zeolites and their synthesis, 1981

11
7/18/2019 Zeolites and Their Synthesis, 1981 http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/zeolites-and-their-synthesis-1981 1/11  eolites and their synthesis Richard M. Barrer F.R.S. Physical Chemistry Laboratories Chemistry Department Imperial College London SW7 2A Y UK 7eolite synthesis is an area of classical hydrothermal chemistry which has developed to a stage where generalizations are possible which may be considered coherently. A review is therefore made of some aspects of zeolitization giving it firstly its setting among other crystal growing procedures and its relation to pH and temperature among other minerals which can be made hydrotherm ally. Reactants and reaction variables involved in laboratory synthesis are described among the latter notably the mineralizing role of OH- structure directing effects of cations and organic bases the influence of added salts and various history dependent effects. Finally an account has been given of nucleation and nucleation kinetics and crystal growth. INTRODUCTION There are two good reasons for studying the chemistry and synthesis of minerals. First is the understanding of reactions in the lithosphere, often vast in scale and in the range of the variables, pressure, temperature and time. The second is technical and strategic - the search for replace- ments of scarce and valuable minerals, or for synthetic and novel substitutes with specific built- in properties. Zeolite synthesis provides a good illustration of this. Some early examples of silicate species formed by several crystallization procedures are given in Table 1. This table shows that hydrated minerals like clay minerals and zeolites can be made only in hydrothermal systems, i.e. from reactant mixtures in the presence of substantial amounts of water. On the other hand anhydrous minerals like felspars or crystalline silicas can be made by several methods not necessarily involving water. The sodalite and cancrinite minerals are an interesting group in that they may be synthesized with their open frameworks filled either with water zeolitic variety) or by salts such as NaC1, Na2SO4, Na2CO3 and CaSO 4 felspathoid variety). Various inter- mediate situations with both water and salts present can be achieved in hydrothermal systems, but forms bearing only salts can also be made from melts. ZEOLITES Zeolites have been studied by mineralogists for two and a quarter centuries beginning with the first Table 1 Some mineral syntheses by five methods Mineral type Hydrothermal Pyrolytic Pneum atolytic Sintering Vapour phase Clay minerals Kaolinite t-s Dickite4, s Beidellite %s Sericite3, s Nontronite 4 Montmorillonite3, s Micas Mus covite 2 Phlogopite 16,~7 Zeolites Analcime 6 Mordenite 7 Harmotome 8 Sodalite-nosean Sodalite ~'~° Sodatite ~8 felspathoids Cancrinite 1° Nosean is Nosean 1° Hauyn e ~8 Ultramarine t9 Crystalline silicas Quartz H Quartz =° Quartz 22 Cristobalite 2s Cristobalite 12,~3 Cristobalite 2° Tridymite 2° Felspars Albite 14 Albite 21 Albite 22 Albite :3 Orthoclase~% ~s Orthoclase 2~ Orthoclase 2: Anorthite 24 Anorthite 2: 0144-2449/81/030130-11 02.00 © 1981 IPC usiness Press 130 ZEOLITES 1981 Vol. 1 October

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Page 1: Zeolites and Their Synthesis, 1981

7/18/2019 Zeolites and Their Synthesis, 1981

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  eol ites a n d the i r synthes is

R i c h a r d

M . B a r r er F . R . S .

Physical Chemistry Laboratories Chemistry De partm ent Imperial College

London SW 7 2A Y UK

7e ol i te synthesis i s an area of c lass ica l hyd rothe rm al chem ist ry which has developed to a

stage where gene ra l i zat ions are poss ib le which may be considered cohe rent ly . A rev iew is

therefore m ade of some aspects o f ze ol i t i zat io n g iv ing i t f i rs t l y i t s set t ing among othe r

crysta l growing procedures and i t s re la t ion to pH and temperature among other minera ls

which can be made hyd roth erm al ly . Reactants and react ion var iab les invo lved in labo ratory

synthesis are described among the la t ter no tab ly the mine ra l i z ing ro le o f OH - s t ructure

d i rect ing ef fects o f cat ions and organic bases the in f luence o f added sa l ts and var ious

his to ry depe ndent e f fects . F in a l l y an account has been g iven of nu c leat ion and nuclea t ion

k inet ics and crysta l growth.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

T h e r e a re t w o g o o d r e a s o n s f o r st u d y i n g t h e

c h e m i s t r y a n d s y n t h e s i s o f m i n e r a l s . F i r s t is t h e

u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f r e a c ti o n s i n t h e li t h o s p h e r e , o f t e n

v a s t i n s c a l e a n d i n t h e r a n g e o f t h e v a r i a b l e s ,

p r e s s u r e , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t im e . T h e s e c o n d i s

t e c h n i c a l a n d s t r a t e g i c - t h e s e a r c h f o r r e p l a c e -

m e n t s o f s c a r c e a n d v a l u a b l e m i n e r a l s , o r f o r

s y n t h e t i c a n d n o v e l s u b s t i t u t e s w i t h s p e c i f i c b u i l t -

i n p r o p e r t i e s . Z e o l i t e s y n t h e s i s p r o v i d e s a g o o d

i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s .

S o m e e a r l y e x a m p l e s o f s i l i c a t e s p e c i e s f o r m e d

b y s e v e r a l c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s a r e g i v e n i n

Table 1.

T h i s ta b l e s h o w s t h a t h y d r a t e d m i n e r a ls

l i k e c l a y m i n e r a l s a n d z e o l i t e s c a n b e m a d e o n l y i n

h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s , i .e . f r o m r e a c t a n t m i x t u r e s

i n th e p r e s e n c e o f s u b s ta n t i a l a m o u n t s o f w a t e r.

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d a n h y d r o u s m i n e r a l s l i k e f e l s p a r s

o r c r y s t a l l i n e s i li ca s c a n b e m a d e b y s e v e r al

m e t h o d s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y in v o lv i ng w a t e r . T h e

s o d a l i t e a n d c a n c r i n i t e m i n e r a l s a r e a n i n t e r e s t i n g

g r o u p i n t h a t t h e y m a y b e s y n t h e s i z e d w i t h t h e i r

o p e n f r a m e w o r k s f i ll e d e i t h e r w i t h w a t e r z e o l i ti c

v a r i e t y ) o r b y s a l t s s u c h a s N a C 1 , N a 2 S O 4 , N a 2 C O 3

a n d C a S O 4 f e l s p a t h o i d v a r i e t y ) . V a r i o u s i n t e r -

m e d i a t e s i t u a t i o n s w i t h b o t h w a t e r a n d s a l t s

p r e s e n t c a n b e a c h i e v e d in h y d r o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s ,

b u t f o r m s b e a r i n g o n l y s a l t s c a n a ls o b e m a d e

f r o m m e l t s .

Z E O L I T E S

Z e o l i te s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d b y m i n e ra l o g is t s f o r t w o

a n d a q u a r t e r c e n t u r i e s b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e f i r s t

T a b l e 1 S o m e m i n e r a l s y n t h e s es b y f i v e m e t h o d s

M i n e r a l t y p e H y d r o t h e r m a l P y r o l y t i c P n e u m a t o l y t i c S i n t e r in g V a p o u r p h a se

C l a y m i n e r a l s K a o l i n i t e t - s

D i c k i t e 4 , s

B e i d e l l i t e % s

S e r i c i t e 3 , s

N o n t r o n i t e 4

M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e 3 , s

M i c a s M u s c o v i t e 2 P h l o g o p i t e 16,~ 7

Z e o l i te s A n a l c i m e 6

M o r d e n i t e 7

H a r m o t o m e 8

S o d a l i t e - n o s e a n S o d a l i t e ~ '~ ° S o d a t i t e ~8

f e l s p a t h o i d s C a n c r i n i t e 1 ° N o s e a n i s

N o s e a n 1 ° H a u y n e ~8

U l t r a m a r i n e t9

C r y s t a l l i n e s i li c a s Q u a r t z H Q u a r t z = ° Q u a r t z 22 C r i s t o b a l i t e 2s

C r i s t o b a l i t e 1 2 , ~ 3 C r i s t o b a l i t e 2°

T r i d y m i t e 2 °

F e l s p a r s A l b i t e 14 A l b i t e 21 A l b i t e 22 A l b i t e : 3

O r t h o c l a s e ~ % ~s O r t h o c l a s e 2~ O r t h o c l a s e 2 : A n o r t h i t e 24

A n o r t h i t e 2 :

0 1 4 4 - 2 4 4 9 / 8 1 / 0 3 0 1 3 0 - 1 1 0 2 . 0 0

© 1 9 8 1 I P C usiness Press

1 3 0 ZE OL I TES 1981 Vo l. 1 Oc t ober

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T a b l e 2 I n t r a c r y s t a l l i n e p o r e v o l u m e s i n s e le c te d z e o l i t e s a s c m 3

H 2 0 p e r c m 3 o f c r y s t a l )

Z e o l i t e I n t r a c r y s t a ll i n e p o r o s i t y

A n a l c i m e 0 1 8

N a t r o l i t e 0 21

T h o m s o n i t e 0 3 2

H e u i a n d i t e 0 3 5

S t i l b i t e 0 3 8

P h i l l i p s i t e

0 3 0

G i s m o n d i n e 0 4 7

G a r r o n i t e 0 41

M o r d e n i t e 0 2 6

F e r r i e r i t e 0 2 6

E p i s t i l b i t e 0 3 4

C h a b a z i t e 0 4 8

L e v y n i t e 0 4 2

M a z z i t e 0 3 7

E r i o n i t e 0 3 6

F a u j a s i t e 0 5 3

P au l i ng i t e 0 48

m e m b e r , s t i lb i t e , d i s c o v e r e d in 1 7 5 6 z6. H o w e v e r

t h e i r s p e c t a c u l a r a p p l i c a t i o n s i n i n d u s t r y h a v e b e e n

d e v e l o p e d o n l y i n t h e l a s t 2 5 y e a r s . T h e y a r e t e c t o -

s i l i ca t es , so t ha t (S i +

M / O = 1 / 2 ,

w i t h a s m a n y

e q u i v a l e n t s o f e x c h a n g e a b l e c a t i o n s as t h e r e a r e

g a t o m s o f A 1 i n th e a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e f r a m e w o r k s .

B e c a u s e t h e s e f r a m e w o r k s a re s o p o r o u s t h e ir

i n te r s ti c e s h o l d n o t o n l y t h e c a t io n s n e e d e d t o

n e u t r a li z e t h e a n i o n i c f r a m e w o r k c h a r g e b u t a l s o

l ar g e a m o u n t s o f w a t e r . T a b l e 2 s h o w s f o r a

n u m b e r o f z e o l i t e s t h e v o l u m e s o f w a t e r , a s l i q u i d ,

w h i c h c a n b e d i s p l a c e d b y h e a t a n d e v a c u a t i o n

f r o m e a c h c m 3 o f c ry s t a l. U p t o 5 0 o f t h e v o l u m e

o f e a c h c r y s t a l c o n s i s t s o f m i n u t e p o r e s a v a i l a b l e to

w a t e r a n d o f t e n t o m a n y o t h e r g u e s t m o l e c u l e s .

B e c a u s e t h e z e o l i t e s a r e c r y s t a l l i n e t h e p o r e s a r e a s

r e g u l a r a s t h e p o s i t i o n s o f th e l a t t i c e a t o m s

f o r m i n g t h e i r w a l l s, a n d t h e y a r e o f m o l e c u l a r

d i m e n s i o n s o n l y . T h e o p e n - n e s s o f t h e a n i o n i c

f r a m e w o r k s e n s u r e s t h e e a s y m o b i l i t y b o t h o f

c a t i o n s in i o n e x c h a n g e s a n d o f w a t e r m o l e c u l e s o r

o t h e r g u e s t s p e c i e s . A d d i t i o n s a n d r e m o v a l s o f

g u e s t m o l e c u l e s c a n b e f u l l y r e v e r s i b l e , a n d s o

z e o l i te s m a y b e e x c e l l e n t s o r b e n t s o f g a s e s, v a p o u r s

a n d l iq u i d s . T h e m o l e c u l a r d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e in t r a -

c r y s t a l l in e c h a n n e l s a r e s u c h t h a t m o l e c u l e s t o o

l a rg e o r o f th e w r o n g s h a p e c a n n o t e n t e r w h i l e

o t h e r s , s m a l l e r o r o f t h e r i g h t s h a p e , c a n b e

c o p i o u s l y s o r b e d . Z e o l i t e s a re t h e r e f o r e t e r m e d

m o l e c u l a r s i e v e s, a n d a r e i n d e e d l i k e g a r d e n s i e v e s

i n t h a t c e r t a i n m o l e c u l e s ( s m a l l p e b b l e s ) p a s s

e a s i ly t h r o u g h t h e s u r f a c e m e s h e s o f t h e c r y s t a l

l a t t ic e a n d o t h e r s ( l a rg e p e b b l e s ) d o n o t . T h o s e

t h a t c a n p a ss t h r o u g h t h e s u r f a c e t h e n p e r m e a t e

t h e l a t t ic e .

F r o m c e r t a i n o f t h e m o l e c u l a r s i e v es a c i d ic

h y d r o g e n f o r m s c a n b e p r e p a r e d w h i c h a re th e

b a s is o f o u t s t a n d i n g c a t a l y s ts f o r p e t r o l e u m

c r a c k i n g , h y d r o c r a c k i n g a n d o t h e r i m p o r t a n t

r e a c t i o n s . I n d e e d i t i s c l a i m e d w i t h g o o d r e a s o n

t h a t t h e y h a v e r e v o l u t io n i z e d t h e c a t a l y ti c c r a c k i n g

i n d u s t r y 27. T h e i r s u c c e s s e s o n a l a r g e s c a l e f o r m o l e

s i ev i n g a n d s e l e c t iv e s o r p t i o n , a s c a t a l y s t s a n d i n

s p e c i a l i o n - e x c h a n g e u s e s h a v e m a d e t h e i r s y n t h e s i s

e o l i t e s a n d t h e i r s g n t h e s i s : R 114 B a r r e r

a s u b je c t o f s t u d y i n m a n y l a b o r a t o r i e s i n t h e h o p e

o f d i s c o v e r i n g n e w i n d u s t r i a l ' w i n n e r s '.

S y n t h e s i s is a ls o s t i m u l a t e d b y t h e r e m a r k a b l e

s t r u c t u r a l d i v e r s i t y a m o n g t h e z e o l i t e f r a m e w o r k s .

T h e y r e p re s e n t b y f a r th e m o s t n u m e r o u s g r o up o f

t e c t o s i l i c a t e s ( i . e . 3 - d i m e n s i o n a l n e t w o r k s ) , w i t h

a b o u t 6 0 d i f f e r e n t to p o l o g i e s a n d o f t e n a n u m b e r

o f v a r i a n t s o f a g i v e n t o p o l o g y . S e c o n d l y , s y n t h e s i s

is o f in t e r e s t b e c a u s e m a n y f r a m e w o r k s h a v e b e e n

c o n s t r u c t e d w h i c h h a v e n o t y e t b e e n m a d e o r

f o u n d i n N a t u r e . I n d e e d t h e m o d e l o f z e o l it e R H O

w a s b u i lt b e f o r e i t w a s m a d e i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y .

T h e n u m b e r o f p o s s i b l e n o v e l z e o l i t e s i s g r e a t a n d

t h e i n c e n ti v e t o f i n d o u t h o w t o m a k e t h e m is

s t ro n g . A l r e a d y a n u m b e r o f t h e z e o l i te s s y n t h e s i z e d

d o n o t a p p e a r t O o c c u r n a t u r a l l y , e x a m p l e s o f

w h i c h a r e g i v e n b e l o w :

* Z e o l i t e L T A ( L i n d e A 28)

* Z e o l i t e L T L ( L i n d e L 29) -3 0

* Z e o l i t e K F I ( Z e o l i t e Z K - 5 ,

S p e c i e s P a n d Q 3 1 )

* Z e o l i t e A B W ( L i - A ( B W ) 32)

Z e o l i t e L i - H 32

Z e o l i t e B a - J 33

Z e o l i t e B a - K 33

Z e o l i t e B a - N 34

* Z e o l i t e E A B ( T M A - E 3s)

Z e o l i t e N 36 (Z - 2 1 3 7 , ( N a t, T M A ) - V 3s )

* Z e o l i t e R H O 39

* Z e o l i t e L O S ( L o s o d 4°)

Z e o l i t e Z S M - 3 41

* Z e o l i t e M F I ( Z S M - 5 42)

Z e o l i t e Z S M - 8 43

Z e o l i t e Z S M - 1 0 4 4

* Z e o l i t e M E L ( Z S M - 1 1 4 s )

* S t r u c t u r e d e t e r m i n e d . T h e t h r e e s t ru c t u r a l t y p e

l e t t e r s a r e t h o s e i n ' A t la s o f Z e o l i t e S t r u c t u r e

T y p e s ' b y W . M . M e i e r a n d D . H . O l s o n ( S t r u c t u r e

C o m m i s s i o n o f I n t e r n a t io n a l Z e o l i te A s s o c i a t io n )

1 9 7 8 .

Z E O L I T I Z A T I O N

S t r i n g h a m 46, b a s i n g h i s a r g u m e n t s p r i m a r i l y o n

m i n e r a l o g i c a l a n d g e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e , s u g g e s t e d

t h e c o n d i t i o n s g i v e n i n T a b l e 3 f o r o c c u r r e n c e a n d

f o r m a t i o n in N a t u r e o f a n u m b e r o f i m p o r t a n t

m i n e r a l s , b o t h s i li c a te s a n d n o n - s i li c a t e s . T h e

z e o l i t e s a r e n o t o f t e n f o r m e d a b o v e 3 5 0 ° C a n d

t h e i r s y n t h e s i s r e q u i r e s h i g h l y a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s .

S m e c t i t e s s u c h as m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e r e q u i r e l es s

a l k a l in e c o n d i t i o n s a n d s o m e k a n d i t e c l a y m i n e r a ls

c a n f o r m o n t h e a c i d s i d e a n d h a v e m i n i m a l

a m o u n t s o f e x c h a n g e c a t i o n s . S o f a r as z e o l i t e s

a n d c l a y m in e r a ls a r e c o n c e r n e d l a b o r a t o r y

e x p e r i e n c e c o n f i r m s S t r in g h a m ' s q u a l i ta t i v e

a r g u m e n t s . F o r te c t o s i l i c a t e s in g e n e r a l ( w h e t h e r

z e o l i t e s , f e l s p a r s o r f e l s p a t h o i d s ) h y d r o t h e r m a l

g r o w t h a l w a y s r e q u i r e s al k a l in e c o n d i t i o n s . T h e

m a i n r e a c t a n t s i n s u c h s y s t e m s i n c l u d e t h o s e g i v e n

in

T a b l e 4 .

T h e a l k a l i , s o u r c e o f A 1 , s o u r c e o f S i

a n d w a t e r a r e m i x e d i n a p p r o p r i a t e p r o p o r t i o n s

a r e s u b j e c t e d t o a n e le v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t o f t e n

Z E O L I T E S 1 9 81 V o L 1 O c t o b e r 3

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Zeol i tes and th eir synthesis: R. M. B ar rer

Table 3 L ike ly re lat ions between pH, temperature and occur rence of some hydro therm al ly formed minera ls 46

T ° C )

acid i ty increasing

pH = 7

alkal in i ty increasing

6 0 0

T

b io t i t e

5 0 0 p y r o p h y l l i t e

apatite ser icite

4 0 0

s t

kao l in i t e py rophy l l i t e be ide l l i t e

200 ende l l i te l d ick i te T ch lo r i t e

a l lophane ~ hyd rob io t i t e

100 1 al ui ite gib is ite no nt ion ite i ll itesericitetalc?)

wo l las ton i te

t r emo l i t e -ac t ino l i t e

b ruc i te

adular ia

m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e

calcite

and other

carbonates zeolites

Table 4 Reactant components used in hydrotherm al synthesis of zeol i tes and other tectosi licates

Sources of charge-compensat ing cat ions Sources of AI Sources of Si

A lka l i me ta l hyd rox ides

A lka l i ea r th ox ides and hyd rox ides

Other ox ides and hyd rox ides

Salts f luor ides, other hal ides, borates,

carbonates, phosphates, sulphates etc.)

Organic bases and NH4OH , especia l ly

quatern ary bases

Soluble sil icates and aluminates

Mix tu res o f two o r more o f t he above

Metal alumina tes

AI OH )3 , A I2Os, A IO OH )

AI sa l ts

G asses

Sediments

Minerals, especially clay minerals,

felspathoids, felspars, and other

zeolites

Silicates

Wa ter glass

Silica sols

Silica gels

Silica glass and o the r glasses

Si l icon esters

Vo lcan ic tu f t s and sed imen ts

Minerals clay minerals, felspathoids,

felspars, other zeolites)

Basal ts and minera l m ixtures

Sediments

M ix tu res o f two o r more o f t he above

e v e n b e l o w 1 00 °C : T h e m i x t u r e s m a y n e e d t o b e

r i p e n e d b y h o l d in g t h e m a t o r n e a r r o o m

t e m p e r a t u r e f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e b e f o r e r a i si ng t o

t h e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e ( z e o l i t e s X a n d Y ) ;

a n d t h e y m a y d u r i n g c r y s ta l l iz a t i o n be s t ir r e d

z e o l it e A ) , o r m a y b e m a i n t a i n e d q u i e s c e n t

z e o li te s X a n d Y ) . G r o w t h t i m e s m a y b e i n

h o u r s , d a y s , w e e k s o r m o n t h s a c c o r d i n g to

t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e a c t a n ts .

A f a v o u r e d r e a c t a n t m i x t u r e h a s b e e n a h y d r o u s

g e l m a d e f r o m a l ka l i, A I ( O H ) 3 f r e s h l y p r e p a r e d ,

a n d s i l i c a s o l ; o r f r o m a s o l u b l e a l u m i n a t e , a l k a l i

a n d s i l ic a s o l. A I (O H )3 d i s s o l v e d i n a l k a l i , o r

s o l u b l e a l u m i n a t e s o l u t i o n s u n d e r a l k a l i n e c o n -

d i t i o n s , g i ve t e t r a h e d r a l A I ( O H ) 4 a n io n s . T h e

s p ec i es p r e s e n t d e p e n d o n p H , b u t u n d e r a l k a li n e

c o n d i t i o n s A I ( O H ) 4 is d o m i n a n t . I o n i c p r o d u c t s

inc lude47 :

[H +] [O H- ] = 10 -14

[ H + p [ A I O I I ) g ] = 1 0 - 23 .s [ A I 3 +]

[ H +] [ A I O H ) 2 +] 10 4.89 [A13+1

[ H + ] 2 [ A I O H ) { ] = 1 0 - 8 .s 6 [ A P ÷ ]

T h e n a t p H = 5 . 8 7 s, A I ( O H ) ~ = A 13 + a n d a t p H = 1 0 ,

A I (O H ) ~ + 1 01 6. sA p +; w h i l e a t p H = 1 3 , A I (O H )4 =

102S-SA1a .

I n s o l u b l e s il ic a t es , u n d e r a l k a l i n e c o n d i t i o n s

p o l y m e r i c s i l i ca t e a n i o n s h a v e b e e n f o u n d 4 s, a s

w e l l , i n d i l u t e s o l u t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r , a s m o n o -

n u c l e a r s p e c i es s u c h a s S i ( O H ) 4, S i O ( O H ) ; a n d

S i O ~ (O H ) ~ - . I t is n o t a b l e t h a t u n d e r a l k a l in e

c o n d i t i o n g b o t h t h e A 1 a n d t h e S i ar e in t e t r a -

h e d r a l c o o r d i n a t i o n w . r . t , o x y g e n , a n d t h a t i t i s ,

a s n o t e d e a r l i e r , u n d e r a l k a l i n e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t

t e c t o s i l i c a t e s , i n w h i c h t h i s c o o r d i n a t i o n i s

p r e s e r v e d , c r y s t a l l i z e f r o m h y d r o u s g e l s a n d

m i x t u r e s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d u n d e r a c i d, n e u t r a l

o r m i l d l y a l k a l i n e c o n d i t i o n s t h e A I i n t h e k a n d i t e

a n d s m e c t i t e c l a y m i n e r a l s w h i c h t h e n c r y s t a l l i z e

i s m a i n l y i n 6 - c o o r d i n a t i o n w . r . t , o x y g e n .

R e a c t i o n v a r i a b l e s

I n a d d i t i o n t o p r e s s u r e , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d g r os s

c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e s o t h e r i n-

f l u e n c e s w h i c h d i r e c t t h e c o u r s e o f r e a c t i o n a r e

i m p o r t a n t . T h e s e i n c lu d e :

( a ) T h e m a j o r r o le o f O H - a s m i n e r a l i z i n g c a t a l y s t .

( b ) S t r u c t u r e d i r e c t i n g e f f e c t s o f c a t io n s .

( c ) U s e o f o rg a n i c b a s e s .

( d ) D i r e c t i n g e ff e c t s o f a n io n s o t h e r t h a n O H - , a n d

ro l e o f a d d e d s a l t s .

( e ) H i s t o r y - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t s s u c h a s:

( i) t h e r i p e n in g p e r i o d o f t h e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e ;

( ii ) w h e t h e r t h e m i x t u r e is s t i r re d o r n o t

d u r i n g z e o li t e f o r m a t i o n ;

( ii i) t h e p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e

r e a ct a lT t S ; a n d e v e n

( iv ) t h e o r d e r i n w h i c h r e a c t a n t s a re m i x e d .

S o m e c o m m e n t s o n t h e s e v ar ia b le s f o l lo w .

Mineralizing role of OH

T h e O H - i o n is a g o o d c o m p l e x i n g a g e n t w h i c h

c a n , t h r o u g h t h is p r o p e r t y , b r i n g a m p h o t e r i c

o x i d es a n d h y d r o x i d e s i n t o s o l u ti o n , b u t w h i c h

1 3 2 Z E O L I T E S 1 9 8 1 V o l. 1 O c t o b e r

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1 0

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O I I I I I ~ I I I

1 3 5 7 9

M o l a r i t y o f K O H s o l ut i o n

F i g u r e 1 E f f e c t o f

K O H s o l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n t h e s il ic a : a l u m i n a

r a t i o ( n ) o f t h e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n

p r o d u c t s s ° .

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b

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I I I I I ~ K - F

2 0 6 0 1 0 0 1 4 0 1 8 0 2 2 0

c m 3 o f K O H

F i g u r e

2 E f f e c t

o f r a t i o s o f

m e t a k a o l i n i t e : K O H s o l u t i o n on t h e

v i e l d o f c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n p r o d u c t s , o , 1 M K O H ; zx , 6 M K O H s °

d o e s n o t y i e l d s u ch s t a bl e c o m p l e x e s t h a t f u r t h e r

r e a c t i o n i n v o l v in g t h e m is p r e v e n t e d . S o l u t i o n

p e r m i t s r e a d y m i x i n g o f t h e c o m p l e x e s f o r m e d ,

e x a m p l e s o f w h i c h i n c l u d e :

A I ( O H ) 3 + O H - ~ - A I ( O H ) 4

A 12 03 + 3 H 2 0 + 2 O H - ~ 2 A I ( O H ) ~

S iO 2 + 2 O H - ~ S i O ~ - + H 2 0

3 S i O 2 + 2 O H - -- - S i 3 0 ~ - + H 2 0

Z n O + O H - ~ Z n O ( O H ) -

S e c o n d l y , s t a r t i n g w i t h s il ic a - ri c h m i x t u r e s , t h e

g r e a te r t h e O H - c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e m o r e n e a r l y t h e

r a t i o S i O 2 / A 1 2 03 a p p ro a c h e s 2 49 ,5 0. Th i s i s s h o w n i n

Figure i so fo r s o m e p a r e n t g e ls K 2 0 , A 1 20 3,

n S i O 2 + e x c e s s K O H + a q . T h e f i n a l p r o d u c t s w e r e

p r i m a r i l y K - G ( c h a b a z i te t y p e ) a n d K - F ( e di n g-

t o n i t e t y p e ) . W h e n S i O 2 / A 12 0 3 is t w o t h e A 1 a n d S i

s h o u l d a l te r n a t e a c c o r d i n g t o L o w e n s t e i n 's A I - O - A 1

a v o i d a n c e ru l e. T h u s b y i n c re a s in g O H - c o n c e n t r a -

t i o n t h e t e n d e n c y t o o r d e r i n g o f S i a nd A 1 o n

t e t r a h e d r a l f r a m e w o r k s i te s is al so i n c r e a s e d .

Zeo l i tes and the i r syn thes i s : R M Ba r re r

T h i r d l y , if th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f O H - (as K O H )

w a s k e p t c o n s t a n t b u t t h e a b s o lu t e a m o u n t o f

K O H w a s i n c r ea s e d b y i n c r e as i ng t h e v o l u m e o f

t h e K O H s o l u t i o n a d d e d , t h e y i e ld s o f c r y st a ls

d e c l i n e d , a s s h o w n i n Figure 2 s °. Th e t w o s o l u t i o n s

w e r e 1 M in K O H ( y i e l d i n g c h a b a z i t e - t y p e z e o l i t e )

a n d 6 M i n K O H , ( y i el d in g e d i n g t o n it e t y p e

z e o l it e ) . T h u s t h e s o l u t io n r e t a i n s u n r e a c t e d b u t

d i s so l v e d sp e c i e s i n a m o u n t s i n c r e a s i n g w i t h t h e

v o l u m e o f a l ka li h y d r o x i d e t a k e n . T h e z e o l it e s

t h u s s h o w a s o l u b i l i t y i n t h e i r a l k a l i n e m o t h e r

l i q u o r .

F o u r t h l y , i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f O H - c a n

a c c e l e r at e c r y st a l g r o w t h a n d s h o r t e n t h e i n d u c t i o n

p e r i o d b e f o r e v i a b l e n u c l e i f o r m . T h i s is s h o w n i n

Figure sl f o r th e f o r m a t i o n o f m o r d e n i t e f r o m

a m o r p h o u s a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e a t 3 0 0 ° C . T h e d e c r e a s -

i n g y i e l d a t p H 1 3 .3 i s d u e t o p ro g re s s i v e t r a n s -

f o r m a t i o n o f t h e m o r d e n i t e i n i ti a ll y f o r m e d i n t o

t h e m o r e s t a bl e p r o d u c t ( u n d e r th e e x p e r i m e n t a l

c o n d i t i o n s ) , a n a l c i m e . T h i s i s a n e x a m p l e o f

O s t w a l d ' s l a w o f s u c c e s s i v e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s , i n

w h i c h a m e t a s t a b l e p h a s e a p p e a r s f i r s t a n d t h e n

s u c c e s s iv e l y m o r e s t a b l e p h a s e s r e p l a c e i t a n d

e a c h o t h e r. T h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e m o r d e n i t e w a s

f o l l o w e d u s i ng s o r p t i o n o f n i t r o g e n t o m e a s u r e

y i e l d s o f c ry s t a l s .

A l t h o u g h m e t a s t a b l e p h as e s o f t e n p r e c e d e t h e i r

m o r e s t a b le s u c c e s s o r s , i f t h e m e t a s t a b l e p h a s e is

i s o l a t e d f r o m i t s m o t h e r l i q u o r i t c a n r e m a i n

u n c h a n g e d i n d e f i n i t e l y t h e r e a f t e r . T h i s i s o f m a j o r

s i g n i fi c a n c e in z e o l i t e c h e m i s t r y b e c a u s e i t a l l o w s

o n e t o m a n u f a c t u r e s u c h s p e c i e s a s f a u j a s i t e

( z e o l i t e s X a n d Y ) , m e t a s t a b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o

z e o li t e N a - P ( g i s ~ o n d i n e t y p e ) . L i k e w i s e w i t h

z e o l it e A w h i c h h a s n o t b e e n f o u n d i n N a t u r e a t

all.

T h e d e c r e a s e in n u c l e a t i o n t i m e w i t h r i si n g p H

s h o w n i n Figure c a n b e a t t r i b u t e d a t l e a s t i n

p a r t t o t h e m u c h g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f

r e a c t a n t s d i s so l v e d b y t h e a l ka l i. T h i s h e l p s g e r m

n u c l e i t o g r o w m o r e q u i c k l y f r o m t h e m o r e

n u m e r o u s e n c o u n t e r s b e t w e e n p r e c u r s o r s p e c i e s

i n s o lu t i on . T h e e n h a n c e d r a t e o f g r o w t h a f t e r

n u c l e a t i o n m i g h t b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e s a m e w a y :

t h e g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d i ss o lv e d p r e c u r s o r

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F i g u r e 3 i n f l u e n c e o f p H o n t h e c r y s t a l l i z a t io n r a t e o f m o r d e n i t e a t

3 0 0 ° C f r o m a m o r p h o u s c o m p o u n d s ~

ZE O LI T E 1981 , Vo l. 1 , Oc t obe r

1 3 3

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Zeol i tes and their synthesis: R. M. Barrer

T a b l e 5 S o l u b i l it y o f q u ar tz ( g d m -3 ) in N a O H a n d N a 2 C O 3

s o lu t i ons s 2

S o l u b i l i t y i n :

T e m p e r a t u r e N a ~ O ( w t )

( ° C ) NeO H aq . Na2CO 3 aq .

3 0 0 1 2 0 5

5 1 3 5 2 8

1 5 5 1 4 4 8

3 5 0 1 2 5 1 3

5 1 5 2 5 0

1 5 5 1 5 6 0

4 0 0 1 3 5 2 2

5 1 5 5 9 0

1 5 5 6 0 1 0 5

4 5 0 1 3 5 2 4

5 1 6 3 1 2 4

1 5 5 6 0 2 8 5

s p e c i e s a l l o w s f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t t o t h e s u r f a c e s o f

g r o w i n g c r y s t a l s , a h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t th e

s u r f a c e a n d f a s t e r s u r f a c e r e a c t i o n t o e x t e n d t h e

c r y s t a l l a t t i c e . T h e s t r i k i n g w a y i n w h i c h t h e

s o l u b i l i t y o f q u a r t z i n c r e a s e s w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

N a O H o r N a 2 C O 3 is i l lu s t r a t e d i n

Table

5 s2. in

d i s ti l le d w a t e r t h e s o l u b i l i t y o f q u a r t z a t 1 a t m a n d

2 5 ° C h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t o b e s2a 6 p p m .

F i n a l l y , o n e n o t e s t h e s i g m o i d f o r m o g t h e k i n e t i c s

c u r v e s o f

Figure 3

w h i c h a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f

z e o l i t i z a t i o n k i n e t i c s i n g e n e ra l a n d w i ll b e c o n -

s i d e r e d i n m o r e d e t a i l la t e r .

Structure-directing role of cations

T h e c a t i o n s i n th e r e a c t a n t m i x t u r e s h a v e b e e n

f o u n d t o d e t e r m i n e o r i n f l u e n c e t h e k in d s o f

T a b l e 6 Z e o l i t e s y n th e s e s i n re l a t i o n t o c a t i o n e n v i r o n m e n t s *

z e o l i t e w h i c h f o r m . Table 6 i n d i c a t e s t h o s e c a t i o n

e n v i r o n m e n t s w h i c h , i n m y l a b o r a t o r y , h a v e

t e n d e d t o y i e ld c e r t a in z e o l it e s . A m o n g o t h e r

f a c t o r s s u c h a s t o t a l a l k a l i n i ty , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d

o v e r a l l c o m p o s i t i o n o n e m a y m a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g

o b s e r v a t i o n s .

i) S o d ic e n v i r o n m e n t s f a v o u r th e f o r m a t i o n o f

s o d a li te a n d c a n c r i n it e h y d r a t e s , g i s m o n d i n e t y p e s

N a - P ) , g m e l i n i t e s , f a u j a s i t e s a n d z e o l i t e A . S o m e -

t i m e s t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f a s m a l l a n d a l a rg e c a t i o n

s e r ve s th e s a m e f u n c t i o n a s a n i o n o f i n t e r m e d i a t e

s i z e . T h u s z e o l i t e A w a s f o r m e d i n t h e + p r e s e n c e o f

L i + + C s + + T M A + ) a s w e l l as w i t h N a a l o n e .

i i) M o r d e n i t e f o r m e d i n s o d i c , c a lc i c a n d

s t r o n t i u m - c o n t a i n i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s ; t h e a n a lc i m e

t o p o l o g y w a s a l s o o b t a i n e d i n a r a n g e o f c a t i o n i c

e n v i r o n m e n t s a n d s o w e r e e d i n g t o n i t e - t y p e a n d

p h i l l i p s i te - t y p e z e o l i t e s .

i ii) C h a b a z i t e a n d z e o l i t e L f o r m e d i n p o t a s s i c

m e d i a w h i le L i - A B W a n d L i - H w e r e f a v o u r e d b y

l i th i c e n v i r o n m e n t s . V a r i o u s o t h e r z e o l i t e s t y p e s

r e l a t e d t o t h o m s o n i t e , e p i s t i l b i t e , h e u l a n d i t e ,

f e r r i e r it e , y u g a w a r a l i t e a n d a l s o B a - J a n d B a - K )

a p p e a r e d i n m e d i a c o n t a i n i n g a l k a li n e e a r t h m e t a l

c a t i o n s .

i v ) S o m e z e o l i t e s f o r m e d b e s t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f

t w o o r m o r e c a t io n s , e x a m p l e s b e i n g z e o li te E A B

T M A - E ) , o f f r e t i t e a n d m a z z i t e z e o l i te £2 ) a ll o f

w h i c h w e r e f a v o u r e d b y N a ÷ + N M e ~ m i x t u re s .

Z e o l i t e C a t i o n s i n r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e P r e f e r re d c a t i o n s

G is m ond ine t y pes Na , ( Na , NM e4 ) , ( Na , L i ) , ( Na , K ) , ( Na , B a ) , ( L i , Cs , NM e 4 ) Na

G m e l i n i t e t y p e s N a , S t , ( C a, N M e 4 ) , ( N a , N M e 4 ) N a

F au jas i t e t y pes Na , ( Na , NM e4) , ( Na , L i ) , ( Na , B a ) Na

Z e o l i t e A t y pes Na , ( Na , NM e4) , ( Na , K ) , ( Na , B a ) , ( Na , B a , NM e 4) , ( L i , Cs , NM e 4 ) Na

Z e o l i t e ( N a , N M e 4 ) - V N a , ( N a , N M e 4 ) N a

S od a l i t e hy d r a t es Na , NM H , NM e 4 , ( Na , NM e 4) , ( Na , K ) , ( Na , L I ) , ( Ca , NM e 4) , ( L i , Cs , NM e 4 ) Na

Ca nc r i n i t e hy d r a t es Na , ( Na , L i ) , ( Na , NM e4) , S t , ( L i , Cs , NM e 4 ) Na

Z e o l i t e E A B ~ ( T M A - E ) ( N a , N M e 4 ) ( N a , N M e 4 )

M a z z i t e t y p e ( z e o l i t e 1 2) ( N a , N M e 4 ) ( N a , N M e 4 )

O f f r e t i t e t y pes ( Na , K , NM e4) , ( Na , B a ) , ( Na , B a , NM e4) , ( L i , Cs , NM e 4 ) ( Na , K , NM e 4 )

M o r d e n i t e s N a , C a , S r N a , a l k a l i n e e a r t h i o n s

A na l c im e s and i s o t y pe s Na , K , Rb , Cs , T I , NH4 , Ca , S r , ( Na , K ) , (Na , Rb ) , ( Na , Cs ) , ( Na , T I ) , ( K , Rb ) , V a r i o us

( Rb , T I ) , ( L i , Cs )

E d ing t on i t e t y pes K , Rb , Cs , ( K , Na ) , ( Na , L i ) , ( K , L i ) , ( L i , Cs , NM e4) , ( B a , L i ) , ( L i , Cs ) K , Rb , Cs , B a

P h i l l i p s i te t y p e s K , B a , C a , N H 4 , N M e H 3 , N M e 2 H ~, N M H , N M , ( N a , K ) , ( N a , N M e 4 ) , K a n d o t h e r s

(Ca, NM e4) , (Na, Ba )

C h a b a z i t e t y p e s K , S t , ( K , N a ) , ( K , L I ) , ( K , B a ) , ( K , N a , N M e 4 ) K

Z eo l i t es L ( K , Na ) , K , B a , ( B a , K ) , ( Na , B a ) K , B a

T h o m s o n i t e t y p e C a C a

E p i s t i l b i t e t y p e C a C a

H e u l a n d i t e t y p e S r S r

F e r r i e r i t e t y p e S r S r

Y u g a w a r a l i t e t y p e S r , ( B a , L i ) S r , B a

Z e o l i t e B a - J B a B a

Z e o l i t e Z K - 5 t y p e s B a , ( N a , B a ) , ( K , B a ) , ( L i , C s , N M e 4 ) B a

Z e o l i t e B a - K B a B a

Z e o l i t e L i - A B W L i , ( L i , K ) , ( L i , N a ) , ( L i , C s , N M e 4 ) L i

Z e o l i t e L i - H L i L i

Z e o t i t e Z S M - 2 t y p e ( L i , C s , N M e 4 )

* T h e e x a m p l e s i n t h i s ta b l e a r e t a k e n m a i n l y f r o m t h e s e ri es H y d r o t h e r m a l C h e m i s t r y o f S i l ic a t e s , Pa rt s 1 t o 2 2 , a n d o n C h e m i s t r y

o f S o i l M i n e r a l s , P a rt s 1 t o 1 4 , p u b l i s h e d i n t h e J. Chem. Soc. Lond on) , f r o m 1 9 5 1 o n w a r d s . R e s u l t s f r o m s o m e e a r l ie r p a p e r s

f r o m t h e a u t h o r ' s l a b o r a t o r y a re a ls o i n c l u d e d .

O r i g i n a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o b e l i k e e r i o n i t e s 3 5, b u t r e c e n t l y s h o w n t o h a v e a n o v e l s t r u c t u r e 5 3.

1 3 4

Z E O L I T E S , 1 9 8 1 , V o l. 1 , O c t o b e r

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T h e r e s u l t s i n Table 6 i n n o w a y e x c l u d e t h e p o s s i -

b i l it y t h a t a g i ve n z e o l i te t o p o l o g y m a y r e s u l t f r o m

s ti ll m o r e v a r i e d c a t i o n i c c o m p o s i t i o n s , o r b y

d i f f e r e n t c h e m i c a l p a t h w a y s . T h e K F I ( i . e . Z K - 5 )

f r a m e w o r k p r o v i d e s a n e x a m p l e o f s y n th e s i s b y

v a r i e d p a t h w a y s . I t w a s f i r s t m a d e i n 1 9 4 8 3 1 b y

r e c r y s t a l l i z i n g a n a l c i m e w i t h e x c e s s B a C 12 o r

B a B r 2 p l u s a l it t le w a t e r ( S p e c i e s P a n d Q ) . L a t e r

i t w a s m a d e s4 f r o m a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e g e l s w i t h N a O H

a q . p l u s t h e o r g a n i c b a s e C N ~ N C ] IO H - ) 2

S t il l l a t e r i t w a s m a d e f r o m a l u m i n o s i l i c a te g e ls

w i t h a q u e o u s K O H + C s O H i n p a r t ic u l a r p r o -

por t ions ss , a n d f i n a l l y f r o m N M e 4 - a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e

s o l u t i o n s w i t h L i O H + C s O H s6 .

I n f l ue nc e o f sal ts i n z e o l i t e f orm at ion

W a t e r is n o t t h e o n l y g u e s t s p e c i e s w h i c h c a n e n t e r

z e o l i t e s d u r in g , a n d w h i c h a s si st s, s y n t h e s e s o f s u c h

o p e n f r a m e w o r k a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e s . I n o r g a n i c s a l t s

c a n a p p e a r e n c a p s u l a t e d i n c e r t a i n n a t u r a l m i n e r a l s

( t h e s o d a l i t e - n o s e a n g r o u p , c a n c r i n i t e s , s c a p o l i t e s

a n d a f g h a n i t e a n d r e l a t e d m i n e r a l s ) a s w e l l a s i n

S p e c i es P a n d Q ( K F I f r a m e w o r k ) a n d in K - F

( e d i n g t o n it e t y p e z e o l i t e ) . T h e s a lt s o c c u p y s o m e

o r a ll o f t h e s a m e i n t r a c r y s t a l l in e c h a n n e l s a n d

c a v i ti e s a s w a t e r m o l e c u l e s , a n d t h e y c a n s u p p o r t

a n d s t a b i l i z e t h e s e f r a m e w o r k s . I n g e n e r a l t h e s a l t

m o l e c u l e s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o r e m o v e , t h o u g h t h i s i s

p o s s i b le f o r s u c h o p e n s t r u c tu r e s a s t h e K F I

f r a m e w o r k o f S p e c ie s P .

T h e s a lt s m a y c a u s e f o r m a t i o n o f sp e c i f i c z e o l i t e s .

T h u s , a s a l r e a d y n o t e d , e x c e s s B a C1 z o r B a B r 2

a c t in g h y d r o t h e r m a l l y o n a n a l c im e c o n v e r t e d i t t o

S p e c i e s P a n d Q , w h i l e e x c e s s K C1 a n d K B r c o n -

v e r t e d a n a l c i m e t o s a l t- b e a r i n g f o r m s o f th e e d i n g -

t o n i t e s t r u c t u r e ( S p e c i e s N a n d O ) sT . A l s o s a l t s

d e t e r m i n e d w h i c h o f t h e f r a m e w o r k s o f s od a l it e o r

c a n c r i n i t e w o u l d f o r m ss ,5 9. A l u m i n a a n d s il ic a

w e r e p r o v i d e d a s m e t a k a o l i n i t e , A 1 2 0 3 • 2 S i O z.

4 M N a O H a q . w a s n o r m a l l y u s e d t o g e t h e r w i t h

s a lt s i n a m o u n t s w h i c h w e r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y v a r i e d .

T h e r e a c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e w a s u s u a ll y , b u t n o t

a l w a y s , 8 0 ° C . I t w a s o b s e r v e d t h a t :

(a ) T h e y i e l d c o u l d b e i m p r o v e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e

T a b l e 7 S t r u c t u r e - d i r e c t i n g e f f e c t o f s o m e sa lt s, a n d t h e r m a l

s t a b i l i t y o f s a l t - f i l l ed s oda l i t es and c an c r i n i t es s8

S t a b i l i t y i n d . t .a . S o d a l i t e s C a n c r i n i t e s

S t ab le abo v e 850 ° C Na2S O 3 Na2S O 4 ) Na2S O 4

S t a b l e a t ~ 8 5 0 ° C N a C l N a 2 S eO 4

N a B r , N a l

L a t t ic e b r e a k d o w n a t - - 8 5 0 ° C

N a O H N a O H

C H 3 C O O N a N a 2 C r O 4

N a 2 C O 3 N a N O 3

N a H C O 3 N a 2 M o O 4

N a 2 C 2 4 N a 2 F e O 4

N a 2 W O 4 N a M n O 4

N a 3 P O 4 N a 2 V O 4

N a C I O 4 N a J e O 4

N a C I O 3 N a N 3

N a 2 S

Zeo lites and the ir synthes is: Ft i14 Barrer

o f s a lt s . T h u s i n a b s e n c e o f sa l t th e m e t a k a o l i n i t e

( M T K ) w i th 4 M N a O H g a v e 5 3 o f t h e th e o r e t i c a l

y i e l d o f s od a l it e h y d r a t e , w h i l e M T K w i t h 4 M

N a O H a n d 0 . 5 M N a C 1 0 4 ga v e a y i e l d o f 9 6 .

( b ) A p a r t f r o m i n c r e a s i n g t h e y i e l d , t h e X - r a y

p a t t e r n s o f b o t h s o d a l it e a n d c a n c r in i te w e r e o f t e n

s h a r p e n e d w h e n s a l t s w e r e i n c l u d e d , s u g g e s t i n g

b e t t e r c r y s t a l l i n i t y .

( c) T h e s a lt a n i o n s h a d , a s n o t e d a b o v e , a s t r u c t u r e -

d i r e c t i n g e f f e c t , i n t h a t a t 8 0 ° C c e r t a i n s a l t s c a u s e d

c a n c r i n i t e a n d o t h e r s c a u s e d s o d a l it e s t o a p p e a r

Table 7) . A t h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e s , e .g . 3 0 0 ° - 4 5 0 ° C ,

a n d i n t h e c a s e o f b a s ic s o d a l it e a n d c a n c r i n i t e t h e

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f N a O H a l so h a d a n i n f lu e n c e :

2 0 0 - 3 0 0 e x c e s s N a O H y ie l d e d b a s i c s o d a l it e

( s o da l it e h y d r a t e ) ; a b o v e 3 0 0 e x c e s s N a O H b a s ic

c a n c r i n i t e ( c a n c r i n i t e h y d r a t e ) r e p l a c e d t h e

so da l i te 32.

(d ) As Table 7 i n d i c a t e s , t h e t h e r m a l s t a b i l i t y i n

d . t. a , d e p e n d e d u p o n t h e k i n d o f sa lt p r e s e n t , a n d

a ls o u p o n t h e a m o u n t o f t h e g iv e n sa lt in c l u d e d

w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k . W h e n a ll o t h e r v a r i a b l e s

w e r e k e p t c o n s t a n t ( i.e . a m o u n t o f M T K , c o n c e n -

t r at io n o f N a O H , a m o u n t o f w a te r , t e m p e r a t u r e

a n d p r e s s u r e ) b u t o n l y t h e s a l t c o n c e n t r ~ r t i o n s w e r e

v a r i e d , c o n t i n u o u s i s o t h e r m s o f sa l t u p t a k e v s. c o n -

c e n t r a t i o n w e r e o b t a i n e d Figure 4s8) . A s m o r e

s a l t w a s t a k e n u p , z e o l i t i c w a t e r a n d c a u s t i c s o d a

w e r e p r o ~ e s s i v e l y d i s p la c e d . E a c h 1 4 - h ed r a l

s o d a l i t e c a g e is f il l e d b y 4 w a t e r , 2 c a u s t i c s o d a

o r 1 s a lt m o l e c u l e . E a c h c a g e is t h u s a f o u r - f o l d

s i t e f o r w a t e r , t w o - f o l d f o r N a O H , a n d a s i n g l e

s i te f o r t h e s a l t. T h e s a lt is o t h e r m s a r c o f T y p e I

i n B r u n a u e r ' s c l a s s i fi c a t io n , a s Figure 4 i n d i c a t e s .

B a s e d o n d e t a i l e d b a l a n c i n g i d e a l m i x t u r e i s o -

t h e r m s f o r e a c h s p e c i e s i n t h e w a t e r , N a O H , s a l t

m i x t u r e c o u l d b e d e r iv e d , w h i c h w i t h r e a s o n a b l e

a s s ig n m e n t s o f a d j u s t a b le p a r a m e t e r s c o u l d r e -

p r o d u c e t h e c u r v e s o f Figure 4 r e a s o n a b l y w e l l .

20.01

I A

i i t ~ B

i f , , _ _ _ _

~ o o J

1 2

Con c en t r a t i on o f s a tt i n s y n t hes i s s o lu t i on M )

igure 4 S a l t a n d w a t e r i n c l u s i o n i s o t h e r m s i n s o d a l i te . S y n t h e s is

c o n d i t i o n s : 8 0 ° C , 4 M N a O H , c r y s t a l li n e k a o l i n i t e f e e d s t o c k .

A , N a C I O 4 ; B , N a C t O 3 ; C , N a B r ; D , N a C I ; E , H 2 0 N a B r i s o t h e r m ) ;

F , H 2 0 N a C I i s o t h e r m ) ; G , H 2 0 N a C I O 3 i s o t h e r m ) ; H , H 2 0

N a C l O 4 i s o t h e r m ) s s

ZE O LI T E 1981 . Vo l. 1 . O c t obe r

35

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Zeol i tes and the i r synthesis: R M Barrer

Zeolite growth in presence of organic bases

Table 6

c o n t a i n s e x a m p l e s o f z e o l i t i z a t i o n i n

p r e s e n c e o f o r g a n i c b a s e s . T h e u s e o f s u c h b a s e s

w a s p i o n e e r e d i n 1 9 6 1 6 ° w i t h t h e r e s u l ts s u m m a r i z e d

b e l o w :

NH+

4

NH4-analcime

NH4-harmotome-type

NH4-mica

NM H

¢

N-harmotome-type

N-mica

NMeH3 NMe2H=

N-harmotome-type N-harmotome-type

N-mica N-mica

NMe 4

¢

N-harmotome-type

N-sodalite

N-Q (zeolite A)

N-R (faujasite-type)

N-montmorillonite

T h e c r y s t a l l i z a t io n f i e l d s i n t h e N M e 4 O H + a l u m i n o -

s i l i c a t e g e l s y s t e m i s s h o w n i n

Figure 5.

T h e

s y m b o l ' N ' d e n o t e s ' c o n ta i n i n g a l k y l a m m o n i u m

a n d / o r a m m o n i u m i o n s ', s in c e u n d e r t h e s y n t h e s i s

c o n d i t i o n s a l k y l a m m o n i u m i o n s m a y p a rt i a ll y

h y d r o l y s e . I t w a s p r e d i c t e d , a n d f o u n d , t h a t w h e n

l a rg e i o n s s u c h a s l~ M e 4 a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d t h e

z e o l i t e s p r o d u c e d a r e m o r e s i l i c a - r i c h t h a n u s u a l ,

b e c a u s e o n l y a l i m i te d n u m b e r o f th e s e i o n s c o u l d

b e f i t t e d i n t o t h e p o r e s p a c e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e

f r a m e w o r k a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e a n i o n i c f r a m e w o r k

c h a rg e w o u l d n e c e s s a r il y h a ve t o b e l o w ( m o r e

S i , l e s s M ) .

T h e u s e o f o r g a n i c b a s e s f o r z e o l i t e s y n t h e s i s h a s

s i nc e b e e n d e v e l o p e d e x t e n s i v e ly , s o m e r e s u l ts

b e i n g g i v e n i n

Table 8.

T h e f o r m a t i o n o f s il ic a - ri c h

z e o l it e s c u l u m i n a t e d i n f o r m s o f Z S M - 5 a n d

Z S M - 1 1 w h i c h c o n t a i n o n l y t r ac e s o f A1 ( t h e

so- ca l led s i l ic al i tes 167 an d 268) . Th es e l iml t in_g

c o m p o s i t i o n s a r e p o r o u s c r y s t a l l i n e s i l i c a s , l i k e t h e

n a t u r a l p o r o u s c r y s t a l l in e s il ic a , m e l a n o p h l o g i t e 69,

w h i c h h a s t h e f r a m e w o r k s t r u c t u r e o f c la t h r a te

h y d r a t e s o f T y p e 1 . T h e i r e x i s t e n c e ra i se s th e

q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r o t h e r z e o l i t e t o p o l o g i e s c a n b e

o b t a i n e d a s t h e M - f r e e s il ic a e n d - m e m b e r s . A c i d

300

20~

~ I0~

o d

8

E

/ 1 \

I N T

1 /

I

N - V

0 c

100 I

2 4 6 8

Mol ratio n)

Figure 5 Cryst alliz ation fields of nitrogenous aluminosilicates

derived from tetrame thyla mmonium aluminosil icate gels 6°. N-A =

boehmite; N-T = sodalite type; N-P = harmotome type; N-Q =

zeolite A type; N-R = faujasite type; N-V = montmoril lonite type

e x t r a c t i o n o f f r a m e w o r k A 1 h a s p r o v e d p o s s i b le

f o r s i li c e o u s z e o l i t e s s u c h a s m o r d e n i t e , f e r r ie r i t e

a n d c l i n o p t i l o l i t e , b u t t h i s n e c e s s a r i ly l e a v e s b e h i n d

f r a m e w o r k s w h i c h , a l t h o u g h s t il l c r y s t a l l i n e t o

X - r a y s , a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s r i c h i n d e f e c t s .

Nature and pre treatment of reactants

S t r i k i n g c h a n g e s c a n a r i s e i n t h e p r o d u c t s o f

c r y s t a ll i z a ti o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p h y s i c a l n a t u r e o f

r e a c t a n t s o f th e s a m e o v e r a ll c o m p o s i t i o n , a n d t o

t h e p r i o r h i s t o r y o f t h e r e a c t a nt s . T h i s b e h a v i o u r

e m p h a s i se s t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s a re o f t e n d e t e r m i n e d

b y n o n - t h e r m o d y n a m i c f a c t o rs s u c h a s n u c l e a t i o n

Table 8 Some zeolit e syntheses in presence of orga nic bases

Cations Zeolite type Cations Zeolite type

Tetr amet hyl ammon iu rn + TMA+) 61

Na + + TM A + ~s,38,6o,62,63

Ca ?+ + TMA + 64

Ba=+ + T M A + 34

K + + Na + + T MA + 35

Gismondine Na, K + banzyl tr imet hylam monium +65 Erionite

Sodalite [40

Gismo ndine Na+ + I )~1 Losod

Sodalite Na + + <~ >~ 1 ]40 Losod

Cancrinite

Zeolite A isotypes Na + + neopen tylt r imeth ylamm onium + 4o Losod

N-A , ~, ZK- 4) + 6~

Na + + N ~N CH 3 Levynite ZK-20)

Faujasite

+ +

Zeolite EAB Na + + CH3 N~N CH 3 s4 Zeolite ZK- 5

Mazzite zeolite ~,)

Zeolite Na, NMe4)-V Na + + tetrap ropyla mmonium + 42 Zeolite ZSM-5

isotypes N and Z-21) Na++ tetraet hylammo nium + 43 Zeolite ZSM-8

Gismondine Na + + tet rab uty lam mon ium + 45 Zeolite ZSM-1 1

Sodalite Na + + benzyl tr iphen ylammoni um + 4s Zeolite ZSM-1 1

Gmelin ite Na + + tetr abut ylp hosp honi um + 4s Zeolite ZSM-1 1

Erionite-type + +

Zeolite L K+-~ CH3 N~N CH a Zeolite ZSM-10

Erionite-type

Offret i te

Chabazite

136 ZE O LIT E 1981, Vol . 1 , October

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k i n e t i c s , g o v e r n e d b y f l u c t u a t i o n s w h i c h c a u s e

v a r i o u s p r e c u r s o r s p e c i e s a n d g e r m n u c l e i t o a p p e a r

a n d d i s ap p e a r . F o r e x a m p l e w h e n t h e s o u r c e s o f

a l u m i n a a n d s i li c a w e r e r e s p e c t i v e l y k a o l i n it e

( o x id e f o r m u l a A 1 2 0 3 . 2 S i O 2 . 2 H 2 0 ) a n d m e t a -

k a o l i n i t e ( o x i d e f o r m u l a A 1 2 0 3 . 2 S i O 2 ) , w i t h o r

w i t h o u t a d d e d s i l i c a , a n d t h e m i n e r a l i z i n g s o l u t i o n s

w e r e a q u e o u s B a ( O H ) 2 + L i O H t h e p r o d u c t s a t

80°C wereT0:

F r o m m e t a k a o l i n it e

( L i , B a ) - A B W , z e o l i t e

( B a, L i ) - e d i n g t o n i t e

( B a, L i ) - e d i n g t o n i t e t y p e

( B a , L i ) - G , L ( l ik e z e o l i t e L T L )

(B a , L i ) -M (p h i l l i p s i t e t y p e )

( B a , L i ) - N ( u n i d e n t i f i e d )

Fr om kao l i n i t e

( B a, L i ) - Q ( y u g a w a r a l i t e t y p e )

( B a , L i ) - P * ( n o n - z e o l i t e , l ik e c y m r i t e )

( B a , L i ) - T ( b a r i u m s i l i ca t e h y d r a t e )

T h e p r o d u c t s f r o m m e t a k a o l i n i t e w e r e t h u s

c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e o b t a i n e d f r o m

k a o l i n i t e .

W h e n s o l u b l e s i l ic a t e s a r e a s o u rc e o f s i l ic a i n

s y n t h e s i s o f f a u j a s i t e s ( z e o l i t e s X a n d Y ) i t h a s

b e e n f o u n d t h a t r e a c t i o n p r o ce e d s m u c h m o r e

e a s i ly w h e n t h e r e a r e t r a c e s o f A1 i n t h e s o d i u m

s i l i ca te 71,72. Th is s t r on g ly sugges t s a l um ino s i l i c a te

p r e c u r s o r s p e c i e s in t h e s i li c a te w h i c h i n s o l u t i o n

a s s i s t n u c l e a t i o n o f f a u j a s i t e . F u r t h e r e v i d e n c e o f

t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p r e c u r s o r s p e c i e s w a s o b t a i n e d i n

s y n t h e s i s o f a n a l c i m e s f r o m d i l u t e s o l u t i o n s c o n -

t a i n i n g p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y v e r y li t tl e A 1 a s c o m p a r e d

w i t h S i a n d N a O H 7a. T h e a n a l c im e s w e r e m u c h

r i c h e r i n A 1 t h a n t h e p a r e n t s o l u t i o n s a n d t h e

c o m p o s i t i o n o f a g iv e n a n a lc i m e d i d n o t a l t er w i t h

t i m e a s c ry s t a l li z a t i o n p r o c e e d e d u p t o c o m p l e t e

e x h a u s t i o n o f t h e A 1 . T h i s w a s t a k e n t o i n d i c a t e

t h a t t h e c r y s t al s g r e w f r o m s o l u ti o n o n l y f r o m

d i s s ol v e d a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e s p e c i e s o f f i x e d c o m -

p o s i t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d v a r y o n l y w i t h t h e

N a O H : A 1 : S i r a t i o i n t h e i n i t ia l s o l u t i o n .

K i n e t ic s o f c r y st a l f o r m a t i o n a n d g r o w t h

A s s h o w n i n Figure 3 t h e t o t a l w e i g h t o f c r y s t a l s

p r o d u c e d p l o t t e d a g a i ns t t i m e f o l lo w s a s i gm o i d

c u r v e . T h e r e i s a n i n d u c t i o n t i m e , a p e r i o d o f

a c c e l e r a t i n g d e p o s i t i o n o f c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l a n d

f i n a l l y a p e r i o d o f d e c l i n e i n t h is d e p o s i t i o n a s o n e

o r m o r e o f t h e e s s e n t ia l n u t r i e n t r e a c t a n t s i s u s e d

u p .

N u c l e a t i o n

I n t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e v i a b le n u c l e i a p p e a r o n e m a y

c o n s i d e r t h a t , b y f l u c t u a t i o n , v a r i o u s a l u m i n o -

s i li c a te g e r m n u c l e i a p p e a r a n d d i s a p p e a r . C a t i o n s ,

w i t h o r w i t h o u t t h e i r h y d r a t i o n s h e ll s, m a y

i n f l u e n c e t h e s e p r o c e s s e s Table 6) b y a c t i n g t o

s o m e d e g r e e as t e m p l a t e s f o r f o r m i n g g e r m n u c l e i .

T h i s s h o u l d b e p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p a r e n t w i t h t h e l a r g e

o r g a n i c i o n s

Table 7).

A l s o , s o m e c a t i o n s h a v e a

Zeo l i tes and the i r syn thes i s : R M Ba r re r

s t r u c t u r e - b r e a k i n g e f f e c t o n t h e H - b o n d i n g i n

w a t e r a n d s o m e a s t r u c t u r e - f o r m i n g r o l e. A m o n g

t h e l a t t e r a r e i o n s l i k e N M e ~. E v e n t u a l l y , a f t e r a

s u f f i c i e n t t i m e h a s e l a p s e d , o n e o r m o r e k i n d s o f

g e r m n u c l e u s m a y r e a c h t h e c r i t ic a l si ze t o b e c o m e

v i a b l e a n d c r y s t a l g r o w t h b e g i n s . A n e x a m p l e o f

t h is is f o u n d i n th e l o w t e m p e r a t u r e r i p e n i n g

p e r i o d o f t e n a l l o w e d i n s y n t h e s i s o f f a u j a s i t e

z e o li te s X o r Y w h e r e t h e l o w t e m p e r a t u r e f a v o u r s

a g o o d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e g e r m n u c le i n e e d e d

f o r t h e u l t i m a t e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n a s f a u j a s i te . B y

s u b s e q u e n t l y r a is in g t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s o m e o f t h e

g e r m n u c l e i d e v e l o p i n t o v i a b le n u c l e i a n d c r y s ta l li -

z a t i o n p r o c e e d s .

T h e r e a s o n w h y g e r m n u c l e i m u s t r e a c h a c r i ti c al

s iz e b e f o r e b e c o m i n g v i ab l e f o r c r y s t a l g r o w t h c a n

b e c o n s i d e r e d i n g e n e r a l t e r m s a s f o ll o w s . I n a

l i q u i d p h a s e t h e r e m u s t b e a n i n t e r f a c i a l f r e e

e n e r g y ,

Agl ,

b e t w e e n t h e n u c l e u s a n d t h e

s u r r o u n d i n g m e d i u m . T h i s is a p o s i t iv e t e r m , w h i c h

t h u s t e n d s t o r e n d e r t h e g e r m n u c l e u s u n s ta b l e .

H o w e v e r , in a b s e n c e o f A g1 t h e r e w o u l d o n l y b e a

n e g a ti v e f r e e e n e r g y o f f o r m a t i o n

A g

f o r a

p o t e n t i a l l y v ia b le g e r m - n u c l e u s, c o m p o s e d o f j

s t r u c t u r a l u n i t s. T h e t e r m A g1 w i ll b e p r o p o r t i o n a l

t o t h e a r e a o f i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n t h e g e r m n u c l e u s

a n d l i q u i d a n d s o t o j2/3 w h i l e A g w i l l b e p ro -

p o r t i o n a l t o - j . T h u s t h e n e t t f r e e e n e r g y o f

f o r m a t i o n i s :

Ag 2 = Aj 2 /3 _ Bj

w h e r e A a n d B a r e c o e f f i c i e n t s . W h e t h e r A g 2 is

p o s i t iv e o r n e g a t i v e t h e n d e p e n d s o n t h e v a l u e s o f

A j 2/a

a n d

Bj .

I n i t i a l l y , f o r j s m a l l , A g 2 i s t h o u g h t

t o b e p o s i t i v e A j 2/3 > Bj) a n d s u c h g e r m n u c l e i

p r o d u c e d b y f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e n o t s t ab l e ( A g 2

p o s i t i v e ) a n d t e n d t o d i s a p p e a r . H o w e v e r , s u c h

f l u c t u a t i o n s m a y e v e n t u a l l y a l s o g i v e a p r o p o r t i o n

o f g e r m n u c l e i w i t h l a r ge r j . I f s o m e o f t h e s e r e a c h

t h e s iz e w h e r e :

dj - O, i . e . w h e re : j = \ ~ -~ ]

t h e n a n y f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n o f s t r u c t u r a l u n i t s w i l l

r e s u l t i n d e c r e a s i n g A g 2 . Th e re i s t h u s e v e n t u a l l y a

c u r r e n t o f g e r m n u c l e i t h r o u g h t h e c r i t i c a l si ze s o

t h a t t h e y a r e n o w v i ab l e n uc l e i o n w h i c h c r y s ta l

g r o w t h t a k e s p l a c e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d

f o r m a l l y i n Figure 6 i n w h i c h A g 2 i s p l o t t e d a g a i n s t

j . O n c e t h e m a x i m u m i n A g 2 is r e a c h e d t h e g e r m

n u c l e u s h a s b e c o m e v i a bl e i n t h a t f u r t h e r g r o w t h is

a c c o m p a n i e d b y a f re e e n e r g y d e c re a s e .

Post -nucleat ion s tage

T h e r a t e o f d e p o s i t i o n o f c r y s ta l l in e m a t e r i a l o n

t h e s u r f a c e o f g r o w i n g c r y s t a l s o f z e o l i te s A a n d X

h a s b e e n m e a s u r e d b y o b s e rv i n g t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f

t h e l a r g e st c r y s t a l s a t v a r i o u s t im e s a f t e r t h e s t a r t

o f h e a t i n g t h e r e a c t a n t g e ls 74. T h e l i n e a r c r y s t a l

g r o w t h r a t e c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d a s 0. 5 A l / A t w h e r e

A l is t h e i n c r e a s e i n c r y s t a l d i m e n s i o n i n t i m e A t .

Figure 7

s h o w s t h a t t h i s g r o w t h r a t e i s i n d e p e n d e n t

o f t i m e o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d , i . e . c r y s t a ll i n e

Z E O L I T E S 1 9 81 V o L 1 O c t o b e r 37

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Zeo l i t es and t he i r s y n thes is : R M B a r f e r

A g 2 0

F i g u r e 6 F o r m a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e sh a p e o f t h e c u r v e o f A g ~

aga i ns t t he nu mbe r , j , o f s t ruc tu ra l un i t s i n a ge rm nuc l eus

i

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10 / 70 °

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

t d a y s )

F i gu re 7 Ra tes o f g ro w th a t a s e ri es o f t empe ra tu res i n °C o f t he

l a rges t c ry s ta l s o f z e o l i t e N a -X f ro m a l um i no s i l i c a te ge l s 74

m a t e r i a l is l a id d o w n a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e . S t a r t i n g

w i t h a r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e o f o x i d e c o m p o s i t i o n 4 . 1 2

N a 2 0 , A 1 2 0 3 , 3 . 5 S i O 2 , 5 9 3 H z O t h e l i n e a r r a t e s

w e r e f o r X :

7 0 ° C 0 . 0 1 7 5

pm/h

8 0 ° C 0 . 0 3 7 5 m / h

9 0 ° C 0 . 0 6 2 5

m/h

1 0 0 ° C 0 . 1 0 7 1

m/h

T h e s e v a l u e s g i v e a n A r r h e n i u s a c t i v a t i o n e n e r g y ,

E,

o f 6 2 . 5 k J m o 1 - 1 . F o r z e o l i t e A t h i s e n e r g y w a s

4 3 . 7 k J m o l - L B o t h v a l u e s ar e t o o h i g h f o r c o n t r o l

b y d i f f u s i o n o f c h e m i c a l n u t r i e n t t o t h e c r y s t a l

s u r fa c e , f o r w h i c h E w o u l d c o r r e s p o n d a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y w i t h t h a t f o r t h e v i s c o s i t y o f s o l u t i o n , i . e .

b e - 1 6 - 1 7 k J m o 1 - 1 . A c c o r d i n g l y i t s e e m s li k e l y

t h a t c r y s t a l g r o w t h i s c o n t r o l l e d b y a c h e m i c a l s t e p

i n w h i c h a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e u n i t s a d d t o t h e g r o w i n g

s u r fa c e s b y c o n d e n s a t i o n p o l y m e r i z a t i o n i n v o l vi n g

e l im i n a t i o n o f w a t e r b e t w e e n a p p r o p r i a t e p a i rs o f

t e r m i n a l O H g r o u p s . T h i s m e c h a n i s m r e q u i r e s a f i t

b e t w e e n t h e t e r m i n a l - O H g r o u ps o f t h e su r f a c e

a n d t h o s e o f t h e u n i t w h i c h is b e i n g a d d e d t o t h e

s u r f a c e .

T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e w a s u s e d t o r e p r o d u c e t h e

e x p e r i m e n t a l s i g m o i d c u rv e o f a m o u n t o f N a - X

f o r m e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e 74. F r o m t h e f i n a l

y i e l d o f c r y s t a l s a h i s t o g r a m o f s iz e d i s t r i b u t i o n

w a s p r e p a r e d f r o m a s a m p l e o f 3 0 0 c r y s t a l s . I f

ni

i s t h e n u m b e r o f c r y s t a l s i n t h e i

T

m o d e t h e n

the f r a c t i o n o~ =

n i /N

w h e r e N i s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r

o f c r y s t a l s . ~[ he li n e a r g r o w t h o f t h e l a r g e s t c r y s t a l s

i s s h o w n i n c u r v e 1 o f

Figure 8.

T h e l i n e a r r a t e o f

g r o w t h r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t f o r ~ 1 1 5 h a n d t h e r e -

a f t e r d e c a y e d a s y m p t o t i c a l l y t o z e r o . I t w a s

a s s u m e d t h a t p r i o r t o t h e d e c a y p e r io d , c r y s t a ls o f

a l l s i z e s g r e w a t t h e s a m e l i n e a r r a t e , a n d t h a t i n

t h e d e c a y p e r i o d , c r y s t a l s o f a l l s i z e s s t i l l g r e w a t

t h e s a m e , t h o u g h d e c l i n i n g , l i n e a r r a t e s . T h u s t h e

t i m e o f n u c l e a t i o n , o r t h e t i m e a t w h i c h c r y s t a l s

o f a n y g i v e n s iz e ra n g e i n t h e f in a l p r o d u c t b e g i n t o

g r o w , c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s i n t u r n a l l o w s o n e

t o f in d t h e n u c l e a t i o n k i n e t ic s ( c u r v e 2 i n

Figure 8).

F i n a l l y , t h e r a t i o

Zt /Z f

c a n b e f o u n d , w h e r e Z t

i s t h e m a s s o f c r y s t a l s a t t i m e t a n d Z f t h e m a s s i n

t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t :

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w h e r e d i i s t h e m e a n d i a m e t e r o f c r y s t a l s i n t h e i th

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F i g u r e 8 N u c l e a t i o n k in e t i c s c u r v e 2 ) o r d i n a t e = A s / A t ) X 1 0 2 };

ra t e o f g ro w th o f t he l a rges t c ry s ta l s c u rv e 1 , o f F i g u r e 7 ) ; a n d

t o t a l a m o u n t o f c r y s t a ls f o r m e d c u r ve 3 ) a s a f u n c t i o n o f t i m e

T M

1 3 8

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F igu re 9 D ependenc e o f r a t e c ons t an t s k ' = k / [S i O 2 ] s o l n on S i / A I

rat ios of fau jas i tes at 88 C 7s, k denotes the l inear growt h rate.

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d i t )

i s t h e m e a n d i a m e t e r t h e s e c r y s t a l s

w o u l d h a v e h a d a t t i m e

t . V t and V /are

v o l u m e s o f

c r y s t a l s a t t i m e t a n d f i n a l l y , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h i s i s

c u r v e 3 o f

Figure 8 ,

w h i c h a g r e e s i n f o r m w i t h

t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c u r v e . . T h e a b o v e t r e a t m e n t d o e s

n o t g iv e i n f o r m a t i o n o f e v e n ts a t th e m o l e c u l a r

l e v e l. W i t h r e a s o n a b l e p h y s i c a l a s s u m p t i o n s i t

s h o w s t h a t f re s h n u c l e a t i o n o c c u r s o v e r t h e w h o l e

p e r i o d o f c r y st a l li z a t io n , w i t h a s t ro n g m a x i m u m

a t a n e a r ly t im e ~ 4 0 h ) b e f o r e a n y a p p r e c i a b l e

m a s s o f c ry s t a l s ha s a p p e a r e d .

D e p o s i t i o n o n s e e d c r y s t a l s

S e e d c r y s t a l s o f a g i v e n z e o l it e , i f i n t r o d u c e d u n d e r

c o n d i t i o n s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r f o r m i n g th a t z e o l it e ,

i n c r e a s e i n s i z e a s c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l i s d e p o s i t e d

o n t h e m . T h i s a s p e c t h as b e e n e x a m i n e d f o r

f a u j a s i t e s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t a i l 7 s. I n t h e r a n g e

o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s t u d i e d t h e li n e a r c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n

r a te w a s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o th e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f

s i li c a te i n t h e s o l u t i o n f o r f i n a l p r o d u c t s o f g i v e n

S i : A 1 r a t i o . T h e r a t e c o n s t a n t s f o r g r o w t h d i v i d e d

b y t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f si li c a te w e r e s tr o n g l y

d e p e n d e n t o n t h e S i : A 1 r a t i o s o f t h e d e p o s i t e d

f a u j a s i t e Figure 9 ) . T h e m o r e s i l i c e o u s t h e z e o l i t e

t h e l e ss r a p i d t h e d e p o s i t i o n o n t h e s e e d c r y s t a l s

o f z e o l i t e X , b y s e v e r a l o r d e r s o f m a g n i t u d e i n t h e

ran ge 1 .4 ~< Si /A I ~< 3 .4 .

C O N C L U S I O N

T h i s in t r o d u c t i o n i ll u s tr a te s a n u m b e r o f a s p e c ts o f

z e o l i t e s y n t h e s i s , b a s e d p a r t l y o n t h e a u t h o r s

e x p e r i e n c e . S y n t h e s i s i s a n a r e a o f i n o r g a n ic a n d

p h y s i c a l c h e m i s t r y w h i c h h a s b o t h a c a d e m i c

i n t e r e s t a n d i n d u s t r i a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h e v a r i e t y o f

t h e a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i x t u r e s f r o m w h i c h z e o l i t e

c r y s t a l s c a n d e v e l o p a n d t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f e s ta b l i s h -

i n g t h e n a t u r e a n d s t r u c t u r e o f p r e c u r s o r s p e c i e s i n

s o l u t io n m a k e i t h a r d t o u n d e r s t a n d e v e n ts a t t h e

m o l e c u l a r l e v e l . N e v e r t h e l e s s I h o p e t h a t z e o l i t e

s y n t h e s i s w i l l i n t h e f u t u r e b e s t u d i e d i n i n c r e a s i n g

d e p t h .

R E F E R E N C E S

1 Schwarz , R . and Trageser , G.

Natu rw i s s .

1935, 23, 512

2 No l l , W. Cen t . M i ne r . 1934 , 8 0 ; M i n e r a L P e t r o g r . M i t t . 1934 ,

45 , 175 and 1936 , 48 ,

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