Z H A N G D o n g h u i

C h i n a I n s t i t u t e o f A t o m i c E n e r g y

2 0 1 3 . 1 . 2 5 ， F r a n c e

International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles:

Safe Technologies and Sustainable Scenarios (FR13)

Contents

Background

Fast reactor development strategy in China

The demonstration fast reactor

Conclusion

3.2

2013，

haze of north China

2008,

frozen rain of south China

• The total electrical capacity is 1.145 billion kW till 2012： Coal is 758GW (66.2%)； Gas is 38GW(3.3%)； Hydro is 229GW (20.0%)； Lift water station is 20GW (1.8%)； Nuclear is 13GW (1.1%)； Wind is 61GW (5.3%)； Solar is 3GW (0.3%)。

• The aim of clean energy:

– The capacity ratio rise to 29% till 2020

• Main clean energy of China:

– Hydro（maximum capacity is 500GW）

– Wind（maximum capacity is 700GW）

– Solar（maximum capacity is 200GW）

– Nuclear（maximum capacity is larger than any renewable energy with FR technology）

• Chin invest 67.7 billion $ to renewable energy in 2012 which is the largest in the world.

• Policy：

– Ensure safety and developing with high efficiency

– Three documents：

• The 12th five years plan and 2020 perspective goal of nuclear safety and radioactive pollution prevention

• Nuclear energy safety plan (2011—2020)

• Nuclear energy middle-long term development plan (2011—2020)

• Technical requirements：

– The new NPPs should adopt the most advanced technology and the most strict safety standers.

– The NPPs site must be consider the extreme disaster include large earthquake and tsunami

– Special safety features to mitigate server accident

– From 2016, the new NPPs must eliminate the large scale release of radioactive material.

• After very careful check, the China government decide to restart NPPs building from 2012.

• The projects to be restarted: – Tianwan 3#

– Fuqing 4#

– Yangjiang 4#

– Shidaowan HTGR project

NPP Type Power

(MWe)

Status

Qinshan-1 PWR300 1×300 Operation

Qinshan-2 CP600 4×600 Operation

Qinshan-3 CANDU6 2×720 Operation

Daya Bay M310 2×900 Operation

Lingao M310 2×944 Operation

Lingdong M310+ 2×1080 Operation

Tianwan AES-91 3×1000 2 Operation

Sanmen AP1000 2×1250 Construction

Haiyang AP1000 2×1250 Construction

Yangjiang CPR1000 4×1080 Construction

Hongyanhe M310+ 6×1080 1 Operation

Ningde M310+ 4×1080 Construction

Fuqing M310+ 4×1080 Construction

Changjiang CP600 2×600 Construction

Shidaowan HTR-PM 1×200 Construction

Taishan EPR 2×1700 Construction

Fangjiashan M310+ 2×1080 Construction

• Chinese population will be 1.43billion and the primary energy consumption will be 3.5 tsce/year/person in 2050. And the total energy consumption will be 5 billion tsce. The total electricity capacity will be 2.5 billion kW

2010 2020 2030 2050

Total capacity (billion kW) 0.95 1.5 2.0 2.5

Nuclear 0.01 0.06 0.2 0.4

Capacity ratio of nuclear 1.05% 4.0% 10% 16%

Electricity generation ratio of nuclear 6% 15% 24%

• Tasks：

– Meet the need of energy consumption growing

– Meet the need to improve the China energy structure.

• Challenges：

– Scale and speed. It should depend on the country development.

– Safety. It should be satisfied to the latest requirements after Fukushima accident.

– Economy. It should be better than coal power station

– Sustainable. The whole fuel cycle system should be established

year Nuclear capacity

（GW） Total capacity （GW）

Nuclear ratio Electricity

ratio of nuclear

2015 40（+18） — — —

2020 58（+30） 1500 4% 6%

2030 200 2000 10% 15%

2050 400 2500 16% 22%

• Uranium resource is sufficient. The main task of fast reactors is to transmute MA of PWR spent fuel. In this case, capacity of fast reactor is about 70GWe or less.

• Uranium resource is shortage. The main task of fast reactors is to breed. The FR capacity may be more than 200GWe.

UO2

2020 2030 2040 2050 2010 2000

MOX

MOX

research pilot deployment ～6t/a

● CEFR

○ CFR-600

△ CFR-1000

● pilot，60 t/a

○ Reprocessing plant， ～200 t/a

● MOX lab. line， 0.5 t/a

○ MOX plant， 20 t/a

△ MOX reprocessing plant，50 t/a

○ UPuZr fuel

UPuZr

Experimental reactor

(CEFR) Demonstration reactor

CFR-600 Commercial reactor

CFR-1000

2011 ~ 2023 ~2030

• Phase 1： – Reprocessing plant of PWR spent fuel (provide Pu to FR).

– MOX fuel plant

– Breeding FR (BR≈1.2)

– Reprocessing plant of FR spent fuel

• Phase 2： – Metal fuel plant

– Pyroprocessing plant

– High breeding FR with metal fuel (BR>1.2) while the nuclear grow fast, and

– Low breeding ratio (BR≈1) while nuclear energy maintain a fixed level.

• The scale of PWR is large enough which could provide initial fuel loading and refueling fuel to FR

• Uranium becomes expensive enough.

• Safety level has been validate and could be built at inland site.

• Cost is lower than coal power plant.

• Fuel irradiation

• Material irradiation

• Accumulate operation data and experience

• Develop new technologies to enhance safety and reliability

• Feedback to design to improve the economy

• Validate the technology of fuel cycle on laboratory level

• Equipment development.

• Industry demonstration

• Accumulate experience of FR power station

• Validate the reliability of sodium fast reactor

• Preliminary validate the economy of SFR power station

• Realized the industry size fuel cycle

• Develop key equipment

• Develop standards and codes

• It should be large enough to make industrial verification;

• The technology should be advanced enough to meet the requirements for nuclear power plants several decades later;

• The technology and economy risks should be low enough;

• The whole fuel cycle should be considered.

Parameters Value

Thermal Power，MW ～1500

Electricity Power，MW 600

Efficiency ～41%

Design load factor 80%

Fuel MOX

Burnup (max)，MWd/kg 100

BR 1.2

Circuit Number per loop 2/2

IHX number per circuit 2

CDF <10-6

Frequency of large radio

active release (to be approved) <10-8

• Negative feedback

• Additional passive shutdown system

• Residual heat removal system designed with passive and active means

• Core catcher is settled at the bottom of main vessel

• Confinement is design to mitigate the severe accident consequence

• 2014.2, Concept design

• 2015.12, preliminary design

• 2017.12, detail design, FCD

• 2023.12, put into operation

• China devotes herself to the peaceful use of nuclear to meet the growing energy demand. Proper amount of nuclear power plants could provide clean energy with low risk.

• Fast reactor is a promising technology to ensure the sustainable development of nuclear energy, which can produce new fuel from depleted uranium and burn the long-life radioactive waste at the same time. It is expected that fast reactor will provide enough clean power to people for a long term in the future.

FR is one of the best solution to the world energy supply!