z39.82-200x toc/f'word

ANSI/NISO Z39.53-2001 ISSN: 1041-5653(Revision of ANSI/NISO Z39.53-1994)

Codes for theRepresentation ofLanguages forInformation Interchange

Published by the National Information Standards OrganizationBethesda, Maryland

NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.P r e s s

Abstract: A standardized 3-character code to indicate language in the exchange ofinformation is defined. Codes are given for languages, contemporary and historical.

An American National StandardDeveloped by theNational Information Standards Organization

Approved August 31, 2001by theAmerican National Standards Institute

Published byNISO Press4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300Bethesda, MD 20814www.niso.org

Copyright ©2001 by the National Information Standards OrganizationAll rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system,without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed toNISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Printed in the United States of AmericaISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standard SeriesISBN: 1-880124-52-1

This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) Permanence of Paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

National Information Standards Organization (U.S.)Codes for the representation of languages for information interchange

p. cm. — (National information standards series, ISSN 1041-5653)“ANSI/NISO Z39.53-2001 (Revision of ANSI/NISO Z39.53-1994.)”“An American national standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization.”“Approved ... by the American National Standards Institute.”ISBN 1-880124-52-1 (alk. paper) 1. Machine-readable bibliographic data—Standards—United States. 2. Language and

languages--Code words--Standards--United States. I. American National StandardsInstitute. II. Title. III. Series.

Z699.35.M28 N38 2001025.3’24--dc21 00-069547

Contents

Foreword v

1. Purpose and Scope 1

1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................1

1.2 Scope............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2.1 Usage.............................................................................................................. 1

1.2.2 Limitation ........................................................................................................1

2. General Principles of the List 1

2.1 Structure of the Language Codes ................................................................................ 1

2.2 Specificity of the Language Codes .............................................................................. 2

2.3 Future Development .................................................................................................... 2

2.4 Script ............................................................................................................................ 2

2.5 Special Language Codes.............................................................................................. 2

2.5.1 Language Code MIS ...................................................................................... 2

2.5.2 Language Code ART ...................................................................................... 2

2.5.3 Language Code MUL .....................................................................................3

2.5.4 Language Code UND .....................................................................................3

3. Structure of the List of Language Codes 3

3.1 Descriptors ...................................................................................................................3

3.2 Arrangement of the List of Language Codes .............................................................. 3

4. Maintenance Agency 3

Tables

Table 1. List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order by Code ....................................... 5

Table 2. List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order by Descriptor ............................ 10

Table 3. List of Obsolete Language Codes ...................................................................... 15

Appendix

Designation of Maintenance Agency ............................................................................... 16

Page iv

ANSI/NISO Z39.53-2001

Page v


Foreword(This foreword is not part of the American National Standard for Codes for the Representation ofLanguages for Information Interchange, ANSI/NISO Z39.53-2001. It is included for information only.)

This standard was originally prepared by Standards Committee C, Language Codes,which was organized in 1979. Charged with “providing a standard code for indicatinglanguages for information interchange purposes,” the committee produced a standardbased on the list of MARC language codes developed by the Library of Congress incooperation with the National Agricultural Library and the National Library of Medicine.This code list is now published as the MARC Code List for Languages.

Practical application of the MARC language codes has shown that in order to serve asan appropriate retrieval device for information, a standard list of language codes mustreflect the linguistic content of the universal collection to which it is applied, withlanguage codes assigned as needed to distinguish information in a given language orgroup of languages. The MARC language codes constitute such a list.

The committee’s decision to base the standard on the existing MARC list took intoaccount these contributing factors: (a) several years’ successful application of theMARC language codes resulting in many millions of bibliographic records containing theaccepted MARC codes, (b) the mnemonic relationship of the MARC codes to theEnglish language names of the languages with English being the operational languageof most American libraries, information services, and publishers, and (c) the flexibilityinherent in a three-character code. The MARC list may be consulted for references toalternative forms of language names, as well as for the assignments to collective codesof languages for which individual codes have not been established.

This revised edition reflects a thorough review of the document and includes changeswhich are a result of requests and demonstrated need from users and implementors.In addition, it includes numerous changes necessary for compatibility with bibliographiclanguage codes in ISO 639-2 (Codes for the representation of names of languages:alpha-3 code). The MARC code list is kept consistent with both ANSI/NISO Z39.53 andISO 639-2/B.

NISO acknowledges with thanks the contributions of Rebecca Guenther, Library ofCongress Network Development and MARC Standards Office, in revising this standard.

This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the NationalInformation Standards Organization. It was balloted by the NISO Voting MembersFebruary 9, 2001 - March 23, 2001. It will next be reviewed in 2006. Suggestions forimproving this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the National InformationStandards Organization, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. NISOapproval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all Voting Members voted forits approval. At the time it approved this standard, NISO had the following members:

NISO Voting MembersAmerican Association of Law LibrariesRobert L. OakleyMary Alice Baish (Alt)

American Chemical SocietyRobert S. Tannehill, Jr.

3MJerry KarelSusan Boettcher (Alt)

Academic PressAnthony RossBradford Terry (Alt) (continued)

Page vi


epixtech, inc.John BodfishRicc Ferante (Alt)

Ex LibrisJames SteenbergenCarl Grant (Alt)

Follett Corp.D. Jeffrey BlumenthalDon Rose (Alt)

Fretwell-Downing InformaticsRobin Murray

Gale GroupKatherine GruberJustine Carson (Alt)

Gaylord Information SystemsJames EnglishWilliam Schickling (Alt)

GCA Research InstituteJane Harnad

Geac Computers, Inc.

H.W. Wilson CompanyAnn Case

IBMDavid M. ChoyChuck Brink (Alt)

InfotrieveJan Peterson

Innovative Interfaces, Inc.Gerald M. KlineSandy Westall (Alt)

Institute for Scientific InformationHelen AtkinsRichard Newman (Alt)

The International DOI FoundationNorman Paskin

Library Binding InstituteDonald Dunham

The Library CorporationMark WilsonNancy Capps (Alt)

Library of CongressWinston TabbSally H. McCallum (Alt)

Los Alamos National LaboratoryRichard E. Luce

Lucent TechnologiesM.E. Brennan

Medical Library AssociationNadine P. ElleroCarla J. Funk (Alt)

NISO Voting Members (continued)

American Library AssociationPaul J. Weiss

American Society for InformationScience and Technology

Mark H. Needleman

American Society of IndexersCharlotte SkusterMarie Kascus (Alt)

American Theological LibraryAssociation

Myron Chace

ARMA InternationalDiane Carlisle

Art Libraries Society of North AmericaDavid L. Austin

Association for Information and ImageManagement

Betsy A. Fanning

Association of Jewish LibrariesCarloine R. MillerElizabeth Vernon (Alt)

Association of Research LibrariesDuane E. WebsterJulia Blixrud (Alt)

Baker & TaylorRobert H. Doran

Bell & Howell Information and LearningTodd FeganJames Brei (Alt)

BiblioMondo Inc.Martin SachTony O’Brien (Alt)

Book Industry CommunicationBrian Green

Broadcast Music Inc.Edward OshananiRobert Barone (Alt)

Cambridge Scientific AbstractsMatthew DunieAnthea Gotto (Alt)

College Center for Library AutomationJ. Richard MadausAnn Armbrister (Alt)

Congressional Information Service, Inc.Robert Lester

Data Research Associates, Inc.Michael J. MellingerMark H. Needleman (Alt)

Elsevier Science Inc.John Mancia

Endeavor Information Systems, Inc.Verne CoppiCindy Miller (Alt)

(continued)

FOREWORD

Page vii


NISO Voting Members (continued)

Research Libraries GroupLennie StovelJoan Aliprand (Alt)

RoweCom, Inc.Robert Boissy

SIRS Mandarin, Inc.Leonardo LazoHarry Kaplanian (Alt)

SIRSI CorporationGreg HathornSlavko Manojlovich (Alt)

Society for Technical CommunicationAnnette ReillyKevin Burns (Alt)

Society of American ArchivistsLisa Weber

Special Libraries AssociationMarjorie Hlava

Sun Microsystems Inc.Cheryl WrightJohn C. Fowler (Alt)

Triangle Research Libraries NetworkJordan M. ScepanskiMona C. Couts (Alt)

U.S. Department of Commerce, NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology,Office of Information Services

U.S. Department of Defense, Defense TechnicalInformation Center

Gopalakrishnan NairJane Cohen (Alt)

U.S. National Commission on Libraries andInformation Science

Denise Davis

VTLS, Inc.Vinod Chachra

MINITEXCecelia BooneWilliam DeJohn (Alt)

Modern Language AssociationDaniel BokserCameron Bardrick (Alt)

Motion Picture Association of AmericaWilliam M. BakerAxel aus der Muhlen (Alt)

Music Library AssociationLenore CoralMark McKnight (Alt)

National Agricultural LibraryPamela Q. J. AndreGary K. McCone (Alt)

National Archives and RecordsAdministration

Mary Ann Hadyka

National Federation of Abstracting andInformation Services

Marion Harrell

National Library of MedicineBetsy L. Humphreys

NylinkMary-Alice LynchJane Neale (Alt)

OASISLaura Walker

OCLC, Inc.Donald J. Muccino

Openly Informatics Inc.Eric Hellman (Alt)

R.R. Bowker

Recording Industry Assn. of AmericaLinda R. BocchiMichael Williams (Alt)

FOREWORD

(continued)

NISO Board of Directors

At the time NISO approved this standard, the following individuals served on its Boardof Directors:

Donald J. Muccino, ChairOCLC, Inc.

Beverly P. Lynch, Vice Chair/Chair-ElectUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Joel H Baron, Immediate Past ChairHealthgate Data Corporation

Jan Peterson, TreasurerInfotrieve, Inc.

Patricia R. Harris, Executive DirectorNational Information Standards Organization

Pieter S. H. BolmanAcademic Press

Priscilla CaplanFlorida Center for Library Automation

Carl GrantEx Libris (USA), Inc.

Brian GreenBIC/EDItEUR

Richard E. LuceLos Alamos National Laboratory

Deanna MarcumCouncil on Library and Information Resources

Norman PaskinThe International DOI Foundation

Jan PetersonInfotrieve

Steven PugliaU.S. National Archives and Records Administration

Jordan M. ScepanskiTriangle Research Libraries Network

Albert SimmondsOCLC, Inc.


Codes for the Representation of Languages forInformation Interchange

1. Purpose and Scope

1.1 Purpose

The purpose of this standard is to provide libraries, information services, and publishersa standardized code to indicate language in the exchange of information. This standardfor language codes is not a prescriptive device for the definition of language anddialects but rather a list reflecting the need to distinguish recorded information bylanguage.

1.2 Scope

1.2.1 Usage

Language codes are designed to be used:

1. To designate the languages in which documents are or have been written or re-corded;

2. To designate the languages in which document handling records (order records,bibliographic records, and the like) have been created.

1.2.2 Limitation

Language codes are not designed to be used:

1. To designate machine programming languages (FORTRAN, BASIC, and the like);2. To distinguish languages from dialects. The dialect of a language is usually repre-

sented by the same language code as that used for the language.

2. General Principles of the List

2.1 Structure of the Language Codes

Each code comprises three roman alphabet characters. Codes generally were createdusing three characters usually based on an English form of the language name or, insome cases, a vernacular form of the corresponding language name. Future develop-ment of language codes will be based, whenever possible, on the vernacular form ofthe language, unless another language code is requested by the country or countriesusing the language. The codes are varied where necessary to resolve conflicts.


2.2 Specificity of the Language Codes

Language codes are assigned either to individual languages or to related groups oflanguages. The level of specificity of the language code assigned is determined in eachcase to be the level necessary to maintain the utility of the standard based on thevolume of documents or document handling records that have been or are expected tobe written, recorded, or created. Levels of specificity represented by the languagecodes include:

1. Language codes for individual languages;

2. Collective language codes for linguistically or otherwise related groups of languages;

3. Collective language codes for linguistically or otherwise related groups of languageshaving individual language codes for some but not all languages so related.

This standard does not indicate which level of specificity is represented by each code.The word “languages” or “other” as part of a descriptor indicates that a language codeis a collective language code. A collective language code is not intended to be usedwhen an individual language code or another more specific collective language code isavailable.

2.3 Future Development

To ensure continuity and stability, language codes shall rarely be changed and only forcompelling reasons. To accommodate large applications that build continuously, thecodes in Z39.53 shall not be changed if a language name or its abbreviation arechanged.

2.4. Script

A single language code is normally assigned for a language even though the language iswritten in more than one script.

2.5. Special Language Codes

2.5.1 Language Code MIS (Miscellaneous)

The language code MIS for Miscellaneous is assigned to languages that do not havespecific individual or collective codes assigned; Etruscan is an example of a language towhich the code MIS has been assigned.

2.5.2 Language Code ART (Artificial [Other])

The collective language code ART for Artificial (Other) is assigned for those languagesnot serving as native tongues but developed for international communication or some


more specific purpose. Among the languages assigned this code are Babm and Loglan.Individual artificial languages in which a sufficiently significant number of documents ordocument handling records are or have been written, recorded, or created are assignedindividual language codes (e.g., EPO for Esperanto).

2.5.3 Language Code MUL (Multiple Languages)

The language code MUL for Multiple Languages is assigned for those situations inwhich several language codes would be needed to reflect the linguistic content of adocument or document handling record, and it is not practical to use all the appropriatecodes.

2.5.4 Language Code UND (Undetermined)

The language code UND for Undetermined is assigned for those situations in which theagency applying the standard is unable to determine the linguistic content of a docu-ment or document handling record sufficiently to apply the appropriate individual orcollective code(s).

3. Structure of the List of Language Codes

3.1 Descriptors

Each language code is accompanied by a descriptor. Descriptors generally are based onthe form of language name found in Library of Congress Subject Headings. When thedescriptor is changed, the code is not also changed, but remains the same.

3.2 Arrangement of the List of Language Codes

The list of language codes is presented in two versions:

1. In alphabetical order by language code (see Table 1);

2. In alphabetical order by descriptor (see Table 2).

A list of formerly valid but now obsolete codes is included in Table 3.

4. Maintenance Agency

The maintenance agency designated in the Appendix will be responsible for reviewingand acting upon suggestions for new language codes and for maintaining a currentlisting of all language codes and their definitions. Questions concerning the implementa-tion of this standard and requests for information should be sent to the maintenanceagency.


Table 1: List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order by Code

aar Afarabk Abkhazace Achineseach Acoliada Adangmeafa Afroasiatic (Other)afh Afrihili (Artificial language)afr Afrikaansaka Akanakk Akkadianalb Albanianale Aleutalg Algonquian (Other)amh Amharicang English, Old (ca. 450-1100)apa Apache languagesara Arabicarc Aramaicarm Armenianarn Mapuchearp Arapahoart Artificial (Other)arw Arawakasm Assameseath Athapascan (Other)aus Australian languagesava Avaricave Avestanawa Awadhiaym Aymaraaze Azerbaijani

bad Bandabai Bamileke languagesbak Bashkirbal Baluchibam Bambaraban Balinesebaq Basquebas Basabat Baltic (Other)bej Bejabel Belarusianbem Bembaben Bengaliber Berber (Other)bho Bhojpuribih Biharibik Bikolbin Binibis Bislama

bla Siksikabnt Bantu (Other)bos Bosnianbra Brajbre Bretonbtk Batakbua Buriatbug Bugisbul Bulgarianbur Burmese

cad Caddocai Central American Indian (Other)car Caribcat Catalancau Caucasian (Other)ceb Cebuanocel Celtic (Other)cha Chamorrochb Chibchache Chechenchg Chagataichi Chinesechk Trukchm Marichn Chinook jargoncho Choctawchp Chipewyanchr Cherokeechu Church Slavicchv Chuvashchy Cheyennecmc Chamic languagescop Copticcor Cornishcos Corsicancpe Creoles and Pidgins,

English-based (Other)cpf Creoles and Pidgins,

French-based (Other)cpp Creoles and Pidgins,

Portuguese-based (Other)cre Creecrp Creoles and Pidgins (Other)cus Cushitic (Other)cze Czech

dak Dakotadan Danishday Dayakdel Delaware

Code Descriptor Code Descriptor


den Slavedgr Dogribdin Dinkadiv Divehidoi Dogridra Dravidian (Other)dua Dualadum Dutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350)dut Dutchdyu Dyuladzo Dzongkha

efi Efikegy Egyptianeka Ekajukelx Elamiteeng Englishenm English, Middle (ca. 1100-1500)epo Esperantoest Estonianewe Eweewo Ewondo

fan Fangfao Faroesefat Fantifij Fijianfin Finnishfiu Finno-Ugrian (Other)fon Fonfre Frenchfrm French, Middle (ca. 1400-

1600)fro French, Old (842-ca. 1400)fry Frisianful Fulafur Friulian

gaa Gãgay Gayogba Gbayagem Germanic (Other)geo Georgianger Germangez Ethiopicgil Gilbertesegla Scottish Gaelicgle Irishglg Galicianglv Manxgmh German, Middle High

(ca. 1050-1500)

goh German, Old High (ca.750-1050)

gon Gondigor Gorontalogot Gothicgrb Grebogrc Greek, Ancient (to 1453)gre Greek, Modern (1453- )grn Guaraniguj Gujaratigwi Gwich’in

hai Haidahau Hausahaw Hawaiianheb Hebrewher Hererohil Hiligaynonhim Himachalihin Hindihit Hittitehmn Hmonghmo Hiri Motuhun Hungarianhup Hupa

iba Ibanibo Igboice Icelandicijo Ijoiku Inuktitutile Interlingueilo Ilokoina Interlingua (International

Auxiliary Language Association)inc Indic (Other)ind Indonesianine Indo-European (Other)ipk Inupiaqira Iranian (Other)iro Iroquoian (Other)ita Italian

jav Javanesejpn Japanesejpr Judeo-Persianjrb Judeo-Arabic

kaa Kara-Kalpakkab Kabylekac Kachinkal Kalâtdlisutkam Kamba



kan Kannadakar Karenkas Kashmirikau Kanurikaw Kawikaz Kazakhkha Khasikhi Khoisan (Other)khm Khmerkho Khotanesekik Kikuyukin Kinyarwandakir Kyrgyzkmb Kimbundukok Konkanikom Komikon Kongokor Koreankos Kusaiekpe Kpellekro Kru (Other)kru Kurukhkua Kuanyamakum Kumykkur Kurdishkut Kutenai

lad Ladinolah Lahndalam Lambalao Laolat Latinlav Latvianlez Lezgianlin Lingalalit Lithuanianlol Mongo-Nkunduloz Loziltz Letzeburgeschlua Luba-Lulualub Luba-Katangalug Gandalui Luiseñolun Lundaluo Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)lus Lushai

mac Macedonianmad Maduresemag Magahimah Marshallmai Maithilimak Makasar

mal Malayalamman Mandingomao Maorimap Austronesian (Other)mar Marathimas Masaimay Malaymdr Mandarmen Mendemga Irish, Middle (ca. 1100-1550)mic Micmacmin Minangkabaumis Miscellaneous languagesmkh Mon-Khmer (Other)mlg Malagasymlt Maltesemnc Manchumni Manipurimno Manobo languagesmoh Mohawkmol Moldavianmon Mongolianmos Moorémul Multiple languagesmun Munda (Other)mus Creekmwr Marwarimyn Mayan languages

nah Nahuatlnai North American Indian (Other)nau Naurunav Navajonbl Ndebele (South Africa)nde Ndebele (Zimbabwe)ndo Ndongands Low Germannep Nepalinew Newarinia Niasnic Niger-Kordofanian (Other)niu Niueannno Nynorsknob Bokmålnon Old Norsenor Norwegiannso Northern Sothonub Nubian languagesnya Nyanjanym Nyamwezinyn Nyankolenyo Nyoronzi Nzima



oci Occitan (post-1500)oji Ojibwaori Oriyaorm Oromoosa Osageoss Osseticota Turkish, Ottomanoto Otomian languages

paa Papuan (Other)pag Pangasinanpal Pahlavipam Pampangapan Panjabipap Papiamentopau Palauanpeo Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)per Persianphi Philippine (Other)phn Phoenicianpli Palipol Polishpon Ponapepor Portuguesepra Prakrit languagespro Provençal (to 1500)pus Pushto

que Quechua

raj Rajasthanirap Rapanuirar Rarotonganroa Romance (Other)roh Raeto-Romancerom Romanyrum Romanianrun Rundirus Russian

sad Sandawesag Sangosah Yakutsai South American Indian (Other)sal Salishan languagessam Samaritan Aramaicsan Sanskritsas Sasaksat Santaliscc Serbiansco Scotsscr Croatian

sel Selkupsem Semitic (Other)sga Irish, Old (to 1100)sgn Sign languagesshn Shansid Sidamosin Sinhalesesio Siouan (Other)sit Sino-Tibetan (Other)sla Slavic (Other)slo Slovakslv Sloveniansme Northern Samismi Samismo Samoansna Shonasnd Sindhisnk Soninkesog Sogdiansom Somalison Songhaisot Sothospa Spanishsrd Sardiniansrr Sererssa Nilo-Saharan (Other)ssw Swazisuk Sukumasun Sundanesesus Sususux Sumerianswa Swahiliswe Swedishsyr Syriac

tah Tahitiantai Tai (Other)tam Tamiltat Tatartel Telugutem Temneter Terenatet Tetumtgk Tajiktgl Tagalogtha Thaitib Tibetantig Tigrétir Tigrinyativ Tivtkl Tokelauantli Tlingittmh Tamashek



tog Tonga (Nyasa)ton Tongantpi Tok Pisintsi Tsimshiantsn Tswanatso Tsongatuk Turkmentum Tumbukatur Turkishtut Altaic (Other)tvl Tuvaluantwi Twityv Tuvinian

uga Ugariticuig Uighurukr Ukrainianumb Umbunduund Undeterminedurd Urduuzb Uzbek

vai Vaiven Vendavie Vietnamesevol Volapükvot Votic

wak Wakashan languageswal Walamowar Waraywas Washowel Welshwen Sorbian languageswol Wolof

xho Xhosa

yao Yaoyap Yapeseyid Yiddishyor Yorubaypk Yupik languages

zap Zapoteczen Zenagazha Zhuangznd Zandezul Zuluzun Zuni



Table 2: List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order byDescriptor

Descriptor CodeAbkhaz ....................................... abkAchinese .................................... aceAcoli ........................................... achAdangme ................................... adaAfar ............................................. aarAfrihili (Artificial language) .......... afhAfrikaans ......................................afrAfroasiatic (Other) ....................... afaAkan ........................................... akaAkkadian .................................... akkAlbanian ...................................... albAleut ........................................... aleAlgonquian (Other) ...................... algAltaic (Other) ............................... tutAmharic ..................................... amhApache languages ..................... apaArabic .......................................... araAramaic ....................................... arcArapaho....................................... arpArawak ....................................... arwArmenian ...................................armArtificial (Other) ............................artAssamese ................................. asmAthapascan (Other) ..................... athAustralian languages ................. ausAustronesian (Other) ................ mapAvaric ......................................... avaAvestan ...................................... aveAwadhi ...................................... awaAymara...................................... aymAzerbaijani ................................. aze

Balinese ..................................... banBaltic (Other) ............................... batBaluchi ........................................ balBambara.................................... bamBamileke languages.................... baiBanda ......................................... badBantu (Other) ..............................bntBasa ........................................... basBashkir ....................................... bakBasque ....................................... baqBatak ........................................... btkBeja ............................................. bejBelarusian ................................... belBemba ......................................bemBengali ....................................... benBerber (Other) .............................berBhojpuri ...................................... bho

Descriptor CodeBihari ........................................... bihBikol ............................................ bikBini .............................................. binBislama ....................................... bisBokmål ....................................... nobBosnian ...................................... bosBraj .............................................. braBreton .........................................breBugis .......................................... bugBulgarian ..................................... bulBuriat ......................................... buaBurmese .....................................bur

Caddo......................................... cadCarib ............................................ carCatalan ........................................ catCaucasian (Other) ...................... cauCebuano..................................... cebCeltic (Other) .............................. celCentral American Indian (Other) . caiChagatai ..................................... chgChamic languages .................... cmcChamorro ................................... chaChechen..................................... cheCherokee .................................... chrCheyenne .................................. chyChibcha ...................................... chbChinese ....................................... chiChinook jargon ........................... chnChipewyan ................................. chpChoctaw..................................... choChurch Slavic ............................. chuChuvash ..................................... chvCoptic......................................... copCornish........................................ corCorsican ..................................... cosCree ............................................ creCreek ........................................ musCreoles and Pidgins (Other) ........ crpCreoles and Pidgins, .................. cpe English-based (Other) ....................Creoles and Pidgins, ................... cpf French-based (Other) .....................Creoles and Pidgins, .................. cpp Portuguese-based (Other) .............Croatian....................................... scrCushitic (Other) .......................... cusCzech ......................................... cze


Descriptor CodeDakota........................................ dakDanish ........................................ danDayak ......................................... dayDelaware..................................... delDinka ........................................... dinDivehi .......................................... divDogri ........................................... doiDogrib .........................................dgrDravidian (Other) ......................... draDuala .......................................... duaDutch ..........................................dutDutch, Middle (ca. 1050-1350) ......................dumDyula .......................................... dyuDzongkha ................................... dzo

Efik ............................................... efiEgyptian ..................................... egyEkajuk ........................................ ekaElamite ........................................ elxEnglish ....................................... engEnglish, Middle (ca. 1100-1500) ......................enmEnglish, Old (ca. 450-1100) ........ angEsperanto .................................. epoEstonian ...................................... estEthiopic ...................................... gezEwe........................................... eweEwondo..................................... ewo

Fang ............................................ fanFanti ............................................. fatFaroese ....................................... faoFijian.............................................. fijFinnish ......................................... finFinno-Ugrian (Other) .................... fiuFon .............................................. fonFrench ......................................... freFrench, Middle (ca. 1400-1600) ....................... frmFrench, Old (842-ca.1400) .......... froFrisian .......................................... fryFriulian ........................................ furFula .............................................. ful

Gã .............................................. gaaGalician ....................................... glgGanda.......................................... lugGayo........................................... gayGbaya ......................................... gbaGeorgian .................................... geoGerman .......................................ger

Descriptor CodeGerman, Middle High (ca. 1050-1500) ......................gmhGerman, Old High (ca. 750-1050)gohGermanic (Other) ......................gemGilbertese .................................... gilGondi ......................................... gonGorontalo ....................................gorGothic .........................................gotGrebo ..........................................grbGreek, Ancient (to 1453) ............ grcGreek, Modern (1453- ) ...........greGuarani ........................................grnGujarati ........................................ gujGwich’in ..................................... gwi

Haida ........................................... haiHausa ......................................... hauHawaiian ................................... hawHebrew ...................................... hebHerero .........................................herHiligaynon .................................... hilHimachali ................................... himHindi ............................................ hinHiri Motu ...................................hmoHittite ........................................... hitHmong ......................................hmnHungarian .................................. hunHupa .......................................... hup

Iban ............................................. ibaIcelandic ...................................... iceIgbo ............................................. iboIjo ................................................. ijoIloko ............................................. iloIndic (Other) ................................ incIndo-European (Other) ................ ineIndonesian .................................. indInterlingua (International ............. ina Auxiliary Language Association)Interlingue .................................... ileInuktitut ...................................... ikuInupiaq ........................................ ipkIranian (Other) .............................. iraIrish ............................................. gleIrish, Middle (ca. 1100-1550) .... mgaIrish, Old (to 1100) ..................... sgaIroquoian (Other) .......................... iroItalian ........................................... ita

Japanese .................................... jpnJavanese ..................................... javJudeo-Arabic ................................ jrbJudeo-Persian .............................. jpr


Descriptor CodeKabyle ........................................ kabKachin ........................................ kacKalâtdlisut ................................... kalKamba ....................................... kamKannada ..................................... kanKanuri ......................................... kauKara-Kalpak ................................ kaaKaren........................................... karKashmiri ..................................... kasKawi .......................................... kawKazakh.........................................kazKhasi .......................................... khaKhmer ....................................... khmKhoisan (Other) ........................... khiKhotanese .................................. khoKikuyu ......................................... kikKimbundu ................................. kmbKinyarwanda ............................... kinKomi .......................................... komKongo......................................... konKonkani ...................................... kokKorean......................................... korKpelle ......................................... kpeKru (Other) .................................. kroKuanyama .................................. kuaKumyk ....................................... kumKurdish ........................................ kurKurukh......................................... kruKusaie ........................................ kosKutenai ........................................ kutKyrgyz .......................................... kir

Ladino ......................................... ladLahnda ........................................ lahLamba ........................................ lamLao .............................................. laoLatin ............................................. latLatvian ........................................ lavLetzeburgesch ............................. ltzLezgian........................................ lezLingala .......................................... linLithuanian ..................................... litLow German .............................. ndsLozi ............................................. lozLuba-Katanga .............................. lubLuba-Lulua .................................. luaLuiseño ........................................ luiLunda .......................................... lunLuo (Kenya and Tanzania) ........... luoLushai ......................................... lus

Macedonian .............................. macMadurese ................................. mad

Descriptor CodeMagahi ...................................... magMaithili ....................................... maiMakasar .................................... makMalagasy.................................... mlgMalay ........................................ mayMalayalam ................................. malMaltese .......................................mltManchu ..................................... mncMandar ...................................... mdrMandingo .................................. manManipuri ..................................... mniManobo languages ...................mnoManx ........................................... glvMaori ......................................... maoMapuche ..................................... arnMarathi .......................................marMari ........................................... chmMarshall .................................... mahMarwari .................................... mwrMasai ........................................ masMayan languages...................... mynMende ......................................menMicmac ...................................... micMinangkabau ............................. minMiscellaneous languages .......... misMohawk ....................................mohMoldavian .................................. molMon-Khmer (Other) .................. mkhMongo-Nkundu ............................ lolMongolian .................................monMooré ....................................... mosMultiple languages .................... mulMunda (Other) ..........................mun

Nahuatl ....................................... nahNauru ......................................... nauNavajo ........................................ navNdebele (South Africa) ............... nblNdebele (Zimbabwe) ................. ndeNdonga ...................................... ndoNepali ......................................... nepNewari ...................................... newNias ............................................. niaNiger-Kordofanian (Other) ........... nicNilo-Saharan (Other) .................. ssaNiuean......................................... niuNorth American Indian (Other) ... naiNorthern Sami .......................... smeNorthern Sotho .......................... nsoNorwegian ..................................norNubian languages ...................... nubNyamwezi ................................. nymNyanja ........................................ nya


Descriptor CodeNyankole .................................... nynNynorsk...................................... nnoNyoro ......................................... nyoNzima .......................................... nzi

Occitan (post-1500) .................... ociOjibwa.......................................... ojiOld Norse .................................. nonOld Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.) ... peoOriya ............................................ oriOromo....................................... ormOsage ........................................ osaOssetic ....................................... ossOtomian languages.....................oto

Pahlavi ......................................... palPalauan ...................................... pauPali ............................................... pliPampanga ................................. pamPangasinan ................................ pagPanjabi ....................................... panPapiamento ................................ papPapuan (Other) ........................... paaPersian ........................................perPhilippine (Other) ........................ phiPhoenician ................................. phnPolish .......................................... polPonape ....................................... ponPortuguese .................................porPrakrit languages ........................ praProvençal (to 1500) .....................proPushto........................................ pus

Quechua .................................... que

Raeto-Romance .......................... rohRajasthani .................................... rajRapanui ....................................... rapRarotongan .................................. rarRomance (Other) ........................ roaRomanian .................................. rumRomany..................................... romRundi ........................................... runRussian ....................................... rus

Salishan languages ..................... salSamaritan Aramaic.................... samSami ........................................... smiSamoan ..................................... smoSandawe .................................... sadSango ......................................... sagSanskrit ...................................... sanSantali ......................................... sat

Descriptor CodeSardinian ..................................... srdSasak ......................................... sasScots .......................................... scoScottish Gaelic ............................ glaSelkup ......................................... selSemitic (Other) ......................... semSerbian ....................................... sccSerer ............................................srrShan ........................................... shnShona ......................................... snaSidamo ........................................ sidSign languages .......................... sgnSiksika ......................................... blaSindhi ......................................... sndSinhalese .................................... sinSino-Tibetan (Other) .................... sitSiouan (Other) ............................. sioSlave .......................................... denSlavic (Other) .............................. slaSlovak ......................................... sloSlovenian .................................... slvSogdian ...................................... sogSomali ....................................... somSonghai ...................................... sonSoninke ...................................... snkSorbian languages .................... wenSotho .......................................... sotSouth American Indian (Other) ... saiSpanish ...................................... spaSukuma ...................................... sukSumerian.................................... suxSundanese ................................. sunSusu ........................................... susSwahili ...................................... swaSwazi ........................................ sswSwedish .................................... sweSyriac .......................................... syr

Tagalog ........................................ tglTahitian ....................................... tahTai (Other) .................................... taiTajik ............................................. tgkTamashek ................................. tmhTamil .......................................... tamTatar ............................................. tatTelugu .......................................... telTemne....................................... temTerena ......................................... terTetum ......................................... tetThai ............................................. thaTibetan ......................................... tibTigré ............................................. tigTigrinya ......................................... tir


Descriptor CodeTiv ................................................ tivTlingit ............................................ tliTok Pisin ...................................... tpiTokelauan .................................... tklTonga (Nyasa) ............................. togTongan ........................................ tonTruk ............................................ chkTsimshian .................................... tsiTsonga ........................................ tsoTswana ....................................... tsnTumbuka ................................... tumTurkish ........................................ turTurkish, Ottoman ........................ otaTurkmen...................................... tukTuvaluan ...................................... tvlTuvinian....................................... tyvTwi .............................................. twi

Ugaritic ....................................... ugaUighur ......................................... uigUkrainian ..................................... ukrUmbundu ..................................umbUndetermined ............................ undUrdu ............................................urdUzbek ......................................... uzb

Descriptor CodeVai ............................................... vaiVenda ......................................... venVietnamese ................................. vieVolapük ....................................... volVotic ............................................ vot

Wakashan languages ................ wakWalamo...................................... walWaray......................................... warWasho....................................... wasWelsh......................................... welWolof ......................................... wol

Xhosa ......................................... xho

Yakut .......................................... sahYao ............................................. yaoYapese ....................................... yapYiddish ........................................ yidYoruba......................................... yorYupik languages ......................... ypk

Zande ......................................... zndZapotec ...................................... zapZenaga ....................................... zenZhuang ....................................... zhaZulu ............................................. zulZuni ............................................ zun


Table 3: List of Obsolete Language Codes

Old code Descriptor New codecam ................ Khmer ........................................................................................ khmesk ................. Eskimo languages ............................................................... (deleted)esp ................. Esperanto .................................................................................... epoeth .................. Ethiopic ........................................................................................ gezfar ................... Faroese ........................................................................................ faofri .................... Frisian ........................................................................................... frygae ................. Scottish Gaelic ..............................................................................glagag ................. Galician ........................................................................................ glggal .................. Oromo ......................................................................................... ormgua ................. Guarani ......................................................................................... grnint ................... Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association) ........... inairi .................... Irish .............................................................................................. glekus ................. Kusaie .......................................................................................... koslan .................. Occitan (post-1500) ...................................................................... ocilap .................. Sami ............................................................................................ smimax ................ Manx .............................................................................................glvmla ................. Malagasy ..................................................................................... mlgsao ................. Samoan ...................................................................................... smosho ................. Shona ........................................................................................... snasnh ................. Sinhalese ...................................................................................... sinsso ................. Sotho............................................................................................ sotswz ................ Swazi ........................................................................................... sswtag .................. Tagalog ......................................................................................... tgltaj ................... Tajik .............................................................................................. tgktar ................... Tatar .............................................................................................. tattru .................. Truk ..............................................................................................chktsw ................. Tswana ........................................................................................ tsn


APPENDIX

Designation of Maintenance Agency(This Appendix is not part of American National Standard Z39.53-2001 Codes for theRepresentation of Languages for Information Interchange. It is included for information only.)

The functions assigned to the maintenance agency as specified in Section 4 will beadministered by the Library of Congress. Questions concerning the implementation ofthis standard and requests for information should be sent to the Cataloging Policy andSupport Office, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540.

z39.82-200x toc/f'word

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