yuh-jzer joungprocessors processors hardware for power & portability
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ProcessorsYuh-Jzer Joung
ProcessorsHardware for Power & Portability
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Form Vacuum Tubes to transistors to microchips
Vacuum tube
Transistor
Transistor
Transistor
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• Vacuum tubes
• Transistors
• Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Vary-Large-Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
Technology Development
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• A chip, or microchip is a tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of microminiature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors.
• A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor---the part that processes, or manipulates, data into information.
• Experts predict that small, powerful, wireless electronic devices will transform our lives more than the personal computer has done so far.
Miniaturization Miracle & Mobility
Wafer imprinted with many microprocessors.
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Five Types of Computer System
• Microcontrollers: tiny, specialized microprocessors installed in “smart” appliances and automobiles.
• Microcomputers: • Minicomputers• Mainframes• Supercomputers
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Microcomputers: personal computers and workstations
• Microcomputers are small computers that can fit on or beside a desk or or portable.
• Personal computers (PCs) are desktop, tower, or portable computers such as pocket PCs, sub-notebook, notebook, laptops, desktop, tower units and workstations.
• Workstations are usually more sophisticated than PCs. But the decline in workstation prices and the increase in PC power have blurred the difference.
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Minicomputers
Minicomputers are machines midway in cost and capability between microcomputer and mainframes.
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Mainframes
Mainframes are the oldest category of computer system, which usually occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms and capable of great processing speeds and data storage.
Three trends:
• Old mainframes will be kept for some purposes.
• Networks of smaller computers will grow.
• Mainframes will be reinvented.IBM ES/9000
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Supercomputers
Supercomputers are designed in two ways:
• Vector processors• Massively parallel processors
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Powerful supercomputer network
A server, or network server, is a central computer that holds databases and programs for many PCs,workstations, or terminals,which are called clients.These clients are linked by a wired or wireless network.The entire network is called a client/server network
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The CPU (central processing unit)
• The control unit: The control unit tells the rest of the computer system how to carry out a program’s instructions.
• The arithmetic/logic unit: The arithmetic/logic unit, or ALU, performs arithmetic operations and logical operations and controls the speed of those operations.
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Main memory (RAM)
Expansionslots
Expansionslots
Bus
Controlunit ALU
Registers
Bus
CPU
Local busExpansion bus
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Main Memory & Registers• Main memory, also known as primary storage, internal memory, or
RAM (random access memory), is a working storage to (1) hold data for processing, (2) hold instructions to process the data, and/or (3) to hold processed data waiting to be sent to an output or secondary-storage device.
• Registers are high-speed storage areas that temporarily data during processing.
• Main memory and registers are examples of volatile storage --- whose contents are lost during the power is turned-off.
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Machine Cycle
The machine cycle is a series of operations performed to execute a single program instruction.The machine cycle consists of two parts:
• The instruction cycle: in the instruction cycle, or I-cycle, the control unit (1) fetches (gets) an instruction from main memory and (2) decodes that instruction (determines what it means).
• The execution cycle: During the execution cycle, or E-cycle, the arithmetic/logic unit (3) executes the instruction and (4) stores the processed results in main memory or a register.
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The machine cycle
Fetch Decode
Store Execute
Instruction cycle
Execution cycle
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Processing Speeds
• Time to complete one machine cycle, in fractions of a second• Time in millions of machine cycles per second (MHz)• Time to complete instructions, in millions of instructions per
second (MIPS)• Time in floating-point operations per second (flops) :
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The Microcomputer System Unit Power supply Motherboard CPU Specialized processor chips System clock RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory) Other form of memory ---- cache, VRAM, flash Expansion slots and boards Bus lines Ports PC slots and card
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Power Supply• The power supply is a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer.
• A surge protector,or surge suppressor, is a device that protects a computer from being damaged by surges (spikes) of high voltage .
• A UPS, for uninterruptible power supply, is a battery-operated device that
provides a computer with electricity if there is a power failure.
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CPU chips• Intel 86 series (and their variations made by AMD, Cyrix).
• Motorola 68000 series, primary for Apple Macintosh computers.
• In 1994, Motorola joined forces with IBM and Apple to produce the PowerPC chip.
• RISC architecture (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) developed by Sun Microsystems, HP, and Digital.
• Specialized Processor Chips: A motherboard usually has slots for plugging in specialized processor chips. Specialized chips significantly increase the speed of a computer system
• A word is the number of bits manipulated at one time by the CPU.
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Manufacturer and Chip DateIntroduced
Systems Chip SystemClock
BusWidth
Intel 8088 1979 IBM PC, XT 4-8 8Motorola 68000 1979 Macintosh Plus, SE;
Commodore Amiga8-16 16
Intel 80286 1981 IBM PC/AT, PS/2 Model50/60; Compaq Deskpro 286
8-28 16
Motorola 68020 1984 Macintosh II 16-33 32Sun MicrosystemsRISC
1985 Sun Sparcstation I, 300 20-25 32
Intel 80386DX 1985 IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles 16-33 32Motorola 68030 1987 Macintosh IIx series, SE/30 16-50 32Intel 80486DX 1989 IBM PS/2; IBM-compatibles 25-66 32Motorola 68040 1989 Macintosh Quadras 25-40 32IBM RISC 6000 1990 IBM RISC/6000 workstation 20-50 32Sun MicrosystemsMicroSpot
1992 Sun Sparcstation LX 50 32
Intel Pentium 1993 Compaq Deskpro;IBM-Compatibles
60-166 64
IBM/Motorola/ApplePowerPC RISC
1994 Power Macintoshes; PowerComputing PowerWave
60-150 64
Intel Pentium Pro 1995 Compaq Proliant;Data General server
150-200 64
Intel Pentium II 1997 Desktops; server 233-450 64
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Machine Language Machine language is a binary-type programming language that
the computer can run directly. A language compiler translates high-level human-readable
programming languages into machine languages.
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Memory chips• RAM temporarily holds data and instructions that
will be will be needed shortly by the CPU. RAM chips are usually assembled into a SIMM (single inline memory module).
• ROM, which stands for read-only memory and is also known as firmware, cannot be written on or erased by the computer user.
Other Form of Memory• Cache memory is a special high-speed memory
area that the CPU can access quickly.• Video memory is used to store display images for
the monitor.• Flash memory is used primarily in notebook
computers.
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Types of Memory
• DRAM: Dynamic Random Access memory.• SRAM: Static Random Access memory.• ROM: Read-Only Memory.• PROM: Programmable Read-Only Memory.• EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.• EEPROM: Electronically erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory.
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Expansion Slots & BoardsExpansion slots are sockets on the motherboard into which you can
plug expansion cards. Expansion cards,or add-on boards,are circuit boards that provide more memory or control peripheral devices.
Among the types of expansion cards are:• Expanded memory• Display adapter or graphics adapter cards• Network interface card• Controller cards (e.g., disk controller card)• Other add-ons
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Bus Lines
• A bus line, or simply bus, is an electrical pathway through which bits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit.
• A bus carries data between RAM and the expansion slots . A bus that connects expansion slots directly to the CPU is called a local bus.
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PortsA port is a socket on the outside of the system unit that is connected to
an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. • Parallel ports: allow lines to be transmitted simultaneously.• Serial ports: enables a line to be connected that will send bits one
after the other on a single line.• Video adapter ports: connect the video display monitor.• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ports: provides an interface
for transferring data at high speeds• Game ports: allow you to attach a joystick or similar game-playing
device to the system unit.
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PC(PCMCIA) Slot & Cards• Short for Personal Computer Memory Card International
Association, PCMCIA is a completely open, relatively new bus standard for portable computers.
• Joke: People Can’t Memorize Computer Industry Acronyms• Now usually called PC cards.
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Computers & Environmental Questions
• Energy Consumption & “Green PCs”• Environmental Pollution
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Future Developments:Near Horizons
Ultra-tiny multimedia superchips
Billion-bit memory chips
Teraflop supercomputers
Stripped-down Internet PCs
Intercast TV/Internet PC
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Future Developments:Far horizons
Gallium arsenide
Superconductors
Opto-electronic processing
Nanotechnology
Biotechnology-using DNA molecules