zavarivanje
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-TRANSCRIPT
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Zavarivanje
Enis Muratović
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• Zavarivanje predstavlja proces izrade nerazdvojivog spojauspostavljanjem međuatomskih veza između dijelova kojise zavaruju, pri čemu se koristi
toplotna i mehanička energija,
a po potrebi i dodatni materijal.
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• Zavarivanjem se izrađuju mašinski dijelovi složenogoblika, visoke čvrstoće, manje tačnosti i u malom brojukomada.
• Zavarivanje se razvilo kao alternativa zakovanim vezama iveoma brzo se pokazalo kao neuporedivo efikasnijim odzakivanja.
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Osnovne prednosti zavarivanja
• Materijalni kontinuitet
• Ušteda materijala
• Efikasnost
• Jeftinija i lakša konstrukcija
• Neograničeno područje primjene
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Osnovni nedostaci zavarivanja
• Uticaj čovjeka na kvalitet (zavarivači, operatori, ispitivači,...)
• Postojanje strukturnih nehomogenosti
• Greške materijalne homogenosti (pukotine, poroznost,...)
• Prisustvo unutrašnjih napona
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Tipovi zavarenih spojeva
• Sučeoni
Sučeoni spoj u više prelaza na limovima velike debljineOznačen je jedan prolaz
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• Ugaoni
Zavareni spojevi na limovima od pocinčanog čelika
Obostrani ugaoni zavareni spoj
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Pripreme spojeva za zavarivanje
Priprema za sučeone zavare
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Priprema za ugaone zavare
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Elementi zavarenog spoja
Elementi za sučeone zavare
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Elementi za ugaone zavare
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Klasifikacija postupaka zavarivanja
• Prema izvoru energije (zavarivanje električnim lukom, zračenjem,...)
• Prema tipu materijala (zavarivanje metala, plastike, raznorodnih materijala)
• Prema namjeni (zavarivanje spojeva i navarivanje)
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• Prema fizikalnom principu (zavarivanje sa pritiskom i zavarivanje topljenjem)
• Prema tipu mehanizacije (ručno zavarivanje, djelomično i potpuno mehanizirano zavarivanje i automatsko zavarivanje)
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Položaji (pozicije) zavarivanja
• Položaj ili pozicija zavarivanja predstavlja parametar osposobljenosti zavarivača.
• Naime, mnogo je jednostavnije zavarivati u položenoj ili vertikalnoj poziciji u odnosu na nadglavnu poziciju.
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Pložaji zavarivanja za sučeone i ugaone spojeve na limovima
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Položaji zavarivanja za sučeone i ugaone spojeve na cijevima
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Horizontalna pozicija zavarivanja
Nadglavna pozicija zavarivanja
Vertikalna pozicija zavarivanja
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Podjela izvora toplote za zavarivanje
• Električni (električni luk, plazma, električni otpor...)
• Hemijski (mješavina oksi-acetilenskog gasa, alumino-termitska smjesa...)
• Mehanički (trenje, ultrazvuk, eksplozija)
• Difuzijski (tvrdi i meki lem...)
• Fokusirani (optički, elektronski mlaz...)
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Pregled pojedinih postupaka zavarivanja obzirom na tip izvora toplote
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Oblikovanje zavarenih konstrukcija
Iskorištenje materijala pri zavarivanju
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Izbjegavanje nagomilavanja šava
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Izbjegavanje nagomilavanja šava
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Izbjegavanje nagomilavanja šava
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Spoj limova sa malom razlikom u debljini za statička opterećenja
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Spoj limova sa malom razlikom u debljini za dinamička opterećenja
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Debljine vara kod sučeonih spojeva
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Korjen vara opterećen na pritisak, a ne na zatezanje
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Korjen vara opterećen na pritisak, a ne na zatezanje
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Osigurati nepropusnost šavom sa unutrašnje strane
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Zavarivanje dugačkih šavova (brojevi označavaju redoslijed zavarivanja uzduž spoja)a) Zavarivanje u jednom potezu - nepovoljno
b) Zavarivanje unatrag – boljec) Zavarivanje na preskok - najbolje
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Zatvorena konstrukcija šava smanjuje mogućnost nastanka korozije
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Šav na mjestu skretanja sileUvijek treba težiti da šav bude udaljen od mjesta koncentracije naprezanja
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Pojačana konstrukcija i duži šav u zoni zatezanja
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a b c d e
Pristupačnost šavovima: a), b), c) Nepristupačni šavovid) Poboljšana pristupačnost
e) Promijenjena konstrukcija, strelica označava šav koji spaja tri lima
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Pristupačnost korijenu šava
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Poboljšan položaj zavarivanja daje bolju čvrstoću šava
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Mehanička obrada zavarenih sklopovaa), c), e) Neispravna konstrukcija – Mehaničkom obradom se zahvata šav
b), d), f) Ispravna konstrukcija – Mehaničkom obradom se skida korijen šava ili šav nije zahvaćen
a b
c d
e f
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Ispravna mehanička obrada u blizini ugaonog šava
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Položaj zuba zupčanika u odnosu na šav
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a b
c
Dobijanje nosačaveće nosivosti