zero net energy building code

Energy Sovereignty Building Code New Construction

Prepared for:

Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria 266 Keisner Road Loleta, CA 95551

August 23, 2016

Pre pared by:

Freshwater Environmental Services

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.0 Site and Design .................................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Location and Home Size ................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 Stormwater ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Waste Diversion .............................................................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Permeable Hard Surfaces ............................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Zero Net Carbon .............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.0 Landscaping ..................................................................................................................................................... 10

2.1 Landscaping Code Minimum ......................................................................................................................... 11 3.0 Building Envelope ............................................................................................................................................ 12 3.1 Building Envelope Code Minimum Summary ................................................................................................ 13 3.2 Building Envelope Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Building Orientation ....................................................................................................................................... 15 3.4 Foundation .................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.5 Framing, Code Minimum ............................................................................................................................... 19 3.6 Walls ............................................................................................................................................................. 24 3.7 Windows and Doors ...................................................................................................................................... 29 3.8 Ceiling and Roof ............................................................................................................................................ 32 3.9 Flashing and Moisture Control ....................................................................................................................... 34 3.10 Insulation ..................................................................................................................................................... 35

4.0 HVAC ................................................................................................................................................................. 36 4.1 Code Minimum .............................................................................................................................................. 37 4.2 Ducts ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 4.3 HVAC Option 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 41 4.3 HVAC Option 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 42 4.3 HVAC Option 3 .............................................................................................................................................. 43 4.4 Ventilation ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 4.5 Air Balancing ................................................................................................................................................. 46 4.6 Controls ......................................................................................................................................................... 47 5.0 Plumbing ........................................................................................................................................................... 48 5.1 Code Minimum .............................................................................................................................................. 49 5.2 Domestic Hot Water Design .......................................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Efficient Fixtures ............................................................................................................................................ 51 6.0 Lighting and Appliances .................................................................................................................................. 52 6.1 Code Minimum .............................................................................................................................................. 53 6.2 Built-In Entertainment .................................................................................................................................... 54 6.3 Controls and Energy Monitors ....................................................................................................................... 55 7.0 Health and Materials ........................................................................................................................................ 56 7.1 Code Minimum .............................................................................................................................................. 57 7.2 Red List Materials .......................................................................................................................................... 58 7.3 Wood Products .............................................................................................................................................. 59 7.4 Entryway Design ........................................................................................................................................... 60 7.5 Non-Toxic Paint ............................................................................................................................................. 61

7.6 Finishes, Caulks, Sealants ............................................................................................................................ 62 7.7 Thermal and Moisture Control ....................................................................................................................... 63 7.8 Flooring ......................................................................................................................................................... 65 7.9 Pest Control................................................................................................................................................... 66 7.10 Reccommended Product List ...................................................................................................................... 67 8.0 Performance ..................................................................................................................................................... 69 8.1 Quality Insulation Installation ......................................................................................................................... 70 8.2 Building Performance Verification, Prior to Occupancy ................................................................................. 71 9.0 Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................................................... 72 9.1 Code Minimum for Homes ............................................................................................................................. 73 9.2 Energy Storage ............................................................................................................................................. 74 10.0 Education ........................................................................................................................................................ 75 10.1 Residential Education .................................................................................................................................. 76 10.2 Tribal Mamber Education ............................................................................................................................ 76

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1-Insulation Reccomendations for All Climate Zones ....................................................................... 77 Appendix 2-HVAC Reccomendations for All Climate Zones .............................................................................. 79

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 1 Bear River Band Rancheria 3 Bedroom Case Study New Home Construction Attachment 2 Supplemental Information DVD

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Redwood Energy was hired by the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria’s Tribal Council to consult and develop a Zero-Net Energy (ZNE) Building Code and a Renewable Energy plan to propose on-site renewable energy for the entire Nation. The Energy Sovereignty Building Code is a guidance tool for future Residential construction and retrofits at the Rancheria. The Energy Sovereignty Building Code promises Net-Positive Renewable Energy homes that help maintain a large interconnected and balanced micro-grid. The all-electric micro-grid is entirely energy independent, fueled only by renewable energy, with on-site energy storage in non-toxic Aquion saltwater batteries. Redwood Energy conducted baseline audits of the properties and followed Best Practices in Sustainability, Performance, Health and Safety to create this Energy Sovereign Building Code for the Bear River band. The Energy Sovereignty Building Code is partially funded through a California North Coast Grant offered by the Strategic Growth Council, and issued with help from the North Coast Resource Partnership and the West Coast Watershed. The following Organizations directed many guiding principles you will find within this Building Code: x (BIG)Build It Green Green Point Rated (GPR) New and Existing Construction Rating System x Energy Star HVAC Manuals and Rater Checklist, Revision 8 x (ILFI)International Living Futures Institute Living Building Challenge Certification and Red List Approved Products

Guide x California Building Code, 2013 and 2016 Energy Efficiency Standards, Title 24, Part 6 x (EPA) Environmental Protection Agency WaterSense and Indoor Air Plus x (DOE) Department of Energy Zero Energy Ready Checklist x Enterprise Green Communities Multifamily Affordable Housing New and Existing Certifications x Samoa Green Home Guide, Sean Armstrong, Danco Communities x Redwood Energy Project Comparison of 8 Zero-Net Energy Affordable Housing Communities in CA, Climate Zone 1

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In an effort to promote local job/skills training and opportunities for Tribal Members, the Energy Sovereignty Building Code requires funding be set aside for a Job Training Program for Tribal Members. • It is our goal that for all internal work, Tribal Members shall receive priority job

opportunities in addition to extensive Green Building Training before construction crews can begin Construction.

• At least (10) Tribal Members will be recruited by the Tribal Council and given the opportunity to participate in an extensive ZNE Building Education Program for at least 1-year geared towards Job Training. Members will be trained and Certified to perform the Construction and PV installation work and long-term Maintenance duties for all components of the Building Code.

2

1.1 Location and Home Size • Site • Wetlands • Home Sizes

1.2 Stormwater and Infiltration • Rain gardens

1.3 Waste Diversion

1.4 Permeable Hard Surfaces

1.5 Zero Net Carbon

1 SITE AND DESIGN

3

Site

• No buildings shall be built within the 100-year flood plain, as defined by the most current FIRM map published by FEMA, the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the U.S. government.

Wetlands

• Maintain at least 50’ distance from the documented edge of a wetland. A wetland has the combination of obligate wetland species and redoxomorphic characters to the soil such as gleying (deep blue/grey color change) of soil and/or rust bits from consistent water-logging.

Single Family Home Size: Design all future construction homes no larger than:

• Studio = 500 square feet • 1 Bedrooms= 750 square feet • 2 Bedrooms= 1050 square feet • 3 Bedrooms= 1,300 square feet • 4 Bedrooms= 1,600 square feet

Multifamily Apartment Size: Design all future construction homes no larger than:

• Studio = 500 square feet • 1 Bedrooms= 700 square feet • 2 Bedrooms= 900 square feet • 3 Bedrooms= 1,150 square feet • 4 Bedrooms= 1,350 square feet

1.1 LOCATION AND HOME SIZE

4

1.2 STORMWATER

Stormwater control and infiltration

Stormwater from impervious features (roof, sidewalk, etc.) shall be directed towards infiltration features and away from the foundation to prevent moisture damage. This can be accomplished by choosing one or more of the following:

• Rain gardens (gravel basin planted with wetland plants) –see next page for more details on Rain gardens

• Bioswales (a shallow, wide ditch planted with wetland plants)

• Detention ponds (a deep and wide infiltration basin)

• Living roofs on outbuildings such as the garage or on extended overhangs to provide bird habitat

Rain gardens utilize a natural, healthy soil profile with good infiltration rates of 1”/hour or more.

Bioswales help mitigate flooding by directing the water downhill and are used in place of traditional concrete gutters.

Detention ponds with filtration plants can help the water as it enters, sending clean water to the undergound aquifer.

Living roofs absorb rainwater, reducing the amount of runoff from a building. They require structural reinforcements and a super sealed moisture barrier.

5

1.2 STORMWATER- HOW TO DESIGN RAINGARDENS

Foundation Drainage towards Rain Garden

• Plan each home with built-in stormwater drainage to a rain garden.

To properly size a rain garden, follow the 10% rule, as shown below:

6

1.3 WASTE DIVERSION

Construction and Demolition Waste

• Provide a recycling bin for construction waste that can divert a minimum of 60% of construction materials as measured by volume or weight from the landfill. This will save both construction costs and the environment. Diverted materials can include:

• Framing wood and unpainted drywall can be chipped on-site and tilled into the ground • Rock, asphalt and cement are all reused locally for road base • Metal waste is a high value recycled material • Paper & cardboard are much less expensive to recycle than landfill • Topsoil & trees that cannot be saved can be sold or donated for reuse in the community • Carpet is less expensive to recycle than landfill

Wood becomes Mulch Drywall becomes a gypsum soil amendment

Shingles become aggregate Masonry becomes landscaping material/ fill

7

1.4 PERMEABLE HARD SURFACES

Permeable Hard Surfaces

• Asphalt roadways and driveways shall be a permeable road type, typified by 2’ of un-compacted river run gravel with 4-6” of asphalt with a larger grade of rock and more bitumen to allow water to penetrate into the road bed. This road section is used on all Caltrans roadways. Pavers or pervious concrete shall be used for all hard surfaces instead of solid asphalt that blocks water from returning to the soil.

Pervious concrete Permeable pavers

8

1.5 ZERO NET CARBON

Mitigation

• Purchase a one-time carbon offset of 200 tons of CO2 per home equivalent for the embodied carbon footprint of the construction project. In 2016 the price of a single ton of CO2 sequestration credit is $12, and the entire home offset would be $2400 in forestry investment.

This carbon offset cash can be invested locally in forests maintained by the City of Arcata, purchased online as part of the larger California Cap and Trade carbon market, or developed onsite by the Bear River Nation via planting Redwood groves and similar native trees on open land.

Redwood Trees are among the fastest-growing trees on Earth, storing carbon at the fastest rate yet studied by Botantists—by the time they have grown to two feet in diameter in 20-30 years, they have sequestered 1 Ton of CO2 in their wood. One house, creating 200 Tons of CO2 equivalent gases during construction, represents about 100 redwood trees grown for 50-60 years.

9

2.1 Code Minimum

2 LANDSCAPING

10

2.1 LANDSCAPING, CODE MINIMUM

• No petrochemical fertilizers or pesticides shall be used on-site.

• Use organic gardening practices at all times

• Invest in fruit trees around all homes and throughout the Nation to provide an abundant food forest for all Tribal Members. There are many fruit tree varieties that grow in the region, including the following varieties, to name just a few:

• Panamint Nectarine • Frost Peach • Pink Pearl Apple • Sweet Scarlet Goumi • Muscat Table Grapes.

• Keep plants away from the exterior siding of all buildings using the following rule of thumb:

• Plant stems no closer than 36” from the building foundation, and trim bushes, grass, plants, etc. back so they are at least 6” away from the building envelope at all times.

11

3.7 Windows and Doors • Code minimum • Flashing • Recommended products

3.8 Ceiling and Roof • Code minimum

3.9 Flashing and Moisture Control

3.10 Insulation

3.1 Code Minimum Summary

3.2 Introduction

3.3 Building Orientation

3.4 Foundation • Drainage and vapor barrier • Pest controls • Slab edge insulation

3.5 Framing • Code minimum • Wiring through wall studs • Interior wall intersections • Corners • Windows

3.6 Walls • Rain-screens • Air-sealing • Insulation • Drywall splicing • Exterior flashing

3 BUILDING ENVELOPE

12

gfg

3.1 BUILDING ENVELOPE CODE MINIMUM SUMMARY

Component R-Value

Foundation R-4 on top of slab, beneath flooring

Walls R-21 in 2x6 walls + R-8 insulated siding (cork product) or R-8 insulation beneath siding

Attic R-49

Component U-Value Solar Heat Gain Coefficient

Window ≤ 0.30 to keep heat inside the residence

≥ 0.5 to encourage passive solar heating in winter

Door ≤ .2 insulated door

Not Applicable to doors

Performance Test

Performance Standard

Method

Sealed Building Envelope

See Chapter 8

Visual inspection of sealed envelope before enclosing exterior walls

Insulation See Chapter 8 Visual inspection of all insulation installation before adding drywall

Air tightness See Chapter 8

Pressurizing house fan (“blower door) to measure leakiness

HVAC air flow See Chapter 8

HERS Testing of supply and return air flow

Rooftop flashing

See Chapter 8

Third party verification of flashing installation

13

3.2 BUILDING ENVELOPE INTRODUCTION The Building Envelope is essentially the shell of the building, or the parts of the building that are exposed to the outdoor elements. The Building Envelope includes the foundation, walls, windows, doors, and the roof. To build a Zero-Net Energy Home that can sustain itself on a limited solar energy budget in the cold winter months, the Building Envelope must be well-insulated, tightly sealed and well ventilated. Additionally, the building should provide natural daylight for occupant health and happiness as well as heat gain on sunny days. Add a sunroom on the West side of the homes to store heat in the evenings when the sun sets, and provide a space for Tribal Members to grow their own food year-round.

14

3.3 BUILDING ORIENTATION

December has only ~40% of the solar energy as in June, yet Energy Sovereign homes must make all their energy year round. In order for residents to have enough affordable energy in the winter, houses must take advantage of their solar resource. Strategies include:

• A 1500 square foot house will take ~12kW of photovoltaic panels to be Energy Sovereign.

• Create solar array-friendly spaces able to hold 4kW on each of three aspects of the roof—East, South and West—to ensure energy generation from sunrise to sunset.

• Minimize operable windows facing Northwest into high-speed winds, and minimize windows facing North to reduce heat loss in the winter while ensuring sufficient daylight for bedrooms for residents to have healthy sleep patterns.

• Build enclosed sun porches to the East and West for passive solar heat gain, laundry line-drying in the winter, and comfortable semi-outdoor spaces to enjoy the sunrise and sunset.

15

3.4 FOUNDATION, DRAINAGE AND VAPOR BARRIER

Foundation drainage

• Install a French Drain system outside the foundation wall and in the crawl space to divert any bulk water.

Vapor Barrier

• Install a vapor barrier below the concrete slab to seal the home from moisture intrusion at the ground level.

There is no polyethylene sheeting installed between the ground and the slab.

There is a polyethylene sheeting installed to provide a capillary break between the ground and slab. 16

3.4 FOUNDATION, PEST CONTROL

Structural Pest Control

• Use Structural Pest Controls during Construction

1. Install a metal mesh Termite Shield (“Termishield”) around all foundation slab penetrations (such as pipes) and at the junction of the foundation or piers and the wall framing.

2. Install a continuous rigid metal Termite Shield around exterior perimeter at the junction of the foundation or piers and the wall framing.

3. Keep framing and siding materials at least 12 inches from the soil to ensure no pests (termites) will reach these materials

*Remember to keep wood elements separate from concrete and soil to keep the wood from rotting over time.

TermiShield

17

3.4 FOUNDATION INSULATION, EDGES AND CORNERS Air Barrier / Floor Insulation

• For Crawlspaces:

1. Seal all floor joists with open-cell spray foam insulation at least 5.5 inches thick to act as an air barrier

• For Slab on-grade:

1. Add R-4 insulation with 2” of cork insulation above slab

Floor Insulation

• The top or bottom* of the slab must be insulated to at least R-4 (Recommended product: cork or rigid foam insulation) on top of the slab. This insulation is below a ½” plywood flooring underlayment.

OR

• R-4 rigid foam insulation directly below the slab.

*When Side Walls are insulated with exterior rigid insulation from the soil to the walls, it can create a corridor, for termites to leave the soil and access the walls, so this method is recommended against.

18

3.5 FRAMING, CODE MINIMUM

Structural Framing Code Minimum

• Joists, rafters and 2x6 studs at 16” on center where structural framing allows

• Non-load bearing door and window headers sized for load

• FSC Certified Wood

• Dimensional lumber, studs and timber (i.e. Douglas-fir) • Panel products

• Advanced Framing Techniques shall be used wherever possible

19

3.5 FRAMING, WIRING THROUGH THE WALL STUDS

• Cut a hole on one end of framing studs and string electrical wiring through the hole at the floor level, making it easier to properly install wall insulation.

• Seal the studs to the plywood wall enclosure with low-VOC or no-VOC caulk to seal the building from the outdoor elements.

20

Source: Ann Edminster, ZNE Homes, 2016

3.5 FRAMING, INTERIOR WALL INTERSECTIONS

Wall Intersections

• Insulate Wall Intersections to R-21

-Leave 1” gap at partition walls to slip insulation behind stud

OR

-Use “ladder blocking” to preserve open space behind partition wall studs

OR

-Drill holes into the framing to fill the cavity and fill with blown foam insulation (result of not planning ahead for the first two options)

1” gap to slip insulation behind stud

Ladder blocking to fit insulation behind studs

21

3.5 FRAMING, CORNERS

Corners

• Create a 2-Stud Corner on all exterior wall intersections to provide insulation that will prevent thermal bridging through the studs. This can be done by:

1. Cutting and fitting rigid foam insulation 2. Spraying foam into an air gap to completely fill the opening

22 2-Stud Corner 1” gap to slip insulation behind stud

3.5 FRAMING, WINDOWS

Advanced Window Framing

• Limit framing at all windows and doors to one pair of Kind Studs plus one pair of Jack Studs per window opening to support the header and sill to reduce “thermal bridging” through unnecessary framing. Use Cripple studs only as needed to maintain on-center stud spacing.

23

3.6 WALLS, RAIN-SCREENS

• Install Rain-screen Walls (Resources in Appendix)

• Vapor barrier (e.g. tar paper) is required beneath siding, including commonly overlooked areas:

• Attic knee walls and skylight shaft walls • Walls adjoining porch roofs or attached garages

• Interior/Exterior wall intersections insulated to R-21, the same as all other external walls

• Join horizontal tar paper with 6” overlap, vertical tarpaper by 2” overlap

*See Appendix for Installing a Rain-screen with felt paper

24

3.6 WALLS, AIR SEALING

• Air seal above-grade cracks, gaps, and intersections adjacent to conditioned space to minimize air leakage.

• Air seal between the sill plate and the sub-floor with caulk, foam, or an equivalent material • Air seal the bottom and top of rim joists on each end of the house

• Add sealants around vents and flashing.

• Seal all gaps and holes with caulk or spray foam to air seal the home.

• Caulk is best for sealing gaps or cracks that are ¼ inch or less. • Spray foam is best to fill gaps from ¼ inch – 3 inches. • Seal penetrations like holes for wires, water supply pipes, water drain pipes, etc.

�

�

�Sealed above-grade sill plates Un-sealed sill plates

25

3.6 WALLS, INSULATION

• Wall Insulation = R-21 in walls + R-8 exterior siding

• Recommended products: Blown cellulose within walls, Thermacork exterior siding

Blown-in cellulose, quality insulation installation

26

3.6 WALLS, DRYWALL SPLICING

• After insulation installation has been verified by a HERS Rater, install the drywall.

• Drywall splicing allows you to install drywall continuously without landing on a stud. Splice scrap wood to use for continuous drywall installation.

27

Source: Ann Edminster, ZNE Homes, 2016

3.6 WALLS, EXTERIOR FLASHING

Install flashing at the bottom of all exterior walls with weep holes included for masonry veneer and weep screed for stucco cladding systems, or equivalent drainage system

• If installing masonry veneer, install weep holes at all flashing locations such as the base of walls, above all window and door lintels, and above shelf angles.

• Create a fully sealed continuous drainage plane behind exterior cladding laps over the flashing detail above. Additional bond-break drainage plane layer provided behind all stucco and non-structural masonry cladding wall assembles.

• Monolithic weather-resistant barrier (i.e., house wrap) sealed or taped at all joints.

28

3.7 WINDOWS AND DOORS, CODE MINIMUM

• Passive solar-friendly insulated windows with a U-Value = 0.30 or less, SHGC=0.5 or more.

• Do not use low-e coating on the windows, as the coating increases heating loads by blocking the warming effect of sunlight, and disrupts natural sleep by blocking infrared radiation

• Use solid-wood window framing. Paint and maintain wood window frames or use fiberglass exterior cladding.

• Ensure a continuous sealant of flashing and insulation around window frame

29

3.7 WINDOWS AND DOORS, FLASHING

• Add flashing under window sill. Flashing around windows and doors shall be sealed to the vapor barrier

1. Install pan flashing at sills

2. Install side flashing that extends over the pan flashing

3. Install top flashing that extends over the side flashing

30

3.7 WINDOWS AND DOORS, RECOMMENDED PRODUCTS

Recommended Product Product Brand and Source

Furnishings LouverShade (Light harvesting window cover) Louver shade (CA)

Doors Graham Serenity Wood Door, Graham Serenity Wood Door, Malman Serenity Wood Door, Malman Thermal Fused Door, Fiberglass Reinforced Polyester Door (FRP)

ASSA-ABLOY (Iowa, USA)

31

3.8 CEILING AND ROOF, CODE MINIMUM • Build an 18” Raised Heel Energy Truss to allow proper insulation in the attic.

• Roof overhangs are 1 ½ feet all-around the house.

• Class D “High wind speed” shingles for peak 90mph winds: Tested to ASTM D3161.

• Dark colored shingles to keep the house warm in the winter, such as CertainTeed “Patriot” shingles.

• Attic hatch door shall have R-49 insulation.

Attic Ventilation • Attic must have sufficient ventilation:

1/150 method used to provide adequate amount of ventilation. Attic space is 1600 square feet, approximately 10.7 square feet of vents is required

• Install vents in gable ends or a combination of soffit and ridge vents.

Energy Truss With full height insulation (recommended)

Soffit vent

Soffit dam (cardboard or rigid foam board)

Insulation 4-inches

32

3.8 CEILING AND ROOF, INSULATION

Attic Insulation

• Attic insulation to be at least R-49 insulation. Use either eco-friendly batt insulation or naturally eco-friendly blown-cellulose insulation, at least 15.3 inches thick.

• Attic hatch door to have R-49 insulation.

• Add a styrofoam baffle or a piece of cardboard to act as a baffle, which will allow airflow and prevent ice-damming in the attic.

33

3.9 FLASHING AND MOISTURE CONTROL

• Flashing to be installed underneath exterior siding and roofing materials to prevent moisture from traveling through the building joints.

• Properly flash all roofs, windows, doors, utility penetrations, deck connections to the structure, and any other joints where water may enter the home.

• Water should naturally flow away from the building through the use of overhangs, downspouts and sloped yards.

• Flashing to be installed properly on all penetrations and joints such as windows, doors, siding, roofing, roof valleys, decks, sill plates, railings, balconies, chimneys, pipes, vents and utility penetrations.

34

3.10 INSULATION

Quality Insulation installation (Resources in Appendix)

• Gently wrap an even layer of recycled cotton batt insulation on all external walls, with no gaps or compressed areas.

• Add blown-in cellulose insulation to the attic spaces or add a continuous, even layer of recycled cotton batt-insulation, with no gaps or compressed areas.

• Pre-cut batt insulation to fit wall cavities, sliced to fit around wires, pipes, and any other wall obstructions.

Component Code Minimum R-Value

Walls R-21 + R-8

Slab R-8

Attic R-49

35

4.1 Code Minimum

4.2 Ducts • Quality installations • Duct sealing

4.3 Heating • Option 1 • Option 2 • Option 3 Multifamily /Commercial

4.4 Ventilation • Whole house • Bathroom and kitchen

4.5 Air Balancing

4.6 Controls

4 HVAC

36

4.1 CODE MINIMUM

COMPONENT CODE MINIMUM Duct Insulation R-4 Heat Pump HSPF=12+, SEER=19+ Heat Pump Water Heater EF=3.0+ Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV)

1.0 Sones or less

37

4.2 DUCTS Locating the Ducts

• All ducts shall be located in conditioned space.

• Supply ducts located in drop ceiling.

• Return ducts at baseboard level to exhaust dust and VOCs from flooring materials.

Installing the Ducts

• Use duct mastic on all duct joints, duct seams, and all return and supply ducts.

1. Duct mastic to be applied “as thick as a nickel”. • All ducts must have at least R-4 insulation.

• All duct systems sized according to ACCA Manual D (HVAC-D 5).

• Seal joint between boot and ceiling drywall with fiberglass mesh and mastic or caulk.

• Ducts shall be cleaned thoroughly prior to installing registers, grilles, and diffusers, and verify HVAC filters are new and clean.

1. Bathroom and Kitchen: MERV 12 filters 2. Main HVAC system: MERV 16 filters

• During Construction, all duct openings (registers, supply grilles, etc.) shall be covered and sealed to keep ducts clean during the Construction phase. Ducts can be uncovered/ revealed at the final stage of Construction, prior to Quality Inspections performed by a HERS Rater.

R-4 Insulated Duct Baseboard level Return Ducts

38

4.2 DUCTS, QUALITY INSTALLATIONS • Install ductwork without kinks, sharp bends, or excessive coiled flexible ductwork in spaces that fit them without

compacting them. This slows air flow and wastes energy.

• Support flexible duct at intervals:

• Install supports at a minimum of every 5 ft. to prevent sagging. • Install support at least 1 in. wide, without compressing the ducts and the duct installation.

• Provide sufficient cavity space for ducts.

• The height and width of a dropped soffit used to house ductwork should be the duct diameter plus the thickness of the insulation to prevent compression of the duct.

• If there is fear of compressing the flex duct when making a 90-degree turn in a tight space, use a metal elbow.

• Use a metal duct elbow instead of flex duct at boot connections to prevent compression.

No excessive bends in flex ducts

39

4.2 DUCTS, SEALING Create durable, airtight duct seams

• Before ducts are sealed, duct seams need to be mechanically fastened (using sheet-metal screws for galvanized ducts and compression straps for flex duct).

• To secure seams in round galvanized ducts up to 12 inches in diameter, use at least three #8 screws, per joint. To secure ducts over 12 inches in diameter, use five #8 screws per joint.

• To secure joints in rectangular galvanized duct, use at least one #8 screw per side.

• Install mastic “as thick as a nickel”.

• Seams or cracks wider than 1/16 or 1/8 inch must be sealed/ repaired with fiberglass mesh as well as mastic.

• Seal collar connections between plenums and duct take-offs.

Seal joints in flex ducts

• Insert duct boot or coupling at least 2 inches into the end of the duct. Attach fitting to the inner sleeve of the flex duct with a drawband (clamp) or #8 screws.

• Seal the joint between the inner section of flex duct and the fitting with high-quality mastic.

• Seal the exterior vapor-barrier sleeve with a drawband and tape.

Quality Duct Installation: Duct Mastic

40

4.3 HVAC, OPTION 1 Code Minimum

• HSPF= 12+

• SEER= 19+

(2) Electric Heat Pump Water Heaters with high temperature heat

storage functionality.

Tank #1 for Water heating, set to 140 °F - 180 °F, as needed for

demand. Tank #2 for Space heating, set to

180 °F, as needed for energy storage.

80+ gallons

Located in garage, install to manufacturers specifications.

Timed to run only during the day.

Install a MERV 16 filter, unless Manufacturers

specifications say otherwise.

Unico Air delivery and return Fan Coil Unit, uses high speed

and low volume delivery. Located in drop-ceiling or

interior closet. Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) recovers heat, energy

and moisture. Located in drop-ceiling.

Highly efficient ceiling fan, located in the living room

for cooling. Recommended Product: Big Ass Fan 41

4.3 HVAC, OPTION 2 Code Minimum

• HSPF= 12+

• SEER= 19+

Install a MERV 16 filter, unless Manufacturers

specifications say otherwise.

Unico Air delivery and return Fan Coil Unit, uses high speed

and low volume delivery. Located in drop-ceiling or

interior closet.

(1) Sanden CO2 Water Heater with high temperature heat storage functionality and Heat Pump

Compressor for space heating only.

Tank for Water and Space heating

set to 180 °F, as needed for demand and energy storage.

80+ gallons

Located in garage, install to manufacturers specifications.

Timed to run only during the day.

Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) recovers heat, energy

and moisture. Located in drop-ceiling.

Highly efficient ceiling fan, located in the living room

for cooling. Recommended Product: Big Ass Fan

42

4.3 HVAC, OPTION 3, MULTIFAMILY / COMMERCIAL HVAC OPTION

Recommended: Aermec system to provide Heating and Air Conditioning and Water Heating for all. It is an air to water heat pump and can be sized up to hundreds of tons.

Alternatively, the Panasonic City Multi R2 high temperature model can be used to handle the energy loads. It is an air to refrigerant heat pump and increases in 10-ton increments. 43

4.4 VENTILATION, WHOLE HOUSE Whole House Ventilation Code Minimum

• HVAC equipment efficiency rating shall be greater than SEER= 19

• Install Low Sone Supply and Exhaust fans, 1.0 Sone or less

• Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV)

• A spot energy recovery ventilator (ERV) recovers heat, energy and moisture. • Not to be incorporated into any bathrooms or the kitchen of the home to ensure moisture control within the system.

MERV 12Filter Box

Living Space

Bedrooms 3

Air flow required (cfm) 49.2

System air flow (cfm) 200

ASHRAE 62.2-2007: [Conditioned Area / 100] + [(7.5) * (Number of Bedrooms+1)] Required CFM ASHRAE Standard and the supplied air flow


Whole House Ventilation Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) Panasonic Whisper Comfort Sport FV-04VE1

44

4.4 VENTILATION, BATHROOM AND KITCHEN

Ventilation Code Minimum

• Local mechanical exhaust ventilation is forced outdoors in the Bathroom and Kitchen, meeting ASHRAE 62.2.

• Install vent fans in Kitchen, Bathroom and Laundry room.

• Install vents in gable ends or a combination of soffit and ridge vents.

Bathroom:

• “Panasonic WhisperGreen”, or equivalent exhaust fan. • Air sources fed through a filter box with a MERV 12 filter prior to being ducted into the bathroom. • Bathroom exhaust fans shall have an exhaust rate of at least 50 CFM.

Kitchen:

• “Broan Elite RM50000”, or equivalent range hood that is vented directly to the outdoors. • Ducting is split into a T joint, where air is blown underneath the kitchen cabinet through a 3 x 12 inch rectangular duct and a

5 inch in the ceiling.

45

4.5 AIR BALANCING

• Design to comply with ASHRAE 62.2, and Balance air systems within 25% of ASHRAE standards.

• Pressure Balance Options:

• Bedroom pressure –balanced using any combination of transfer grills, jump ducts, dedicated return ducts, and/or undercut doors to achieve a Rater measured pressured differential ≤ 3 Pa

46

4.6 CONTROLS

• Programmable thermostat

• Install Energy Star rated programmable/ setback thermostats in the hallway with recommended temperature for heating and cooling season.

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) overrides

• Install controls that regulate fan speed based on the level of VOC and CO concentration in a space to promote Indoor Air Quality.

• Clearly label ventilation controls for occupants with Energy Star recommended temperatures (pictured below)

Greenheck VOC Controls

47

5.1 Code Minimum

5.2 Domestic Hot Water Design

5.3 Efficient Fixtures

5 PLUMBING

48

5.1 CODE MINIMUM

• Water use and release from homes must work in harmony with the natural flows of the site and its natural environment and 100% of the projects water must come from rainwater catchment or from closed loop water systems, purified without the use of chemicals.

• All stormwater and water discharge, including grey and black water must be treated onsite and managed through re-use, closed loop system, or infiltration.

• All hot water pipes must be 3/8” to reduce wasted hot water with 1” R-4 insulation around the pipes.

• All hot water fixtures must be located near the Water Heater tank (example below) to reduce wasted hot water in transit.

#1-7: Hot water fixtures

49

5.2 DOMESTIC HOT WATER DESIGN

Hot Water Distribution

• Use a Trunk and Branch design for hot water distribution.

• Use 3/8” copper pipes for trunks and branches.

• Adjust incoming water pressure to 60 PSI with a pressure regulator prior to entering the water heater to avoid equipment damage.

Pipe Insulation

• Insulate pipes with 1” thick R-4 closed-cell elastomeric insulation.

Closed-cell elastomeric insulation on copper pipes

50

5.3 EFFICIENT FIXTURES

Bathroom sink faucets

• WaterSense Labeled, Less than 1 gpm.

Kitchen sink faucets

• Swivel aerator with a pause valve.

Shower head fixture

• Evolve 1pgm or less.

Toilets

• ToTo brand 1.28 gpf or less, PVC-free.


Toilet/Water Fixtures Eco Drake 1.28 gpf Toilet, PVC-Free TOTO USA (Georgia)

51

6.1 Code Minimum

6.2 Built-In Entertainment

6.3 Controls and Energy Monitors

6 LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES

52

6.1 LIGHTING AND APPLIANCES, CODE MINIMUM

• Replace appliances for only EnergyStar rated lights and appliances such as refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers and bathroom fans.

• For Cooking, replace all cooking stoves with Induction Stoves.

53

6.2 BUILT-IN ENTERTAINMENT EQUIPMENT

• Built-in entertainment centers shall be installed in the living room of every home to promote the use of Energy Star Televisions and Built-in speakers.

Energy Star Televisions

54

6.3 CONTROLS AND ENERGY MONITORS LIGHTING

• Install light switch dimmers on interior lights.

• Install motion sensors on outdoor lights that automatically turn on when people walk by the home and automatically dim to low light levels when no motion is sensed. Connect these lights with photocell sensors that automatically turn on when the sun is setting and turn off when the sun is rising.

ENERGY MONITORING

• Install Canary Instruments Energy Monitor, or equivalent, in common area of each home to visualize real-time home energy consumption.

55

7 HEALTH AND MATERIALS 7.1 Code Minimum

7.2 Red List Materials

7.3 Wood Products

7.4 Entryway Design

7.5 Non-Toxic Paint

7.6 Finishes, Caulks, Sealants

7.7 Thermal and Moisture Control

7.8 Flooring

7.9 Pest Control

7.10 Recommended Product List

56

7.1 HEALTH, CODE MINIMUM

• No-VOC Paints to be used in construction.

• No Formaldehyde products to be used in construction.

• Design to comply with ASHRAE 62.2, and Balance air systems within 25% of ASHRAE standards.

• Results from Indoor Air Quality test must pass before occupancy and nine months after occupancy.

• Smoking is prohibited within the project boundary.

• Do not install building materials with visible signs of water damage or mold.

• Do not enclose interior walls when insulation or framing members have high moisture content.

• Install a corrosion-resistant drain pan properly draining to a conspicuous point of disposal.

• Use corrosion resistant fasteners and hardware stainless steel, hot-dipped galvanized, and ceramic-coated products.

• Reference the International Living Futures Institute Declare Products Database for approved products to be used in Construction that include transparent product ingredients, source, and recyclability ratings (https://living-future.org/declare-products)

57

• Materials will be found on the “Declare Products” Database. This database provides the chemical content of each product provided by the manufacturer to keep harmful toxins out of the home.

• The following “Red List” contains a list of (11) materials, chemicals and elements known to pose serious risks to human health and the natural environment. For this reason, these materials shall not be purchased for the project.

7.2 RED LIST MATERIALS

58

7.3 WOOD PRODUCTS

• At least 50% of all structural wood used on each home shall be sustainably harvested from local sources and/or FSC-Certified wood.

Additional Recommended Products Product Brand and Source

Wood REII Landscaping Fence The Reuse Everything Institute (Pennsylvania)

Wood Nordic Joist, Nordic Lam, Nordic X-Lam Nordic Engineered Wood (QC, Canada)

59

7.4 ENTRYWAY DESIGN AND SHOE STORAGE

• At the entryway of each home, design a built-in shoe rack to reduce the likelihood of tracking contaminants into the home. The design on the left can be a simple add-on, where the honeycomb design on the right is a more custom built-in storage option inspired by nature.

60

7.5 NON-TOXIC PAINT PAINT:

• Use No-VOC Milk Paint throughout Interior and Exterior of the home. The definition “Zero-VOC” still allows products to contain 5 grams of toxic chemicals or every liter of product, but Milk Paint truly contains No-VOC’s.

• Local milk (i.e. Humboldt Creamery) is recommended.

61

7.6 FINISHES, CAULKS AND SEALANTS

CAULKS AND SEALANTS:

• Use Zero-VOC caulks and sealants throughout. If these products cannot be found, use Low-VOC products.

CABINETS, PARTICLEBOARD, ETC.

• Utilize third-party certified low-emission pressed wood materials that are designed to reduce human exposure indoors to individual VOCs.

• Beware: Particle board and pressed wood materials commonly use formaldehyde. Purchase No formaldehyde products only.


Wood Cabinets Neil Kelly Cabinets (Portland,OR)

Wood Collins Pine FreeForm Particleboard Collins Companies (Oregon)

62

7.7 THERMAL AND MOISTURE CONTROL

• Seal all homes with No-VOC or Low-VOC Joint and Seam Filler thoroughly to seal building envelope.


Thermal and Moisture Protection (Home Exterior)

WrapShield SA Self-Adhered System (A primerless self-adhered water-resistive vapor-permeable air barrier sheet membrane system with liquid flashing, 20 year warranty)

VaproShield (Chicago, USA)

Thermal and Moisture Protection Prosoco R-Guard Joint & Seam Filler, FastFlash, Cat 5, AirDam, Cat 5 Rain Screen

PROSOCO (Kansas, USA)

63

7.7 MOISTURE CONTROL

• BUILDING MATERIALS: Do not install building materials with visual signs of mold.


Finishes 10mm, 13mm GIB Aqualine Plasterboard, GIB Braceline/ Noiseline Plasterboard (13 mm GIB Aqualine® is specifically designed for bathrooms, laundries and kitchens. Its water resistant core contains special polymers to help prevent moisture penetration.)

Winstone Wallboards (NZ)

• BATHROOM TUB: Provide an extra 4” of tile surrounding the shower enclosure to protect walls from future water damage.

• BATHROOMS: Use GIB Aqualine Plasterboard product, or equivalent, 13mm on the bathroom walls for moisture-resistant backing materials under ceramic tile. If using a single fiberglass shower enclosure, there is no need for extra backing material.

64

7.8 FLOORING

• Use only resilient flooring throughout the home.

• Entryways shall contain traditional designs by alternating shades of color in the installation, similar to Bear River Hotel tile designs.

KITCHEN AND BATHROOMS

• Install Ceramic “Green Tile” in Kitchen and Bathrooms with Portland cement-based thin-set mortar and grout OR Marmoleum/ Linoleum sheet floring with Low-VOC adhesive (Recommend Forbo i885m adhesive).

ENTRY, LIVING ROOM, HALLWAYS, BEDROOMS

• Install FSC-Certified locally milled Blue Pine wood with a natural beeswax sealant OR Ceramic Tile for Thermal Mass OR Cork Floors.

Bear River Hotel tile design in hallway

Soft wood Blue Pine Floors

65

7.9 PEST CONTROL

• Seal all penetrations and joints between the foundation and exterior wall assemblies.

• Install corrosion-proof rodent/bird screens (e.g., copper or stainless steel mesh) for all building openings that cannot be sealed and caulked (e.g., ventilation system intake/exhaust outlets and attic vent openings).

• Add Termite Shield around pipes and penetrations at the foundation level of the home to block termites from crawling up into the home.

• Wall Siding shall be no less than 6” above the ground level to keep wood from rotting and resist pest intrusion.

Termite Shields Wall siding 6” above ground

Termite Shields

66

• The following products are Approved Declare Products, and are recommended to be used in the New Construction Homes at Bear River.

7.10 RECOMMENDED PRODUCT LIST

Section Product Type Brand

Finishes Exterior Oil Natural House Company (NZ)

Finishes ethos Modular Flooring, Powerbond ethos Cushion

Tandus Centiva (Georgia)

Finishes EcoGrille (FSC Pacific Albus) wood ceiling panel, 1100 Cross Piece Grille/2100 Panelized Linear (FSC Hemlock)

9Wood (Oregon)

Finishes ECOS WoodShield Interior Stain, Zero-VOC, ECOS WoodShield Satin Varnish, ECOS Interior Wall Paints

Imperial Paints (South Carolina)

Finishes Linoleum Harmonium xf^2 Tarkett (Italy)

67

7.10 RECOMMENDED PRODUCT LIST

• The following products are Approved Declare Products, and are recommended to be used in the New Construction Homes at Bear River…

Section Product Type Brand

Insulation (New construction, use un-faced)

EcoBatt Unfaced, Knauf Insulation IB Board

Knauf Insulation (USA)

Insulation (Attic for new construction)Finishes

GreenFiber Cellulose Insulation US GreenFiber (USA)

Thermal and Moisture Protection Havelock Wool Insulation Havelock Wool (Nevada, USA)

Thermal and Moisture Protection ENRGY 3 .E- Johns Manville Roofing Insulation Board

Johns Manville (Indiana, USA)

68

8.1 Quality of Installation

8.2 Building Performance Verification

8 PERFORMANCE

69

8.1 QUALITY INSULATION INSTALLATION

• Verification of Sealed building envelope prior to exterior walls being enclosed.

• Verification of quality of insulation installation prior to interior walls being enclosed.

70

8.2 BUILDING PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION, PRIOR TO OCCUPANCY

• Building Envelope HERS testing to verify no more than 2.5 air changes per hour @50 psi through the building envelope.

• HERS Blower Door Test to verify duct leakage less than 6%.

• Supply and Return air flow HERS testing with Duct Blaster Test.

• Mechanical Ventilation HERS testing for refrigerant charge.

• Third party verification for rooftop flashing.

HERS Duct Blaster Test HERS Blower Door Test

71

9.1 PV Panels

9.2 Energy Storage

9 RENEWABLE ENERGY

Southern View of 25 MW Solar Farm

72

9.1 PV PANELS

• A 1,500 square foot house requires 12 kW’s of PV to supply energy throughout the winter.

• The combined Aquion saltwater battery for each home must be sized to 11.5 kWh’s.

• All Solar Panel and Roof Rack Installations shall be completed by Tribal Members after receiving proper training and certification through GRID Alternatives or a similar training and certification program.

• Recommended installation: Install solar panels in a basket weave pattern along the hillside, much like the Wiyot baskets and basket cap designs.

73

9.2 ENERGY STORAGE

The Bear River Band’s Renewable Energy Micro-Grid will work in conjunction with Aquion brand deep-cycle batteries for energy storage. The Aquion batteries are non-toxic, saltwater batteries, adaptable to commercial and utility-scale systems like the 12MW energy storage needs of the Bear River Band.

74

10.1 Resident Education

10.2 Job Training for Tribal Members

10 EDUCATION

75

10.1 RESIDENT EDUCATION

• Install Energy Monitors in each home that will provide real-time energy information with immediate feedback to Residents on their energy use. We recommend the Canary Instruments/Nexi device that plugs into the wall outlet and changes colors to indicate High energy use (red), average (yellow) and conservative energy use (green).

• The Tribal Council shall provide Community Meetings for Tribal Members twice every month for the first 3-months of occupancy to educate home owners and renters on their new homes. Additionally, provide home owners and renters with a brief packet highlighting the same topics discussed in-person.

• Education and Training should include a brief presentation touching on the following topics: • Renewable energy, energy storage, energy and water consumption in the home, HVAC and DHW equipment

and how it is linked to energy storage and demand, HVAC controls, indoor air quality, and how to maintain the homes.

76

10.2 TRIBAL MEMBERS EDUCATION

In an effort to promote local job/skills training and opportunities for Tribal Members, the Energy Sovereignty Building Code requires funding be set aside for a Job Training Program for Tribal Members.

• For all internal work, Tribal Members shall receive priority job opportunities in addition to extensive Green Building Training before construction crews can begin Construction.

• At least (10) Tribal Members shall be recruited by the Tribal Council and given the opportunity to participate in an extensive ZNE Building Education Program for at least 1-year geared towards Job Training. Members will be trained and Certified to perform the Construction, mechanical and PV installation work and long-term Maintenance duties for all components of the Building Code.

77

APPENDIX 1: INSULATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALL CLIMATE ZONES

Bear River Band is in Climate Zone 4 (Marine) on the IECC Map above.

In Northern California, the Bear River Band is in Climate Zone 4 (Marine) as shown the on IECC 2009 Map below. The values in the Table below are the Energy Star recommendations for minimum efficiencies (U-Value) in various components of the home. The lower the U-Value, the more insulated a component is, and is better at resisting temperature differences.

78

APPENDIX 1 (CONT): INSULATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALL CLIMATE ZONES

In Northern California, the Bear River Band is in Climate Zone 4 (Marine). The values in the Table below are the Energy Star recommendations for all IECC Climate Zones.

Source: https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_insulation_table

79

https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=home_sealing.hm_improvement_insulation_table&sa=D&ust=1463804612565000&usg=AFQjCNEbiIudzwDp2uHVGW6XfbHgFy5U2A

APPENDIX 3: HVAC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ALL CLIMATE ZONES

In Northern California, the Bear River Band is in Climate Zone 4 (Marine). The values in the Table below are the Department of Energy’s Zero Net Energy Ready Homes Target Home recommendations for HVAC system efficiencies.

80

Bear River Band Rancheria 3 Bedroom Case Study New Construction Home

Renewable Energy Student Union

U.S. DOE Race To Zero Student Competition Volume I

7/27/16

1

RENEWABLE ENERGY STUDENT UNION| HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERISTY

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 4

Team Qualifications ............................................................................................................. 5 Course Descriptions and Team Participants .................................................................................5

Environmental Resources Engineering ................................................................................................. 5 Environmental Science; Energy and Climate Emphasis ....................................................................... 6

Faculty Lead .................................................................................................................................9 Industry Advisor ...........................................................................................................................9 Community Advisors ....................................................................................................................9 Affiliated Students ...................................................................................................................... 10

Industry Partners ............................................................................................................... 10 Redwood Energy ......................................................................................................................... 10 UNICO Company ....................................................................................................................... 10 EnergySoft .................................................................................................................................. 11 Wrightsoft Corporation .............................................................................................................. 11

Design Constraints ............................................................................................................. 11 Community Meeting ............................................................................................................................ 11

Architectural Design .......................................................................................................... 13

Constructability ................................................................................................................. 13 Construction Schedule ................................................................................................................ 13

Financial Analysis .............................................................................................................. 13 Assumptions ................................................................................................................................ 13 Construction Costs Summary ..................................................................................................... 14 Maintenance Costs ...................................................................................................................... 15

Payback Period ................................................................................................................................... 16

Energy Analysis ................................................................................................................. 17 Software Used ............................................................................................................................. 17

Energy Pro RM 5.1 ............................................................................................................................. 17 CEC-PV Calculator ............................................................................................................................ 17 REM/Rate ............................................................................................................................................ 17 HERs Index ......................................................................................................................................... 18

Photovoltaic Design ..................................................................................................................... 18 Aquion Energy S-Line Battery Stack ................................................................................................... 19

Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Design Strategy ...................................................................... 20 Building Energy Analysis ............................................................................................................ 21

California Analysis Process ................................................................................................................ 22 National Analysis Process .................................................................................................................. 23

Envelope Durability ........................................................................................................... 24

2


Foundation .......................................................................................................................................... 25 Exterior Wall ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Roof ..................................................................................................................................................... 28

Analysis of Hygrothermal Performance ...................................................................................... 30

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Appliances.......................................................................... 30 Air Quality .................................................................................................................................. 30 Source Control ............................................................................................................................ 31

Building Material ................................................................................................................................ 31 Combustion Sources ............................................................................................................................ 31

Ventilation .................................................................................................................................. 31 Bathroom Fans .................................................................................................................................... 32 Kitchen Range Hood & Fan................................................................................................................ 32

Appliances................................................................................................................................... 33 Residential Energy Education ..................................................................................................... 34 Lighting ...................................................................................................................................... 34

Space Conditioning ............................................................................................................ 38 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning .................................................................................. 38 Psychometric Chart Analysis ...................................................................................................... 41 UNICO Heating System .............................................................................................................. 42

Domestic Hot Water ........................................................................................................... 43 Water Conservation .................................................................................................................... 46

3


Figure 1. Bear River energy usage for the five main buildings for 2013-2014. ..................................... 4 Figure 2. Capital cost pie chart. ............................................................................................................... 15 Figure 3. Payback period. ........................................................................................................................ 17 Figure 4. Summary of Equinox PV system. ............................................................................................ 19 Figure 5. Aquion S-Line stack batteries. ................................................................................................. 20 Figure 6. Sensitivity analysis of the number of batteries at varying days of autonomy. .................... 21 Figure 7. Monthly energy consumption for each load generated by EnergyPro 5.1. ......................... 22 Figure 8. Energy consumption comparison of EnergyPro and REMRate .......................................... 23 Figure 9. Foundation Slab. ....................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 10. Blue Stain Pine Flooring (Sustainable Lumber Corp). ....................................................... 26 Figure 11. Rain Flow Down the House. ................................................................................................... 27 Figure 12. Energy heel. ............................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 13. Hygrothermal analysis using WUFI ORNL V5.0. ............................................................... 30 Figure 14. Panasonic WhisperGreen exhaust fan. ................................................................................. 32 Figure 15. Broan Elite RM50000 range hood. ........................................................................................ 33 Figure 16. MERV 12 Filter. ..................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 17. Canary Instruments behavioral battery for increased energy efficiency. ......................... 34 Figure 18. Space conditioning duct layout, and PV system layout. ...................................................... 39 Figure 19. Supply air diffuser layout provided by Unico. ..................................................................... 40 Figure 20. Psychrometric chart used for comfort levels. ....................................................................... 42 Figure 21. Unico M12 air handler. .......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 22. AirCycler g2. ........................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 23. WhisperComfort Spot ERV ................................................................................................... 43 Figure 24. Sanden CO2 Heat pump ........................................................................................................ 44 Figure 25. DHW pipe layout. ................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 26. EPA WaterSense shower fixture. .......................................................................................... 46 Figure 27. Flow control fixture. ............................................................................................................... 47

Table of Tables

Table 1. Summary of financial costs........................................................................................................ 15 Table 2. Construction Costs Summary. .................................................................................................. 16 Table 3. Summary of minimum ventilation CFM required. ................................................................. 32 Table 4. Selected appliances ..................................................................................................................... 33 Table 5. Lighting time of use for different activities. ............................................................................. 36 Table 6. Activity schedules and their respective lux value. ................................................................... 36 Table 7. Summary of selected lighting fixtures. ..................................................................................... 37 Table 8. Energy usage for different types of lighting fixtures. .............................................................. 38 Table 9. Heating and ventilation requirements. ..................................................................................... 41 Table 10. Specifications summary of the Sanden CO2 heat pump ....................................................... 44 Table 11. Summary of the DHW sections. .............................................................................................. 45 Table 12. Water usage baseline. ............................................................................................................... 47 Table 13. Water savings. .......................................................................................................................... 48

4


“The vision of the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria is shaping a secure healthy future by responsibly exercising sovereignty, investing in our

people, refining and evolving as a tribal organization, preserving and revitalizing our culture while serving the best interests of all people.”

Executive Summary The Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria is a federally recognized tribe composed of the Mattole and Eel River, Bear River and Wiyot people. They are based on 60 acres on Singley Hill in Loleta, California. Energy Sovereignty is an important goal for the tribe. The proposed micro-grid would use on-site solar and wind generation with electrical and thermal energy storage to meet all of the nation’s energy needs. The nation’s long term goal is to own and control the energy in their micro-grid and disconnect from the PG&E power infrastructure and the CPUC regulatory authority. The energy usage for the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria, for the years 2013 to 2014, can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Bear River energy usage for the five main buildings for 2013-2014.

5


Energy Sovereign tribal housing will be a vital component of the Band’s micro-grid, providing needed solar energy to the Nation during times of excess solar production, but storing enough energy in thermal batteries (the 83 gallons of 190 F water used in the DHW and hydronic HVAC systems) to meet peak loads overnight until the sun returns. Even when sunlight and wind are scarce resources for the Nation, the houses will be self-sufficient and Energy Sovereign.

As the Bear River Band develops their energy supplies over the next ten years, they will be grid-intertied and able to sell excess energy to meet local demands in the neighboring Humboldt County. Organizers of the local Community Choice Aggregation project, whereby Humboldt County takes on the role of PG&E to develop renewable energy supply, are optimistic that the Bear River Band’s wind power resource can be sold under contract to Humboldt County.

Team Qualifications Course Descriptions and Team Participants

Environmental Resources Engineering The College of Natural Resources and Sciences offers a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Environmental Resources Engineering. The coursework for this major prepares students for a wide variety of professional careers related to designing energy efficient buildings. The department has integrated building application designs into the following courses:

ENGR 313 - Systems Analysis: Microeconomics, systems analysis, and math modeling in environmental resources, allocation, linear and nonlinear optimization. Case studies in resource management.

ENGR 330 - Mechanics & Science of Materials: Physical properties of materials. Analyze stresses and deformations involving elastic behavior of materials. Tension, compression, torsion, and flexure. Combined stresses, static indeterminacy. Beams of two materials.

ENGR 331 - Thermodynamics & Energy Systems I: Thermodynamics’ 1st and 2nd laws; thermodynamic properties of materials; thermodynamic processes; system and control volume analysis; application to energy systems.

ENGR 333 - Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties; fluid statics; flow concepts; control volume analysis; continuity; energy and momentum concepts; boundary layer concepts; drag theory, flow measurements; flow in pipes/ducts; open channel flow; dimensional analysis and similitude.

ENGR 351 - Water Quality & Environmental Health: Water and air quality analysis. Physical, chemical, and biological factors of water and air quality. Introduction to drinking water and wastewater treatment processes. Engineering aspects of communicable disease control and exposure to toxic substances.

ENGR 410 - Environmental Impact Assessment: Enabling legislation that established environmental impact statements; EIS preparation; risk analysis; collecting data and evaluating its adequacy and accuracy; interpreting data; predicting impacts associated with proposed activities.

ENGR 416 - Transport Phenomena: Heat and mass transfer. Pollutant transport and assimilation in the environment.

6


ENGR 418 - Applied Hydraulics: Pipe networks; transient pipe flow; open channel flow; irrigation, drainage, and flood control; numerical methods for hydraulic analysis.

ENGR 471 - Thermodynamics & Energy Systems II: Continues ENGR 331. Applications of 2nd law of thermodynamics. Irreversibility, availability, power and refrigeration cycles, combustion, and phase equilibria.

ENGR 473 - Building Energy Analysis: Thermodynamics applied to energy analysis of buildings. Heating and ventilating systems; lighting; building envelopes; process loads. Analyze campus buildings.

ENGR 477 - Solar Thermal Engineering: Analyze and design solar thermal systems. Availability of solar radiation; collector operation; system performance; simulation models.

Environmental Science; Energy and Climate Emphasis The College of Natural Resources and Sciences offers a Bachelor’s of Science degree in Environmental Science with an Emphasis in Energy and Climate. The coursework within this major provides students with a foundation in climate-change related sciences not limited to concepts related to the ways that energy is produced and consumed on a societal level. Pertinent coursework within the major is as follows:

ENGR 305 - Appropriate Technology: Engineering technology principles. Energy, waste disposal, food production technologies. Lab exercises involve working systems at Campus Center for Appropriate Technology.

ENGR 371 - Energy Systems & Technology: Intro to key topics and technologies associated with modern energy systems. Covers principles of thermodynamics and electricity and their application to energy systems.

ECON 309 - Economics of a Sustainable Society: Interpret meaning of sustainable economy. Techniques for measuring economic performance using sustainability standard. Analyze domestic and international policies consistent with a sustainable economy.

ECON 450 - Energy Economics & Climate Policy: Intro to energy market economics and institutions. Climate-change policies and impacts. Economic tools for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Economic analysis of energy efficiency and renewable energy projects.

ENVS 370 - Energy, Technology & Society: Interdisciplinary course in energy, the environment, and society. Focuses on energy and climate change, integrating physical science, social science, and policy dimensions.

ENVS 410 - Environmental Science Practicum: Work locally to develop creative solutions to environmental problems. Critique opportunities and obstacles to innovative decision making.

ENVS 411 - Sustainable Campus: Environmental Science major’s capstone. Systematic problem solving framework applied to making the campus sustainable.

CHEM 370 - Earth System Chemistry: Chemistry of the earth, including elemental cycling and speciation in the environment, the impact of man on biogeochemical processes, and the

7


effects of climate change on the chemical/physical interactions occurring within and between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

WSHD 458 - Climate Change & Land Use: Implications of climate change for terrestrial and aquatic resources. Overview of projected shifts in weather and climate. Influence of land use decisions on global carbon cycle in forests, agriculture and wetlands.

8


9


Faculty Lead Douglas Saucedo is a research engineer at the Schatz Energy Research Center and a visiting faculty member in Environmental Resources Engineering at Humboldt State University. His research interests include electric transportation, distributed power systems, microgrids, and renewable energy.

Doug holds a bachelor's degree in Environmental Resources Engineering from Humboldt State University, a master's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California at Davis, and an Engineer in Training certificate in California. He plans to earn a doctorate of engineering and professional engineering license.

Industry Advisor Sean Armstrong taught net-zero design at a demonstration house at Humboldt State University from 1999-2002, and has 12,000+ hours of experience as staff Project Manager with affordable housing developers Pacific Communities, Danco Communities, and the Redevelopment Agency of the City of Arcata. Sean was the first developer to use the California Utility Allowance Calculator (CUAC).

Community Advisors Aileen Meyer- Bear River Band Secretary

10


Affiliated Students ● Troy Smith, Environmental Resources Engineering ● Maria Diaz, Environmental Resources Engineering ● Karl Harris, Environmental Resources Engineering ● Emily Higbee, Environmental Resources Engineering ● Casey Novell, Environmental Science, Energy and Climate ● Danny Ulhar, Environmental Science, Energy and Climate ● Courtney Brown, Environmental Management and Protection ● Brynn Allen, Film Major

Industry Partners The team would like to give special acknowledgment to each and every one of the industry partners who assisted with the process that brought this dynamic project to culmination.

Redwood Energy Redwood Energy is America’s leading ZNE design firm, with thousands of ZNE-effort houses and apartments built since 2011, including more than 600 built to the Builder’s Challenge/Challenge Home/Zero Energy Ready Home standards.

This project has been designed in conjunction with a contract procured by Redwood Energy to provide a path to energy sovereignty for the Bear River Band.

UNICO Company The UNICO company, located in Arnold, MO, provided multiple analyses regarding HVAC system sizing and selection. The UNICO company used the Manual J8 calculation method to determine the appropriate size, and suggest a model HVAC system to be used for our final design. The UNICO company uses Wrightsoft software to perform their heating load calculations.

11


EnergySoft EnergySoft, located in Novato, CA, provided the team with a temporary license for the EnergyPro 5.1 software used to perform home energy rating calculations (HERS).

Wrightsoft Corporation WrightSoft Corporation provided the team with a temporary license for the Right-Suite Universal software used for heating load calculations. The heating load calculations were used to determine the appropriate size HVAC system to be integrated into the design of the home.

Design Constraints The design of the house is based off the vision of the Bear River Band tribe leaders and how they see future homes being built in their community. On March 2, 2016 a community meeting was held to present the preliminary design and hear any concerns about the project. Aileen Meyer, a member of the Tribal council, expressed concerns on the use of radiant floor heating, and metal roofing. Radiant floor heating is considered a luxury by the community, and installment is discouraged due to lack of local expertise on proper maintenance and operation. Metal roofing is also discouraged in the area due to high winds that create uncomfortable noise for the occupants. Furthermore, they wanted to be energy sovereign homes so they requested large solar panels connected to batteries that will provide self sufficient homes for several days and net positive homes for the remainder of the days going beyond zero net energy ready homes criteria.

Community Meeting A community meeting to present the preliminary design and hear concerns was carried out in the Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria community center on March 2, 2016. The architectural design incorporates several of ideas and concerns raised by the community.

12


The presentation was conducted during a community lunch and was carried out to understand their opinion about the design. The initial design included a circular window to appeal to the region’s Native culture. This design selection was consulted with the community who appreciated the detail and did not oppose its use. Several members had significant input about their current houses and aspects they disagree with such as radiant floor heat and metal roofing. Leaders of this community such as Aileen Meyer, a member of the Tribal Council, and Manny, a local contractor, voice their discontent with the metal roofing due to the high winds in this area. Other important concern was the intensity of wind-driven rain and the issue it had in mold problems. The orientation of the structure was discussed and the members agreed that considering a structural detail to indulge in witnessing the sunset and sunrise is important to the community. This comments were considered and help cement the selections of constraints.

Design Goals The native sovereign nation of the Bear River Band has set a goal of 100% renewable energy sovereignty for their nation. The Band has an existing pilot study that encorporates wind and solar powered microgrid with battery storage to power their community facility. The tribal council is expanding on this pilot project to develop a 100% renewable energy microgrid for all owned buildings: community buildings, commercial buildings, wastewater treatment, and their residential housing.

The design goal of the proposed energy sovereign tribal housing is that these houses are a net-positive contribution to the microgrid, and never rely on the microgrid--they are either producing renewable energy or relying on stored energy. In this cloudy, cool maritime microclimate the design goal oriented the design to meet the peak loads, which are in the winter, and to be able to create thermal energy at all times with a compressor, never electric resistance.

This directed the DHW design towards a CO2 heat pump, which do not use electric resistance back-up, and we integrated hydronic space heating to make dual use of the resulting resource of high-temperature water (160 F). This 83-gallon tank of 160 F water also provides sufficient thermal storage energy for the ~18 hours between the mid-day solar window when the tank can regenerate thermal energy with the electric compressor running off the energy from the PV solar array.

Electrical storage is supplied by salt-water based Aquion batteries, which are long-lasting and safe to store as well as being among the most cost-effective batteries per kWh stored. This storage is also sized for the 18-hour period between 3pm and 9am to ensure that all electrical needs can be met between daily influxes of solar energy from the roof without taxing the microgrid. Conservation of energy is key, and the Canary Instruments are provided to each residence to provide color-coded guidance to residents about their energy budget and usage to ensure they can manage their consumption and ensure Sovereignty over their energy.

Children and Tribal Elders are highly valued members of the Bear River Band, and great effort was made to ensure a safe, comfortable environment. This effort included local FSC-certified local flooring with a food-grade penetrating sealant true linoleum in the bathrooms and kitchen

13


so infants are inhaling and touching safe surfaces. Additionally, all the building dimensions are ADA compliant and designed to the Universal Design standards to safe encourage aging in place. Ventilation is designed for the safety of all residents, with additional make-up air to ensure ventilation systems provide clean, filtered air.

Architectural Design The house is generated from Autodesk Revit 2016. The house is a simple detached house to keep the construction cost low so it will meet affordable tribal housing criteria. Various design elements are integrated into the house for the cultural significance of the tribe’s traditional housing. Traditional houses were built with a west facing entry which is in a round opening, a large common area for living and dining, and a gable roof. Other design elements are due to weather conditions of the site, conservation desires and requests by the tribal members. Bear River Band experience strong wind carry rain that blows west to east and the tribal members want a spot to watch the sunrise and sunset. To meet the request of the tribal members the design has a front and rear solarium that provides excellent viewing for both sunrise and sunset while being protected from the frequent rainstorms. There is a round window across from the front door and the floor plan is a large open plan with the bedrooms right of the living space that is a reference to the tribe’s traditional housing. To conserve hot water, the house has all the water facets grouped along one wall and the electric appliances were used to eliminate the need of natural gas. Although, this design is set with the front facing west, the design can be easily mirrored to face east for the houses across the street, the tribal members approved this alteration.

Constructability Construction Schedule The construction of the home is planned to be implement in an estimated 9 months. The house design is part of an expected 25 house project which is being planned with the Bear River Band. Each component was analyzed and time of implementation was estimated using a sample residential schedule for a 6,000 sq. ft. project. Comparison with a larger project provides a less conservative timeline which help with unplanned events which affect the progress of a building project. A detailed construction schedule is included in Volume II with the construction steps divided by different house sections. The schedule incorporates the preliminary work required before construction than covers task required for foundation, frame, HVAC, roof, plumbing, electrical, exterior and interior, and small details. Scheduled inspections are included when required but are the task considered most ambiguous item.

Financial Analysis Assumptions The Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria is considered a sovereign nation and are not required to adhere to all of the standards set by the United States government. According to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, a “federally recognized tribe is a tribal entity that is recognized as having a government to government relationship with the United States, with the responsibilities, powers, limitations and obligations associated with that designation”. Since the Nation has this recognition they have the right to govern themselves as they see fit. Although they are a sovereign nation, the tribal members still have the ability to benefit from certain federal programs, services, and protections which are contingent on the nature of their relationship with

14


the United States. As stated in the executive summary, “the vision of the Bear River Band of Rohnerville Rancheria is shaping a secure healthy future by responsibly exercising sovereignty, investing in our people, refining and evolving as a tribal organization, preserving and revitalizing our culture while serving the best interests of all people”. This was an integral part of the design and analysis because there are certain policies and fees included in the financial costs spreadsheet do not apply to them due to their rights as a sovereign nation. In line with their vision, it is important that they continue to invest in their people in ways that are economically viable and in the best interest of their tribe. Providing homes for those in their community creates and fosters a sense of community and provides a means to preserve and revitalize their culture through serving the community.

Building and construction costs were found in RSMeans unless otherwise noted in the justifications. These outside sources were either provided initially in the original justifications for the NAHB 2103 estimate or they were researched to align better and be more representative of the costs incurred in Humboldt County, Ca rather than on the national scale. Due to the remote location, the costs of most goods and services fluctuate depending on the distance from the project site, and discussed in the construction costs summary.

Construction Costs Summary Designing a home for a sovereign nation provides economic savings that allow us to save residents money by avoiding state and federal property taxes and impact fees. It is important to us that the construction of this home, not only benefits residents but also benefits the Nation as a whole, so we are purchasing local construction materials wherever possible. Buying local products reduces shipping costs and strengthens local economies. The flooring we are using is sustainably harvested Douglas Fir from the local forest and the paint we are using is made using milk purchased from Humboldt Creamery, which is located only a few miles from the project site in Fortuna, Ca.

15


Figure 2. Capital cost pie chart.

Figure X. Breakdown of construction cost for the home. Each slice represents a percentage of the total cost of the home, $273,987.

The construction cost for the home comes out to $235,769 with a total cost of $273,987 which means affordable monthly payments of $851. The average price for a home in Humboldt County is $257,600, which is only about 10% less than the price of our home. This small additional cost provides residents with dramatically improved indoor air quality and complete energy sovereignty.

Table 1. Summary of financial costs.

Affordability Cost ($) Monthly Income 3975 Monthly Household Debt 240 Operations and Maintenance Costs 183 Monthly Utility Costs 36 Property Tax N/A Insurance 80 Mortgage Payment 860 Total Expenses 1390 Debt to Income Ratio 35%

Maintenance Costs The maintenance costs associated with the PV system and the appliances installed in the home will be covered by the tribe as they arise. This analysis will not be included because the homeowner themselves will not be responsible for the costs incurred as replacements or repairs

16


are needed. Due to different rates of usage by an individual the length of time each appliance is variable and thus difficult to analyze. The tribe's economic investment in their people is such that they make long-term decisions and these decisions are continuous, this is reflected above in the construction costs summary.

Table 2. Construction Costs Summary.

Year Cost ($) Yearly Payment ($) 0 275187 27399 1 247788 15138 2 232650 15138 3 217511 15138 4 202373 15138 5 187235 15138 6 172096 15138 7 156958 15138 8 141820 15138 9 126681 15138 10 111543 15138 11 96405 15138 12 81266 15138 13 66128 15138 14 50989 15138 15 35851 15138 16 20713 15138 17 5574 15138 18 -9564 15138 19 -24702 15138 20 -39841 15138

Payback Period The total cost of the house is $275,187 with an annual payment from the occupants of $15,138. The yearly payment for the house considers the 7,425 kwh of electricity produced per the solar panels at a rate of $0.182/kwh. The 0th year of ownership includes the down payment for the house. The payback period shows that it would take 17 years for the occupants to pay off all total costs. This means that the occupants will pay off their loans 13 years earlier than anticipated based on the 30-year mortgage per the guidelines.

17


Figure 3. Payback period.

Energy Analysis Software Used

Energy Pro RM 5.1 The software Residential CalRatePro V5.1 by EnergySoft was developed with CalCERTS to perform home energy rating calculations (HERS) for existing homes within California. This program will provide a HERS index that pinpoints how energy efficient the home is, and provides an economic analysis based on the inputted specifications. When using this software, it is possible to compare and contrast different alternatives for appliances and products being used within the home based on the HERS indexes that it provides. This software is used frequently within the energy field in California and is the reason that it was chosen as a comparative platform for this project (EnergySoft, 2014).

CEC-PV Calculator This tool is used to input the monthly energy production of the system to the Energy Pro software analysis. The CEC-PV Calculator incorporates detailed inverter performance modeling and uses weather data from the 16 climate zones in California (as used by the Title 24 compliance calculations) (CEC, 2016). With inputs It provides the incentive value

REM/Rate REM/Rate is one of the industry standards for HERS ratings and both home energy analysis and weatherization. This software was provided for use by the Department of Energy in this

18


competition. In addition, REM/Rate works in conjunction rebate programs for energy efficiency in residential buildings (NORESCO, 2016).

HERs Index The Home Energy Rating system also known as the HERs Index is a standard used to measure the energy efficiency of the building. The benefits of performing a home energy rating on a home are home operation efficiency and generate recommendations for modifications for energy savings (RESNET, 2016).

We decided to create and compare energy models in both EnergyPro and in REM/Rate for the purpose of this competition. With help from an industry sponsor, EnergySoft, it was possible to use EnergyPro CalRatePro V5.1 to complete part of the energy analysis. This decision was the product of the majority of the students participating in the Energy Analysis section will go on to work in California and ultimately use their software. As this competition is on a national scale, most groups will be using REM/Rate. We felt that it was necessary to also produce an energy model with REM/Rate in order for the judges to compare our analysis and findings to other groups in at the same scale. Both HERS indexes provided by both CalCERTS and REM/Rate are included and analyzed below.

Photovoltaic Design The photovoltaic (PV) design uses high performance Sunpower Equinox system and Aquion battery storage. The south-facing roof is fully utilized with 33 modules rated at 11.88 kW DC for maximum energy production and coupled with a battery size of 5 S-line stack Aquion batteries rated at a load of 11.5 kWh. In comparison to conventional Solar Cells, SunPower Maxeon products produce 55 percent more energy within the first year of operation. Each cell contains a thick, vigorous connector, with unpredictable temperature changes, and a copper-backed design to help reinforce cell strength and corrosion resistance. Behind each panel are built-in micro-inverters to maximize energy production as can be seen in Figure 4.

19


Figure 4. Summary of Equinox PV system.

Aquion Energy S-Line Battery Stack The Aquion Energy S-Line Battery Stack products are the first batteries in the world to be Cradle to Cradle Bronze Certified. The battery serves as the perfect stationary long duration application for both homes and businesses. Utilizing cutting edge saltwater technology to outperform and outlast traditional batteries, based on Aquion’s proprietary “Aqueous Hybrid Ion technology”, there exists no heavy metals and no toxic chemicals. They are designed to be both non-explosive and fire retardant. The S-Line Battery Stacks are 2 kWh systems at 48V nominal, which can be connected via series or parallel for systems configurations as seen in Figure 5. Daily cycling applications for residential solar and off-grid energy management, make this product a feasible component to a zero net energy designed home.

20


Photovoltaic and Battery Storage Design Strategy The investigation of the photovoltaic and battery storage design started at analyzing the solar resource of the project site. The site contains no shading issues; thus maximum solar gain is utilized. The placement of the Photovoltaic system was designed for the south facing roof to maximize energy production. The average daily solar insolation (kWh/m2/day) at various tilts angles. The Klein and Theilacker (K-T) method was used for estimating the average insolation on a tilted surface. The K-T method is an analytical algorithm for calculating solar insolation on a tilted surface from horizontal surface. Horizontal data is readily available for select locations that have National Renewable Energy Laboratory solar radiation monitoring stations. The Renewable Energy Student Union manages a monitoring station at Humboldt State University where the data was utilized for this project. The K-T method can be used to optimize a panel tilt angle based on an annual summation of the insolation values. The methodology outputted the optimal tilt for solar insolation to be 32 degrees for the Bear River location; thus, a 7/12 (30.3) roof slope was selected for optimal energy production.

The battery storage system was sized based on Bear River’s master plan of becoming Energy Sovereign. Battery storage was designed based on an off-grid system design approach from the Solar Energy International Photovoltaics Design and Installation Manual. The home should be self-reliant for the night time and morning before peak sun hours, thus a 0.5 days of autonomy was used to size the Aquion battery system. Figure 6 displays the sensitivity analysis of number of batteries with a days of autonomy. The results provided a battery system size of 5 batteries in series with a rate energy load of 11.5 kWh.

Figure 5. Aquion S-Line stack batteries.

21


Figure 6. Sensitivity analysis of the number of batteries at varying days of autonomy.

Building Energy Analysis The Energy Analysis includes an estimation of the total (annual) amount of energy consumption for the home that was determined through two different types of software, REM/Rate and Energy Pro RM 5.1. Two models were designed, one in Rem/Rate and the other in EnergyPro using the same values for our designed building. This was done to compare the results produced by both programs, which will further be discussed below. Our design loads are 9900 Btu/hr for heating, provided by Unico Company, and no cooling load. The analysis was done with 579 square feet of photovoltaic panels on the south facing roof at a roof pitch with a south facing 7/12 (30.3°) roof pitch. Important considerations made for the PV panel design on the roof must account for the necessary orientation, degree, and weight load of the system on the roof. However, after consulting a structural engineer, he confirmed that the truss construction accounts for the 3 pounds per square foot when the construction plans take into consideration weather force load on the roof. The south facing roof has an area of 1,321

22


square feet, and the panels are placed 4 feet from the edge of the roofing due to current fire code regulations.

California Analysis Process Energy Pro generated a graph showing monthly energy consumption for each load (Figure 7) and a total annual energy consumption of 6,942 kWh/year, with a HERs rating value of 59 without PV. With PV (Calculated with CEC PV Calculator), the solar energy annual production is 14,367 kWh/ year. With the PV production value, Energy Pro generated a HERs rating of -176, which is a net positive energy. To get near to zero net energy the annual solar energy production will need to be about 3917 kWh/year to generate a HERs rating of 59 with PV and -5 without PV. This excess energy is a critical component of the larger Energy Sovereign MicroGrid project, supporting other energy consumption in this Native Sovereign Nation. Pacific Gas and Electric generated rates for 2016 are $0.182 per kilowatt-hour in our region. Using this rate and the Energy Pro consumption rates, we found the consumption cost to be $1,263.44 per year. With PV implementation in Energy Pro, the home production rate and the Pacific Gas and Electric rate calculated a cost savings of $2,614.79.

Figure 7. Monthly energy consumption for each load generated by EnergyPro 5.1.

23


National Analysis Process REM/Rate generated an annual energy consumption of 7,093.02 kWh/year with a HERs rating of 46 without PV. Although, with PV the annual solar energy production is 15,387 kWh/year with a HERs rating of -54, generated by REM/Rate. Using the PG&E rates of $0.182 and the Energy Pro consumption, we determine the consumption cost to be $1,290.93 per year. With PV implementation in Energy Pro, the home production rate and the Pacific Gas and Electric rate calculated a cost savings of $2,800.43. Energy Pro Vs. REM/Rate Figure XX below, indicates the comparison of the energy consumption generated by both Energy Pro and REM/Rate. REM/Rate generated higher annual energy consumption (kWh/year) for lighting, appliances and space heating. In contrast, Energy Pro produced higher annual energy consumptions for fans and domestic hot water system (DHW). Overall, REM/Rate generated the highest energy consumptions for the loads.

Figure 8. Energy consumption comparison of EnergyPro and REMRate

24


Envelope Durability The building envelop is the most influential component affecting comfort level and energy losses. The location experiences a significant amount of wind-driven rain. The objective of the wall envelop is to integrate moisture and airflow control strategies, incorporate high R-value materials, reduce thermal bridging, and prevent potential health impacts of inhabitants and builders. Promoting sustainability is an important factor for material selection and is discussed in the following paragraphs.

The enclosure design incorporates control layers for moisture, air, and thermal movement through the building envelop. The layers of the wall from the outer environment to the condition space is as follows: thermal insulation, moisture control layer, and structure is similar for the slab, wall, and roof portion. This is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9. Foundation Slab.

The moisture control layer assists with the movement of vapor and prevention of prevalent mold problems in the location. A WUFI analysis is included to assist with the comparison of standard practices and the proposed design.

25


Foundation The foundation is slab-on-grade because it required less harmful procedures such as foam insulation and it is economically more feasible. The foundation is surrounding by moisture control layer, insulated above with 2-inches of cork (R-8), and finished using marmoleum sheet and wood flooring. Other foundations such as perimeter foundation required tight sealing and a higher amount of insulation. This incorporate the use of spray foaming, which contains harmful compounds that requires a full body protection suit for the installer and is carried out in a small, enclosed space. Due to the conditions in which it is carried, many homes are not properly sealed which can lead to thermal bridging and inefficiencies. Even though this type of foundation is usually practiced it was not selected due to the potential health impacts it pertains. Slab-on-grade does not require such a step and is less demanding for implementation.

The foundation is only insulated on top due to the termite problems in the region. Even though adding perimeter insulation to the slab would increase the R-value, this would be an opportunity for the termites to bridge into the house insulation. Termites can cause structural as well as thermal efficiency issues. Additional exterior insulation helps control frost penetration near footing, but this is not a concern in this location. This type of insulation is recommended when wood is the installed as the finishing material.

The foundation is a 2-inch slab with a moisture control layer above. The vapor barrier for the foundation is planned to be polyethylene plastic sheeting known as Visqueen. Cork insulation is preferred due to the two types of flooring selected. A 2-inch layer or cork insulation is planned to be used. Carpets located on cold surfaces, such as concrete slabs, are particularly sensitive to dust mite growth. Wood is chosen over carpet due the health concerns. The type of wood used is Blue stain pine due to its economic benefits and the sustainability aspects. Blue kill wood is a product of a bacteria carried by a pine beetle which kills the tree (Front Range Lumber Company). This flooring is less expensive and can be found locally to the site. It is also aesthetically pleasing as shown in Figure 10.

26


Figure 10. Blue Stain Pine Flooring (Sustainable Lumber Corp).

The second type of flooring used is marmoleum sheet. This product is UL certified and is an alternative to vinyl flooring. It is considered chemical-free eco-friendly flooring. It has beneficial low cost, durability, and allergy and Asthma-Friendly certified. This material is credited for LEED points (Green Building Supply). This flooring is included in the bathroom and kitchen because of the water resistant properties of the material.

The adhesive used for the marmoleum is the forbo i885m, an acrylic polymer. This adhesive is moisture resistant, mildew resistant, and emits little to no odor. The Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions is 0 grams per liter as calculated per CA South Coast Rule 1168 (FORBO Fact Sheet). A possible alternative adhesive considered is beeswax, but is not an economically viable solution.

Exterior Wall The west and east walls (solarium exterior walls), and the north and south exterior walls incorporate an outer 2-inch of cork insulation (R-8), moisture control layer, 1/4 plywood, 2x6 studs, ½ inch gypsum board, and milk paint. The wall cavity includes blown-in cellulose insulation (R-21). The west and east walls are semi-conditioned space serving multiple purposes such as solar heating gain, growing plants, hanging clothing to dry, and viewing sunrise and sunset.

The size of the studs required by code is 2”x4” but the selected studs are 2”x6” to provide more room for insulation. The spacing between each stud is 24-inch center instead of the conventional 16-inch center. The decision made to increase the stud spacing was to minimizes cost and the thermal bridging by the studs acting as conduits that draw warm air into the house during the summer, and cold air into the house during the winter.

27


The type of wood used for framing is Douglas-fir provided by Mendocino Humboldt Redwood, located two hours away from the Golden Gate Bridge. The wood is sustainably grown and assists with forest management operations with goals of improving aquatic habitat and old growth forest protection. This wood is selected to support local environmental efforts.

The wall is described from the outer environment to the conditioned space. The first layer in the external side of the wall is the ThermaCork insulation. The siding will incorporate a 2-inch cork insulation. The decision of utilizing cork as a siding and insulation is due to the sustainable characteristics and moisture performance with low absorptivity of water by to capillary action similar to Figure 11. The moisture factor resistance is MU 20. The durability without any loss of structure characteristics ranges from 50 to 60 years and has low embodied energy. This product also has a negative carbon footprint (Thermacork.com). The material selected for moisture control is the petroleum impregnated paper which is waterproof and used because of its durability with regards to wind and sun exposure (Green Building Advisor).

Figure 11. Rain Flow Down the House.

The following layer is ½ inch plywood. The selection of plywood over oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing is due to the high chemical content and the moisture control properties of OSB. The plywood contributes as an air barrier and is a water collector (Krieger). The insulation between the studs is going to be blown in cellulose (R-21). This insulation does not act as an air barrier or moisture barrier since it retains moisture. The cellulose can dry out if there is high air

28


permeability. Without a drying step, moisture can be trapped and can cause problems. Insulating with cellulose provides higher thermal resistance when properly sealed and installation.

The next layer is a ½ inch gypsum sheetrock provided by USG. This material is fire resistant and the provider has an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD), and is committed to maximizing sustainability which can help towards LEEDs credits.

The interior will be painted using milk paint. The paint can be either obtained by a local provider of Old-Fashioned Milk Paint or can be made following the directions provided by Appropedia (for more information please refer to Volume II). The benefits of using milk paint include completely VOC free, anti-molding properties, and it repurposes materials considered to be waste (milkpaint.com). The paint contains borax (lime) which has antibacterial and anti-molding properties (Appropedia.org). Humboldt Creamery is within the vicinity of the location of this project providing an opportunity to carry this out.

Due to recent concerns, regarding the manufacturing practices involved in making vinyl products, the energy benefits of using wood, and all frames material. Wood frames are strong, aesthetically appropriate for historical neighborhoods, and provide adequate insulation making it an energy saver (Energy.org). A proper flashing membrane is necessary to drain water away from the exterior wall and penetration of water into the wall assembly (American Architectural Manufacturers association). Please refer to Volume II for more information. Due to the climate in Humboldt County, low e windows is not required and is not preferred because of the low cooling load for the building.

Roof The configuration of the roof starting from the outermost layer is the cladding, then the control layers, and then the structure. Two different types of roof cladding are considered: metal cladding, and asphalt shingles. Because of the community member’s concern about the acoustic performance of the metal and cladding during frequent high wind events, asphalt shingles were selected for the design of the house. The design of the roof includes dark colored shingles to act like a “warm roof”, in contrast to the more commonly used “cool roof”. The dark colored shingles of the “warm roof” have a lower reflectivity than light colored shingles, allowing for more heat absorption, which is ideal for the climate zone for the house. Shadow black colored CertainTeed Patriot architectural style shingles, with a 30-year warranty and rated for up to 110 mph winds, will be used for the roof cladding (CertainTeed, 2016). Underneath the roof cladding are the control layers. Tar paper is used as the control layers for the roof. Underneath the tar paper is plywood, and then the roof trusses. The roof trusses incorporate an energy heel, as seen in Figure 12. The purpose of having an energy heel is to provide additional space to place the insulation without getting compressed. The height of the energy heel is based on the height of the insulation plus additional space to prevent blockage of the ventilation.

29


Figure 12. Energy heel.

Below the roof trusses is the attic space, where the insulation sits on top of the roof decking. The type of insulation used for the roof design is R-49 batt cellulose insulation. The R-value per inch of batt cellulose insulation is 3.21, so the required height of the cellulose insulation is 15.3 inches. The height of the energy heel is to be greater than 15.3 inches to provide room for ventilation. An additional height of 3.7 inches provides room for ventilation, so an energy heel height of 19 inches is used for the roof trusses. The purpose of having an attic space is to provide room for storage, and allow for roof maintenance (i.e. check for leaks and pests). The attic space is ventilated for multiple reasons. The purpose of providing attic ventilation is to extend the lifetime of the roof, reduce the amount of moisture buildup, reduce the risk of mold and dry rot, reduce the amount of stagnant air, and to improve the house’s air quality by removing unwanted gases and fumes. There is no duct work in the attic space, so having a ventilated attic space will not be a concern. The attic space is ventilated using two types of vents: intake vents, and exhaust vents. The 1/150 method was used to determine the required area needed to be ventilated. The 1/150 method states that for every 150 square foot of attic floor space, 1 square foot of ventilation is needed in order to provide an adequate amount of ventilation (ROSS Manufacturing, 2014). The attic floor space is 1600 square feet, so about 10.7 square feet of vents is required. The attic space is accessible through an attic hatch door, that is strategically placed for convenience reasons. It is considered best practice to place an attic hatch door near the front door of the house, so that a contractor can bring building materials such as insulation into the attic without having to transport the materials throughout the house. The attic hatch door is insulated to prevent any deficiencies between the conditioned living space and the attic space. The attic hatch door also has R-49 insulation. The roof overhangs are 1 ½ feet all round the house. This size of overhang was correlated to the percent of wall which will experience problems by Building Science Corporation. The predicted percent of wall problems with the overhang length is 50 percent.

30


Analysis of Hygrothermal Performance The hygrothermal performance of exterior wall was evaluated using the WUFI software. The software simulates the two dimensional heat and moisture transport through a multi-layer wall using parameters such as orientation, coating, and climate data. The ThermaCork insulation performance in the Pacific Northwest is currently been investigated by the building science company RHD by using data loggers throughout the wall assemblies in a project in Olympia, WA (smallplanetsupply.com). Information is not yet available for the WUFI model; therefore, the insulation was simulated as open cell polyurethane foam as a substitute. The expected capillary action occurring in the open cell polyurethane foam is greater than the cork insulation but less than closed cell polyurethane foam. This system was compared to the closed cell polyurethane foam, which is typically incorporated in construction in Northern California. The results are shown below in Figure 13. The relative humidity, shown in green, does not reach 100 percent, thus there are no predicted condensation in the wall. The plywood shows lower water content in the open cell foam. The close cell foam contained significantly higher water content in the cellulose insulation. This suggests higher drying potential in the selected design.

Figure 13. Hygrothermal analysis using WUFI ORNL V5.0.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Appliances Air Quality

When designing this house, providing a safe and healthy living environment for all occupants was a chief concern. Special attention has been designated toward limiting exposure to toxic chemical emissions to as little as possible. More specifically, the goal is to provide an

31


environment that is safe for those most vulnerable to exposure to toxins; that is babies, young children, and the elderly. Many products that claim to be VOC free, simply aren’t. Instead, their VOC content is low enough that governing bodies deem it to be acceptable to advertise that they are VOC free. Exposure to pollutants like mold, VOCs, and combustion exhaust can have devastating short and long term health effects. To improve the air quality inside the home, source control measures are implemented, such as choosing free VOC or low emitting building material and choosing all electric equipment for the home to avoid source contaminants from combustions. The home is also adequately ventilated and exceeds the ASHRAE standard for residential ventilation.

Source Control

Building Material The hardwood flooring is Douglas fir from local, sustainably managed forests. Marmoleum sheeting is installed in wet rooms like the bathroom and kitchen, which is advertised as chemical-free eco-friendly flooring. The marmoleum uses a forbo i885m adhesive, an acrylic polymer, that emits 0 grams of VOC’s per liter (CA South Coast Rule 1168). The flooring types are all certified asthma & allergy friendly to prevent discomfort over long periods of use, unlike dust accumulating materials. They also meet or exceed California Air Resources Board (CARB) and California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) requirements.

The interior walls are insulated with blown in cellulose which have a total VOC less than 0.5 mg/m3. Walls are painted using milk paint which is completely VOC free. Cork insulation is natural and contains no formaldehyde, heavy metals, or any other VOC found in other type of wall materials.

Combustion Sources To reduce contaminants introduced into the household, combustions sources such as the water heater, stove, and furnace are replaced with all electric equipment. Common combustion appliances like the stove, water heater, and furnace are replaced with electric appliances to avoid any exposure to combustion related pollutants. The water heater, and furnace are further discussed in the domestic hot water, and space conditioning sections, respectively. The stove used in the household is a General Electric induction stove.

Ventilation Proper ventilation is a key factor when designing any energy efficient building. The goal strived for, in this project, is to achieve the is to continuously supply residents with clean, outdoor air. The California building code requires us to adhere to ASHRAE 62.2-2007 when determining minimum ventilation rates. Due to the oceanic climate of Humboldt County, it was deemed appropriate to emphasize indoor air quality over sealing the building as tightly as possible.

32


ASHRAE 62.2-2007: [Conditioned Area/100]+[(7.5)*(Number of Bedrooms+1)]

Table 3. Summary of minimum ventilation CFM required.

Living Space (sq.ft.) 1920 Bedrooms 3

Airflow required (cfm) 49.2 system airflow (cfm) 200

In addition, MERV filters are used throughout the house to filter out particulates that may be introduced through ventilation. The Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) is a measurement of how effective filters are at trapping particulates. To protect occupants, MERV 12 filters are installed in the bathroom air supply, and the kitchen air supply. A MERV 16 filter is installed in the main HVAC system and MERV 12 in line filter boxes are used to filter all the influent make-up air, which goes to the kitchen and bathrooms from the east and west solariums. This filter traps more than 80% of common indoor pollutants like lead, dust, and automobile exhaust.

Bathroom Fans The bathrooms utilize adjustable Panasonic WhisperGreen exhaust fan, which can be seen in Figure 14 on right. The fan operates at 50, 80, or 110 cfm and consumes 3.2W, 5.4W, or 9.8W, respectively. These are used to evacuate air directly to the outdoors through vertical chimneys, constructed of 4-inch galvanized metal ducts. These fans operate at 0.3 sones, which is significantly quieter than Energy Star’s 2.0 sone standard. The bathrooms also have fans feeding air into them from the west solarium. Each of these sources of air are fed through a filter box with a MERV 12 filter prior to being ducted into the bathroom.

Kitchen Range Hood & Fan The chosen range hood model is the Broan Elite RM50000, which can be seen in Figure 15. The hood is 35” wide with a 2-½” overlap on each side. The hood is installed three feet above the

cooktop, at a height of seven feet from the ground. The hood is 19 ⅝” deep, while the stove is 19 13/16” deep from the very front burner to the very back burner. The hood is fixed ½” off the wall with brackets

Figure 14. Panasonic WhisperGreen exhaust fan.

33


and a facade. The design ensure that virtually all cooking occurs underneath the covered area and the range hood is vented directly to the outdoors to ensure that PM 2.5, other fumes, and moisture are evacuated outside of the conditioned space.

The range hood operates with a maximum volumetric flow of 270 cfm. Left unbalanced, this alone could create a negative pressure throughout the house. For this reason, a 440 cfm Panasonic WhisperLine inline exhaust fan is installed to pump air from the

solarium on the east side of the building. This fan is positioned in the air space between the ceiling and the attic and adjacent to the solarium. The fan, which has a variable airflow setting, is wired in series with the range hood. A professional electrician is responsible for calibrating this system. After calibration, the fan will the correct amount of power drawn to match the airflow of the range hood. The ability to do this is a feature unique to the Panasonic line of fans. The air is then fed through a filter box with a MERV 12 filter, which can be seen in Figure 16 via eight-inch ducting. This air filter and duct size is the primary reasoning behind having a fan with significantly higher power capabilities than the range hood. The ducting is then split into a T joint, where air is blown underneath the kitchen cabinets through a 3x12 inch rectangular duct and a 5 inch in the ceiling.

Appliances When available, energy star appliances were installed for use in the home. Table 4 shows the list of appliances purchased for the home. The products are chosen due to their low energy loads, cost, and quality of performance.

Table 4. Selected appliances

Appliance Brand Model Rating Energy Cost ($) Dryer Speed Queen LTEA5FSP153+ Energy Star 608 kWh/yr 1,000 Washer Speed Queen AFNE9BSP113TW01 Energy Star 69 kWh/yr 1,470 Refrigerator Frigidaire LFHT1831Q Energy Star 363 kWh/yr 1,300

Induction Stove GE PHB920SJSS Energy Star

8" 2500 W 11" 3700 W 6" 1800 W

2,000

Microwave Hamilton Beach P70B20AP-G5B

700 W 46

Figure 15. Broan Elite RM50000 range hood.

Figure 16. MERV 12 Filter.

34


Toaster Oven Elite Cuisine EKA-9210XB-Black

1000 W 40

Computer Lenovo ThinkCentre M800z Energy Star 132 kWh/yr 650 Television Samsung 48 inch UN48H4203AF Energy Star 58 kWh/yr 700

Residential Energy Education An energy monitor is installed to educate the residents on their energy consumption throughout the day. The monitor uses varying colors the occupants see as they walk through their home, and the different colored hues inform the occupants on their current energy usage (left side), and total energy usage for the day (right side).

Figure 17. Canary Instruments behavioral battery for increased energy efficiency.

The colors change from green (very low usage) to yellow, orange, red, and fuchsia (very high usage). One of the benefits of this energy monitor is that as the occupant intentionally tries to reduce plug load the lights change instantaneously.

Lighting When designing the lighting of the home the lumens per square feet was considered for optimal lighting depending on what activity may happen in each room. A brief breakdown of lumens per meter square is given below. For all lighting fixtures, LED was chosen for the quality of the light and its longevity as a product. When comparing cost between LED and CFL, they both cost around the same and provide similar low wattage, which is better than the classic incandescent bulbs. LED was chosen over CFL because CFL’s have a higher replacement rate, therefore costing the homeowner more over their home’s lifespan. All the chosen fixtures are compatible with LED replacement bulbs, both 60 and 100 Watt. The Cree brand bulb was chosen to

35


implement throughout the house because of it’s optimal color index rating and reliability. Looking at time of use data on average for a detached family home, an analysis of operating hours was done to calculate the total kW/year, the resulting value being 315.94.

The layout of the lights was kept simple but efficient, with enough lighting for each room. In the daytime large bay windows in the living room provide light to the main body of the home. Two solariums are attached as semi conditioned spaces for enjoying the light comfort during any season. The lighting design provided switches by doorways and and two way switches where necessary to control the lighting at both sides of the room for convenience. The lighting in the living room and entryway provided softer sconce lighting with many outlets if future residents wish to expand lighting in that room. The kitchen overhead light is a three bulb fixture, providing the cooking space with a brighter light to accommodate the work area.

36


Table 5. Lighting time of use for different activities.

Table 6. Activity schedules and their respective lux value.

37


Table 7. Summary of selected lighting fixtures.

Lighting Fixture Type

Light Fixture Specification Model Cost/Unit ($) Quantity Cost ($)

Inside Sconce Glomar 1-Light Old Bronze Sconce HD-044 33 3 100

Outside Light Hampton Bay Black

Outdoor Wall Lantern (2-Pack)

HD-4470TBK 30 4 120

Ceiling Flush Mount

Capital Lighting 2 Light Flush Mount

2711BB / 2713BB 23 8 184

Pendant Light

Hampton Bay Bristol Collection 1-Light

Nutmeg Bronze Mini Pendant

FNK8991A 30 1 30

Outside Flush Light

Lithonia Dusk-to-Dawn Wall-Mount

Outdoor Bronze LED Mini Single Flood

Light

OLFL14PEBZM4 80 1 80

Kitchen Light

Hampton Bay 3-Light Brushed Nickel Semi-

Flush Mount Light with White Shade

89543 65 1 65

Solarium Lights

1-Light Prairie Rock Interior Wall Sconce V167122 28 5 140

38


Table 8. Energy usage for different types of lighting fixtures.

Fixture Type Fixture

Specification W/Lamp # of

lamps

Time of Use

(h/day) Wh/day kWh/yr

Inside Sconce Glomar 1-Light Old Bronze Sconce 11 3 2 66 24.1

Outside Light Hampton Bay Black

Outdoor Wall Lantern (2-Pack)

16 4 2.6 166.4 60.7

Celling Flush Mount

Capital Lighting 2 Light Flush Mount 11 16 1.6 281.6 102.8

Pendant Light

Hampton Bay Bristol Collection 1-Light

Nutmeg Bronze Mini Pendant

11 1 1.9 20.9 7.6

Outside Flush Light

Lithonia Dusk-to-Dawn Wall-Mount

Outdoor Bronze LED Mini Single Flood

Light

18 1 2.6 46.8 17.1

Kitchen Light

Hampton Bay 3-Light Brushed Nickel

Semi-Flush Mount Light w/ White

Shade

11 3 2.3 75.9 27.1

Solarium Lights 1-Light Prairie Rock Interior Wall Sconce 16 5 2.6 208 75.9

Space Conditioning Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning The primary heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system comes courtesy of Unico, Inc. The layout of the vents are shown in Figure 18.

39


Figure 18. Space conditioning duct layout, and PV system layout.

40


Figure 19. Supply air diffuser layout provided by Unico.

41


Table 9. Heating and ventilation requirements.

ID Room Area (sf) ASHRAE 62.2 (cfm) Heating Load

(Btuh) Heating AVF

(cfm) 1 W. Solarium 130 0 0 0 2 Bedroom 1 140 12 1225 35 3 Bedroom 2 133 9 907 26 4 M. Bedroom 202 26 2721 78 5 M. Bathroom 46 0 0 0 6 Mechanical 50 0 0 0 7 E. Solarium 94 0 0 0 8 Kitchen 89 8 812 23 9 Dining 81 8 837 24 10 Living 276 21 2282 65 12 Bathroom 46 0 0 0 13 Master Closet 36 0 0 0

Total ** 1323 83 8784 251

Psychometric Chart Analysis A psychometric chart analysis was performed using the University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Agriculture and Urban Design’s Climate Consultant 6.0 software. This analysis was used to determine the comfort zone for the occupants that will be living in the home for the proposed site location. The comfort zone is represented in the blue region of the cart and can be seen in Figure 20. The dry bulb temperature ranges from 68 oF to 75 oF, and the wet bulb temperature ranges from 48 oF to 68 oF. The relative humidity ranged from 80% to 20%, and the humidity ratio ranged from 0.003 to 0.013 with respect to the preceding dry and wet bulb temperature ranges.

42


Figure 20. Psychrometric chart used for comfort levels.

UNICO Heating System The UNICO M1218 Air Handler system (Figure 21), equipped with a Panasonic Whisper Comfort Ventilation Fan Spot Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) (Figure 22), is to be used as the space conditioning system. The M1218 system was chosen based on the airflow capacity for conditioned area of the home. The control board, for the M1218 system, is the AirCycler g2 (Figure 23) and is coupled with the dry-contact relay in the M1218 to turn on the (ERV) when needed. The M1218 system is to be used for heating applications only, and oriented for a horizontal flow path. The M1218 system uses heat from the hot water tank to heat the fan coil of the conditioning unit. The flow rate and temperature, required from the hot water tank, is to be 2 GPM and 120 oF respectively. The M1218 uses a series of small, 2-inch diameter, ducts to distribute the conditioned air throughout the home. The ERV combines some of the indoor air with the outdoor air to be distributed throughout the home, and this lessens the amount of energy required to heat the ambient air. The system is rated for an airflow capacity of 200 CFM, and requires 9900 Btuh to operate. The addition of the ERV will not be incorporated into any of the bathrooms or the kitchen of the home for moisture control within the system.

43


Figure 21. Unico M12 air handler.

Figure 22. AirCycler g2. Figure 23. WhisperComfort Spot ERV

Domestic Hot Water Residential hot water is one of the highest energy intensive components of the house. The focus of our design is to provide an energy efficient domestic hot water heater, and optimize the hot water distribution system to decrease delivery time.

The hot water demands will be met by the Sanden CO2 Heat Pump. It has an operating temperature of -15F to 110F that is resilient enough to withstand the cold weather which has an average low of 39F and an average high of 72F. An additional benefit from the water heater is its

44


large holding capacity of 83 gallons which acts as a thermal battery, lessening the amount of energy required to heat up water.

Figure 24. Sanden CO2 Heat pump

Table 10. Specifications summary of the Sanden CO2 heat pump

The distribution system is a trunk and branch design which uses ⅜” copper for its trunks and branches (Figure 25). The piping is insulated with a 1” thick R-4 closed-cell elastomeric insulation to reduce heat loss during hot water transportation. The incoming water from the municipality ranges from 35-90 PSI which is adjusted to 60 PSI by a pressure regulator prior to going into the hot water heater to avoid any damage to the equipment. Water temperature coming out of the tank is 122F or higher and is mixed with cold water using a thermostatic mixing valve to deliver hot water at 120F. The system layout is designed to keep all hot water plumbing distance minimized to save energy, and water by providing short wait times. The estimated heating loads can be seen in Table 11.

45


Figure 25. DHW pipe layout.

Table 11. Summary of the DHW sections.

Label Room

Total Length

(ft)

pipe diameter

(in) Vwater (gal)

flow rate (gpm)

Wait time (sec)

1 Master

Bedroom- Sink 1

18.0 3/8" 0.14 1 8

2 Master 20.0 3/8" 0.15 1 9

46


Bedroom-Sink 2

3 Washer 10.0 3/8" 0.08 2 2

4 Master

Bedroom-shower

12.0 3/8" 0.09 1.5 4

5 Shared-shower

9.0 3/8" 0.07 1.5 3

6 Shared-sink

8.0 3/8" 0.06 1 4

7 Kitchen-sink

18.0 3/8" 0.14 1.5 5

Heating

Load ( kwh/yr)

1333 Total Vwater

(gal) 0.72

Total time Wait time

(sec) 35

Water Conservation The fixtures chosen for the house follow the EPA’s Water Sense guidelines. The Kitchen sink uses a Swivel aerator with a pause valve which slows water flow to 1.5 gpm and allows the occupant the ease of stopping water flow when washing dishes. Toilets in the house are ToTo brand which are designed to be used at 1 gpf, and all lavatory sinks use aerators that have flow rates of 1 gpm.

Figure 26. EPA WaterSense shower fixture.

To reduce the amount of water wasted while waiting for the shower to get warm, Evolve brand products are installed in the shared and master bedroom shower. These fixtures stop hot water from flowing down the drain once the water has reached 95F, and notify the occupant that hot

47


water is available when the showerhead begins to trickle. When the occupant is ready to take a shower he/she pulls showerhead hanging cord to begin showering.

Figure 27. Flow control fixture.

The total water saved from installing water sense fixtures when compared to an average household is summarized in (Table 13). The baseline household water usage is for a 3-bedroom house and is provided by the 2013 California Plumbing code for calculating water savings.

Table 12. Water usage baseline.

WATER USE BASELINE

FIXTURE TYPE

CONSUMPTION (GPM)

DAILY USES

DURATION (MIN)

OCCUPANTS

DAILY WATER USE

(GAL) 1.6 GPF

TOILETS 1.6 5 1 4 32

LAVATORY FAUCET-2.2

GPM 2.2 8 0.25 4 18

KITCHEN SINK-2.2 GPM 2.2 6 0.25 4 13

SHOWERHEAD- 2.5 GPM 2.5 0.75 8 4 60

TOTAL DAILY VOLUME

123

48


TOTAL ANNUAL VOLUME

44822

Table 13. Water savings.

WATER SAVINGS

FIXTURE TYPE CONSUMPTION (GPM)

DAILY USES

DURATION (MIN) OCCUPANTS

DAILY USE

(GAL) TOILETS (1.0 GPF) 1 5 1 4 20

LAVATORY FAUCET (1.0 GPM)

1 8 0.25 4 8

KITCHEN SINK (1.5 GPM) 1.5 6 0.25 4 9

SHOWERHEAD(1.5 GPM) 1.5 0.75 8 4 36

TOTAL DAILY VOLUME 73 TOTAL ANNUAL

VOLUME (GAL) 26,609

ANNUAL SAVINGS 18214 % REDUCTION 40.6

2016

Renewable Energy Student Union

U.S. DOE Race to Zero Student Design

Competition

8/16/2016

Bear River Band Three Bedroom Case Study New Construction Home Volume II

1 Table of Contents Table of tables ....................................................................................................................................................... 2

Design Rendering.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Exterior ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

Interior................................................................................................................................................................. 5

Construction Drawing ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Dimensioned Floor Plans .................................................................................................................................... 7

Building Sections ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Interior Details .................................................................................................................................................... 9

Wall, Floor, and Roof Section .......................................................................................................................... 11

Window and Doors Details ............................................................................................................................... 13

Air Sealing Details ............................................................................................................................................ 16

Mechanical Plans and Schedules ...................................................................................................................... 18

Plumbing Plan and Schedules ........................................................................................................................... 18

Electrical and Lighting Plans and Schedule...................................................................................................... 20

Construction Schedule and Size of the Project ................................................................................................. 20

Energy Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 23

HERS Rating Documentation ........................................................................................................................... 23

Financial Analysis ................................................................................................................................................. 25

2 Table of Figures Figure 1. Front West Facing. ............................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: South Facing Exterior. ......................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Back North Facing Exterior. ............................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4: North Facing Interior........................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 5: East Facing Interior (without Solarium). ........................................................................................... 6 Figure 6: Floor Plans with Dimensions. .............................................................................................................. 7 Figure 7: Design Plan with Building Sections. ................................................................................................... 8 Figure 8: Interior Living Space. .......................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 9: Interior Kitchen View. ....................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 10. Foundation section. ........................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 11. Solarium section. ............................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 12. Roof section. ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 13. Wall section. ...................................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 14: Blow Door Test (Wikiomedia.org). ................................................................................................. 17 Figure 15. Mechanical Plan. ............................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 16: Hot Water Plumbing and Schedule. ............................................................................................... 18 Figure 17: Cold Water Plumbing and Scheduling. .......................................................................................... 19 Figure 18: Electrical and Lighting Plans. ......................................................................................................... 20 Figure 19: HERS Score without PV. ................................................................................................................. 23 Figure 20: HERS Score with PV........................................................................................................................ 24

Table of tables Table 1. Doors, Windows, and Mirrors. ........................................................................................................... 14 Table 2. Construction schedule .......................................................................................................................... 20 Table 3. Construction cost details...................................................................................................................... 25 Table 4. Summary of sales price. ....................................................................................................................... 27 Table 5. Financial Analysis. ............................................................................................................................... 28

3 Design Rendering Exterior

Figure 1. Front West Facing.

4

Figure 2: South Facing Exterior.

5

Figure 3: Back North Facing Exterior.

Interior

Figure 4: North Facing Interior.

6

Figure 5: East Facing Interior (without Solarium).

7 Construction Drawing Dimensioned Floor Plans

Figure 6: Floor Plans with Dimensions.

8 Building Sections

Figure 7: Design Plan with Building Sections.

9 Interior Details

Figure 8: Interior Living Space.

10

Figure 9: Interior Kitchen View.

11 Wall, Floor, and Roof Section

Figure 10. Foundation section.

12

Figure 11. Solarium section.

13

Figure 12. Roof section.

Window and Doors Details

14

Figure 13. Wall section.

Table 1. Doors, Windows, and Mirrors.

Description

Width (inches)

Length (inches) Amount Type

Doors South-West 1 36 84 1

4-Panel Insulation Medium Oak Left-Hand Inswing with

North-West 2 36 84 1

4-Panel Insulation Medium Oak

15

Left-Hand Inswing with

West Enty 36 84 1

4-Panel Insulation Medium Oak Right-Hand Inswing with

Laundry Room 36 84 1

With window Thermotrue Oak Fiberglass

South-East 2 36 84 1 With window Kitchen/ East Entry 36 84 1 With window

Bedroom 1 36 80 1 Regular Therma-Tru Oak

Closet Door 1 60 84 1 Double Slider

Bedroom 2 36 80 1 Regular

Closet Door 2 60 84 1 Double Slider Master Bedroom 36 80 1 Regular

Master Closet 60 84 1 Double Slider Master Bathroom 36 84 1 Sindle Slider General Restroom 36 80 1 Regular Wood

Windows

Description Width

(inches) Length (inches) Amount Type

Glass Slider Door 64 84 1

Low-E 366 Without GBG's

Multiple Location 48 36 8 Awning Kitchen/ East Entry 48 24 1 Slider

Bathroom 24 12 1 Obscure Round Entrance 24.5 24.5 1 Triple Glazed Fixed Windows 2 6 20 Clear

Item Price Provider Reference

Other

Mirror (Medicine Cabinet) 159.2 Homedepot

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Foremost-Naples-25-in-x-31-in-Surface-Mount-Medicine-Cabinet-in-Warm-

Cinnamon-NACC2531/100426624

Mirror 87.2 Homedepot

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Foremost-Naples-32-in-L-x-24-in-W-Wall-Mirror-in-Warm-Cinnamon-

NACM2432/202046270

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Foremost-Naples-25-in-x-31-in-Surface-Mount-Medicine-Cabinet-in-Warm-Cinnamon-NACC2531/100426624



http://www.homedepot.com/p/Foremost-Naples-32-in-L-x-24-in-W-Wall-Mirror-in-Warm-Cinnamon-NACM2432/202046270



16 Air Sealing Details The air sealing is carried out all through the construction. The blow door test with a smoke stick will be used to determine cracks and inefficiency in the envelop. The air sealing will incorporate the recommended aeroseal treatment by the Department of Energy. Furthermore, the DOE states that “...air movement accounts for more than 98% of all water vapor movement in building cavities (energy.gov). The material used by the design for moisture control is petroleum impregnated paper. Although, precautions, with regard to air quality must be taken, as a result of using this product, it was chosen due to its superior durability and waterproof properties (Green Building Advisor).

According to Sean Armstrong of Redwood Energy, a smokestick is used to identify point sources of air leakage. This is the method of chosen for assessing how airtight the Bear River house is. After this is done, caulking is used to fill any leaks or cracks.

According to the Department of Energy (DOE), controlling the movement of water vapor is crucial to maintaining effective air sealing, healthy indoor air quality, and an energy efficient building.

Blower door source: http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/blower-door-basics

17

Figure 14: Blow Door Test (Wikiomedia.org).

18 Mechanical Plans and Schedules

Figure 15. Mechanical Plan.

Plumbing Plan and Schedules

Figure 16: Hot Water Plumbing and Schedule.

19

Figure 17: Cold Water Plumbing and Scheduling.

20 Electrical and Lighting Plans and Schedule

Figure 18: Electrical and Lighting Plans.

Construction Schedule and Size of the Project Table 2. Construction schedule

Section Task Expected Duration (days) Start Date Finish

Preliminary Work

Print Construction Documents 1 4/1/2016 4/2/2016

Bids and Contracts 24 4/2/2016 4/26/2016

Grading and Building Permits 17 4/26/2016 5/13/2016

File Building Permit Application 3 5/13/2016 5/16/2016

Walk Lot w/ Owner 1 5/16/2016 5/17/2016

Install Sediment Controls 2 5/17/2016 5/19/2016

Building Permit Approved 1 5/19/2016 5/20/2016

21

Foundation

Clear Lot 3 5/20/2016 5/23/2016

Foundation Excavation 2 5/23/2016 5/25/2016

Install Reinforcing 1 5/25/2016 5/26/2016

Pour Footing and Pin Footing 2 5/26/2016 5/28/2016

Footing Inspection 1 5/28/2016 5/29/2016

Foundation Certification 1 5/29/2016 5/30/2016

Concrete Slabs 8 5/30/2016 6/7/2016

Slab Inspection 1 6/7/2016 6/8/2016

Prep Garage Slab 1 6/8/2016 6/9/2016

Termite Treatment Garage Slab 1 6/9/2016 6/10/2016

Pour Garage Slab 1 6/10/2016 6/11/2016

Rough Carpentry

Floor Deck Framing 4 6/11/2016 6/15/2016

Floor Wall Framing 4 6/15/2016 6/19/2016

Set Roof Trusses 7 6/19/2016 6/26/2016

Frame Roof 5 6/26/2016 7/1/2016

Frame Inspection 2 7/1/2016 7/3/2016

HVAC

HVAC Layout and Measure 1 7/1/2016 7/2/2016

HVAC Rough-in 5 7/2/2016 7/7/2016

HVAC Set Indoor Units 2 7/7/2016 7/9/2016

HVAC Inspection 2 7/9/2016 7/11/2016

Plumbing

Plumbing Slab 2 7/9/2016 7/11/2016

Plumbing Layout 1 7/11/2016 7/12/2016

Plumbing Rough-in 5 7/12/2016 7/17/2016

Plumbing Inspection 1 7/17/2016 7/18/2016

Section Task Expected Duration (days) Start Date Finish

Electrical Installation

Electric Rough-in 19 7/17/2016 8/5/2016

Set Electric Boxes 2 8/5/2016 8/7/2016

Install Electric Service Panel 2 8/7/2016 8/9/2016

Electric Walkthrough 1 8/9/2016 8/10/2016

Electrical Rough-wire 14 8/10/2016 8/24/2016

Electrical inspection 0 8/24/2016 8/24/2016

Roofing

Plywood 5 8/24/2016 8/29/2016

Roofing Paper Installed 3 8/29/2016 9/1/2016

Stock Roof Shingles 1 9/1/2016 9/2/2016

Install Roof Shingles 7 9/2/2016 9/9/2016

22

Exterior Wall

Plywood 3 9/9/2016 9/12/2016

Tape and Flashing 5 9/12/2016 9/17/2016

Insulation 5 9/17/2016 9/22/2016

Moisture Layer 3 9/22/2016 9/25/2016

Cork Siding 1 9/25/2016 9/26/2016

Insulation Inspection 3 9/26/2016 9/29/2016

Drywall / Redwood Panels 12 9/29/2016 10/11/2016

Windows and Doors 5 10/11/2016 10/16/2016

Caulk and Air Seal 2 10/16/2016 10/18/2016

Interior

Sand Drywall 1 10/16/2016 10/17/2016

Floor (Marmoleum/ Blue Pine) 15 10/17/2016 11/1/2016

Sand, Stain, Seal Hardwood 5 11/1/2016 11/6/2016

Paint 15 11/6/2016 11/21/2016

Install Interior Doors 5 11/21/2016 11/26/2016

Caulk and Seal 21 11/26/2016 12/17/2016

Other Required Installations

Driveways 3 12/17/2016 12/20/2016

Final Grade and Seed 3 12/20/2016 12/23/2016

Install Fixtures 1 12/23/2016 12/24/2016

Switch and Plug 2 12/24/2016 12/26/2016

Door and Bath Hardware 2 12/26/2016 12/28/2016

Gutter 3 12/28/2016 12/31/2016

Final Building Inspection 1 12/31/2016 1/1/2017

Cleaning Windows and Doors 1 1/1/2017 1/2/2017

Final Clean 4 1/2/2017 1/6/2017

23 Energy Analysis HERS Rating Documentation

Figure 19: HERS Score without PV.

24

Figure 20: HERS Score with PV.

25 Financial Analysis

Table 3. Construction cost details.

Construction Cost Breakdown

NAHB 2013 Value Share of Construction Value

Per sq.ft.

Team Default Estimate for Share of Construction Value

Team Estimate Share of Construction Value

Team Estimate Per sq.ft.

Justification Required? Justification/Notes

Site Work (A-E)

$16,825.00 $6.45 $12,391.25

A Building Permit Fees

$3,647.00 $1.40 $2,685.94 $2,505.00 $1.30 YES http://www.humboldtgov.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/188

B Impact Fee $3,312.00 $1.27 $2,439.22 $0.00 $0.00 YES Sovereign Nation--no fee imposed

C Water & Sewer Fees Inspections

$4,346.00 $1.67 $3,200.74 $2,324.00 $1.21 YES $1,937 Standard Sewage Disposal Permit, $387 State Small Water System Annual Fee http://humboldtgov.org/documentcenter/view/9946

D Architecture, Engineering

$3,721.00 $1.43 $2,740.44 $2,740.44 $1.43 NO

E Other $1,799.00 $0.69 $1,324.93 $1,324.93 $0.69 NO

Foundation (F-G)

$23,401.00 $8.98 $17,234.34

F Excavation, Foundation, Concrete, Retaining walls, and Backfill

$23,028.00 $8.83 $16,959.63 $25,734.00 $13.40 YES excavation: $2572, $23,162 Foundation; RSMean Online

G Other $373.00 $0.14 $274.71 $274.71 $0.14 NO

Framing (H-L)

$47,036.00 $18.04 $34,641.01

H Framing (including roof)

$36,438.00 $13.98 $26,835.81 $24,221.40 $12.62 YES 5% add-on for FSC certified framing wood; RSMean Online

I Trusses (if not included above)

$5,461.00 $2.09 $4,021.91 $0.00 $0.00 YES included in framing

J Sheathing (if not included above)

$2,332.00 $0.89 $1,717.47 $1,717.47 $0.89 NO

K General Metal, Steel

$1,604.00 $0.62 $1,181.31 $2,179.80 $1.14 YES RSMeans Online;

L Other $1,201.00 $0.46 $884.51 $884.51 $0.46 NO

Exterior Finishes (M-P)

$35,473.00 $13.61 $26,125.11

M Exterior Wall Finish

$16,867.00 $6.47 $12,422.19 $28,584.00 $9.00 YES cork siding=$9/sq ft, $5 for materials, $4 for installation

N Roofing $7,932.00 $3.04 $5,841.75 $9,389.00 $4.89 YES RSMean Online; using class D shingles ASTM D3161

O Windows and Doors (including garage door)

$10,117.00 $3.88 $7,450.96 $8,051.00 $4.19 YES Painted redwood framed low U, high SHGC windows; $3276 windows, 5 Exterior Doors @ $850 (Lowes), $525 Garage Door

P Other $557.00 $0.21 $410.22 $410.22 $0.21 NO

26

Construction Cost Breakdown

NAHB 2013 Value Share of Construction Value

Per sq.ft.

Team Default Estimate for Share of Construction Value

Team Estimate Share of Construction Value

Team Estimate Per sq.ft.


Major Systems

Rough-ins (Q-T)

$32,959.00 $12.64 $24,273.60

R Electrical (except fixtures)

$9,967.00 $3.82 $7,340.48 $5,149.95 $2.68 YES RSMeans Online

S HVAC $10,980.00 $4.21 $8,086.54 $5,700.00 $2.97 YES Unico quote (Industry Sponser)

T Solar Array $189.00 $0.07 $139.19 $32,211.00 $16.78 YES Solar Array = 579 sf of SunPower (55 sf/kw)$1100/kW less 30% rebates, 5Batteries @ $1600

Interior Finishes (U-AE)

Insulation $72,241.00 $27.71 $53,203.96

U Insulation $4,786.00 $1.84 $3,524.79 $3,877.27 $2.02 YES Increased 10% for R-49 attic insulation, R-19 solarium insulation and and QII inspections

V Drywall $9,376.00 $3.60 $6,905.22 $4,569.00 $2.38 YES Gypsum; RSMeans

W Interior Trims, Doors, and Mirrors

$10,536.00 $4.04 $7,759.54 $1,046.00 $0.54 YES 4 Doors @$200 (solid core interior), 1 mirrors @$159, 1 mirror $87 (Home Depot)

X Painting $8,355.00 $3.20 $6,153.28 $7,383.94 $3.85 YES 20 Gallons at $48.95; old-fashion milk paint (milkpaint.com)

Y Lighting $3,008.00 $1.15 $2,215.33 $716.28 $0.37 YES See Lighting Schedule

Z Cabinets, Countertops

$12,785.00 $4.90 $9,415.88 $2,053.50 $1.07 YES $1205 Cabinets, $848.50 (RSMeans Online)

AA Appliances $4,189.00 $1.61 $3,085.11 $7,169.00 $3.73 YES Estimated using Online Cost including pots and pans for induction stove

AB Flooring $12,378.00 $4.75 $9,116.13 $17,280.00 $9.00 YES Using local wood flooring and natural linoleum at an average cost of $9.00 sf, twice the industry average

AC Plumbing Fixtures

$4,265.00 $1.64 $3,141.08 $1,570.54 $0.82 YES Simple piping and set up requires less labor and materials

AD Fireplace $2,057.00 $0.79 $1,514.94 $0.00 $0.00 YES No fireplace in project

AE Other $506.00 $0.19 $372.66 $372.66 $0.19 NO

Final Steps (AF-AJ)

$16,254.00 $6.23 $11,970.72

AF Landscaping $5,744.00 $2.20 $4,230.33 $125.74 $0.07 YES 10 bales Wheat Straw @ $7.48 (Lowes), $16.98 seeding @ 3 sacks (home depot); Landscaping is taken care of by Tribal Community

AG Outdoor structures (deck, patio, porches)

$2,891.00 $1.11 $2,129.16 $2,129.16 $1.11 NO

AH Driveway $3,741.00 $1.43 $2,755.17 $2,755.17 $1.43 NO

AI Clean up $2,261.00 $0.87 $1,665.18 $1,665.18 $0.87 NO

27

AJ Other $1,617.00 $0.62 $1,190.89 $1,190.89 $0.62 NO

Other $2,265.00 $0.87 $1,668.12

Total $246,454.00 $94.54 $181,508.12 $220,513.12

Table 4. Summary of sales price.

NAHB Sales Price Breakdown 2013 Value

Team Default Estimate

Team Adjusted Estimate


Finished Lot Cost (including financing costs):

$74,509.00 $54,874.44 $35,668.39 YES Tribal government is streamline with no significant fees, streamlined entitlement process, no Federal authority or permit enforcement costs. Estimate reduced by 35%

Financing Costs $5,479.00 $4,035.11 $4,035.11 NO

Overhead and General Expenses

$17,340.00 $12,770.55 $12,770.55 NO

Marketing Cost $4,260.00 $3,137.37 $1,000.00 YES Bear River Band government staff will market to low-income tribal members

Sales Commission $14,235.00 $10,483.73 $0.00 YES Bear River Band government staff will market to low-income tribal members

Profit $37,255.00 $27,437.68 $0.00 YES Bear River will not make profit from sales

Total Sales Price $399,532.00 $294,246.99 $273,987.16

28

Table 5. Financial Analysis.

Default Estimate Value Justification/Notes Resources and Notes

Home Cost Construction Costs

$220,513

Total Home Costs $273,987 Property Tax Property Tax Rate

0.0115 $0 Sovereign Nation therefore no property taxes are paid

Annual Property Tax

3986 $0

Financing Annual Interest Rate

0.045 $0 Average Humboldt County Mortgage %

Bear River Band loan rates are set at Inflation/Cost of Living

Years $30 Payments per Year

$12

Number of Payments

$360

Down payment 69316 $27,399 10% of Total Home Cost Down payment assistance available through Bear River Band

Principle Amount $246,588 Monthly Payment

-$851

Affordability Annual Median Family Income (MFI)

52250 $47,704 Humboldt County Average ($43157)

http://www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/data/interactive/saipe.html; insufficient data for tribe taking average of Humboldt County Average and National Avg provided

Monthly Utility Costs Electricity 111 $5 Minimum monthly

charge for PG&E http://www.eia.gov/electricity/sales_revenue_price/pdf/table5_a.pdf

Natural Gas 31 $0 http://www.allconnect.com/lp-gas/natural-gas-usage-calculator.html

Water 18 $31 San Francisco, Family of Four

http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/the-price-of-water-a-comparison-of-water-rates-usage-in-30-u-s-cities/

Other $0 None Solar Lease Cost Total $36 Debt to Income Ratio

29 Default

Estimate Value Justification/Notes Resources and Notes Monthly Household Debt (0.5% MFI)

261 $239

Operations and Maintenance Costs

196 $183 Humboldt County-- Family of 4

http://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Local-Standards-Housing-and-Utilities

Monthly Utility Costs

160 $36

Property Tax 332 $0 Insurance 79 $79 Mortgage Payment

1405 $851

Calculated Debt to Income Ratio

35% Homeownership Affordability Target is 38%