
Large doses ○ including skin burns ○anemia○death
Changes in DNA○ long-term effects ○ cancer ○ genetic mutations
RADIOACTIVE WASTE4. Radiation exposure
measured in rems
Average ○ 0.2-0.5 rems / year
RADIOACTIVE WASTE Background radiation mostly comes
from naturally occurring elements in our surroundings
Radiation exposure varies widely, depending on where a person lives and where he or she works
G. Types of Waste1. High-level waste
Radioactive wastes that emit large amounts of radiation
used uranium fuel rodscontrol rodswater used to cool and control the chain
reactionsa. Very Dangerous – May Also Be Poisonousb. May be radioactive for tens of thousands of
yrs
Types of Waste2. Medium-level and low-level wastes:
Not as radioactive as high-level wasteslarger volume of these wastes is
generated• Ex.
• mine wastes scattered around a uranium mine
• contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker
Types of Waste• Low-level radioactive wastes
• Also produced by hospitals & laboratories• Less obvious damage to health than high-
level wastes• More common than high level wastes• May pose a greater health risk to human
health
H. Waste Disposal• The contaminants may have long
half-lives, taking thousands of years to decay
• Low-level wastes can be dangerous for 300 years or more
H. Waste Disposal1. High-level wastes may be
dangerous for tens of thousands of years
• Plutonium-239• half-life of 24,000 years• dangerous for 192, 000 years• deadly poison, even in small amounts
Waste Disposal2. Long half-lives = serious disposal
problem3. Must be sealed in containers that will not
corrode for thousands of years
4. U.S. government seal the wastes in glassa. must be geologically stableb. Earthquake or Volcanoes could cause spillc. Must be stored deep under the ground
(costly)
Waste Disposal• Almost all the high-level radioactive
wastes in the world have not been disposed of permanently
• They sit in storage tanks outside nuclear power and weapons plants
Waste Disposal
• In many cases, these tanks have begun to leak, contaminating the groundwater and releasing radioactive wastes into the environment
Waste Disposal These wastes must be permanently
removed before the contamination gets worse
The government predicts that the cleanup of 20 of the most contaminated nuclear weapons sites in the United States could cost $600 billion
Waste Disposal Low-level wastes
pose disposal problemsoften buriedenclosed in concrete and dropped into the
ocean Exposes environment to contamination
Medium-level wastes • have not been disposed of permanently• presents many of the same problems as
high-level wastes
I. Safety and Cost• If the cooling and control systems in
a reactor core fail, the chain reaction can no longer be controlled
• The core will grow hotter, causing the fuel rods and even the reactor vessel to melt • Meltdown
Safety and Cost Full meltdown
• release huge amounts of radiation• plants are built to avoid meltdowns
or contain them if they occur
• In April I986, however, one core of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine did melt down
The Chernobyl plant was old and lacked many of the safety features built into newer plants
The accident itself was caused by human error
The severity of this accident and the problems with radioactive waste disposal has led many people to question the wisdom of using nuclear power
Nuclear power plants are also very expensive because the required safety measures are very costly
Homework Review Protons and neutrons are found together in
the part of the atom called the
(a) alpha particle;(b) electron; (c) nucleus;(d) isotope.
Homework Review Protons and neutrons are found together in
the part of the atom called the
(a)(b) (c) nucleus;(d)
Homework Review Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called
(a) isotopes;(b) nuclei; (c) electrons; (d) neutrons.
Homework Review Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called
(a) isotopes;(b) (c) (d)
Homework Review One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is
(a) alpha particles; (b) free protons; (c) beta particles; (d) gamma rays.
Homework Review One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is
(a) (b) free protons; (c) (d)
Homework Review All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons.
FALSE, Protons
Homework Review Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons.
FALSE, Alpha
Homework Review The fuel most commonly used in fission
reactions is
(a) Np-239;(b) U-238; (c) U-235; (d) Pu-239.
Homework Review The fuel most commonly used in fission
reactions is
(a)(b) (c) U-235;(d)
Homework Review Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called
(a) reactor vessels; (b) fuel rods; (c) containment buildings; (d) control rods.
Homework Review Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called
(a) (b) (c) (d) control rods.
Homework Review A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron.
TRUE
Homework Review In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy.
TRUE
Homework Review Each year, an average person in the United
States is exposed to a radiation level of
(a) 2 rems; (b) 0.2 rems; (c) 20 rems;(d) 200 rems.
Homework Review Each year, an average person in the
United States is exposed to a radiation level of
(a) (b) 0.2 rems; (c) (d)
Homework Review Pu-239 has a half-life of
(a) 24 years; (b) 240 years; (c) 2400 years; (d) 24 000 years.
Homework Review Pu-239 has a half-life of
(a)(b) (c) (d) 24 000 years.
Homework Review Losing control of the fission reaction in a reactor core may result in a
(a) cooldown; (b) meltdown; (c) draindown;(d) cooling tower.
Homework Review Losing control of the fission reaction in a reactor core may result in a
(a) (b) meltdown; (c) (d)
Homework Review The number of people forced to evacuate because of the Chernobyl accident was
(a) 1,160; (b) 11,600; (c) 116,000; (d) 1,160,000.
Homework Review The number of people forced to evacuate because of the Chernobyl accident was
(a)(b) (c) 116,000; (d)
Homework Review Radon gas is responsible for 25 percent of the radiation in most U.S. homes.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review Radon gas is responsible for 25 percent of the radiation in most U.S. homes.
FALSE, 55 percent
Homework Review Plutonium must be stored for 192,000 years before it is safe.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review Plutonium must be stored for 192,000 years before it is safe.
TRUE
Homework Review The cleanup of the 20 most polluted nuclear weapons facilities in the United States will cost $600 billion.
TRUE or FALSE
Homework Review The cleanup of the 20 most polluted nuclear weapons facilities in the United States will cost $600 billion.
TRUE
Objective Revisited
Visually explain how changes in human societies have changed the demand for energy
Objective Revisited
In a complete sentence describe the structure of organic fuels
Objective Revisited
List the stages of coal formation and describe the characteristics of each stage.
Objective Revisited Using the map of the United States
provided for you in you packet describe to areas where coal deposits are found. Generalize the type of coal found and the location.
Utilize the next slide to help clarify colors
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
• OBJECTIVES:
• Describe the processes of petroleum formation and extraction.
• List several uses for petroleum and natural gas.
Objective Revisited
• In your own words or using pictures describe the processes of petroleum formation and extraction.
Objective Revisited
Think back on the uses for petroleum and natural gas mentioned in this chapter so far. List which uses you personally experience in an average month.
ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY
• OBJECTIVES:
–Describe the structure of the atom and the atomic nucleus.
–Explain how unstable nuclei become stable by releasing radiation.
REACTIONS AND REACTORS
• OBJECTIVES–Discuss the fission chain
reactions that power nuclear reactors
–Diagram the structure and function of a nuclear reactor.
Objective Revisited
Diagram the structure and function of a nuclear reactor.
OBJECTIVE REVISITED
Define radioactive waste, explain the dangers that arise from it and state the problems involved in the safe disposal of radioactive wastes.
OBJECTIVE REVISITED
Write a personal response to your thoughts about the Chernobyl accident.