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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Chapter 1
Using the annotation feature ....................................................................................................... 44 Using pan and zoom ................................................................................................................... 45
Text windows operations ........................................................................................................................ 45 Dialog operations .................................................................................................................................... 46 Aborting long computations .................................................................................................................... 46 Summary of useful shortcuts .................................................................................................................. 47 Using the Windows clipboard.................................................................................................................. 48 Zemax file types by extension................................................................................................................. 48
CONVENTIONS AND DEFINITIONS Chapter 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Active configuration................................................................................................................................. 51 Angular magnification ............................................................................................................................. 51 Apodization ............................................................................................................................................. 51 Back focal length..................................................................................................................................... 51 Cardinal planes ....................................................................................................................................... 51 Chief ray.................................................................................................................................................. 51 Coordinate axes...................................................................................................................................... 52 Diffraction limited .................................................................................................................................... 52 Edge thickness........................................................................................................................................ 52 Effective focal length............................................................................................................................... 53 Entrance pupil diameter .......................................................................................................................... 53 Entrance pupil position............................................................................................................................ 53 Exit pupil diameter .................................................................................................................................. 53 Exit pupil position .................................................................................................................................... 53 Extra data................................................................................................................................................ 53 Field angles and heights ......................................................................................................................... 53 Float by stop size .................................................................................................................................... 53 Ghost reflections ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Glasses ................................................................................................................................................... 54
4
Printing ........................................................................................................................................ 72 Colors 1-12, Colors 13-24 ........................................................................................................... 73 Buttons 1-16, Buttons 17-32, Buttons 33-48 ............................................................................... 74 Status Bar ................................................................................................................................... 74
Exit .......................................................................................................................................................... 74 Recently used files.................................................................................................................................. 74
Surface Type ................................................................................................................... 77 Surface DLL .................................................................................................................... 77 Bitmap Image .................................................................................................................. 77 Surface Color .................................................................................................................. 77 Surface Opacity............................................................................................................... 77 Row Color........................................................................................................................ 77 Make Surface Stop.......................................................................................................... 77 Make Surface Global Coordinate Reference................................................................... 77 Surface Cannot Be Hyperhemispheric ............................................................................ 77 Ignore This Surface ......................................................................................................... 78
Surface properties aperture tab .................................................................................................. 79 Aperture type and other aperture controls....................................................................... 79 Aperture type codes and parameters .............................................................................. 80 Aperture projection on non-plane surfaces ..................................................................... 80 Aperture decenters and pickups...................................................................................... 80 User defined apertures and obscurations ....................................................................... 80 The UDA file format......................................................................................................... 81 UDA Examples ................................................................................................................ 82
Surface properties scattering tab ................................................................................................ 84 Surface scattering settings .............................................................................................. 84
Surface tilt/decenter tab .............................................................................................................. 84 Using the Coordinate Return........................................................................................... 85
Surface physical optics tab ......................................................................................................... 86 Surface coating tab ..................................................................................................................... 86 Setting and removing solves ....................................................................................................... 86
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6
SYSTEM MENU Chapter 6
Aperture .................................................................................................................................... 103 Aperture Type................................................................................................................ 103 Aperture Value .............................................................................................................. 104 Apodization Type........................................................................................................... 104 Uniform apodization ...................................................................................................... 104 Gaussian apodization.................................................................................................... 104 Cosine cubed apodization ............................................................................................. 104 User defined apodization............................................................................................... 105 Apodization Factor ........................................................................................................ 105 Telecentric Object Space .............................................................................................. 105 Afocal Image Space ...................................................................................................... 105 Iterate Solves When Updating....................................................................................... 106
Environment .............................................................................................................................. 110 Adjust Index Data To Environment................................................................................ 110 Temperature in degrees C ............................................................................................ 110 Pressure in ATM............................................................................................................ 110
Polarization ............................................................................................................................... 110 Unpolarized ................................................................................................................... 111 Jx, Jy, X-Phase, Y-Phase.............................................................................................. 111 Convert thin film phase to ray equivalent ...................................................................... 111 Method .......................................................................................................................... 111
Named Filters............................................................................................................................ 117 Fields .................................................................................................................................................... 117
Wavelengths ......................................................................................................................................... 118 Saving and loading wavelength data ........................................................................................ 118
Next Configuration ................................................................................................................................ 118 Last Configuration................................................................................................................................. 118
Summary of ISO 10110 symbols and codes ................................................................. 126 Diameters and bevels.................................................................................................... 127 Tolerance data .............................................................................................................. 127
NSC 3D Layout ......................................................................................................................... 127 NSC Shaded Model .................................................................................................................. 128 NSC Object Viewer ................................................................................................................... 129 CAD File Part Viewer ................................................................................................................ 129
Fans...................................................................................................................................................... 130 Ray Aberration .......................................................................................................................... 130
PSF....................................................................................................................................................... 144 FFT PSF.................................................................................................................................... 144
FFT PSF Cross Section ............................................................................................................ 147 FFT Line/Edge Spread.............................................................................................................. 148 Huygens PSF............................................................................................................................ 148 Huygens PSF Cross Section..................................................................................................... 150
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Geometric Image Analysis ........................................................................................................ 168 The IMA format.............................................................................................................. 170 The BIM format.............................................................................................................. 170 Comments on using field angles ................................................................................... 171 Comments on using paraxial and real image height ..................................................... 171 How rays are chosen for analysis ................................................................................. 171 Calculating efficiency of multi-mode fibers .................................................................... 172 Text output .................................................................................................................... 172
Geometric Bitmap Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 172 Comments on field units................................................................................................ 174 Selection and tracing of rays ......................................................................................... 174
Light Source Analysis................................................................................................................ 175 Partially Coherent Image Analysis ............................................................................................ 176
Extended Diffraction Image Analysis ........................................................................................ 182 IMA/BIM File Viewer.................................................................................................................. 184 Bitmap File Viewer .................................................................................................................... 184
Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 186 Field Curvature/Distortion ......................................................................................................... 186
Computing distortion when using real image height as the field type ........................... 188 Grid Distortion ........................................................................................................................... 189
SMIA-TV Distortion........................................................................................................ 191 Limitations of Grid Distortion ......................................................................................... 191
Vignetting Plot ........................................................................................................................... 192 Footprint Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 193 Longitudinal Aberration ............................................................................................................. 194 Lateral Color.............................................................................................................................. 194 Y-Ybar Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 195 Chromatic Focal Shift................................................................................................................ 195 System Summary Graphic ........................................................................................................ 196 Power Field Map ....................................................................................................................... 196 Power Pupil Map ....................................................................................................................... 197 Incident Angle vs. Image Height ............................................................................................... 198
Aberration coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 199 Seidel Coefficients .................................................................................................................... 199 Seidel Diagram.......................................................................................................................... 200 Zernike Fringe Coefficients ....................................................................................................... 201
Zernike Standard Coefficients................................................................................................... 204 Zernike Annular Coefficients ..................................................................................................... 207
Physical Optics ..................................................................................................................................... 228 Paraxial Gaussian Beam........................................................................................................... 228
Skew Gaussian Beam............................................................................................................... 230 Physical Optics Propagation ..................................................................................................... 231
NSC Ray Tracing .................................................................................................................................. 235 Ray Trace Control ..................................................................................................................... 235 Detector Viewer......................................................................................................................... 235 Ray Database Viewer ............................................................................................................... 235 Ray Database Analysis ............................................................................................................. 235
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Path Analysis................................................................................................................. 235 Flux vs. Wavelength ...................................................................................................... 236
TOOLS MENU Chapter 8
Modify ................................................................................................................................................... 257 Tilt/Decenter Elements.............................................................................................................. 257 Reverse Elements..................................................................................................................... 257 Scale Lens ................................................................................................................................ 258 Make Focal................................................................................................................................ 258 Add Fold Mirror ......................................................................................................................... 258
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Tolerancing ........................................................................................................................................... 262 Tolerancing ............................................................................................................................... 262 Tolerance Listing....................................................................................................................... 262 Tolerance Summary.................................................................................................................. 262
Wavelength scaling of ABg data ................................................................................... 272 Scatter Function Viewer ............................................................................................................ 272
Export/Explode Data ............................................................................................................................. 274 Export CAD File ........................................................................................................................ 274
Limitations of exported data .......................................................................................... 276 Explode SolidWorks Assembly ................................................................................................. 276 Explode Inventor Assembly....................................................................................................... 276 Explode CAD Assembly ............................................................................................................ 277 Export Zemax Black Box Data .................................................................................................. 277
REPORTS MENU Chapter 9
13
Comments on computing element volumes .............................................................................. 292 System Check....................................................................................................................................... 292 Report Graphics 4/6.............................................................................................................................. 293
Edit/Run ZPL Macros............................................................................................................................ 295 Refresh Macro List................................................................................................................................ 295 Macro Names........................................................................................................................................ 295 Extensions ............................................................................................................................................ 295 Refresh Extensions List ........................................................................................................................ 296 Extension Names.................................................................................................................................. 296
ABCD.................................................................................................................................................... 300 Alternate Even ...................................................................................................................................... 301 Alternate Odd........................................................................................................................................ 301 Atmospheric Refraction......................................................................................................................... 301 Biconic .................................................................................................................................................. 302 Biconic Zernike ..................................................................................................................................... 302 Binary Optic 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 303
Defining the substrate shape .................................................................................................... 310 Defining the index ..................................................................................................................... 310 Defining the crystal axis for homogeneous materials................................................................ 311 Defining the crystal axis for inhomogeneous materials............................................................. 311 Determining which ray is traced ................................................................................................ 312 Accounting for phase rotation ................................................................................................... 312 Transmission and other properties of birefringent surfaces ...................................................... 313 Sample Zemax files................................................................................................................... 313
Black Box Lens ..................................................................................................................................... 314 Features not supported when using Black Box surfaces .......................................................... 314
Conjugate.............................................................................................................................................. 314 Coordinate Break .................................................................................................................................. 315
Elliptical Grating 2 ................................................................................................................................. 319 Even Asphere ....................................................................................................................................... 320 Extended Asphere ................................................................................................................................ 320 Extended Cubic Spline.......................................................................................................................... 321 Extended Fresnel.................................................................................................................................. 322 Extended Odd Asphere......................................................................................................................... 323 Extended Polynomial ............................................................................................................................ 324 Extended Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................... 324 Filter ...................................................................................................................................................... 326 Fresnel .................................................................................................................................................. 326 Generalized Fresnel.............................................................................................................................. 326 Gradient 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 327
Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN surfaces .............................................................. 327 Restrictions on surfaces following GRIN surfaces .................................................................... 328
Gradient 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 328 Gradient 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 328 Gradient 4 ............................................................................................................................................. 329 Gradient 5 ............................................................................................................................................. 329 Gradient 6 ............................................................................................................................................. 330 Gradient 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 331 GRADIUM™ ......................................................................................................................................... 332
GRADIUM profile file format...................................................................................................... 332 Gradient 9 ............................................................................................................................................. 334 Gradient 10 ........................................................................................................................................... 335 Grid Phase ............................................................................................................................................ 335
Using the shear distance........................................................................................................... 335 Phase coefficients sign conventions ......................................................................................... 336
Paraxial XY ........................................................................................................................................... 344 Periodic ................................................................................................................................................. 345 Polynomial ............................................................................................................................................ 345 Q-Type Asphere.................................................................................................................................... 345 Radial Grating ....................................................................................................................................... 346 Radial NURBS ...................................................................................................................................... 347
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Modeling an ellipse with the Standard surface.......................................................................... 349 Modeling an axicon with the Standard surface ......................................................................... 349
Superconic ............................................................................................................................................ 349 Tilted ..................................................................................................................................................... 350 Toroidal ................................................................................................................................................. 351 Toroidal Grating .................................................................................................................................... 352 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 352 Toroidal NURBS ................................................................................................................................... 353 User Defined ......................................................................................................................................... 354
The UDS DLL............................................................................................................................ 354 Refractive and reflective UDS DLLs.......................................................................................... 355 Gradient index UDS DLLs......................................................................................................... 356 Diffractive UDS DLLs ................................................................................................................ 356 Lenslet arrays using DLLs......................................................................................................... 356 User defined surface apodization using DLLs........................................................................... 356 Polarization and coating data using DLLs................................................................................. 356 Error handling and UDS............................................................................................................ 357 Sample DLLs............................................................................................................................. 357
Variable Line Space Grating ................................................................................................................. 362 Zernike Fringe Phase............................................................................................................................ 363
Zernike Fringe Phase coefficients sign conventions ................................................................. 363 Zernike Fringe Sag ............................................................................................................................... 364 Zernike Standard Phase ....................................................................................................................... 364
Zernike Standard Phase coefficients sign conventions............................................................. 365 Zernike Standard Sag ........................................................................................................................... 366 Zernike Annular Phase ......................................................................................................................... 366
NSC with ports .......................................................................................................................... 370 NSC without ports ..................................................................................................................... 370 Combining NSC with and without ports..................................................................................... 370
Overview of NSC ray tracing with ports ................................................................................................ 371 The entry port............................................................................................................................ 371 The exit port .............................................................................................................................. 371 Getting rays in ........................................................................................................................... 372 Tracing rays within the NSC...................................................................................................... 372 Getting rays out......................................................................................................................... 372
Overview of NSC ray tracing without ports ........................................................................................... 372 Getting rays in ........................................................................................................................... 373 Tracing rays within the NSC...................................................................................................... 373 Detecting rays ........................................................................................................................... 373 Launching rays for analysis....................................................................................................... 373
Object Placement.................................................................................................................................. 373 The object coordinate system ................................................................................................... 374 Reference objects ..................................................................................................................... 374
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Refraction and reflection from NSC objects.......................................................................................... 376 No material defined ................................................................................................................... 376 MIRROR or ABSORB ............................................................................................................... 376 Material defined by a glass name ............................................................................................. 376 Material defined by a table glass............................................................................................... 376 Material defined by MIL number................................................................................................ 376 Material defined by a glass model............................................................................................. 376 Object properties by material .................................................................................................... 376
Diffraction from NSC objects................................................................................................................. 377 The object properties dialog box........................................................................................................... 377
Draw tab.................................................................................................................................... 387 SolidWorks PartLink tab............................................................................................................ 387 Inventor PartLink tab ................................................................................................................. 388
Comments about drawing resolution and bounding regions ......................................... 388 Defining paths using the Consider Objects list ..................................................................................... 388 Defining an Ignore Objects list .............................................................................................................. 389 User defined apertures ......................................................................................................................... 389 Object faces .......................................................................................................................................... 389 Polarization and thin film coatings ........................................................................................................ 389
Coatings on surfaces in contact ................................................................................................ 389 Scattering.............................................................................................................................................. 390
Fraction to scatter and number of scatter rays.......................................................................... 390 Scatter models .......................................................................................................................... 390 Bi-Directional Scatter Distribution Function............................................................................... 391 Available scatter models ........................................................................................................... 391 No scattering ............................................................................................................................. 391 Lambertian scattering................................................................................................................ 391 Gaussian scattering .................................................................................................................. 392 ABg model scattering ................................................................................................................ 392
Defining ABg data ......................................................................................................... 393 BSDF scattering ........................................................................................................................ 393 User defined scattering ............................................................................................................. 394
Defining an object to use DLL defined surface scattering ............................................. 394
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Sample bulk scattering: Poly_bulk_scat.DLL ................................................................ 397 Sample bulk scattering: Henyey-Greenstein-bulk.DLL.................................................. 397 Sample bulk scattering: Rayleigh.DLL .......................................................................... 397 Sample bulk scattering: Mie.DLL................................................................................... 397 Sample bulk scattering: Phosphor.DLL ......................................................................... 397 Defining an object to use DLL defined bulk scattering .................................................. 398 DLL parameters............................................................................................................. 398 Creating a new DLL....................................................................................................... 398
Coherence length modeling .................................................................................................................. 398 Defining GRIN media for non-sequential ray tracing ............................................................................ 399
Defining an object to be of gradient index material ................................................................... 399 Discussion on maximum step size for GRIN objects ................................................................ 399 GRIN DLL parameters .............................................................................................................. 399 Creating a new GRIN DLL ........................................................................................................ 399 Sample GRIN DLLs................................................................................................................... 399
Defining DLLs for ray splitting at diffractive surfaces ............................................................................ 401 Defining an object to use the diffraction DLL ............................................................................ 401 Diffraction DLL parameters ....................................................................................................... 401 Creating a new Diffraction DLL ................................................................................................. 401
Ray splitting .......................................................................................................................................... 401 Ray splitting and polarization .................................................................................................... 402
Putting it all together ............................................................................................................................. 403 The Ray Trace Control.......................................................................................................................... 403
Saving ray data to a file............................................................................................................. 404 Lost energy ............................................................................................................................... 405
The Ray Database Viewer .................................................................................................................... 407 The Detector Viewer ............................................................................................................................. 409
Comments regarding Detector Surface objects ........................................................................ 411 The filter string ...................................................................................................................................... 411
Filter string examples ................................................................................................................ 415 Saving and Loading Detector Data ....................................................................................................... 416
Detector Data File Formats ....................................................................................................... 416 Header Block Format .................................................................................................... 416 Data Block Format......................................................................................................... 417 Pixel Ordering................................................................................................................ 417
Inventor AssemblyLink.......................................................................................................................... 452 Inventor PartLink................................................................................................................................... 453 Jones Matrix.......................................................................................................................................... 453 Lenslet Array 1...................................................................................................................................... 454 Lenslet Array 2...................................................................................................................................... 455 Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS)........................................................................................... 455
Ray Rotator........................................................................................................................................... 460 Rectangular Corner............................................................................................................................... 461 Rectangle.............................................................................................................................................. 461 Rectangular Pipe .................................................................................................................................. 461 Rectangular Pipe Grating...................................................................................................................... 461 Rectangular Roof .................................................................................................................................. 462 Rectangular Torus Surface ................................................................................................................... 462 Rectangular Torus Volume ................................................................................................................... 462 Rectangular Volume ............................................................................................................................. 463
Comment about tilted faces ...................................................................................................... 463 Rectangular Volume Grating................................................................................................................. 463 ReverseRadiance Detector................................................................................................................... 464 ReverseRadiance Target ...................................................................................................................... 464 Slide ...................................................................................................................................................... 464 SolidWorks AssemblyLink..................................................................................................................... 465 SolidWorks PartLink.............................................................................................................................. 465 Sphere .................................................................................................................................................. 466 Standard Lens....................................................................................................................................... 466 Standard Surface .................................................................................................................................. 467 STL Object ............................................................................................................................................ 468
Defining STL Objects ................................................................................................................ 468 Maximum triangles in STL objects ................................................................................ 468 Example STL files ......................................................................................................... 469
Swept Object......................................................................................................................................... 469 Tabulated Faceted Radial..................................................................................................................... 470 Tabulated Faceted Toroid..................................................................................................................... 471 Tabulated Fresnel Radial...................................................................................................................... 471 Toroidal Hologram ................................................................................................................................ 471 Toroidal Lens ........................................................................................................................................ 472 Toroidal Surface.................................................................................................................................... 473 Torus Surface ....................................................................................................................................... 474 Torus Volume........................................................................................................................................ 474 Triangular Corner.................................................................................................................................. 474 Triangle ................................................................................................................................................. 475 User Defined Object.............................................................................................................................. 475
NSC Sources Chapter 14
Source Diode ........................................................................................................................................ 480 Source DLL ........................................................................................................................................... 482
Source DLL parameters ............................................................................................................ 482 Creating a new Source DLL ...................................................................................................... 482 Comments on Source DLL relative intensity ............................................................................. 482 Sample Source DLLs ................................................................................................................ 483
Source Ellipse ....................................................................................................................................... 483 Source EULUMDAT File ....................................................................................................................... 484 Source Filament.................................................................................................................................... 484 Source File............................................................................................................................................ 484
Source Gaussian .................................................................................................................................. 487 Source IESNA File ................................................................................................................................ 487 Source Imported ................................................................................................................................... 487 Source Object ....................................................................................................................................... 488 Source Point ......................................................................................................................................... 489 Source Radial ....................................................................................................................................... 489 Source Ray ........................................................................................................................................... 489 Source Rectangle ................................................................................................................................. 489 Source Tube ......................................................................................................................................... 489 Source Two Angle................................................................................................................................. 490 Source Volume Cylinder ....................................................................................................................... 490 Source Volume Ellipse.......................................................................................................................... 490 Source Volume Rectangle .................................................................................................................... 491
NSC Detectors Chapter 15
Detectors............................................................................................................................................... 493 Detector Color object ............................................................................................................................ 493
Comments on Detector Color pixel numbering ......................................................................... 494 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 494
Detector Polar object ............................................................................................................................ 495 Exporting Detector Polar Data .................................................................................................. 495 Comments on Detector Polar Pixel Numbering ........................................................................ 495 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 496
Detector Rectangle object..................................................................................................................... 496 Comments on coherent data computations .............................................................................. 497 Comments on Detector Rectangle pixel numbering.................................................................. 498 Comments on Pixel Interpolation .............................................................................................. 498
Detector Surface object ........................................................................................................................ 499 Comments about detector triangles .......................................................................................... 499 Comments on Detector Surface pixel numbering ..................................................................... 500
Detector Volume object......................................................................................................................... 500 Comments on Detector Volume pixel numbering...................................................................... 500
Objects as detectors ............................................................................................................................. 500 Comments on general objects as detectors pixel numbering ................................................... 501
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Important considerations for ZPL Macro solves........................................................................ 510 Integer codes for column numbers ....................................................................................................... 510 Suggestions for use .............................................................................................................................. 511
OPTIMIZATION Chapter 17
Selecting the pupil integration method.................................................................................................. 515 Rings ......................................................................................................................................... 516
Optimization operands .......................................................................................................................... 520 Understanding boundary operands....................................................................................................... 555 Using MTF operands ............................................................................................................................ 555 Performing an optimization ................................................................................................................... 556 Defining complex operands .................................................................................................................. 557 Optimizing glass selection .................................................................................................................... 558
Using model glasses ................................................................................................................. 558 Using glass substitution ............................................................................................................ 560
Optimizing zoom and multi-configuration lenses .................................................................................. 560 Optimizing extra data ............................................................................................................................ 560 Optimizing tolerance sensitivity............................................................................................................. 560 Optimizing objects in a non-sequential group with sequential rays ...................................................... 561 Optimizing with sources and detectors in non-sequential mode........................................................... 561
Comments about random numbers and NSTR......................................................................... 562 Pixel numbering for detectors ................................................................................................... 562
User defined operands.......................................................................................................................... 563 Optimizing with ZPL macros ..................................................................................................... 563
Changes made to the lens from within the ZPLM macro .............................................. 564 ZPLM and the default merit function ............................................................................. 564
Optimizing with externally compiled programs.......................................................................... 565 Suggestions for use .............................................................................................................................. 567 The global optimum .............................................................................................................................. 567
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TRAD: Tolerance on radius....................................................................................................... 578 TCUR: Tolerance on curvature ................................................................................................. 578 TFRN: Tolerance on fringes...................................................................................................... 578 TTHI: Tolerance on thickness ................................................................................................... 578 TCON: Tolerance on conic........................................................................................................ 579 TSDI: Tolerance on semi-diameter ........................................................................................... 579 TSDX, TSDY: Tolerance on surface decenters ........................................................................ 579 TSTX, TSTY: Tolerance on surface tilts.................................................................................... 579 TIRX, TIRY: Tolerance on surface TIR ..................................................................................... 579 TIRR: Tolerance on surface irregularity .................................................................................... 580 TEXI: Tolerance on surface irregularity using the Fringe Zernike model .................................. 580 TEZI: Tolerance on surface irregularity using the Standard Zernike model.............................. 581 TPAI: Tolerance on the inverse of parameter data ................................................................... 582 TPAR: Tolerance on parameter data ........................................................................................ 582 TEDV: Tolerance on extra data values ..................................................................................... 582 TIND: Tolerance on index ......................................................................................................... 582 TABB: Tolerance on Abbe ........................................................................................................ 583 TCMU: Tolerance on coating multiplier..................................................................................... 583 TCIO: Tolerance on coating index offset................................................................................... 583 TCEO: Tolerance on coating extinction offset........................................................................... 583 TEDX, TEDY: Tolerance on element decenters ....................................................................... 583 TETX, TETY, TETZ: Tolerance on element tilts........................................................................ 584 TOFF: Tolerance off (can be used for comments) .................................................................... 584 TUDX, TUDY, TUTX, TUTY, TUTZ: Tolerance on user defined tilts and decenters................. 584 TNPS, TNPA, TNMA: Tolerances on non-sequential data ....................................................... 584 TMCO: Tolerance on multi-configuration data .......................................................................... 585
Tolerancing with the Irregular surface type........................................................................................... 585 Tolerance control operands .................................................................................................................. 585
CEDV: Define extra data value compensator ........................................................................... 586 General comments about min and max values on compensators ................................ 586
CMCO: Define multi-configuration operand compensator ........................................................ 586 CNPA: Define non-sequential parameter compensator ............................................................ 586 CNPS: Define non-sequential position compensator ................................................................ 586 COMP: Define compensator ..................................................................................................... 586 CPAR: Define parameter compensator..................................................................................... 586 SAVE: Save sensitivity analysis lenses .................................................................................... 587 SEED: Seed the random number generator ............................................................................. 587 STAT: Define statistics.............................................................................................................. 587 TWAV: Test wavelength............................................................................................................ 587
Defining default tolerances ................................................................................................................... 587 Surface tolerances .................................................................................................................... 587 Element tolerances ................................................................................................................... 588 Index tolerances........................................................................................................................ 588 Other controls............................................................................................................................ 588
Defining compensators ......................................................................................................................... 589
Sensitivity analysis................................................................................................................................ 595 The RSS estimated change .................................................................................................................. 595 Inverse sensitivity analysis.................................................................................................................... 596 Monte Carlo analysis ............................................................................................................................ 596
Nesting rules for Monte Carlo analysis ................................................................................................. 599 Using Tolerance Scripts........................................................................................................................ 599
Tolerance Script overview......................................................................................................... 600 The Tolerance Script commands .............................................................................................. 600
MULTI-CONFIGURATIONS Chapter 20
25
Summary of multi-configuration operands ............................................................................................ 609 Comment about operands that define character strings ....................................................................... 614 Defining the number of configurations .................................................................................................. 614 Defining each configuration .................................................................................................................. 614 Adding and removing elements ............................................................................................................ 614 Changing configurations ....................................................................................................................... 614 Optimization with multi-configurations .................................................................................................. 614
Suggestions for organizing multiple-configuration merit functions ............................................ 614 Solves for multi-configuration data........................................................................................................ 615
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 617 Specifying which glass catalogs to use................................................................................................. 617 Editing and reviewing glass catalogs .................................................................................................... 617 Description of catalog data ................................................................................................................... 618 Creating a new catalog ......................................................................................................................... 619 Copying or moving glass catalog files................................................................................................... 619 The glass dispersion formulas .............................................................................................................. 620
The Schott formula.................................................................................................................... 620 The Sellmeier 1 formula ............................................................................................................ 620 The Sellmeier 2 formula ............................................................................................................ 620 The Sellmeier 3 formula ............................................................................................................ 620 The Sellmeier 4 formula ............................................................................................................ 621 The Sellmeier 5 formula ............................................................................................................ 621 The Herzberger formula ............................................................................................................ 621 The Conrady formula ................................................................................................................ 621 The Handbook of Optics 1 formula ........................................................................................... 621 The Handbook of Optics 2 formula ........................................................................................... 621 The Extended formula............................................................................................................... 622 The Extended 2 formula............................................................................................................ 622 The Extended 3 formula............................................................................................................ 622 General comments on using dispersion formulas ..................................................................... 622
Fitting index data................................................................................................................................... 622 Fitting melt data .................................................................................................................................... 623
Radius of curvature (CRVT) values .......................................................................................... 635 Thickness (THIC) values........................................................................................................... 636 Parameter values ...................................................................................................................... 636 Extra data values ...................................................................................................................... 636 All other values.......................................................................................................................... 636
Defining multiple environments within a single configuration................................................................ 636 Automatic thermal setup ....................................................................................................................... 637 Adding TCE data................................................................................................................................... 637 Modeling gases and liquids................................................................................................................... 637 Adding thermal index variation data...................................................................................................... 637 Optimizing athermal lenses................................................................................................................... 638 Limitations of thermal analysis.............................................................................................................. 638
The electric field vector ............................................................................................................. 639 Field vs. ray phase conventions................................................................................................ 640 The polarization ellipse ............................................................................................................. 640 Definition of terms ..................................................................................................................... 640
Intensity, I ...................................................................................................................... 640 Phase, P........................................................................................................................ 640 Path length through medium, ....................................................................................... 641 Internal absorption per lens unit, .................................................................................. 641 Internal Transmittance, IT ............................................................................................. 641 Propagation Phase Factors, pc, ps ............................................................................... 641 Amplitude Reflectance, ................................................................................................ 641 Amplitude Transmittance, ............................................................................................. 641 Intensity Reflectance, Rs, Rp ........................................................................................ 641 Intensity Transmittance, Ts, Tp ..................................................................................... 641 Intensity Absorption, As, Ap .......................................................................................... 641 Diattenuation, D............................................................................................................. 642 Coating Phase, Ps, Pp .................................................................................................. 642 Retardance, S ............................................................................................................... 642 Phase Difference Between X and Y, Pxy ...................................................................... 642 Major and Minor semi axis of the Polarization Ellipse, EM, Em .................................... 642 Angle of XY Polarization Ellipse, Ap.............................................................................. 642
Properties of uncoated surfaces ........................................................................................................... 642 Defining coatings in Zemax................................................................................................................... 643
Coating file data syntax............................................................................................................. 643 The MATE data section................................................................................................. 645 The TAPR data section ................................................................................................. 645 The COAT data section................................................................................................. 647 Defining replicated groups of coating layers ................................................................. 648 Defining simple ideal coatings....................................................................................... 648 The ENCRYPTED data section..................................................................................... 648 The IDEAL data section ................................................................................................ 649 The IDEAL2 data section .............................................................................................. 649
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The TABLE data section ............................................................................................... 649 Adding comments to the coating file ............................................................................. 650 Limits on the amount of coating data ............................................................................ 650 Editing the coating file ................................................................................................... 651
Optimizing coatings with Zemax ........................................................................................................... 651 Default materials and coatings supplied with Zemax............................................................................ 651 Specifying coatings on surfaces ........................................................................................................... 652 What Zemax does if no coating is specified.......................................................................................... 652 Defining the initial polarization .............................................................................................................. 652 Defining polarizing components............................................................................................................ 653 What Zemax can compute using polarization analysis ......................................................................... 654
Bulk absorption and transmission ............................................................................................. 655 Modeling birefringent materials............................................................................................................. 655 Modeling frustrated total internal reflection ........................................................................................... 655 Limitations of polarization analysis ....................................................................................................... 656
PHYSICAL OPTICS PROPAGATION Chapter 24
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 657 Support for multiple processors ............................................................................................................ 658 Diffraction propagation.......................................................................................................................... 658
Representation of the electric field............................................................................................ 658 The Fresnel number.................................................................................................................. 658
The pilot beam ...................................................................................................................................... 662 Sign conventions for phase data........................................................................................................... 663 Propagating in and out of the Rayleigh range....................................................................................... 664
Separation of X and Y propagation ........................................................................................... 665 Comments about point spacing and sampling ...................................................................................... 666 Propagation through arbitrary optical surfaces ..................................................................................... 666
Propagating through non-sequential surfaces .......................................................................... 667 Accounting for polarization.................................................................................................................... 667 Memory requirements ........................................................................................................................... 667 Defining the initial beam........................................................................................................................ 668
Gaussian Waist ......................................................................................................................... 668 Gaussian Angle......................................................................................................................... 669 Gaussian Size+Angle................................................................................................................ 669 Top Hat ..................................................................................................................................... 670 File ............................................................................................................................................ 670
Zemax Beam File (ZBF) binary format .......................................................................... 670 Zemax Beam File (ZBF) text format .............................................................................. 671
DLL............................................................................................................................................ 671 Beam DLL parameters .................................................................................................. 671 Creating a new Beam DLL ............................................................................................ 671
TH.................................................................................................................................. 673 Using random values..................................................................................................... 673 Using the scale factor.................................................................................................... 673
Surface specific settings ....................................................................................................................... 673 Considerations when using rays to propagate .......................................................................... 675
Computing Fiber Coupling .................................................................................................................... 675 Where the integral is computed ................................................................................................ 675 Defining the fiber mode ............................................................................................................. 675 Decenters and tilts .................................................................................................................... 676 Choosing the location for the receiving fiber ............................................................................. 676
Quantitative beam analysis................................................................................................................... 676 Beam coordinates and pilot beam properties............................................................................ 676 Peak Irradiance and total power ............................................................................................... 676 Centroid locations ...........