zimbardo ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება – ნაწილი 1
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ratomaa fsiqologia unika-
luri
• gansazRvrebebi• fsiqologiis miznebi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovreba-
Si: ratomaa saWiro fsiqolo-
giis Seswavla
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi • Tanamedrovefsiqologiis mimdinareobebi
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
vifiqroT momavalze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
fsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSifsiqologiis mecniereba Cvens cxovrebaSi
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eerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasa-
marTlom 1954 wels brauni topekas
ganaTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg saq-
meSi ganaCeni gamoitana, romlis mixedviTac Sav-
kaniani da TeTrkaniani bavSvebis skolebis seg-
regacia ukanonod gamocxadda. uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebaze araviTari zemoq-
medeba ar mouxdenia fsiqologebis da sxva
socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenlebis Cve-
nebebs, romlebmac sasamarTlos kvlevis Sede-
gebi warudgines. Sedegebi naTlad metyvelebda
imaze, rom segregirebuli swavleba Savkanian
bavSvebze uaryofiTad moqmedebda. mogvyavs er-
T-erTi fsiqologis, kenet klarkis Cveneba, ro-
melmac Savkanian bavSvTa jgufi ikvlia (White-man, 1993, gv. 49-51):
testireba Tqveni moTxovnis mixedviT ga-
suli kviris xuTSabaTs da paraskevs Cava-
tare skot branCis dawyebiT skolaSi, Zi-
riTadad, pirvel klasSi. gamoviyene meTo-
di, romelzec adre gesaubreT _ yavisfe-
ri da TeTri Tojinebi, romlebic kanis
feris garda sxva mxriv absoluturad iden-
turia. moswavleebs furclebi vaCvene, rom-
lebzec es Tojinebi exata...
bavSvebs am Tojinebs vaCvenebdi da Sem-
degi TanmimdevrobiT vusvamdi am kiTxvebs:
„maCveneT, romeli Tojina mogwonT yvela-
ze metad? an romliT TamaSi gindaT yve-
laze metad?“, maCveneT „cudi“ Tojina“...
sul 6-9 wlis 16 bavSvi gamovkiTxe. maT-
gan aTma airCia TeTri Tojina. is yvelaze
metad moewonaT, Tanac maT es Tojina daa-
xasiaTes, rogorc „sasiamovno“. ar daga-
viwydeT, rom es ori Tojina absolutu-
rad identuria, kanis feris garda. 11-ma
bavSvma miiCnia, rom yavisferi Tojina cu-
dad gamoiyureba. es Sedegebi Tanxvdeba ad-
re miRebul rezultatebs, romelic 300-
ze met bavSvze Catarebulma gamokvlevam
gviCvena. Sedegebi ase avxseniT: Savkaniani
bavSvi ukve 6, 7 an 8 wlis asakSi eqceva
sakuTari jgufis Sesaxeb arsebuli nega-
tiuri stereotipebis tyveobaSi...
iZulebuli var davaskvna, rom klaren-
donis sagrafos es bavSvebi iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelic aSka-
rad daqvemdebarebul statuss atarebs sa-
zogadoebaSi, pirovnuli ganviTarebis pro-
cesSi daziandnen. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva
arastabilurobis niSnebi da, vfiqrob, rom
yvela fsiqologi swored amgvarad axsni-
da miRebul Sedegebs.
xedavT, ratom hqonda am Cvenebas _ fsiqo-
logiuri kvlevis monaTxrobs _ didi gavle-
na uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze
da imaze, Tu rogor aRiqva mTeli qveynis mo-
saxleobam segregaciis fsiqologiuri Sedege-
bi?
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kenet klarkis Cveneba miuTiTebs fsiqolo-
giuri kvlevis potenciur gavlenaze rogorc
calkeuli adamianebis, aseve sazogadoebis cxov-
rebaze. es magaliTi am saxelmZRvanelos Ziri-
Tad miznebze miuTiTebs: wagiyvanoT mogzauro-
baSi, sadac adamianuri gamocdilebis sirTu-
leebs daxvewili kvleviT gamovavlenT, es ki
saSualebas mogvcems ukeT vakontroloT is
Zalebi, romlebic Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs.
`fsiqologia da cxovreba~ tvinis da fsiqikis
Sinagani sivrcidan adamianis qcevis garegan gan-
zomilebamde migviyvans. SeviswavliT iseT pro-
cesebs, romlebic azris mqone struqturas
mianiWeben Tqvens gamocdilebas; magaliTad, iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: rogor aRviqvamT samya-
ros, rogor vswavlobT, vurTierTobT sxveb-
3
Tan, vazrovnebT, vimaxsovrebT. SevecdebiT ga-
varkvioT adamianis cxovrebis iseTi gamovli-
nebebi, rogoricaa, Tu rogor da ratom naxulo-
ben sizmrebs adamianebi, rogor uyvardebaT er-
TmaneTi, ratom morcxvoben, ratom arian agresi-
ulebi, ratom avaddebian fsiqikurad. da bolos,
vaCvenebT, rogor SeiZleba gamoviyenoT fsiqo-
logiuri codna, raTa gavigoT da zogierT, ma-
galiTad, segregaciis, SemTxvevaSi SevcvaloT
kidec Cvens cxovrebaSi moqmedi kulturuli
Zalebi.
Cven, `fsiqologiis da cxovrebis~ avtorebs,
fsiqologiis kompetenturobis gvjera. pedago-
giuri da samecniero karieris manZilze fsiqo-
logia sul ufro da ufro momxibvleli gaxda
CvenTvis. bolo wlebSi fsiqikuri da qcevis
procesebis warmmarTveli ZiriTadi meqanizme-
bis Sesaxeb informaciis mozRvaveba moxda. Zve-
li Sexedulebebi axali ideebiT icvleba, mag-
ram adamianis bunebis mravali momajadoebeli
mxare jer kidev amoucnobi rCeba. imedi gvaqvs,
rom am mogzaurobis dasasrul Tqvenc saTu-
Tad moepyrobiT fsiqologiuri codnis saku-
Tar marags.
mogzaurobis ZiriTadi mizani wvdomis mec-
nieruli wyurvili iqneba. davsvamT kiTxvebs ada-
mianis qcevis Sesaxeb _ rogor, ratom, ra, ro-
dis da im qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis Sesa-
xeb, romelsac Tqven sakuTar TavSi, sxva adami-
anebsa da cxovelebSi aRmoaCenT; avxsniT, ra-
tom fiqrobT, grZnobT da iqceviT ase; riTi
gansxvavdebiT sxvebisagan, ra qmnis Tqvens uni-
kalobas da mainc, ratom iqceviT xSirad sxve-
bis msgavsad? Tqvens CamoyalibebaSi memkvidre-
obam iTamaSa roli, Tu piradma gamocdilebam?
rogor Tanacxovrobs am rTul qmnilebaSi _
adamianur cxovelSi _ agresia da altruizmi,
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sigiJe da Semoqmede-
ba? am TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor da ratom gax-
da yvela es kiTxva mniSvnelovani fsiqologi-
is, rogorc disciplinis miznebisaTvis.
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri?
fsiqologiis unikalobisa da erTianobis
dasafaseblad unda gaarkvioT, rogor esmiT
fsiqologebs kvlevis da praqtikis miznebi
da areali. wignis damTavrebis Semdeg Tqven
unda iazrovnoT, rogorc fsiqologma, xolo
am TavSi pirvelad gaecnobiT seriozulad, Tu
ras unda niSnavdes es.
gansazRvrebebi
mravali fsiqologi eZebs pasuxs funda-
mentur kiTxvaze: rogoria adamianis buneba?
am kiTxvas fsiqologia imiT pasuxobs, rom
swavlobs rogorc individSi mimdinare pro-
cesebs, ise fizikur da socialur garemoSi
aRmocenebul Zalebs. am TvalsazrisiT, fsi-
qologias formalurad ganvmartavT, rogorc
individis qcevis da fsiqikuri procesebis mec-
nierul Seswavlas. ganvixiloT am ganmarte-
bis mniSvnelovani nawilebi. mecnieruli, qce-
va, individi da fsiqikuri.
fsiqologiis mecnieruli aspeqti moiTx-
ovs, rom fsiqologiuri daskvnebi mecnieru-
li meTodis principebis mixedviT mopovebul
monacemebs efuZnebodes. mecnieruli meTodi
moicavs problemis analizisa da gadaWrisaT-
vis saWiro Tanmimdevrul nabijebs. es meTodi
daskvnebis gamosatanad obieqturad Segrove-
bul monacemebs iyenebs. mecnieruli meTodis
maxasiaTeblebs ufro dawvrilebiT me-2 TavSi
ganvixilavT, rodesac gavecnobiT, Tu rogor
atareben fsiqologebi kvlevas.
qceva is iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac or-
ganizmi garemos ergeba. qceva moqmedebaa. fsi-
qologiis sagani, ZiriTadad, adamianis da cxo-
velis dakvirvebadi qcevaa. sicili, tirili,
sirbili, Sexeba qcevis is magaliTebia, rom-
lebsac SeiZleba daakvirde. fsiqologebi ik-
vleven, ras da rogor akeTebs individi moce-
mul garemoSi da ufro farTo socialur da
kulturul konteqstSi.
fsiqologiuri analizis sagani yvelaze
xSirad aris individi _ axalSobili, mozar-
di sportsmeni, kolejis studenti, romelic
studentur saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrebas
egueba; Suaxnis mamakaci, romelic karieras
icvlis, an qali, romelmac unda gadalaxos
alchaimeris daavadebiT Sepyrobili meuRlis
TandaTanobiTi ukusvliT gamowveuli stresi.
amave dros, kvlevis sagani SeiZleba iyos Sim-
panze, romelic komunikaciisaTvis saWiro sim-
ra
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boloebs swavlobs, labirinTSi mosiarule
TeTri virTxa, an safrTxis signalze moreagi-
re zRvis loqora. individi mis bunebriv gare-
moSi, an kvleviT laboratoriaSi, kontorli-
rebad pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT.
mravali mkvlevari fsiqologi aRiarebs, rom
adamianis moqmedebas fsiqikuri procesebis, anu
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobis axsnis gareSe ver
gavigebT. adamianuri aqtivobis didi nawili
Sinagania _ azrovneba, dagegmva, msjeloba, Se-
moqmedeba, ocneba. mravali fsiqologisaTvis
swored fsiqikuri procesebia fsiqologiuri
Ziebis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtebi. male ga-
igebT, rom fsiqologma mkvlevrebma daxvewi-
li teqnikebi gamoigones fsiqikuri movlene-
bis da procesebis Sesaswavlad, raTa es pira-
di gamocdileba sazogado gaxadon.
am sakiTxebis kombinacia fsiqologias uni-
kalur sferod aqcevs. maSin, rodesac fsiqo-
logebi ZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian
fokusirebuli, sociologebi swavloben ada-
mianTa qcevas jgufebSi an organizaciebSi, xo-
lo anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben
qcevis ufro farTo konteqstze sxvadasxva kul-
turaSi. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi far-
Tod iyeneben sxva mecnierebebis miRwevebs. ro-
gorc erT-erTi socialuri mecniereba, fsiqo-
logia iyenebs ekonomikas, politologias, so-
ciologias da eTnologias. fsiqologebs bev-
ri saerTo interesi aqvT biologebTan, gansa-
kuTrebiT maTTan, vinc tvinis procesebs da
qcevis bioqimiur safuZvlebs swavlobs. fsi-
qologebs ainteresebT, Tu rogor muSaobs ada-
mianis fsiqika, rac axlad warmoSobili kog-
nituri mecnierebebis _ kompiuteruli mecnie-
rebis, xelovnuri inteleqtis da gamoyenebiTi
maTematikis kvlevasa da TeoriasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. rogorc janmrTelobis mecniereba
_ medicinasTan, ganaTlebasTan, iurispruden-
ciasTan da ekologiasTan dakavSirebuli fsi-
qologia _ cdilobs gaaumjobesos TiTeuli
individisa da koleqtivis cxovrebis done. fsi-
qologia inarCunebs kavSirebs filosofiasa
da sxva humanitarul mecnierebebTan, xelovne-
basTan, rogorebicaa literatura da drama-
turgia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove fsiqo-
logiis RirsSesaniSnavi (aRsaniSnavi) siRrme
da farTo Tvalsawieri siamovnebis wyaroa uk-
ve Camoyalibebuli specialistebisaTvis, stu-
dentebisaTvis, vinc pirvelad ecnoba fsiqo-
logias, is erTgvar sirTules warmoadgens.
fsiqologiis saganze kidev bevria saTqme-
li, magram, bevri Rirebuli informaciis waRe-
ba SegiZliaT am Sesavali Tavidan. fsiqolo-
giis sferos Seswavlis saukeTeso gzad fsi-
qologTa miznebis garkveva migvaCnia. modiT,
ganvixiloT es miznebi.
fsiqologiis miznebi
im fsiqologebis mizani, romlebic funda-
mentur kvlevas axorcieleben, aris qcevis aR-
wera, axsna, winaswarmetyveleba da gakontro-
leba. gamoyenebiTi fsiqologiis warmomadgen-
lebs kidev erTi, mexuTe mizani aqvT _ adami-
anis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba. es miznebi fsi-
qologiuri saqmianobis safuZvels Seadgens.
ra igulisxmeba TiToeul am mizanSi?
movlenis aRwera
fsiqologiis pirveli amocanaa zusti dak-
virveba qcevaze. Cveulebriv, fsiqologebi ase-
Ti dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul masalas mo-
nacemebs uwodeben. qceviTi monacemebi aris or-
ganizmis qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, ro-
melSic es qceva xorcieldeba. monacemebis Seg-
rovebisas mkvlevrebma unda airCion analizis
saTanado done da SeimuSavon qcevis is sazo-
mebi, romlebic misi obeqturad Seswavlis ga-
rantias gvaZleven.
individis qcevis kvlevis mizniT analizis
sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba SeiZleba _ yve-
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fsiqologia (psychology) _ individebis qcevis da
fsiqikuri procesebis mecnieruli Seswavla.
mecnieruli meTodi (scientific method) _ im proce-
durebis wyeba, romlebic obieqturi informaci-
is Segrovebisa da interpretaciisaTvis gamoi-
yeneba, Tanac imgvarad, rom Secdoma minimumam-
dea dayvanili da ganzogadeba sandoa.
qceva (behavior) _ is moqmedebebi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac organizmi garemos ergeba.
qcevis monacemebi (Behavioral data) _ organizmis
qcevis da im pirobebis aRwera, romlebSic es
qceva mimdinareobs, an icvleba.
5
laze farTo, globaluri donidan yvelaze de-
talur, specifikur donemde.
fsiqologiuri aRweris gansxvavebuli do-
neebic sxvadasxva kiTxvas pasuxobs. fsiqolo-
giuri analizis yvelaze farTo doneze mkvlev-
rebi swavloben mTliani pirovnebis qcevas
rTul socialur da kulturul konteqstSi.
am doneze mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon
Zaladobis kros-kulturuli sxvaobebi, crur-
wmenebis mizezebi, fsiqikuri daavadebis Sede-
gebi. Semdeg doneze fsiqologebi qcevis uf-
ro natif erTeulebs swavloben, rogoricaa
SuqniSnis sinaTleze reaqciis siCqare, Tvale-
bis moZraoba kiTxvis dros, bavSvebis mier daS-
vebuli gramatikuli Secdomebi enis Seswav-
lisas. mkvlevrebs qcevis kidev ufro mcire
erTeulebis Seswavla SeuZliaT. isini cdilo-
ben Seiswavlon qcevis biologiuri safuZvle-
bi, anu daadginon tvinis is ubnebi, romlebic
pasuxismgebelni arian sxvadasxva tipis mogo-
nebis Senaxvaze; daswavlis dros warmoSobi-
li bioqimiuri cvlilebebi, smenaze an mxedve-
lobaze pasuxismgebeli sensoruli gzebi. ana-
lizis TiTueuli done gvaZlevs im arsebiT
informacias, romlis saSualebiTac dgeba ada-
mianis bunebis saboloo saerTo portreti, ri-
si miRwevis imedic aqvT fsiqologebs.
rac ar unda farTo an viwro iyos dakvir-
vebis fokusi, fsiqologebi cdiloben, rom
qceva obieqturad aRweron. im faqtebis Seg-
roveba, romlebic realurad arsebobs da ara
iseTebisa, rogorsac mkvlevari moelis, an
surs, rom iyos, upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa.
vinaidan yovel damkvirvebels dakvirvebis pro-
cesSi sakuTari, subieqturi Tvalsazrisi Se-
aqvs _ esenia mikerZoeba, crurwmena, molo-
dini _ aucilebelia, rom am Tvalsazrisma
ar daamaxinjos monacemebi. rogorc Semdeg
TavSi naxavT, fsiqologma mkvlevrebma mra-
valgvari meqanizmi Seqmnes obieqturobis Se-
sanarCuneblad.
movlenis axsna
maSin, rodesac aRwera TvalsaCino infor-
macias unda eyrdnobodes, axsna aRqmulis
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miRma unda ixedebodes. qceviT da fsiqikur
procesebSi kanonzomierebebis aRmoCena fsi-
qologiis mravali dargis mTavari mizania.
fsiqologebs surT aRmoaCinon, rogor muSa-
obs qceva. ratom iciniT moulodnel situaci-
ebSi? ra garemoebebi ubiZgebs adamians Caidi-
nos suicidi, an danaSauli?
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs,
rom qcevaTa umetesobaze gavlenas faqtorTa
kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori indivi-
dis SigniT moqmedebs, rogoricaa genetikuri
mocemuloba, motivacia, inteleqtis done, an
TviTSefaseba. qcevebis am Sinagan determinan-
tebs organizmuli cvladebi ewodeba, radgan
isini organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informaci-
as. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dis-
poziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreT-
ve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bav-
Svi cdilobs asiamovnos maswavlebeli, raTa
prizi moigos, an transportis sacobSi moxved-
rili mZRoli agresiuli da mtruli xdeba. am
qcevebze did gavlenas pirovnebis gareT arse-
buli movlenebi axdens. qcevaze garegan zegav-
lenas garemos anu situaciuri cvladebi ewo-
deba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT,
isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben ax-
snis orive tips. warmoidgineT, rom fsiqologs
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis
mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi gansakuTrebiT
midrekilia riskisaken (dispoziciuri axsna), an
zogierTi individi ganicdis TanatolTa zewo-
las (situaciuri axsna) _ an, rom orive auci-
lebelia (kombinirebuli axsna).
xSirad fsiqologis mizania qcevis farTo
diapazoni safuZvlad mdebare erTi mizeziT ax-
snas. warmoidgineT situacia, romelSic Tqveni
maswavlebeli ambobs, rom kargi niSnis misaRe-
bad aucilebelia gakveTilze diskusiaSi aqti-
uri monawileobis miReba. Tqveni megobari yo-
velTvis kargad swavlobs, magram gakveTilze
ar aqtiurobs, xels ar iwevs da ar gamoTqvams
Tavis azrebs da Sexedulebebs. maswavlebeli
sayvedurobs, rom saTanadod motivirebuli araa
da miiCnevs, rom igi gonieri ar aris. igive
adamiani dadis wveulebaze, magram arasodes
iwvevs vinmes sacekvaod, Riad ar icavs sakuTar
azrs, Tuki vinme sakiTxSi masze nakleb Caxedu-
li ekamaTeba, iSviaTad erTveba saubarSi suf-
rasTan. ra diagnozs dasvamdiT? safuZvlad mde-
bare romeli mizezia am tipis qcevebze pasu-
xismgebeli? mravali sxva morcxvi adamianiviT,
Tqveni megobaric ver axerxebs ise moiqces, ro-
gorc saWiroa (Cheek, 1989, Zimbardo, 1990). aq Seg-viZlia morcxvobis cneba gamoviyenoT da Tqve-
ni megobris qcevaTa mTeli diapazoni amiTi av-
xsnaT.
amgvari mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnebis mosapo-
veblad mkvlevrebi xSirad sxvadasxva tipis mo-
nacemebis Segrovebis SemoqmedebiT process
suraTi 1.1
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organizmuli cvladebi (organizamic variables) _organizmis qcevis Sinagani determinanti.
dispoziciuri cvladebi (dispozitional variables) _
organizmis cvladi, anu qcevis Sinagani de-
terminanti, romelic adamianebSi Cndeba.
garemos cvladebi (environmental variables) – gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
situaciuri cvladebi (situational variables) – gare-
gani zemoqmedeba qcevaze.
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axorcieleben. daxelovnebuli deteqtivi Ser-
lok holmsi nawyvet-nawyveti monacemebis sa-
fuZvelze akeTebda gamWriax daskvnebs. amis
msgavsad, yovelma mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos
warmosaxva da SemoqmedebiTad Serwyas is, rac
icis, da is, rac jer ar icis. kargad ganswav-
lul fsiqologs SeuZlia monacemebi adamia-
nis gamocdilebis sakuTari wvdomisa da sxva
mecnierebis mier aRmoCenili faqtebis safuZ-
velze axsnas. fsiqologiuri kvlevis umete-
soba cdilobs gansazRvros, mravali SesaZlo
variantidan romeli xsnis yvelaze zustad mo-
cemul qcevas.
winaswarmetyveleba
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs,
rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli kavSiri ra-
Rac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. xSirad qcevis
romelime formis safuZvlad mdebare mizeze-
bis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. ma-
galiTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswar-
metyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs Tavs,
Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. ro-
desac romelime qcevis an kavSiris asaxsne-
lad sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mi-
xedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba. Tqven
megobars warmatebiT rom daemyarebina ucnob-
Tan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala.
zustad iseve, rogorc dakvirveba, mecnie-
ruli winaswarmetyvelebac obieqturi da naT-
lad Camoyalibebuli unda iyos ise, rom Se-
saZlebeli iyos misi Semowmeba da uaryofa,
Tu faqtebi mas ar adasturebs. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba imis gagebas emyareba, Tu
rogor aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan mov-
lenebi da varaudobs, romeli meqanizmebi akav-
Sirebs am movlenebs garkveul winapirobebTan.
mizez-Sedegobrivi winaswarmetyveleba azustebs
im pirobebs, romelSic qceva Seicvleba. maga-
liTad, garkveuli asakis Semdeg bavSvebsa da
maimunebSi ucnobi piris Tandaswreba SfoTvis
niSnebs iwvevs. dakvirvebul qcevaSi gamowveu-
li cvlilebebi ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos
situaciis SigniT variaciebze, magaliTad, uc-
nobobis xarisxi. ucnobi imave asakis rom yofi-
liyo, ramdenic bavSvi da maimunia, nakleb SfoT-
vas miviRebdiT? kauzaluri winaswarmetyvele-
bis gaumjobesebis mizniT mkvlevari sistema-
turad cvlis garemo pirobebs da maT bavSvis
reaqciaze gavlenas akvirdeba.
kontroli
mravali fsiqologisaTvis kontroli cen-
traluri, yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizania. kon-
troli niSnavs, rom qceva an moxdeba, an ar
moxdeba _ daviwyoT, SevinarCunoT, SevaCeroT
da zemoqmedeba movaxdinoT mis formaze, Zli-
erebaze an gamovlenis sixSireze. qcevis mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi axsna damajerebelia, Tu is
qcevis gakontrolebis saSualebas qmnis.
qcevis gakontrolebis unari mniSvnelova-
nia, radgan is fsiqologebs saSualebas aZ-
levs adamianebs cxovrebis donis gaumjobese-
baSi daexmaros. am wignSi periodulad Sexvde-
biT fsiqologebis mier gamogonil sxvadasxva
tipis Carevas im mizniT, rom daexmaron adami-
anebs TavianTi cxovrebis problemuri aspeqte-
bis gakontorlebaSi. me-16 Tavi, magaliTad, fsi-r
at
om
aa
fsi
qo
lo
gi
a u
ni
ka
lu
ri
?
8
qikuri daavadebebis mkurnalobas exeba. wig-
nSi agreTve aRwerilia, rogor SeuZliaT ada-
mianebs aRmofxvran arajansaRi qcevebi, ro-
goricaa magaliTad, sigaretis moweva; wamo-
iwyon jansaRi qcevebi, rogoricaa regularu-
li varjiSi (Tavi 13). Tqven SeityobT aRzrdis
ra stili exmareba mSoblebs SvilebTan myari
kavSiris SenarCunebaSi (Tavi 11). ris gamo ar
surs ucxo adamians daexmaros sxvas ubeduri
SemTxvevis dros da rogor SeiZleba am xe-
lisSemSleli faqtorebis gadalaxva (Tavi 18).
aq moyvanilia mxolod ramdenime magaliTi im
uricxvi situaciidan, romelSic fsiqologe-
bi TavianT codnas iyeneben, raTa gaaumjobe-
son da gaakontrolon adamianebis cxovreba.
am TvalsazrisiT, fsiqologebi sakmaod op-
timistebi arian. mraval maTgans sjera, rom
praqtikulad nebismieri arasasurveli qceva
SeiZleba Seicvalos saTanado CareviT. `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ iziarebs am optimizms.
interess moklebuli ar iqneba aRvniSnoT,
rom gageba da ara kontroli warmoadgens mra-
vali aziuri da afrikuli qveynis fsiqolo-
gebis saboloo mizans (Nobles 1980, Triandis
1990). kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom kontrolze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavlur fsiqolo-
giaSi im kulturuli mikerZoebis amsaxvelia,
romelic industrializaciis, evropelTa ko-
lonializmis da aSS-Si arsebuli dampyrob-
luri mentalitetis Sedegia. dasavluri fsi-
qologiis kontrolze fokusireba, agreTve,
mamakacur midgomad iTvleba. is aseTi domi-
nanturi ar iqneboda, qalebs rom eTamaSaT
wamyvani roli fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi (Bor-
nstein, Quina, 1989; Riger, 1992).
Sejameba
am Sesaval TavSi warmovadgenT `fsiqolo-
giis da cxovrebis~ zogierT qveTavs, romle-
bic specialurad SevadgineT, raTa ufro efeq-
Ta
vi
1 /
fsi
qo
lo
gi
is m
ec
ni
er
eb
a C
ve
ns c
xo
vr
eb
aS
i
am Sesavali Tavis kiTxvi-
sas SeiZleba dainteresdeT, ra
saWiroa fsiqologia? Cveni pa-
suxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod pir-
dapiria: gvjera, rom fsiqolo-
giur kvlevas dauyovneblivi da
mniSvnelovani gamoyeneba aqvs
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. `fsi-
qologiis da cxovrebis~ erT-
erTi umTavresi mizania fsiqo-
logiuri gamocdilebis pirov-
nuli da sazogadoebrivi mniS-
vneloba gaaSuqos.
yovel semestrSi vxvdebiT
studentebs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiis disciplinis Sesaval
kurss eswrebian da garkveuli
kiTxvebi uCndebaT. xandaxan es
kiTxvebi maTi sakuTari gamoc-
dilebiTaa gamowveuli („ro-
ratomaa saWiro fsiqologiis Seswavla
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
gor unda moviqce, Tu vfiq-
rob, rom deda fsiqikurad da-
avadebuli myavs?“ „es sagani
maswavlis, rogor unda mivi-
Ro ukeTesi niSnebi?“); xanda-
xan es kiTxvebi presis saSua-
lebiT gavrcelebuli fsiqo-
logiuri informaciiTaa ga-
mowveuli („marTalia, rom rac
ufro didia bavSvi, miT ufro
konservatulia igi?“ „qalebi
yovelTvis ukeTesi mSoblebi
arian, vidre kacebi?“). CvenTvis
am kursis swavlebis sirTu-
le swored isaa, rom mecnie-
ruli kvlevis is Sedegebi war-
moavaCinoT, romlebic mniSvne-
lovania studentebisaTvis.
`fsiqologiisa da cxovre-
bis~ TiTqmis yvela Tavi da
qveTavi cdilobs swored am-
gvar kiTxvebs upasuxos. am ga-
mocemaSi specialuri CanarTe-
bi movaTavseT _ fsiqologia
Cvens cxovrebaSi. TiToeuli
aseTi CanarTi pasuxobs kiTx-
vas, romelic araerTxel
gvsmenia studentebisagan.
Cvens mizans warmoadgenda im
sakiTxebis mecnierulad ax-
sna, romlebic yvelaze metad
aRelvebT studentebs. imedi
gvaqvs dagveTanxmebiT, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavla gaam-
didrebs Tqvens cxovrebise-
ul gamocdilebas.
9
turad aiTvisoT teqsti. Sejamebis qveTavi Tan
sdevs yoveli Tavis garkveul, msxvil infor-
macias. amgvari Sejameba ganvlili masalis sak-
vanZo sakiTxebis ukeT gagebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovel Tavs boloSi darTuli aqvs seqcia, ro-
melsac sakvanZo sakiTxebi ewodeba. es qveTavi
teqstis wvdomis Sesamowmeblad unda gamoiye-
noT. Tu aRmoaCenT, rom ar gesmiT Sejameba,
teqsts daubrundiT da Sesabamisi masala Ta-
vidan waikiTxeT, sanam ar darwmundebiT, rom
namdvilad gesmiT teqsti. amgvari qveTavebi tes-
tirebisaTvis mzadebaSi dagexmarebaT.
S e j a m e b a
fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods imisaTvis
iyeneben, rom individebis qcevisa da fsiqiku-
ri procesebis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTon. fsi-
qologebs ramdenime mizani aqvT: obieqturad
da saTanado doneze aRweron qceva, axsnan mi-
si aRmZvreli Zalebi, iwinaswarmetyvelon ro-
dis ganxorcieldeba qceva da gaakontrolon
is, raTa cxovrebis done gaaumjobeson.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis
ganviTareba
XXI saukuneSi CvenTvis SedarebiT advilia
ganvmartoT, ras niSnavs fsiqologia da ra
aris fsiqologiuri kvlevis miznebi. Tumca,
fsiqologiis Seswavlis dawyebisas mniSvnelo-
vania gesmodeT is mravali Zala, romelmac
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis gaCena ganapiroba.
es istoriuli mimoxilva erT martiv princips
emyareba: mniSvneloba aqvs ideebs. fsiqologi-
is mecnierebis ganviTarebis mTel manZilze
gacxarebuli kamaTi mimdinareobda fsiqolo-
giis sagnisa da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni istoriuli mimoxilva analizis or
doneze ganxorcieldeba. pirvel ganyofileba-
Si mimovixilavT istoriis im periods, roca
fsiqologias safuZveli Caeyara, xolo meore
ganyofilebaSi farTod aRvwerT amJamad arse-
bul Svid mimdinareobas. fokusirebis orive
donisaTvis SeecadeT warmoidginoT is inte-
leqtualuri vneba, romliTac Cndeboda es Te-
oriebi.
fsiqologiis istoriuli
safuZvlebi
„fsiqologias xangrZlivi warsuli, magram
mokle istoria aqvs“, werda eqsperimentuli
fsiqologiis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli her-
man ebinhausi (Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1908). mecnie-rebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ainteresebdaT
adamianis bunebis mravali saidumlo: rogor
aRiqvams adamiani realobas, rogoria cnobie-
rebis buneba, saidan modis sigiJe, magram am-
gvar kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblo-
ba kvlevis saTanado iaraRis ararsebobis ga-
mo ar gaaCndaT. gavixsenoT Cvens welTaRricx-
vamde IV da V saukuneebSi berZeni filoso-
fosebis: sokrates, platonis da aristote-
les mier dasmuli fundamenturi SekiTxvebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiis garkveu-
li formebi induri iogas uZveles tradicia-
Sic arsebobda, dasavluri fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi swored did berZen moazrovneTa di-
alogebSi unda veZeboT, sadac midioda msje-
loba imaze, Tu rogor muSaobs goneba, ra
aris Tavisufali neba, ra mimarTebaa calke-
ul moqalaqeebsa da maT saxelmwifos Soris.
XIX saukunis bolosTvis mkvlevrebma sxva mec-
nierebebidan, rogorebicaa fiziologia da fi-
zika, kvlevis laboratoriuli meTodebis fsi-
qologiaSi gadmotana daiwyes, raTa pasuxi
gaecaT filosofosebis mier dasmul am fun-
damentur kiTxvebze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis ganviTarebaSi ga-
damwyveti roli vilhelm vundtma (WilhelmWundt) Seasrula, romelmac 1879 wels laip-
cigSi eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis pirveli
laboratoria daaarsa. marTalia, vundti ga-
naTlebiT fiziologi iyo, magram samecniero
karieris manZilze misma interesebma sxeulis
Seswvlidan fsiqikis Seswavlaze gadainacvla.
mas surda Seeswavla SegrZnebis da aRqmis
ZiriTadi procesebi da martivi fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis siCqare. im droisaTvis, rodesac vun-
dtma fsiqologiuri laboratoria daaarsa,
mas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqonda kvlevaTa
seria da gamoqveynebuli Tavisi `fiziologi-
ra
to
ma
a f
si
qo
lo
gi
a u
ni
ka
lu
ri
?
10
uri fsiqologiis safuZvlebis~ pirveli ga-
mocema (sul 7 aseTi gamocema iyo) (Kendler,1987). laboratoriis gaxsnis Semdeg vundtma
fsiqologiis studentebis aRzrda daiwyo, mis-
ma mowafeTa didma raodenobam Semdeg TavianT
samSobloSi daaarsa msgavsi laboratoriebi.
raki fsiqologia damoukidebel discipli-
nad Camoyalibda, CrdiloeT amerikis mraval
universitetSi fsiqologiuri laboratoriebi
gaCnda: pirveli maTgani _ jons hopkinsis uni-
versitetSi, 1883 wels. am adreul laborato-
riebs vundtis gavlena etyoboda. magaliTad,
eduard titCeneri (Edward Titchener), vundtis mo-wafe, erT-erTi pirveli fsiqologi iyo aSS-Si,
romelmac 1892 wels kornelis universitetis
laboratoria daaarsa. Tumca, daaxloebiT amave
dros, harvardis universitetis filosofiis
axalgazrda profesorma, romelic medicinas
swavlobda da literatura da religia ainte-
resebda, wminda amerikuli xedva SeimuSava. ui-
liam jemsma (William James), didi romanistis,henri jemsis Zmam, or tomad gamosca „fsiqo-
logiis safuZvlebi“ (1890-1950), romelic, mra-
vali eqspertis azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani
fsiqologiuri naSromia. maleve, 1892 wels, h.
stenli holma amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
cia daaarsa. 1900 wlisTvis CrdiloeT amerika-
Si 40-ze meti fsiqologiuri laboratoria fun-
qcionirebda (Hilgard, 1986).fsiqologiis gaCenisTanave daiwyo debatebi
misi kvlevis sagnisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. am
debatebSi gamokveTili zogierTi sakiTxi je-
rac ar kargavs mniSvnelobas. ganvixiloT dava
struqturalizmsa da funqcionalizms Soris.
struqturalizmi: fsiqikis Sinaarsi
rodesac fsiqologia laboratoriuli mec-
niereba gaxda da eqsperimentuli kvlevebis Ca-
tareba daiwyo, naTlad gamoCnda misi potenci-
ali _ unikaluri wvlili Seetana codnis SeZe-
naSi. vundtis laboratoriaSi cdis pirebi mar-
tiv reaqciebs („ki“-s, an „ara“-s Tqma, Rilakze
TiTis daWera) iZleodnen sxvadasxva pirobaSi
aRqmul stimulebze. radganac monacemebi sis-
tematuri da obieqturi procedurebis saSua-
lebiT iyo Segrovili, sxvebsac SeeZloT am
eqsperimentebis gameoreba. vundtis fsiqolo-
giuri tradiciis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia aq-
centi mecnierul meTodze, zust gazomvebsa da
monacemTa statistikur analizze.
rodesac titCenerma vundtis fsiqologia aSS-
Si Caitana, igi amtkicebda, rom cnobierebis
sakvlevad swored amgvari mecnieruli meTode-
bi unda gamoeyenebinaT. cnobieri fsiqikuri cxov-
rebis elementebis Seswavlis miseuli meTodi
introspeqcia _ individis mier konkretuli sen-
soruli gancdiT gamowveuli azrebis da grZno-
bebis ganxilva iyo. titCeneri aqcents fsiqikis
Sinaarsis raobaze akeTebda da naklebad ainte-
resebda kiTxvebi „ratom“ da „rogor“. mis mid-
gomas struqturalizmi, anu swavleba fsiqikis
da qcevis struqturis Sesaxeb ewodeba.
struqturalizmi efuZneba varauds, rom ada-
mianis fsiqikuri gancda SeiZleba gavigoT, ro-
gorc ZiriTadi komponentebis kombinacia. am mid-
gomis mizani iyo fsiqikis struqtura SegrZne-
bis da fsiqikuri cxovrebis sxva gancdebis Se-
madgeneli elementebis analizis gziT ekvlia.
mravali fsiqologi struqturalizms sam fron-
tze daesxa Tavs: (1) is reduqcionistuli iyo,
radganac adamianis gancdis mTeli sirTule
martiv SegrZnebebamde daiyvana; (2) is elemen-
taruli iyo, radgan nawilebs anu elementebs
erT mTelSi aerTebda da uSualod am mTel
qcevas ar swavlobda; (3) is mentalisturi iyo,
radgan adamianis cnobieri gancdis mxolod
verbalur aRweras swavlobda da ar iTvalis-
winebda maT gamocdilebas, visac ar SeeZlo
Tavisi introspeqciis aRwera, maT Soris, cxo-
velebs, bavSvebs da fsiqikurad daavadebul
adamianebs.
Ta
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is m
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a C
ve
ns c
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vr
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aS
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11
struqturalizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
alternativa gelStalt fsiqologia iyo, rom-
lis fuZemdebeli germaneli fsiqologi maqs
verthaimeri (Max Wertheimer) gaxldaT. misi az-
riT, mraval movlenas fsiqika aRiqvams, ro-
gorc geStalts _ organizebul mTels da ara
martivi nawilebis erTianobas. rodesac, maga-
liTad, naxats aRviqvamT, is ufro metia, vidre
saRebavis calkeuli monasmebis erToblioba.
rogorc me-5 TavSi vnaxavT, geStalt fsiqolo-
gias kvlavac aqvs gavlena aRqmis Seswavlaze.
struqturalizmis kidev erTi sapirispi-
ro mimdinareobaa funqcionalizmi.
funqcionalizmi:
mizanmimarTuli fsiqika
uiliam jemsi titCeners eTanxmeboda, rom
fsiqologiis Seswavlis sagani cnobiereba un-
da iyos, magram misTvis cnobiereba ar daiyva-
neboda elementebze, Sinaarssa da struqtu-
rebze. cnobiereba aris nakadi, fsiqikis Tvi-
seba, romelic mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi imyo-
feba garemosTan. adamianis cnobiereba mis ga-
remosTan morgebas aadvilebs, amdenad, mniS-
vnelovania fsiqikuri procesebis moqmedebebi
da funqciebi da ara Sinaarsi.
funqcionalizmisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia
daswavlili Cvevebi, romlebic organizms ga-
remosTan morgebis da efeqturad funqcioni-
rebis saSualebas aZlevs. kvlevam pasuxi un-
da gasces kiTxvas: „ra aris nebismieri qcevi-
Ti aqtis funqcia an mizani?“ funqcionaliz-
mis skolis damaarsebeli iyo amerikeli fi-
losofosi jon diui. mis mier fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis mcdelobam ga-
naTlebis sferoSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas
miaRwia. misma msjelobam impulsi misca prog-
resul ganaTlebas sakuTar laboratoriul
skolaSi da Semdgom mTel aSS-Si: „meqanikuri
daswavla uaryves da praqtikiT swavlaze gada-
vidnen im imediT, rom es inteleqtualur cno-
bismoyvareobas aRZravda da Sedegad masalis uke-
Tesi wvdoma miiReboda“ (Kendler, 1987, gv. 124).
miuxedavad imisa, jemss dakvirvebis sjero-
da, vundtis mier SemuSavebul daxvewil labo-
ratorul meTodebs is mcire mniSvnelobas ani-
Webda. jemsis fsiqologiaSi arsebobda adgili
emociebis, „me“-s, nebisyofis, Rirebulebebis, re-
ligiuri da mistikuri gancdebisTvisac ki. mi-
si „Tbilsisxliani“ fsiqologia aRiarebda, rom
TiToeuli individi unikaluria da ver daiyva-
neba formulebze an testis qulebze. jemsis-
Tvis fsiqologiis mizans axsna warmoadgenda
da ara _ eqsperimentuli kontroli (Arkin, 1990).
am mimdinareobebis memkvidreoba
miuxedavad maT Soris gansxvavebisa, struq-
turalizmis da funqcionalizmis praqtikosTa
aRmoCenebma is inteleqtualuri konteqsti Seq-
mnes, romelSic Tanamedrove fsiqologia ganvi-
Tarda. amJamad fsiqologebi swavloben qcevis
rogorc struqturas, ise funqcias, magaliTad,
ganvixiloT metyvelebis procesi. warmoidgineT,
rom megobris kinoSi dapatiJeba gsurT. amisaT-
vis Tqvens mier warmoTqmulma sityvebma sworad
unda Seasrulos Tavisi funqcia. amave dros
winadadebas unda hqondes swori struqtura: swo-
ri ar iqneba Tu ityviT: „ginda `varskvlavuri
omebi~ erTad CemTan am saRamos wamosvla?“ mety-
velebis procesis gagebis mizniT mecnierebi swav-
loben, Tu rogor axerxebs mosaubre erTmaneTs
moargos sityvis mniSvneloba (funqcia) da enis
gramatikuli struqtura (Bock 1990). (enis da mety-
velebis zogierT process me-9 TavSi aRvwerT).
am wignSi aqcents gavakeTebT rogorc struqtu-
raze, ise _ funqciaze, ganvixilavT rogorc kla-
sikur, ise Tanamedrove kvlevebs. fsiqologebi
mraval sxvadasxva meTods iyneben yvela indivi-
disaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi movlenebisa
da TiToeuli individis unikaluri aspeqtebis
Sesaswavlad.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis mimdi-
nareobebi
ganvixiloT Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Ziri-
Tad mimdinareobebi. TiToeuli maTgani: _ bio-
logiuri, fsiqodinamikuri, bihevioristuli,
Ta
na
me
dr
ov
e f
si
qo
lo
gi
is g
an
vi
Ta
re
ba
struqturalizmi (Srtucturalism) _ swavleba fsi-
qikisa da qcevis Sesaxeb, sadac fsiqikuri ga-
mocdileba gaigeba, rogorc martivi elemente-
bis an movlenebis kombinacia.
funqcionalizmi (Functionalism) _ swavleba, ro-
melic fokusirdeba organizmis garemosTan ur-
TierTqmedebis dros fsiqikisa da qcevis fun-
qciebze.
12
humanisturi, kognituri, ganviTarebis da fsi-
qo-kulturuli _ iZleva xedvis kuTxesa da
daSvebebs, romelic gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ras Seiswavlian fsiqologebi da rogor: ada-
mianebs Tavisufali neba gaaCniaT, Tu memkvid-
reobiT miRebul (biologiuri determinizmi),
an garemoTi ganpirobebul (garemos determi-
nizmi) scenars asruleben? organizmi aqtiuri
da SemoqmedebiTia, Tu meqanikuri da reaqtiu-
li? SesaZlebelia fsiqologiuri da socialu-
ri fenomenebi fiziologiuri procesebiT aix-
snas? rTuli qceva mravali ufro mcire kompo-
nentis jamia, Tu mas axali da gansxvavebuli
Tvisebebi aqvs? fsiqologiis mimdinareoba gana-
pirobebs, ra eZebos, sad da ra meTodebiT. yove-
li momdevno Tavis wakiTxvisas miadevneT Tva-
li, Tu rogor gansazRvravs qcevis mizezebs da
Sedegebs TiToeuli aseTi mimdinareoba.
marTalia, fsiqologiis centralur sakiTx-
ebs TiToeuli es mimdinareoba gansxvavebulad
udgeba, mravali fsiqologi sesxulobs da er-
TmaneTs uTavsebs sxvadasxva mimarTulebis cne-
bebs. TiToeuli mimdinareoba saSualebas gvaZ-
levs ukeT gavigoT adamianis gamocdileba. ami-
tom, aq TiToeuli mimarTulebis wvlils gan-
vixilavT, xolo mTlianobaSi isini Tanamed-
rove fsiqologias asaxaven.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimidnareobis warmomadgenlebi
qcevis mizezs genebis, tvinis, nervuli da en-
dokrinuli sistemebis funqcionirebaSi eZe-
ben. organizmis funqcionireba axsnilia mis
safuZvlad mdebare fizikuri struqturebis
da bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT. gancda
da qceva gaigeba, rogorc nervul ujredebs
Soris da SigniT qimiuri da eleqtruli aqti-
vobis Sedegi.
am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi Tvlian,
rom fsiqologiuri da socialuri fenomenebi
SeiZleba bioqimiuri procesebis terminebiT
aixsnas. yvelaze rTuli fenomenic ki SeiZle-
ba gagebul iqnes ufro mcire, ufro specifi-
kur erTeulebze dayvaniT. magaliTad, isini
Seecdebian axsnan, rogor kiTxulobT am wina-
dadebis Semadgenel sityvebs tvinis ujredeb-
Si mimdinare zusti fizikuri procesebis aR-
weris gziT. aq qceva misi fizikuri struqtu-
riT da memkvidreobiTi procesebiT ganisazR-
vreba. safuZvlad mdebare biologiuri struq-
turebis da procesebis SecvliT gamocdile-
bam SeiZleba qcevac Secvalos. mkvlevrebma
SeiZleba gkiTxon: „ra cvlilebebi xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi, roca kiTxvas swavlobT?“ fsiqobio-
logiuri mimarTulebis amocana qcevis anali-
zis yvelaze zust doneze gagebaa.
mravali aseTi mkvlevari universitetebsa
da samedicino laboratoriebSi muSaobs, sxvebi
ki _ klinikebSi. pirvelebi swavloben, SeiZ-
leba Tu ara gavaumjobesoT asakovani virTxe-
bis mexsiereba Canasaxovani virTxebis qsovi-
lebis gadanergviT, xolo meoreni _ avtosag-
zao SemTxvevis an daavadebis Sedegad gamow-
veuli mexsierebis dakargvas. am mkvlevrebis
gamaerTianebelia biologiuri Zalebisagan war-
moSobili qcevis aspeqtebis Seswavla.
fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareoba
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebis mixedviT qce-
vas marTavs, an mis motivs warmoadgens Zlie-
ri Sinagani Zalebi. adamianis qcevebi Tanda-
yolili instinqtebidan, biologiuri ltol-
vebidan, pirovnul moTxovnilebebsa da sazo-
gadoebis moTxovnebs Soris konfliqtis ga-
daWris mcdelobidan momdinareobs. depriva-
ciis mdgomareoba, fiziologiuri aRgzneba da
konfliqtebi qcevis ganxorcielebis energias
zustad iseve iZleva, rogorc naxSiri _ saw-
vavs orTqlis lokomotivisaTvis. am modelis
mixedviT, organizmi wyvets reagirebas, Tu mi-
si moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia, misi
ltolvebi ki _ Semcirebuli. qcevis mTavari
mizani daZabulobis Semcirebaa.
motivaciis fsiqodinamikuri principebi yve-
laze srulad venelma eqimma zigmund froid-
ma (zigmund Freud) ganaviTara XIX saukunis bo-
Ta
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biologiuri perspeqtiva
aa
fsiqologiuri perspeqtiva
a
13
los da XX saukunis dasawyisSi. froidis ide-
ebi fsiqikurad daavadebul pacientebTan mu-
Saobis Sedegad warmoiSva, magram, misi azriT,
is principebi, romlebic man avadmyofebTan aR-
moaCina, vrceldeba rogorc normalur, jan-
saR, ise _ paTologiur qcevaze. froidis fsi-
qodinamikuri Teoriis mixedviT, pirovnebas aqeT-
iqeT eqaCeba Sinagani da garegani Zalebi. fro-
idis modelSi pirvelad iyo naCvenebi, rom ada-
mianis buneba yovelTvis ar aris racionalu-
ri; rom qcevebi SeiZleba iseTi motivebiT iyos
gamowveuli, romlebic ar aris gacnobierebu-
li. froidis Semdeg es Teoria misma mimdev-
rebma sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganaviTares.
froidis mixedviT, pirovnebis Camoyalibebis
periodi adreuli bavSvobaa, neofroidianeleb-
ma gaafarToves misi Teoria da masSi socia-
luri zemoqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba CarTes,
romelic indvidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
iCens Tavs.
froidis ideebs didi gavlena hqonda fsi-
qologiis mraval sferoze. misi wvlilis sxva-
dasxva aspeqts waawydebiT, rodesac gaecno-
biT bavSvis ganviTarebis, sizmris, daviwyebis,
aracnobieri motivaciis, pirovnebis da fsiqo-
analituri Terapiis sakiTxebs. amasTanave, gak-
virvebiT aRmoaCenT, rom misi ideebi arasodes
yofila sistematuri mecnieruli kvlevis Se-
degi. nacvlad amisa, es iyo gamorCeuli Semoq-
medebiTi gonebis nayofi, romelic Sepyrobi-
li iyo adamianis azrebis, grZnobebisa da moq-
medebebis Rrmad dafaruli saidumlos amoc-
nobis surviliT.
bihevioristuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi swavlo-
ben, Tu rogor akontrolebs konkretuli ti-
pis qcevas garemos konkretuli stimuli. upir-
veles yovlisa, bihevioristebi aanalizeben ga-
remos winapirobebs, im pirobebs, romlebic win
uswrebs qcevas da organizms imisaTvis amza-
debs, moaxdinos Tu ara reagireba. Semdeg isi-
ni ganixilaven qceviT reaqcias, romelic maTi
kvlevis mTavar obieqts warmoadgens. qceva un-
da gavigoT, viwinaswarmetyveloT da gavakon-
troloT. bolos, ikvleven reaqciis dakvirve-
bad Sedegebs. bihevioristis interesis sagania,
magaliTad, rogor cvlis sagzao jarimebi (Se-
degi) motocikletistis marTvis stils, aiZu-
lebs mas ufro frTxilad iaros, an saerTod
Tavi daanebos tarebas (qceviTi reaqcia).
monacemebs bihevioristebi kontrolirebadi
laboratoriuli eqsperimentebidan iReben. maT
SeiZleba eleqtronuli aparatura da kompiu-
terebi gamoiyenon stimulis warsadgenad da
reaqciis dasafiqsireblad. isini miiCneven, rom
Sesaswavli fenomeni zustad unda iyos ganmar-
tebuli da raodenobrivad gamoxatuli. xSirad
isini cxovelebs swavloben (umetes SemTxveva-
Ta
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bihevioristuli mimdinareoba (Behaviorists perspec-
tive) _ am mimdinareobas ainteresebs dakvirveba-
di qceva, romelic obieqturad fiqsirdeba da
dakvirvebadi qcevis mimarTeba garemos stimu-
lebTan.
biheviorizmi (Behaviorism) _ mecnieruli midgoma,
romelic fsiqologiis Seswavlas mxolod ga-
zomvadi an dakvirvebadi qceviT farglavs.
humanisturi mimdinareoba (Humanistic perspective) _
fsiqologiuri modeli, romelic aqcents indi-
vidis fenomenur samyaroze, racionaluri arCe-
vanis gakeTebisa da maqsimaluri potencialis
ganviTarebis Tandayolil unarze akeTebs.
14
Si mtredebs da virTxebs), radgan eqsperimen-
tis pirobebs aq ufro srulad gaakontrole-
ben, vidre adamianebis SemTxvevaSi. bihevioris-
tebi Tvlian, rom cxovelebze Seswavlili Zi-
riTadi procesebi igivenairad mimdinareobs sxva
saxeobebSic.
biheviorizmi farTod gamoiyeneba fsiqolo-
giis praqtikaSi. mis mier moTxovnili zusti
eqsperimentireba da cvladebis zedmiwevniTi
dadgena fsiqologiis sferoTa umetesobaSi ga-
iziares. bihevioristebis mier cxovelebze aR-
moCenili kanozomierebebi adamianis proble-
mebzec gamoiyenes. bihevioristulma principeb-
ma ganaTlebisadmi ufro humanur midgomamde
migviyvana (dasjis nacvlad dadebiTi ganmtki-
cebis gamoyeneba), Seiqmna qceviTi darReevebis
axali tipis Terapia da utopiuri sazogadoe-
bis modelis Seqmnis instruqciebi.
humanisturi mimdinareoba
humanisturi fsiqologia 1950-ian wlebSi gaC-
nda, rogorc fsiqodinamikuri da bihevioris-
tuli modelebis alternativa. humanisturi fsi-
qologiis mixedviT, adamianebis qcevas ar ga-
napirobebs arc Sinagani, instinqturi Zalebi,
rogorc amas froidianelebi miiCneven da arc
garegani Zalebi, rogorc bihevioristebs miaC-
ndaT. adamianebi aqtiuri qmnilebebi arian, Si-
naganad kargebi da arCevanis gakeTebis unari
aqvT. humanisturi mimdinareobis mixedviT, ada-
mianis ZiriTadi amocanaa swrafva sakuTari po-
tenciis, SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebisken.
humanisti fsiqologebi swavloben qcevas,
magram ara laboratoriul pirobebSi da ara
mis Semadgenel elementebze an komponentebze
dayvaniT. isini adamianTa cxovrebis ganmavlo-
baSi gamovlenil cxovrebiseuli istoriebis
paternebs akvirdebian. biheviorisitebisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebiT, humanisturi fsiqolo-
giis warmomadgenlebi individis mier gancdil
subieqtur samyaros swavloben da ara garega-
ni damkvirveblis da mkvlevris TvaliT dana-
xul obieqtur samyaros. amitom, isini fenome-
nologiuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebadac
iTvlebian, radgan movlenebze calkeuli moq-
medi subieqtis (actor) pirad Sexedulebas swav-
loben. garda amisa, humanisti fsiqologebi cdi-
loben mTliani pirovneba Seiswavlon da ho-
listur midgomas aRiareben. maTi azriT, nam-
dvili wvdoma niSnavs individis fsiqikis, sxe-
ulis da qcevis codnas socialuri da kultu-
ruli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
humanisturi midgoma afarToebs fsiqolo-
giis sferos da masSi literaturis, istoriis,
xelovnebis Seswavlidan miRebul gakveTilebs
rTavs. amgvarad, fsiqologia ufro savse dis-
ciplina xdeba. humanisturi fsiqologiis war-
momadgenlebi amboben, rom maTi midgoma aris
is safuari, romelic exmareba fsiqologias ada-
mianis bunebis cxovelur aspeqtebze da uaryo-
fiT Zalebze zemoT dadges. rogorc me-16 Tav-
Si vnaxavT, humanisturma mimdinareobam didi
gavlena iqonia fsiqoTerapiaSi axali midgome-
bis gaCenaze.
kognituri mimdinareoba
kognituri revolucia fsiqologiaSi gaCnda,
rogorc biheviorizmis SezRudulobis kidev erTi
gamowveva. kognituri mimdinareobis centrSi dgas
adamianis Semecneba da codnis SeZenis yvela
procesi: yuradReba, azrovneba, damaxsovreba da
gageba. kognituri mimarTulebis mixedviT ada-
mianebi moqmedeben, radgan isini azrovneben, xo-
lo azrovneben, radgan adamianebi arian.
kognitur modelSi qceva mxolod nawilob-
rivadaa ganpirobebuli garemos winmswrebi mov-
lenebiT da warsuli qcevebis SedegebiT, ro-
gorc es bihevioristebs miaCniaT. zogierTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani qceva azrovnebis sruli-
ad axali da ara warsulSi gamoyenebuli gze-
bidan Cndeba. im alternativebis warmodgenis
unari, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeba imis-
gan, rac aris, an iyo, saSualebas aZlevs adami-
ans momavlisken iswrafos da awmyo situacia
gadalaxos. individi realobaze reagirebs ara
ise, TiTqos is obieqturi samyaro iyos, aramed
ise, rogorc is misi fiqrebis da warmosaxvis
Sinagani samyaros subieqtur realobaSi aisa-
xeba. kognituri fsiqologebisaTvis azrebi qce-
vebis rogorc Sedegi, aseve mizezia. Tu viRa-
cas awyenineT da nanobT, es azria, romelic
qcevis Sedegad gagiCndaT, xolo sinanulis gan-
cdis Semdeg bodiSis moxda azris, rogorc
qcevis mizezis magaliTia.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi
iseT umaRles fsiqikur procesebs swavloben,
Ta
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15
rogoricaa aRqma, mexsiereba, enis gamoyeneba,
problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis miReba
sxvadasxva doneze. maT SeiZleba ikvlion tvin-
Si sisxlis moZraobis sqema sxvadasxva tipis
kognituri amocanis gadawyvetisas, studentis
mogonebebi adreuli bavSvobis SemTxvevaze, an
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi mexsierebis unaris
cvlilebebi. fsiqikur procesebze fokusirebis
gamo mravali mkvlevrisaTvis kognituri mimdi-
nareoba dRes fsiqologiaSi dominanturia.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
evoluciuri mimdinareoba cdilobs Tanamed-
rove fsiqologia biologiuri mecnierebebis Zi-
riTad ideebs, Carlz darvinis bunebrivi SerCe-
vis gziT evoluciis Teorias daukavSiros. bu-
nebrivi SerCevis idea sakmaod martivia: gare-
mosTan ukeT Seguebuli organizmebi ukeTes STa-
momavlobas iZlevian (da gadascemen Tavis ge-
nebs), vidre cudad Seguebulebi. mravali Tao-
bis manZilze adaptaciis unari sul ufro da
ufro Zlierdeba da ixveweba. fsiqologiaSi evo-
luciuri mimdinareoba gulisxmobs, rom, ro-
gorc fsiqikuri, ise fizikuri unarebi milio-
nobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptaciur miznebs momsaxureboda.
mkvlevrebi im garemo pirobebs swavloben,
romlebSic adamianis tvini ganviTarda. adami-
anis ganviTarebis istoriis 99% pleistoce-
nis eraSi mcire jgufebad cxovrebas, nadiro-
basa da SemgroveblobaSi mimdinareobda (uxe-
Sad, ormilionwliani periodi, romelic 10 000
wlis win damTavrda). evoluciuri fsiqolo-
gia evoluciuri biologiis mdidar Teoriul
gamocdilebas iyenebs, raTa is centraluri
adaptaciuri problemebi daadginos, romlebic
cocxali arsebebis winaSe dgas: mtaceblebisa
da parazitebis Tavidan acileba, sakvebis Seg-
roveba da gacvla, mewyvilis mopoveba da Se-
narCuneba, janmrTeli bavSvebis gazrda. adap-
taciuri problemebis dadgenis Semdeg evolu-
ciuri fsiqologia daskvnebs akeTebs im fsiqi-
kuri meqanizmebis an fsiqologiuri adaptaci-
is Sesaxeb, romelic SeiZleba am problemebis
gadasWrelad gaCeniliyo.
evoluciuri fsiqologia sxva mimarTule-
bebisagan, upirvels yovlisa, imiT gansxvavde-
ba, rom misi ZiriTadi amxsneli principi evo-
luciis ukiduresad xangrZlivi procesia. am
mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben ga-
igon qalisa da mamakacis mier aRebuli gan-
sxvavebuli sqesobrivi rolebi, rogorc evo-
luciis da ara Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gav-
lenis produqti. imis gamo, rom evoluciuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT
eqsperimentebis Catareba, radgan evoluciis
process ver Secvlian, maT araordinaruli gze-
bis Zieba uwevT, raTa Teoriis damamtkicebeli
sabuTebi moipovon.
Ta
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bakognituri mimdinareoba (Cognitive perspective) _ fsi-
qologiis mimdinareoba, romelic aqcents ake-
Tebs adamianis azrovnebis da codnis SeZenis
procesebze, rogoricaa yuradReba, azrovneba, da-
maxsovreba, molodini, problemis gadaWra, fan-
tazia da cnobiereba.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba (Evolutionary perspective)_ fsiqologiis midgoma, romelic xazs usvams
qceviT da adapturobis mniSvnelovnebas im vara-
udis safuZvelze, rom fsiqikuri unarebi mili-
onobiT wlis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda, raTa
konkretul adaptur miznebs momsaxureboda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba (Cultural perspective) _ aq-
cents qcevis mizezebis da Sedegebis kros-kul-
turul sxvaobaze akeTebs.
16
kulturuli mimdinareoba
am mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi qcevis mi-
zezebisa da Sedegebis kros-kulturul sxvao-
bebs swavloben. kulturuli mimdinareoba mniS-
vnelovani pasuxia im kritikaze, rom fsiqolo-
giuri kvleva xSirad zedmetad emyareba adamia-
nis bunebis gagebis dasavlur koncefcias da
ikvlevs mxolod TeTrkanian, saSualo klasis
amerikelebs (Gergen et al; 1996). kulturuli Zale-
bis saTanado gaTvaliswineba erTi da imave eris
SigniT jgufebis Sedarebasac gulisxmobs. ma-
galiTad, mkvlevrebma SeiZleba Seiswavlon kve-
biTi aSlilobebi aSS-is TeTrkanian da Savkani-
an amerikel mozardebSi (ixileT me-12 Tavi). kul-
turuli Zalebi SeiZleba aseve Sefasdes sxva-
dasxva erSi, magaliTad, moraluri msjelobe-
bis Sedareba aSS-sa da indoeTSi (Tavi me-11).
kros-kulturuli fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebs
ainteresebT, yvela adamians exeba arsebuli Te-
oriebi, Tu ufro viwro, specifikur populaci-
ebs.
kros-kulturuli mimdinareoba fsiqologi-
uri kvlevis TiTqmis yvela sferoze vrcelde-
ba: zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmaze? ganapirobebs Tu ara ena sam-
yaros aRqmas? rogor zemoqmedebs kultura bav-
Svis ganviTarebaze? rogor zemoqmedebs kultu-
ruli ganwyobebi moxucebulobis asakis gamoc-
dilebaze? ganapirobebs kultura sakuTari Ta-
vis aRqmas? zemoqmedebs kultura imaze, Tu ro-
gor gamoxatavs adamiani emociebs? ganapirobebs
Tu ara kultura imas, Tu ra qcevebs ganaxorci-
elebs individi? zemoqmedebs Tu ara kultura
imaze, Tu ra zomiT ganicdian adamianebi fsiqi-
kur aSlilobebs?
amgvari kiTxvebis dasmiT kulturuli mimdi-
nareoba xSirad iseT daskvnebs gvaZlevs, rom-
lebic sxva mimarTulebis mier wamoyenebul Te-
zisebs ewinaaRmdegeba. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa
azriT, froidis Teoriis mravali aspeqti ar
miesadageba venis kulturisagan Sors mdgom sa-
zogadoebebs. amgvari idea jer kidev anTropo-
logma bronislav malinovskim (Bronislav Malinow-
ski) gamoTqva 1927 wels da froidis mamaze cen-
trirebuli Teoria axali gvineis magaliTis sa-
fuZvelze gaakritika, sadac ojaxebi dedazea
centrirebuli. amrigad, kulturuli mimdinare-
oba miiCnevs, rom fsiqodinamikuri mimdinareo-
bis zogierTi debuleba arasworia. kulturis
sxvadasxvaoba da simdidre gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iyos, rodesac adamianis gamocdilebis Se-
saxeb daskvnebis ganzogadebas vaxdenT.
mimdinareobebis Sedareba:
agresiis magaliTi
Svidive mimdinareoba s\xvadasxva daSvebazea
agebuli da gansxvavebulad esmis qceva. cxril-
Si 1.1 Sejamebulia es mimdinareobebi.
magaliTisaTvis mokled ganvixiloT, rogor
axsnida TiToeuli es Teoria agresiis faqts;
imas, Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi agresiulad.
yvela es midgoma iyo gamoyenebuli agresiisa
da Zaladobis bunebis gagebis mcdelobisas. Ti-
Toeuli mimarTulebisaTvis mogvyavs mkvlevre-
bis mier SesaZlod gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da
SesaZlod ganxorcielebuli eqsperimentebi.
biologiuri. ikvleven tvinis konkretuli
sistemebis rols agresiaSi. isini sxvadasxva re-
gions astimulireben da Semdeg amiT gamowve-
ul destruqciul moqmedebebs afiqsireben. ag-
reTve, swavloben, raime normidan gadaxra xom
ar aris seriuli mkvlelebis tvinSi, xom ar
aris dakavSirebuli qalis agresia menstrua-
lur ciklTan.
fsiqodinamikuri. aanalizeben agresias, ro-
gorc reaqcias frustraciaze, romelsac sia-
movnebis miRwevis procesSi Seqmnili dabrko-
lebebi iwvevs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, usamar-
Tlo xelmZRvaneli. es mimdinareoba agresias
uyurebs, rogorc bavSvobaSi mSoblebis mimarT
gancdili mtrulobis gadatanas zrdasrul asak-
Si.
bihevioristuli. adgens warsulSi Cadeni-
li agresiuli qcevebis ganmtkicebis faqtebs,
vTqvaT, moswavlem klaselebs, an Tanatolebs
daartya da es zedmeti yuradRebis sagani gax-
da. es midgoma amtkicebs, rom bavSvebi mSoble-
bisagan agresiul mopyrobas swavloben da Sem-
deg Tavis Svilebsac aseve epyrobian.
humanisturi. ikvlevs im pirovnul Rirebu-
lebebs da socialur pirobebs, romlebic xels
uwyobs agresiul da TviTSemzRudav gamocdi-
lebas da ara harmoniul ganviTarebas.
kognituri. swavlobs mtrul azrebs da
fantaziebs, romelsac adamiani Zaladobis aq-
Ta
vi
1 /
fsi
qo
lo
gi
is m
ec
ni
er
eb
a C
ve
ns c
xo
vr
eb
aS
i
17
tis yurebisas ganicdis. ikvlevs filmebSi ar-
sebuli agresiis, maT Soris pornografiuli
Zaladobis gavlenas iaraRis xmarebisadmi, gau-
patiurebisadmi da omisadmi damokidebulebaze.
evoluciuri. ganixilavs, ra pirobebis ga-
mo gaxda agresia adapturi qceva adreuli ada-
mianebisaTvis. adgens fsiqologiur meqanizmebs,
romlebic pasuxismgebelia agresiuli qcevis se-
leqciur warmoSobaze.
kulturuli. ganixilavs, rogor avlenen
da xsnian agresias sxvadasxva kulturis war-
momadgenlebi. rogor zemoqmedeben kulturu-
li Zalebi agresiuli qcevis sxvadasxva tipis
gamovlenis albaTobaze.
ras akeTeben fsiqologebi
ukve sakmarisi iciT fsiqologiis Sesaxeb,
raTa is kiTxvebi CamoayaliboT, romlebic fsi-
qologiuri kv levis mTel diapazons moicavs.
kiTxvebis amgvari sia rom mogemzadebinaT, sxva-
dasxva dargis fsiqologis saeqsperto sferos
SeexebodiT. 1.2 cxrilSi amgvari kiTxvebis Cve-
neuli versiaa moyvanili Sesabamisi dargis fsi-
qologebis miTiTebiT. Tu dro gaqvT, Tqveni sa-
kuTari kiTxvebis sia CamowereT. gadaxazeT Ti-
Toeuli kiTxva, rogorc ki mis pasuxs amoi-
kiTxavT am wignSi.
Ta
na
me
dr
ov
e f
si
qo
lo
gi
is g
an
vi
Ta
re
ba
mimdinareoba rogor esmis qcevis kvlevis fokusi kvlevis ZiriTadi
adamianis buneba determinantebi Temebi
biologiuri pasiuri memkvidreoba, tvini da nervuli qcevis da fsiqikuri
meqanisturi bioqimiuri sistemis procesebis
procesebi procesebi bioqimiuri
safuZveli
fsiqodinamikuri instinqtiT memkvidreoba, aracnobieri qceva, rogorc
marTuli adreuli ltolvebi, aracnobieri
gamocdileba konfliqtebi motivebis garegani
gamoxatva
bihevioristuli reagirebs stimulze, garemo, konkretuli qceva da misi
SeiZleba misi Secvla stimulis Semcveli garegani reqciebi stimulebi, mizezebi
pirobebi da Sedegebi
humanisturi aqtiuri, potenciurad adamianis cxovrebis paternebi
usazRvro sakuTari gamocdileba da faseulobebi,
potencialis Tavisadmi potenciali miznebi
mqone mimarTuli
kognituri SemoqmedebiTad stimulis fsiqikuri qceviTi
aqtiuri, Semcveli procesebi, indikatorebis
reagirebs pirobebi, ena saSualebiT
stimulze fsiqikuri Seswavlili
procesebi fsiqikuri procesebi
evoluciuri plesitocenis eris adaptacia ganviTarebuli ganviTarebis
problemebis gadarCenis fisqologiuri adapturi funqciebis
gadaWraze mizniT adaptacia TvalsazrisiT
adaptirebuli ganxiluli
fsiqikuri meqanizmebi
kulturuli icvleba kulturis kulturuli damokidebulebebisa adamianis
zegavleniT normebi (attitudes) da gamocdilebis
qcevebis kros- universaluri da
kulturuli kulturulad
sqemebi specifikuri aspeqtebi
Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Svidi mimdinareobis Sedareba
cxrili 1.1
18
albaT ukve mixvdiT, rom msoflioSi Zalian
bevri fsiqologia. gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
maTi raodenoba 500 000-s aWarbebs, maTgan 62-dan
82 aTasamde fsiqologiuri kvlevis sferoSi moR-
vaweobs (ix. sur. 1.1). miuxedavad imisa, rom fsi-
qologebis raodenoba dasavleTis industriul
qveynebSi metia, mraval sxva qveyanaSic izrdeba
interesi fsiqologiis mimarT. fsiqologiuri mec-
nierebis saerTaSoriso kavSirSi 64 qveynis fsi-
qologia gaerTianebuli (Rozenzweig, 1999). ameri-kis fsiqologTa asociacias (APA) 1998 wlis bo-
los 155 000 wevri hyavda msoflios yvela kuTx-
idan (Fowler, 1999). kidev erTi saerTaSoriso or-ganizacia, amerikis fsiqologTa sazogadoeba
(APS), 16 000-ze met wevrs aerTianebs da fsiqo-
logiis ufro samecniero aspeqtebzea fokusi-
rebuli, vidre klinikur, mkurnalobis mxareze.
ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba, rom fsiqo-
logiis kvlevac da praqtikac mamakacebis do-
minirebiT mimdinareobda, Tumca mcire raode-
nobiT qalma fsiqologebma arsebiTi wvlili
Seitanes am sferoSi (Russo and Denmark, 1987; Scar-
borough and Furomoto, 1987). 1894 wels margaret
uoSbornma (Margaret Washburn) kornelis uni-
versiteti daamTavra da qalebSi pirvelma mi-
iRo doqtoris xarisxi. man dawera cnobili
saxelmZRvanelo „cxovelis goneba“. 1895 wels
meri kalkinsma (Mary Calkins) warCinebiT daam-
Tavra harvardis universitetis doqtorantu-
ra, magram administracia mas ar aZlevda doq-
Ta
vi
1 /
fsi
qo
lo
gi
is m
ec
ni
er
eb
a C
ve
ns c
xo
vr
eb
aS
i
fsiqologiuri kvlevis mravalferovneba
kiTxva vin pasuxobs am kiTxvas
rogor unda gadaWran adamianebma ukeT klinikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
TavianTi yoveldRiuri problemebi? fsiqiatri fsiqologi konsultanti
(counceling psychologist) Temis fsiqologi
(community psychologist)
rogor inaxeba mogonebebi tvinSi? bio-fsiqologi fsiqofarmakologi
rogor SegviZlia vaswavloT ZaRls eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
brZanebebis Sesruleba? warmomadgeneli qcevis analitikosi
ratom ver vixseneb yovelTvis informacias, kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
romelic namdvilad vici? kognituri mecnierebis warmomadgeneli
ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi pirovnebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
erTmaneTisagan? qcevis genetikosi
rogor muSaobs `TanatolTa zewola~ socialuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ra ician Cvilebma samyaros Sesaxeb? ganviTarebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ratom iwvevs CemSi depresias Cemi samuSao? Sromis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
adamianis faqtoris fsiqologi
rogor unda moepyras maswavlebeli ganaTlebis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
`amrev~moswavles? skolis fsiqologi
ratom vxdebi cudad yoveli gamocdis win? janmrTelobis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
Seuracxadi iyo braldebuli sasamarTlo fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
danaSaulis Cadenis dros?
ratom miWirs sunTqva kalaTburTis sportis fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros?
cxrili 1.2
19
toris xarisxs. miuxedavad amisa, kalkinsi
warmatebuli mkvlevari da amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis pirveli qali prezidenti gaxda. ana
froidma (Anna Freud) mniSvnelovani wvlili Se-
itana fsiqoanalizis praqtikaSi. wamyvani qali
mkvlevrebis Sromebs saxelmZRvaneloSi araer-
Txel SexvdebiT.
Tanamedrove fsiqologiaSi qalebi da mama-
kacebi erToblivad iziareben Teoriis da praqti-
kis warmatebebs. rogorc 1.2 suraTzea naCvenebi,
doqtoris xarisxis umetesoba amJamad qalebs
aqvT (Pion et al; 1996) da es tendencia XXI saukune-
Si myarad narCundeba (Murray and Williams, 1999).
rac ufro meti wvlili Seaqvs fsiqologias
adamianis Seswavlis saqmeSi, miT meti da meti
adamiani _ qali da kaci, sazogadoebis yvela
segmentis warmomadgeneli misdevs am karieras.
Tqven gzas adgaxarT. imedi gvaqvs, rom `fsi-
qologia da cxovreba~ Rirs mogzaurobad, ro-
melic savsea moulodneli siamovnebebiT da
samaxsovro momentebiT. daviwyoT, an, rogorc
italielebi ityvian: „wavediT!“ (andiamo!)
Sejameba
adre fsiqologebs miaCndaT, rom fsiqolo-
giuri procesebi detreminizmis doqtriniTaa
marTuli _ fsiqikuri da fizikuri movlenebi
ganpirobebulia konkretuli mizezebiT. erT-er-
Ti adreuli midgoma, struqturalizmi, aqcents
fsiqikur Sinaarsebsa da qcevis struqturaze
akeTebda meore midgoma, funqcionalizi ki _
qcevis funqciaze.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Svid ZiriTad mim-
dinareobas moicavs. biologiuri mimdinareoba
swavlobs mimarTebas qcevasa da tvinis meqa-
Ta
na
me
dr
ov
e f
si
qo
lo
gi
is g
an
vi
Ta
re
ba
suraTi 1.2suraTi 1.3
fsiqologTa samuSao garemo
naCvenebia sxvadasxva adgilas momuSave fsiqologTa
procenti amerikis fsiqologTa asociaciis fsilogiis
doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mqone wevrTa Soris
Catrebuli gamokiTxvis mixedviT
qalebisaTvis miniWebuli fsiqologiis
doqtoris xarisxi
gasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi am mxriv qalebi
upiratesobas floben
20
Ta
vi
1 /
fsi
qo
lo
gi
is m
ec
ni
er
eb
a C
ve
ns c
xo
vr
eb
aS
i
nizmebs Soris; fsiqodinamikuri mimarTulebi-
saTvis qceva cnobieri da aracnobieri motiva-
ciebiTaa gamowveuli; bihevioristuli mimarTu-
lebisaTvis qceva garegani stimuluri pirobebi-
Taa ganpirobebuli, humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis aqcenti keTdeba individis piradi zrdis Si-
nagan unarze; kognituri mimarTulebisaTvis mTa-
varia is fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic qceviT
reaqciebze zemoqmedebs; evoluciuri mimarTu-
vifiqroT momavalze
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
`fsiqologiis da cxovre-
bis~ am gamocemas mokle ese-
ebi davamateT, romlebic fsi-
qologiaSi, rogorc mecnie-
rebaSi, momxdar clilebebs
aRwers XXI saukuneSi gadas-
vlasTan erTad. am TavSi mok-
led aRvwereT, Tu rogor Se-
icvala es disciplina gasu-
li 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT, Teoriuli mim-
dinareobebis kuTxiT. ras mog-
vitans Semdegi 100 weli? aS-
karaa, rom fsiqologiis Si-
naarsi da praqtika momaval-
Si Seicvleba.
marTalia, zogierTi sa-
kiTxi, romelsac fsiqologe-
bi swavloben, droze ar aris
damokidebuli, magaliTad,
rogoria enis aTvisebis Zi-
riTadi procesebi, magram ar-
sebobs iseTi sakiTxebic, rom-
lebic konkretul dros mo-
aqvs. magaliTad, me-17 da me-18
TavebSi ganxiluli socialu-
ri fsiqologiis kvlevebis
umetesoba im mecnierebma wa-
moiwyes, vinc cdilobda gae-
go, ra Zalebma ganapiroba me-
ore msoflio omis saSinele-
bani. Cven ver viwinaswarmety-
velebT, romeli sazogadoeb-
rivi moZraoba Seipyrobs
msoflios XXI saukuneSi, mag-
ram danamdvilebiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom fsiqologebi da-
uyovnebliv reagirebas moax-
denen am sakiTxebze da maT
Seswavlas daiwyeben. fsiqo-
logiur kvlevaze, agreTve,
did gavlenas moaxdens is teq-
nologiuri siaxleeebi, rom-
lebic adamianebsa da kultu-
rebs Soris manZils amcirebs.
internetis gamo XXI sauku-
neSi didi mniSvneloba mieni-
Weba sxvadasxva kulturis
msgavsebisa da sxvaobis sa-
kiTxs.
teqnologiuri siaxleni
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTo-
debzec iqoniebs gavlenas,
radgan fsiqikuri procesebis
kvlevisas ukve XX saukunis
bolos farTod gamoiyenebo-
da kompiuterebi da tvinis Se-
saswavli sxva mowyobilobe-
bi, romlebzec vundts da mis
kolegebs warmodgenac ki ar
hqondaT. kidev ufro daxve-
wili teqnologiuri miRweve-
bis Sedegad mkvlevrebs sa-
Sualeba miecemaT zedmiwev-
niT zustad gaarkvion, ra mi-
marTebaa fsiqikur proceseb-
sa da tvinis aqtivobas So-
ris. aseve, genetikuri kvle-
vis teqnologiuri iaraRebis
ganviTarebam SesaZloa swra-
fad Secvalos is gzebi, rom-
lebiTac mkvlevrebi acal-
keveben bunebisa da aRzrdis
zegavlenas TiToeuli indi-
vidis cxovrebaSi.
am tipis sakiTxebs _ ino-
vaciebi fsiqologiis Sina-
arssa da praqtikaSi _ miv-
marTavT swored specialur
qveTavebSi _ fsiqologia
XXI saukuneSi.
veb-gverdebi:
www.apa.org _ amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis gver-
di
www.psychologicalscience.org_ amerikis fsiqologTa sa-
zogadoebis gverdi
lebisaTvis qceva gadarCenisaTvis brZolisas
garemosTan Seguebis Sedegia, xolo, kultu-
ruli mimarTulebisaTvis qceva da misi inter-
pretacia kulturis konteqstSi ganixileba.
fsiqologebi kiTxvaTa did diapazons pa-
suxoben. fsiqologis profesia gasuli ram-
denime aTwleulis manZilze Seicvala, misi
Tvalsawieri ufro internacionaluri gaxda
da met qals moiTvlis.
21
Ta
na
me
dr
ov
e f
si
qo
lo
gi
is g
an
vi
Ta
re
ba
ratomaa fsiqologia
unikaluri
fsiqologia aris individe-
bis qcevis da fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis mecnieruli Seswav-
la.
fsiqologiis mizania qcevis
aRwera, axsna, winaswarmety-
veleba da gakontrolebis
xelSewyoba.
Tanamedrove fsiqologi-
is ganviTareba
vundtis da titCeneris Sro-
mebidan ganviTarda struq-
turalizmi, romelic aq-
cents elementaruli Seg-
rZnebebisagan agebuli fsi-
qikisa da qcevis struqtu-
raze akeTebs.
jemsisa da diuis mier ganvi-
Tarebuli funqcionalizmi
aqcents qcevis miRma arse-
bul mizanze akeTebs.
am Teoriebma Seqmnes Tana-
medrove fsiqologiis safuZ-
vlebi.
fsiqologiis Seswavlis Svi-
dive Tanamedrove midgoma
gansxvavebulad xedavs ada-
mianis bunebas, qcevis deter-
minantebs, kvlevis sferosa
da meTodebs.
biologiuri mimdinareoba
qcevasa da tvinis meqaniz-
mebs Soris mimarTebas swav-
lobs.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
fsiqodinamikuri mimarTule-
bisaTvis qceva instinqturi
ZalebiTa da Sinagani kon-
fliqtebiT, cnobieri da
aracnobieri motivebiTaa gan-
pirobebuli.
biheviorizisaTvis qceva gan-
pirobebulia garegani sti-
mulebiT.
humanisturi mimarTulebisaT-
vis mniSvnelovania raciona-
luri arCevanis gakeTebis
Tandayolili unari individ-
Si.
kognituri mimdinareoba xazs
usvams im fsiqikur proce-
sebs, romlebic qceviT re-
aqciebze
zemoqmedebs.
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
Tvlis, rom qceva gadarCe-
nis procesSi Seguebis Se-
degad ganviTarda.
kulturuli mimdinareoba
qcevas da mis interpretaci-
as kulturul konteqstSi
ganixilavs.
ras akeTeben fsiqo-
logebi
fsiqologebi sxvadasxva sfe-
roSi muSaoben da sxvadas-
xva specialobis gamocdile-
bas eyrdnobian. fsiqologi-
is profesiis warmomadge-
neli pasuxs scems TiTqmis
yvela kiTxvas, romelic re-
alur cxovrebiseul gamoc-
dilebas exeba.
XXI saukunis dasawyisisaT-
vis fsiqologis profesia
moculobiT ufro interna-
cionaluri da praqtikose-
bisa da mkvlevrebis Semad-
genlobiT ufro mravalfe-
rovani gaxda.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi yvela Tav-
Si muqi SriftiTaa gamoyo-
fili, rom advilad SeamCni-
oT, xolo yoveli Tavis bo-
los igive terminebi ganmeo-
rebiTaa mocemuli. garda ami-
sa, yvela ZiriTadi cneba wig-
nis bolos, leqsikonSi mo-
cemuli, anbanis mixedviT da
ganmartebulia.
biheviorizmi
bihevioristuli
mimdinareoba
biologiuri mimdinareoba
garemos cvladebi
dispoziciuri cvladebi
evoluciuri mimdinareoba
kognituri mimdinareoba
kulturuli mimdinareoba
mecnieruli meTodi
organizmuli cvladebi
situaciis cvladebi
struqturalizmi
funqcionalizmi
fsiqodinamikuri
mimdinareoba
fsiqologia
qceva
qcevis monacemebi
humanisturi mimdinareoba
22
fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebifsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
2 aRmoCenis etapi
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
• damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba da
operaciuli
gansazRvrebebi
• eqsperimentuli
meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna
da kontrolis
saWiroeba
• korelaciis meTodi
• qvezRurblovani
zemoqmedeba
fsiqologiuri gazomva
• sandooba davalidoba
• TviTangariSi
• qcevis dakvirveba dagazomva
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
• informirebuli
Tanxmoba
• riskis/sargeblis
Sefaseba
• ganzrax motyueba• kvlevis Semdgomi
interviu
• cxovelTa kvleva:
mecniereba, eTika,
politika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: fsiqologiuri
kvleva da informaciis
afeTqeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
23
SesaZloa, Tqven arasodes gagCeniaT kiTxvebi
WianWvelebis qcevis Sesaxeb, magram sxva tipis
kiTxvebi namdvilad gagiCndebodaT adamianis an
cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT. am TavSi
visaubrebT imaze, Tu rogor pasuxoben fsiqo-
logebi kiTxvebs, romlebic TqvenTvisac sain-
teresoa. vnaxavT, rogor iynebs fsiqologia mec-
nierul meTodebs kvlevisaTvis. gvinda, rom
gaigoT, rogor gegmaven fsiqologebi TavianT
kvlevas: rogor SeiZleba rTuli da xSirad
ablurduli monacemebidan azrovnebis, grZno-
bebis da qcevebis Sesaxeb myari, seriozuli das-
kvnebis gakeTeba.
am TavSi mowodebuli informaciis daufleba
Zalian sasargeblo iqneba TqvenTvis im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu arasodes ganaxorcielebT
mecnierul kvlevas. Cveni mizania dagexmaroT
kritikuli azrovnebis gaumjobesebaSi imiT, rom
gaswavloT, rogor unda dasvaT swori kiTxvebi
da SeafasoT fsiqologiuri movlenebis mize-
zebis, Sedegebis da korelatebis Sesaxeb miRe-
buli pasuxebi. masmediaSi gamudmebiT SexvdebiT
amgvar frazas: „kvleva aCvenebs, rom~... Tqveni
inteleqtualuri skepticizmis daxvewis gziT
dagexmarebiT kvlevis Sedegebi ufro brZnulad
moixmaroT. gaCvenebT, rogor gadaWraT kamaTi
„faqtebTan da ara polemikasTan~ (Miller, 1992).
aR
mo
Ce
ni
s e
ta
pi
avis avtobiografiaSi (namdvilad xumrobT, mis-
ter feinman) (1985) nobelis premiis laureatma
fizikosma riCard feinmanma (Richard Feynman)
WianWvelebis navigaciis unaris araformaluri
kvlevis programa aRwera (gv. 93-95):
prinstonis universitetis oTaxSi nalis
formis rafiani fanjara mqonda. erT mSvenier
dRes WianWvelebi gamoCndnen. davinteresdi,
rogor moZraoben WianWvelebi; rogor
xvdebian, saiT unda wavidnen? SeuZliaT
erTmaneTs uTxran, sad aris saWmeli, rogorc
amas futkrebi akeTeben? aqvT geometriis raime
SegrZneba?
axalbedasaviT viqceodi, dRes yvelam icis
pasuxi am kiTxvebze, magram maSin ar vicodi...
erT eqsperimentSi fanjris rafaze SuSis
bevri mikroskopuli slaidi davalage, rom-
lebzec WianWvelebi win da ukan dadiodnen
winaswar dayrili Saqris mosapoveblad. Sem-
deg, Zveli slaidi axliT Sevcvale da am-
gvarad SevZeli meCvenebina, rom WianWvelebs
geometriis araviTari SegrZneba ar aqvT _
isini ver xvdebodnen, sad iyo raime moTavs-
ebuli. Tu raRac erTi gziT midiodnen Saqri-
saken, ukanac aucileblad imave gziT brun-
debodnen, sxva, ufro mokle gzas ar irCevdnen.
amave dros, WianWvelebma garkveuli kvali
datoves SuSis slaidebze, rasac eqsperi-
mentebis mTeli seriebi mohyva imis Sesamow-
meblad, Tu ramden xans narCundeba es kvali,
SeiZleba Tu ara misi advilad waSla da a.S.
aRmovaCine, rom kvals mimarTuleba ar gaaCnda.
rom ameyvana WianWvela, Semetrialebina da
missave kvalze damebrunebina, is araswor gzas
daadgeboda, Tanac amas ver xvdeboda, sanam
sxva WianWvelas ar Sexvdeboda.
feinmanis martivi, magram gonivruli eqsperi-
mentebi saSualebas aZlevdnen mas WianWvelebis
qcevis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvareoba daekmayo-
filebina.
T
24
aRmoCenis etapi
fsiqologiuri kvlevis procesi SeiZleba or
Semadgenel nawilad davyoT, Tanac am Tanmimdev-
robiT: ideis Camoyalibeba (aRmoCena) da misi
Semowmeba (dasabuTeba). aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvirve-
bas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad codnas
movlenis axleburi xedvisken mivyavarT. saidan
uCndeba kiTxvebi mkvlevars? zogierTi maTgani
movlenaTa, adamianTa da cxovelTa uSualo
dakvirvebidan modis, zogierTi ukve tradiciad
qceul sakiTxebs swavlobs, romlebic fsiqo-
logiaSi did, gadauWrel problemebad iTvleba.
xSirad mkvlevrebi Zvel ideebs da maT kombi-
naciebs axleburad warmoadgenen. WeSmaritad
Semoqmedi moazrovnis sinji axali WeSmaritebis
aRmoCenaa, romelic mecnierebas da sazogadoebas
ukeTesi mimarTulebiT amoZravebs.
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben gaarkvion,
rogor funqcionirebs tvini, fsiqika, qceva da
garemo da ra kavSiria maT Soris. Teoria aris
cnebebis organizebuli wyeba, romelic movlenas
an movlenaTa erTobliobas xsnis. fsiqologiuri
TeoriebisTvis saerTo isaa, rom isini determi-
nizmis poziciaze dganan. determinizmi gulis-
xmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri, fsiqikuri
da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkretuli
mizeziT, anu mis Sedegs warmoadgens. es mizezebi
SeiZleba Tavad adamianSi, an garemoSi iyos. amave
dros, mkvlevrebi uSveben, rom qcevac da
fsiqikuri procesebic mimarTebaTa kanonzo-
mierebebs avlens da maTi aRmoCena kvlevis
saSualebiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom fsiqolo-
giuri Teoria, Cveulebriv, amgvar kanonzomiere-
baTa mizezebs eZebs.
Teoriam ukve cnobili faqtebi unda axsnas
da, amave dros, axali ideebi da hipoTezebi
wamoayenos. hipoTeza aris mizezebsa da Sedegebs
Soris mimarTebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Semowmebadi
debuleba. hipoTezebs xSirad „Tu-maSin~ winas-
warmetyvelebis formiT ayalibeben, konkretuli
pirobebidan gansazRvruli Sedegebis miRebis
mizniT. SegviZlia, magaliTad, viwinaswarmetyve-
loT, rom, Tu bavSvebi bevr Zaladobas uyureben
televiziiT, maSin isini ufro agresiulad moiq-
cevian TavianT TanatolebTan. kvlevam „Tu-maSin~
mimarTeba unda Seamowmos. Teoriebi ukiduresad
mniSvnelovania axali hipoTezebis Camoyali-
bebisaTvis. rodesac mecnieruli monacemebi ar
adasturebs hipoTezas, mkvlevarma unda gada-
sinjos Tavisi Teoria. amrigad, Teoriasa da
kvlevas Soris mudmivi urTierTqmedebaa.
aRmoCenis etapis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
nawilia kvlevisaTvis saWiro saTanado Rirebu-
lebebi da damokidebuleba. mecniereba moiTxovs
Ria _ kritikul da skeptikur _ damokidebulebas
nebismieri daskvnisadmi manam, sanam is ar aris
miRebuli damoukidebeli mkvlevrebis mier.
Riaoba or mizans emsaxureba. pirveli: WeSmari-
teba absoluturi ar aris, is damokidebulia
garkveul pirobebze da axali monacemebis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi misi gadasinjva SesaZlebeli unda
iyos. meore: Ria orientaciis gamo mkvlevrebi
imisaTvis, rom Teoria damtkicebulad CaiTvalos,
man unda gaiaros mkacri Semowmeba, romlis Sedegi
unda daemTxves damoukidebel eqspertTa Sedegebs.
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Teoria (Theory) _ cnebaTa organizebuli wyeba,
romelic movlenas an movlenaTa erTobliobas
xsnis.
determinizmi (Determinism) _ es doqtrina gu-
lisxmobs, rom yvela movlena _ fizikuri,
fsiqikuri da qceviTi _ ganpirobebulia konkre-
tuli mizezebiT, romelTa dadgena SesaZlebelia.
hipoTeza (Hypothesis) _ Semowmebadi debuleba
mizezebsa da Sedegebs Soris mimarTebis Taobaze,
xSirad is gamoxatulia winaswarmetyvelebis
formiT, konkretul pirobas gansazRvruli Se-
degi mohyveba.
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seriozulad udgebian iseT fenomenebsac ki,
romlebisac Tavad ar sjeraT, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eqstrasensoruli aRqma (Bem, Honorton,
1994).mecnieruli praqtika im monacemebs emyareba,
romlebic gakontrolebuli dakvirvebiTa da
frTxili gazomviTaa miRebuli. mecnierebis
samyaroSi, roca kargi monacemebi eqspertebis
azrs upirispirdeba, sakiTxi monacemebis sasar-
geblod wydeba. saidumloeba gaZevebulia kvle-
vis proceduridan, is Riaa SemowmebisaTvis, anu
sxva mkvlevrebs unda hqondeT SesaZlebloba
Seamowmon, gaakritikon, gaimeoron, an uaryon
monacemebi da meTodebi. monacemebis, Sedegebisa
da monacemebis Segrovebis meTodis aRwera maTgan
gakeTebuli daksvnebisagan calke dgas. samecni-
ero publikaciebSi kvlevis TiToeuli nawili
calke qveTavSia moyvanili da amiT mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavos
obieqturi monacemebi da maTi subieqturi
interpretacia. dabolos, kvleva unda gamo-
qveyndes, radgan kvlevis Sedegebi da monacemebi
ar unda daikargos, Tanac sxva mecnierebs unda
mieceT saSualeba, rom gaimeoron is.
Sejameba
aRmoCenis etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic
mkvlevrebi dakvirvebas, informacias da codnas
iyeneben, raTa axali ideebi da Teoriebi Camoa-
yalibon. fsiqologiuri Teoriebi cdiloben
gaarkvion tvins, fsiqikas, qcevasa da garemos
Soris arsebuli deterministuli mimarTeba.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi mkvlevrebi aRmoCenidan
Teoriebis Semowmebaze gadadian. dasabuTebis
etapi kvlevis is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis
Sesamowmeblad faqtebis mopovebaa saWiro. es
ki sakmaod rTulia. fsiqologebma iseTi mona-
cemebi unda Seagrovon, romlebic validuri
daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas miscemT. amisaT-
vis fsiqologebi iyeneben mokavSires: mecnierul
meTods. mecnieruli meTodi aris monacemTa Seg-
rovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis er-
Toblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli. fsiqologia mecnierebad imdenad
iTvleba, ramdenadac is mecnieruli meTodis
mier damkvidrebul wesebs misdevs.
radganac mecnieruli kvlevis monacmebis
Segrovebisa da maTi analizis fazebze subieq-
turoba minimumamde unda iqnes dayvanili, amitom
obieqturobis gasazrdelad gamoiyeneba specia-
luri damcavi saSualebebi. erT-erT maTgans
axsnac ki ar sWirdeba: mkvlevrebma srulad
unda daafiqsiron monacemTa Segrovebisa da
analizis stadiebi iseTi formiT, rom sxva
mkvlevars maTi gageba da Sefaseba SeeZlos.
amitom jer aRvwerT, ra safrTxe aqvs obieq-
turobas da Semdeg ganvixilavT masTan brZolis
gzebs.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba da
operaciuli gansazRvrebebi
erTi da igive movlenebze dakvirvebisas
adamianebi yovelTvis erTsa da imaves ar „xe-
daven~. am qveTavSi damkvirveblis tendeciuro-
bis problemas da misi gadaWris gzebs ganvixi-
lavT.
obieqturobis sirTule
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba pirovnuli
motivebisa da molodinebisagan gamomdinare
Secdomaa. xSirad adamianebs is esmiT da imas
xedaven, rasac moelian da ara imas, rac sinam-
dvileSi xdeba (ix. sur. 2.1). ganvixiloT damkvir-
veblis tendenciurobis saintereso magaliTi:
XX saukunis dasawyisSi erT-erTma wamyvanma
fsiqologma, hiugo miunsterbergma (Hugo Munster-
berg) mSvidobis Temaze warmoTqva sityva didiauditoriis winaSe, romelSic Jurnalistebic
Sediodnen. man Semdegnairad aRwera Tavisi si-
tyvis gaSuqeba mediaSi:
reportiorebi dauyovnebliv moTavsdnen
platformis garSemo. erT-erTma Jurnalistma
dawera, rom auditoria imdenad iyo gaoce-
buli misi sityviT, rom srul siCumeSi
moismina is. meorem aRniSna, rom Cems gamos-
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vlas gamudmebiT wyvetda mquxare aplodis-
mentebi, xolo sityvis dasrulebisas taSi
wuTebis ganmavlobaSi ar wydebodao; kidev
erTma dawera, rom Cemi oponentis gamosvlisas
gamudmebiT viRimebodio; sxvam ki aRniSna, rom
saxe sruliad uZravi (utyvi) mqonda da er-
Tic ki ar gamiRimiao; erTma miuTiTa, rom
aRelvebisagan Zlierad gavwiTldi, xolo
meorem, rom qaRaldiviT gavTeTrdio (1908, gv.
35-36).
saintereso iqneboda marTlac gvenaxa imdro-
indeli gazeTebi da Segvemowmebina, ra kavSirSi
iyo reportaJebi avtorebis politikur Sexedu-
lebebTan. SesaZloa, maSin mivmxvdariyaviT, ratom
„dainaxes~ Jurnalistebma ase da ara sxvagvarad.
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi damkvirveblebs
Soris sxvaoba iseTi radikaluri ar unda iyos,
rogorc minusterbergis SemTxvevaSi iyo, magram
es magaliTi gvaCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva damkvirve-
belma SesaZloa gansxvavebuli daskvnebi gamoi-
tanos erTi da igive monacemebis safuZvelze.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba filtria, romel-
Sic informaciis nawili mniSvnelovnad iTvle-
ba, xolo danarCenis ugulvebelyofa xdeba,
radgan irelevanturad da uazrodaa miCneuli.
mkvlevrebi xSirad akvirdebian movlenebs.
yovel damkvirvebels Tavisi gamocdileba
Semoaqvs dakvirvebaSi, iseve rogorc simpatiebi
romelime Teoriisadmi. axla xedavT, ratom aCens
problemas damkvirveblis tendenciuroba. ra
SeuZliaT gaakeTon mkvlevrebma am tendenciu-
robis minimumamde dasayvanad?
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde
dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi standartizacias da
operaciul gansazRvrebebs iyeneben. standar-
tizacia niSnavs monacemTa Segrovebis yvela
fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvela-
dasabuTebis etapi (context of justification) _ kvlevis
is fazaa, romelSic hipoTezis SemowmebisaTvis
faqtebia mosapovebeli.
mecnieruli meTodi (Scientific method) _ monacemTa
Segrovebisa da interpretaciis procedurebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac minimumamdea
dayvanili Secdomis wyaro da sando daskvnebia
miRebuli.
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba (observer bias) _
realobis damaxinjeba, romelic damkvirveblis
pirovnuli motivebisa da molodinebisagan
momdinareobs.
suraTi 2.1
damkvirveblis tendenciuroba
Wiqa naxevrad carielia Tu naxevrad savse?
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saTvis saerTo procedurebis gamoyenebas. tes-
tis an eqsperimentis yvela faza standartuli
unda iyos, anu kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa
da imave pirobaSi unda imyofebodes. standarti-
zacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT
da pasuxebs winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT
qulebs. Sedegebis Cawera (dafiqsireba) saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs SevadaroT isini sxva dros da
adgilas, sxva cdis pirebze da sxva mkvlevrebis
mier miRebul monacemebs. Tavad dakvirvebis
procedurac unda iyos standartuli. mecniereb-
ma unda SeZlon TavianTi Teoriebi iseT cnebebad
Targmnon, rom maT SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba
hqondeT. cnebebis mniSvnelobis standartizaciis
strategias operacionalizacia ewodeba. opera-
ciuli gansazRvreba cnebas konkretuli
operaciebis an procedurebis terminebiT gan-
martavs. eqsperimentis yvela cvlads unda
hqondes operaciuli gansazRvreba. cvladi aris
nebismieri faqtori, romelic raodenobrivad
an Tvisebrivad icvleba. stimulis piroba,
romlic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba eqsperimentul garemoSi, aris
damoukidebeli cvladi. nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia, aris damokidebuli
cvladi _ is damokidebulia stimulis pirobebis
cvlaze.
warmovidginoT, rom gvsurs adre moyvanili
hopoTezis Semowmeba: is bavSvebi, romlebic bevr
Zaladobas uyureben telviziiT, ufro agresi-
ulni iqnebian TavianT TanatolebTan. SegiZliaT
dagegmoT eqsperimenti, sadac agresiis siZlieris
manipulirebas moaxdendiT (damoukidebeli
cvladi) da Semdeg naxavT, ra zomiT avlens
bavSvi agresias (damokidebuli cvladi). Tqveni
eqsperimentisaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom orive
cvladis _ sxvadasxva teleprogramaSi arsebuli
Zaladobis raodenoba da Tqveni eqsperimentis
monawileebis mier gamovlenili agresiis zoma
_ operacionalizacia moaxdinoT. ra procedu-
rebi unda gamoiyenoT, rom zustad gazomoT es
ori cvladi?
fsiqologebisaTvis xSirad problemaa zogi-
erTi rTuli cvladis operacionalizacia.
rogor moaxdendiT, vTqvaT, bavSvis mSobelTan
urTierTobis xarisxis operacionalizacias?
(pasuxs me-11 TavSi ixilavT). fsiqologebs, ag-
reTve, iseTi cvladebis operacionalizacia
uxdebaT, romelTa uSualod dakvirveba SeuZ-
lebelia. rogor moaxdenT TviTpativiscemis
operacionalizacias? (ix. Tavi 14). Tu Tqven fsi-
qologi mkvlevari xarT da cvladis operacio-
nalizacia moaxdineT, Tqveni kolegebi SeiZleba
ar dageTanxmon da CaTvalon, rom TviT-
pativiscemis Tqveneuli operacionalizacia ara-
sworia, magram Tu Tqveni operaciuli gansazRv-
reba zustia, maT ecodinebaT, rogor gaimeoron
da Seafason Tqveni Sroma.
eqsperimentuli meTodi:
alternatiuli axsna da
kontrolis saWiroeba
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT iciT, rom ada-
mianebi erTi da igive Sedegis mraval mizezs
dagisaxeleben. fsiqologebi imave problemis
winaSe dganan, roca mizez-Sedegobriobis dad-
genaze aqvT pretenzia. mizez-Sedegobrivi oraz-
rovnebis gadasalaxad mkvlevrebi eqsperimentul
meTods iyeneben. isini damoukidebeli cvladis
manipulirebas axdenen, raTa naxon, ra zemoqm-
edeba eqneba amas damokidebul cvladze. am
meTodis mizania, dadgindes erTi cvladis mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiri meoresTan. am qveTavSi gan-
vixilavT alternatiuli axsnis problemas da
misi gadaWris gzebs.
standartizacia (standardization) _ testSi, inter-viuSi an eqsperimentSi monawilisadmi mopyro-
bis an monacemebis dafiqsirebis unificirebu-
li procedura.
operaciuli gansazRvreba (operational definition)_ axdens cvladis an pirobis definicias kon-
kretuli operaciebis an procedurebis termi-
nebiT.
cvladi (variable) _ nebismieri faqtori, romelic
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba
damoukidebeli cvladi (independent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi stimulis piroba, ro-
melic sxva nebismieri cvladisagan damouki-
deblad icvleba.
damokidebuli cvladi (dependent variable) _
eqsperimentul garemoSi nebismieri cvladi, rom-
lis mniSvneloba erTi an meti damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebis Sedegia.
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obieqturobis sirTule
rodesac fsiqologebi hipoTezas amowmeben,
ukve winaswar aqvT garkveuli warmodgena imaze,
Tu ratom SeiZleba Secvalos damoukidebeli
cvladis cvlilebam damokidebuli cvladi ase
da ara sxvagvarad. magaliTad, SeiZleba iwinas-
warmetyveloT da eqsperimentulad aCvenoT, rom
televiziiT Zaladobis yureba agresiis maRal
dones iwvevs. magram saidan iciT, rom namdvilad
Zaladobis yurebaa agresiis mizezi? hipoTezis
yvelaze Zlieri SesaZlo mizezis dasadgenad
fsiqologebi yovelTvis unda eZebdnen alterna-
tiul axsnebs. SesaZlo Sedegis rac meti alter-
natiuli axsna arsebobs, miT naklebad viqnebiT
darwmunebuli Tavdapirvel varaudSi. Tu kvlevis
procesSi eqsperimentatoris mier specialurad
Semotanili damoukidebeli cvladis garda
raRac sxva ereva da monacemebis interpretacias
arTulebs, mas damatebiTi cvladi ewodeba.
rodesac romelime qcevis efeqtis realur
mizezs damatebiTi cvladi Seereva, eqsperimenta-
toris mier monacemTa interpretacia sarisko
xdeba. warmovidginoT, magaliTad, rom televi-
ziiT naCvenebi Zaladobis scenebi ufro xmamaRla
da meti moZraobiT mimdinareobs, vidre sxva
tipis scenebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, „Zaladobas~
ereva am scenebis sxva, zedapiruli aspeqtebi.
mkvlevars aRar SeuZlia gaarkvios, romeli
faqtori ganapirobebs agresiul qcevas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli eqpserimen-
tuli meTodi potenciurad alternatiul ax-
snaTa unikalur wyebas iwvevs, SegviZlia gan-
vsazRvroT ori tipis damatebiTi cvladi, ro-
melic TiTqmis yvela eqsperimentSi gvxvdeba.
esenia molodinis efeqti da placebo efeqti.
molodinis efeqti Cndeba maSin, roca mkvlevari
Zalauneburad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis
eqsperimentuli meTodi (experimental method) _
kvlevis meTodi, romelic damoukidebeli cvla-
diT manipulacias gulisxmobs, raTa dadgindes
misi efeqti damokidebul cvladze.
damatebiTi cvladi (confounding variable) _ cvladi,
romelic monawilis qcevaze zemoqmedebs
eqsperimentatoris mier Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladis garda.
molodinis efeqti (Expentancy effects) _ Sedegi,romelic maSin Cndeba, roca mkvlevari Zalaune-
burad mianiSnebs monawileebs, ra tipis qcevas
moelis maTgan, riTic mosalodnel reaqcias
iRebs.
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qcevas moelis maTgan, riTic sasurvel reaqcias
iRebs. am dros, gamomwvevi mizezi ara damoukide-
beli cvladi, aramed eqsperimentatoris molo-
dinia.
robert rozentalma (Robert Rothental) molodi-
nis tendenciurobis fenomeni Seiswavla da naxa,
rogor amaxinjebs is kvlevis Sedegebs (Rosental,1966).
saidan
viciT
virTxebi Tqvens molodins gaamarTleben
am saxelmZRvaneloSi fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Sedegebs gagiziarebT. Cveni das-
kvnebi xSirad swored mTels msoflioSi
Catarebuli amgvari kvlevebis Sedegebs
daeyrdnoba. am seqciis mizania gaecnoT
eqsperimentebs, romlebic pirdapir pa-
suxoben konkretul kiTxvebs. TiToeuli
saidan viciT saSualebas gvaZlevs davi-
naxoT kavSiri eqsperimentsa da mignebas
Soris. aq mokled ganvixlavT eqsperiments,
sadac Cans, rogor SeiZleba eqsperimen-
tatorma zemoqmedeba moaxdinos kvlevis
Sedegze. klasikur eqsperimentSi 12 stu-
dents misces virTxebis jgufebi, rom-
lebisTvisac labirinTSi gasvla unda es-
wavlebinaT. studentebis naxevars uTxres,
rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi kargad
gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba, xolo meore
naxevars, rom maTi virTxebi labirinTSi
cudad gamsvlel jiSs miekuTvneba. sinam-
dvileSi, orive jgufisaTvis gadacemuli
virTxebi sruliad erTnairi iyo. Sedegebi
Seesabameboda studentebis molodins. karg
gamsvlelebad dasaxelebuli virTxebi
cud gamsvlelebad dasaxelebul virTxeb-
ze ukeT swavlobdnen (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963).
rogor fiqrobT, rogor Seatyobines studen-
tebma TavianTi molodinebi virTxebs? albaT
xvdebiT, rom saqme kidev ufro rTuladaa, roca
adamianebze vatarebT kvlevas da ara cxovelebze.
molodinis efeqti aRmoCenis Sinaarss amaxin-
jebs.
placebo efeqti maSin Cndeba, roca eqsperi-
mentis monawileebi eqsperimentuli manipula-
ciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas. es termini
medicinidan modis, im SemTxvevebis aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac pacientis janmrTelobis mdgomareoba
qimiurad inertuli wamlis miRebis Semdeg mainc
umjobesdeboda. janmrTelobis mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba xdeba rwmenis gamo, rom mkurnalo-
ba efeqturi iqneba. kvlevebiT aRmoCnda, rom
zogierTma arasamedicino efeqtis mqone mkurna-
lobam pacientTa 70%-Si gamoiwvia placebo efeq-
ti (Roberts et al., 1993).fsiqologiuri kvlevis situaciaSi placebo
efeqti Cndeba yovelTvis, roca qceviT reaqciaze
zemoqmedebas axdens pirovnebis molodini, Tu
ra gaakeTos, an ra igrZnos da ara realuri
gamomwvevi mizezi. gavixsenoT televiziiT
Zaladobis yurebisa da momatebuli agresiis
eqsperimenti. vTqvaT, aRmoCnda, rom im cdis
pirebmac maRali agresia aCvenes, visac ar
uyurebia amgvari gadacemebisaTvis. SeiZleba
vivarudoT, rom es adamianebi xvdebian, rom,
radgan agresiis gamosavlen situaciaSi moa-
Tavses, maTgan agresiis gamovlenas moelian
da amitom iqcevian ase. eqsperimentatorma
yovelTvis unda icodes, rom cdis pirebi
icvlian qcevas, roca ician, rom viRac ucxo
uyurebs, akvirdeba, amowmebs maT. magaliTad,
monawileebi gansakuTrebulad grZnoben Tavs,
roca kvlevaSi monawileobisaTvis SearCeven
da amitom gansxvavebulad iqcevian da ara
Cveulebrivad. amgvari efeqtic moqmedebs
kvlevis Sedegebze.
problemis gadaWris saSualeba
radgan adamianis da cxovelis qceva rTulia
da xSirad mravali gamomwvevi mizezi aqvs, kargi
kvlevis gegma yvela damatebiT cvlads iTva-
liswinebs da maT gauvnebelyofas cdilobs.
aseT strategias kontrolis procedurebi
ewodeba _ meTodebi, romlebiTac mkvlevari
placebo efeqti (Placebo effect) _ maSin Cndeba,
roca eqsperimentis monawileebi eqsperimentu-
li manipulaciis Carevis gareSe icvlian qcevas.
kontrolis procedurebi (Control procedures) _
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac eqsperimenta-
tori cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi
da piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damouki-
debeli cvladisa.
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cdilobs mudmivi hqondes yvela cvladi da
piroba, garda ganzrax Semotanili damoukide-
beli cvladisa. instruqciebi, oTaxis tempera-
tura, davalebebi, eqsperimentatoris Cacmuloba,
gamoyofili dro, monacemTa Caweris xerxi da
situaciis sxva mravali detali eqsperimentis
yvela monawilisaTvis erTnairi unda iyos.
erTaderTi sxvaoba monawilis gamocdilebaSi
unda iyos damoukidebeli cvladis mier Semo-
tanili. vnaxoT, rogor cdiloben fsiqologebi
gadaWran molodinis da placebo efeqtiT
gamowveuli problemebi.
warmoidgineT, rom agresiis eqsperimenti
gaamdidreT da masSi kidev erTi jgufi CarTeT,
romelic komediur gadacemebs uyurebda.
frTxilad unda iyoT, rom, Tqveni molodine-
bidan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulad ar moepyraT
komediis da Zaladobis mayurebel monawileebs.
amdenad, sasurvelia, rom kvlevis asistentma,
romelmac unda Seafasos cdis pirTa agresia,
ar icodes, romel jgufs miekuTvneba cdis piri.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, tendenciurobis aR-
mofxvra SesaZlebelia maSin, roca arc asis-
tents da arc monawileebs ar ecodinebaT,
romel pirobaSi moxvdnen isini. am teqnikas
ormagad brma kontroli ewodeba. mraval
eqsperimentSi monawileobis ufleba ar eZlevaT
maT, visTvisac cnobilia kvlevis hipoTeza.
placebo efeqtis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlev-
rebs kidev erTi sakontrolo piroba SeaqvT
eqsperimentSi, am dros Careva ar xdeba. amas
placebo kontrols vuwodebT. placebo kon-
troli kontrolis zogad kategoriaSi Sedis,
romelic Sedarebis saSualebas aZlevs eqsperi-
mentators. gaixseneT gogonas istoria, ro-
melsac hkiTxes, uyvarda ufrosi da, Tu ara.
man ki upasuxa: „rasTan SedarebiT?~ es kiTxva
unda daisvas da pasuxic unda gqondeT, radgan
sxvagvarad ver gaigebT, ras niSnavs kvlevis
Sedegebi. davuSvaT, gaecaniT kvlevis Sedegebs,
romlis mixedviTac, „mowevis danebebis
msurvelTa 3/4-ze metma nikotinis salbuniT
miaRwia warmatebas~ (Andrews, 1990). ki magram,rasTan SedarebiT? sad aris sakontrolo
jgufi? am kvlevaSi sakontrolo jgufis
wevrebi nikotinis gareSe salbuns atarebdnen
da maTma 39%-ac Tavi daaneba mowevas! metic,
rac ufro didxans atarebdnen isini samedicino
TvalsazrisiT absoluturad usargeblo
salbuns, miT ufro meti albaTobiT anebebden
Tavs mowevas (Abelin et al., 1989). amrigad, nikotinissalbuni efeqturi saSualeba aRmoCnda, magram
misi zemoqmedebis naxevari placebo efeqtis
damsaxurebaa, radgan mwevlebs molodini
hqondaT, rom es salbuni maT uSvelidaT. sakon-
trolo pirobaSi miRebuli monacemebi mniSvne-
lovan safuZvels gvaZlevs, romelsac eq-
sperimentis efeqts vadarebT.
kvlevis zogierT sqemaSi, romelsac cdis
pirTa Soris sqemas uwodeben, cdis pirebs Sem-
TxveviTad anawileben eqsperimentul (erTi an
meti eqsperimentuli CareviT) da sakontrolo
(eqsperimentuli Carevis gareSe) pirobebSi. cdis
pirebis SemTxveviTi ganawileba erT-erTi yvela-
ze efeqturi saSualebaa im damatebiTi cvla-
debis aRmosafxvrelad, romlebic cdis pirebs
Soris arsebuli individualuri gansxvavebebis
gamo iCens Tavs. swored amgvar sqemas vgulis-
xmobdiT agresiis eqsperimentSi. eqsperimentul
da sakontrolo pirobaSi cdis pirebis Sem-
TxveviTi ganawileba imis did Sanss gvaZlevs,
rom orive jgufSi msgavsi cdis pirebi mox-
vdebian, radgan SemTxveviTi ganawilebisas
TiToeul cdis pirs rogorc sakontrolo, aseve
eqsperimentul jgufSi moxvedris erTi da igive
albaToba aqvs. aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gamova ise,
rom eqsperimentul jgufSi mxolod Zaladobis
scenebis moyvaruli cdis pirebi moxvdebian
da sakontroloSi _ Zaladobis scenebis moZule
cdis pirebi. SemTxveviTma ganawilebam orive
tipis adamiani unda moaxvedros TiToeul
jgufSi. Tu Sedegad jgufebis Sedegebs Soris
sxvaobas miviRebT, ufro darwmunebuli viqnebiT,
rom am sxvaobas Cveni Careva iwvevs da ara
cdis pirebs Soris gansxvaveba.
ormagad brma kontroli (Double-blind control) _eqsperimentuli teqnika, romelic saSualebas
gvaZlevs Tavidan aviciloT eqsperimentatoris
molodinis efeqti imiT, rom arc asistentma da
arc monawileebma ar ician, romel pirobaSi
moxvdnen isini.
placebo kontroli (Placebo control) _ eqsperimen-tuli pirobaa, rodesac Careva ar xdeba da im
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca placebo efeqtis
saSiSroeba Cndeba.
cdis pirTa Soris sqema (between subjects design) _cdis pirebs SemTxveviTad anawileben eqsperimen-
tul da sakontrolo pirobebSi.
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mkvlevrebi cdiloben SemTxveviT SerCevas
miuaxlovdnen, roca cdis pirebs kvlevaSi
monawileobis misaRebad iwveven. Cveulebriv,
fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi 20-dan 100-mde cdis
piri monawileobs. SerCevaze miRebul Sedegebs
ki mkvlevari im populaciaze azogadebs, saidanc
miiRo es SerCeva. davuSvaT, gsurT SeamowmoT
hipoTeza, rom 6 wlis bavSvebi ufro mets
ityuebian, vidre 4 wlisebi. kvlevaSi msoflios
am asakis bavSvTa mxolod mcire nawils Tu
CarTavT, margam ganzogadebis gasakeTeblad
darwmunebuli unda iyoT, rom Tqvens mier
SerCeuli bavSvTa jgufebi nebismieri SemTxveviT
SerCeuli jgufis Sesabamisi iqneba. SerCeva
populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is imeorebs
populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa,
magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva. SerCevaSi
mxolod biWebi rom gyavdeT, ufleba ar geqnebaT,
rom gogonebze gaakeToT daskvna da a. S.
eqsperimentuli sqemis kidev erTi tipia cdis
pirebs SigniT sqema _ aq TiToeuli cdis piri
sakuTari Tavis kontrolia. magaliTad, SeiZleba
erTmaneTs SevadaroT cdis pirTa qceva Carevamde
da Carevis Semdeg. A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebijer xvdebian safuZvlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg
eqsperimentul CarevaSi (B), xolo Semdeg isev
ubrundebian safuZvlis pirobas (A). ukan,
safuZvlis pirobaSi dabruneba mkvlevars
saSualebas aZlevs sabolood darwmundes, rom
cvlileba mxolod misi Carevis da ara romelime
damatebiTi cvladis, magaliTad, drois gasvlis,
Sedegia.
suraTi 2.3
anonimurobiT gamowveuli agresia
anonimurobis efeqti mniSvnelovania: erTi da igive
bavSvebi bevrad maRal agresias avlenen anonimur
pirobebSi, vidre manam da Semdeg araanonimur
pirobebSi.
SerCeva (Sample) _ populaciis nawili, romelic
eqsperimentSi monawileobisaTvis gadaarCies.
populacia (Population) _ individTa sruli er-
Toblioba, romelzec, eqsperimentul SerCevaze
dayrdnobiT, generalizacia keTdeba.
reprezentatuli SerCeva (representative sample) _SerCeva populaciis reprezentatulia, Tu is
imeorebs populaciis zogad maxasiaTeblebs, ro-
gorebicaa, magaliTad, sqesi, asaki da sxva.
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema (within subjects design) _kvlevis sqema, sadac TiToeuli cdis piri sa-
kuTari Tavis kontrolia. cdis piris eqsperi-
mentul pirobaSi qceva SeiZleba SevadaroT
missave qcevas am pirobamde, an mis Semdeg.
A-B-A sqemaSi cdis pirebi jer xvdebian safuZ-
vlis pirobaSi (A), Semdeg eqsperimentul Care-
vaSi (B), xolo Semdeg ubrundebian safuZvlis
pirobas.
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saidan
viciT
bavSvebis agresiuli TamaSi A-B-AsqemaSi
amgvari sqema iyo gamoyenebuli kvlevaSi,
sadac fsiqologs Semdegi hipoTezis Se-
mowmeba surda: Tu bavSvebs ecodinebaT,
rom anonimurebi arian, isini ufro advi-
lad gamoavlenen agresiul qcevas. skolis
moswavleebi dapatiJes maskaradze, iseT
wveulebaze, sadac yvela specialur kos-
tiumSi gadacmuli modioda. bavSvebs mra-
valgvar TamaSs sTavazobdenen. rig maTgans
agresiuli qcevis gamowveva SeeZlo, rigs
_ araagresiulis. safuZvlis pirobaSi (A)
bavSvebi kostiumebis gareSe TamaSobdnen,
Carevis pirobaSi (B) kostiumebi Caicves
da Tavisi surviliT irCevdnen TamaSebs.
bolos, safuZvlis pirobaSi (A) dabru-nebisas, maT kostiumebi kvlav gaxades,
oRond TamaSis gagrZeleba SeeZloT.
rogorc 2.2 suraTze xedavT, Sedegebma
daadastura kvlevis hipoTeza. bavSvebi
bevrad ufro agresiulad iqceodnen, roca
anonimurebi iyvnen (B) (Fraser, 1974).
aqamde aRweril kvleviT meTodologiebSi
damoukidebeli cvladiT manipulireba da damo-
kidebul cvladze misi efeqtis gazomva xdeboda.
marTalia, eqsperimentuli meTodi saSualebas
aZlevs mkvlevrebs cvladebs Soris kauzaluri
kavSiris Sesaxeb daskvna gamoitanon, zogierT
situaciaSi am meTodis gamoyeneba arc ise sa-
survelia. upirveles yovlisa, qcevas xSirad
xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi swavloben, raTa
advilad gaakontrolon yovelgvari situaciuri
faqtori, samagierod, xSirad aseTi situacia
realurisagan sakmaod Sors dgas. kritikosebis
azriT, gakontrolebul eqsperimentul piro-
bebSi kvlevisas qcevis mTeli simdidre da
mravalferovneba ikargeba, radgan is mxolod
erTi, an mcire raodenobiT cvladis da reaqciis
gamartivebul kvlevas ewireba. meore, cdis
pirebma ician, rom eqsperimentSi monawileoben
da maT cdian da zomaven. isini cdiloben imgvari
reagireba moaxdnon, rogoric eqsperimentators
esiamovneba da, saerTod, maTi qceva gansxvave-
buli iqneba Cveulisagan, radgan ician, rom sxva
akvirdebaT. mesame, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebi, romelTa gamoc eqsperimentis
Catareba SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, ver
vikvlevT, memkvidreobiT gadaecema Tu ara bavSvis
Cagvris tendencia, radgan daCagruli bavSvebis
eqsperimentuli jgufi da aradaCagrulebis
sakontrolo jgufi unda gvqondes. Semdeg
qveTavSi kvlevis iseT meTods ganvixilavT,
romelic xSirad awydeba amgvar problemebs.
korelaciis meTodi
kavSirSia inteleqti kreatulobasTan?
optimistebi ufro janmrTelebi arian Tu
pesimistebi? aris kavSiri bavSvobaSi Cagvris
gancdasa da Semdeg fsiqikuri daavadebis gaCenas
Soris? es kiTxvebi iseT cvladebs moicavs,
romlebiT manipulirebas fsiqologi ase mar-
tivad ver moaxerxebs, Tanac aq eTikuri mosaz-
rebebic erTveba. amitom, amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxis
gasacemad iyeneben korelaciis meTods. fsiqo-
logebi korelaciis meTodebs iyeneben, roca
surT gansazRvron, ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ori cvladi.
or cvlads Soris korelaciis ufro zustad
gansazRvrisaTvis fsiqologebi iyeneben statis-
tikur sazoms, romelsac korelaciis
koeficienti ewodeba (r). korelaciis koeficienti
icvleba +1-dan _1-mde, sadac +1 aris sruli
dadebiTi korelacia, _1 _ sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia, xolo 0 niSnavs, rom korelacia ar
arsebobs. dadebiTi korelaciis koeficienti
niSnavs, rom, Tu izrdeba erTi cvladis
maCveneblebi, izrdeba meore cvladis maCveneb-
lebic. uaryofiTi korelacia niSnavs, rom erTi
cvladis maCveneblebis zrdas meore cvladis
maCveneblebis Semcireba mohyveba (ix. sur. 2.3).
nulTan axlos myofi korelacia niSnavs, rom
ori sazomis qulebs Soris susti kavSiria, an
is saerTod ar aris. rac ufro uaxlovdeba
korelaciis koeficienti 1-s, miT ufro Zlieria
korelaciis meTodi (correlational method) _ gan-
sazRvravs, Tu ra zomiTaa erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuli ori cvladi.
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)_ statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris kav-
Siris xarisxs aCvenebs.
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kavSiri or cvlads Soris. magaliTad, Tu
mkvlevari ikvlevs muSakis produqtulobasa da
stress Soris kavSirs, man unda gazomos, ra
zomis stress ganicdian adamianebi cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi da rogor aisaxeba es maT mu-
Saobaze. operaciulad stresi SeiZleba ganvsa-
zRvroT, rogorc stresis kiTxvarze miRebuli
qula, xolo produqtuloba, rogorc produq-
ciis, saqonlis is raodenoba, romelsac adamiani
dReSi amzadebs. Semdeg mkvlevari am cvladebs
mraval adamianze gazomavs da maT Soris
korelaciis koeficients gamoTvlis. Zlieri
uaryofiTi korelacia imis maCvenebli iqneba,
rom stresis zrdas produqtulobis Semcireba
moyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu mkvlevarma icis
romelime adamianis stresis qula, mas SeuZlia
iwinaswarmetyvelos misi produqtuloba.
mkvlevarma SeiZleba kidev erTi nabiji
gadadgas da Tqvas, rom stresis Semcireba
produqtulobis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. amgvari
daskvna arasworia. Zlieri korelacia mxolod
imas miuTiTebs, rom monacemTa ori jgufi sis-
tematuradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, magram
ar gveubneba, rom erTi cvladi iwvevs meores.
korelacia mizez-Sedegobrioba ar aris. kore-
laciam SeiZleba asaxos SesaZlo mizez-Sedegob-
rivi efeqtidan nebismieri, an arc erTi. magali-
Tad, stressa da produqtulobas Soris arse-
buli uaryofiTi korelacia SeiZleba niSnavdes,
rom (1) saxlSi gancdili stresis gamo adamianebi
uaresad muSaoben, (2) dabali produqutuloba
iwvevs stress adamianebSi, (3) garkveuli tipis
adamianebi ufro metad ganicdian stress da
uaresad muSaoben. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi mesame cvladi iwvevs
danarCen ors. dabolos, davuSvaT, rom axali
teqnologiis gamo samsaxurSi bevrad meti xma-
uria, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro met stress
(radganac adamianebi ver axdenen koncentracias)
da ufro dabal produqtulobas iwvevs (radgan
TanamSromlebi erTmaneTTan ver urTierToben).
korelacia isev darCeba, magram mizez-Sedegob-
rioba ki _ aRar.
korelacia, SesaZloa mcdari iyos, radgan
mkvlevarma saTanado sakontrolo Sedarebebi
ar ganaxorciela. ganvixiloT savaraudo kavSiri
1965 wels niu iorkSi momxdar sinaTlis Caqro-
basa da cxra Tvis Semdeg Sobadobis maCveneblis
zrdas Soris. `niu iorkelebi Zalian romanti-
ulebi arian, es sanTlis arqonis gamo moxda~,
_ Tqva erT-erTma mamam. saxelmwifo moxelem ki
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi korelaciebi
es warmosaxviTi monacemebi dadebiT da uaryofiT
korelaciebs Soris sxvaobas aCvenebs. TiToeuli wer-
tili erT fexburTels asaxavs. (a) zogadad, rac ufromet burTs gaitans fexburTeli, miT met fuls gamoi-
muSavebs. ese igi, am or cvlads Soris dadebiTi
korelaciaa. (b) uaryofiTi korelaciis magaliTi. rac
ufro nakleb jarimas daimsaxurebs fexburTeli, miT
met fuls gamoimuSavebs.
suraTi 2.4
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es faqti amgvarad axsna: „im saRamos seqsis
Canacvlebis yvela saSualeba _ Teatri, saloni,
Sexvedra, kartis TamaSi _ moispo da sxva raRa
darCenodaT?~ („niu iork Taimsi~, 8/11/1966). msgavsi
korelaciaa aRmoCenili, agreTve, qariSxlis da
sxva bunebrivi katastrofebis Semdeg. „miwis-
Zvram SeiZleba Sobadobis afeTqeba gamoiwvios~,
_ werda san francisko qronikli (Chen, 1990),
magram Tu ar davizarebT da am Sedegebs Soba-
dobis sezonur maCveneblebs SevadarebT,
aRmoCndeba, rom korelacia mizez-Sedegobriobad
SeniRbuli damTxveva aRmoCndeba. anu, sezonsa
da Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris namdvilad aris
korelacia da swored esaa katastrofasa da
Sobadobis maCvenebels Soris korelaciis sakon-
trolo piroba. naTelia, rom korelaciis
Sedegebs imave sifrTxliT unda movekidoT,
rogorc eqsperimentis meTodis gamoyenebisas
miRebul Sedegebs.
ar gvinda iseTi STabeWdileba dagrCeT, TiT-
qos korelaciis meTodi usargebloa. wignSi
xSirad SevxvdebiT korelaciur kvlevebs, rom-
lebmac mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi Semates fsi-
qologias. madaze mosayvanad kidev erT magaliTs
gTavazobT:
saidan
viciT
biWebis cudi yofaqcevis saTaveebi
garemos romeli faqtorebi xsnis, Tu
ratom avlenen zogierTi 5 wlis asakis
biWebi problemur qcevas, xolo sxvebi ara?
mkvlevarTa gundis azriT, amgvari sxvaobis
safuZvlebi, nawilobriv, da-Zmebs Soris
destruqciul konfliqtSi unda veZeboT
(Garcia et al., 2000). maTi azriT, da-ZmebTan
gancdili konfliqtis done ganamtkicebs
sxva situaciebSi gamovlenil agresiul
qcevas. am mizniT, mkvlevrebma videokameriT
gadaiRes 180 biWis da-ZmasTan TamaSi. es
TamaSebi da-Zmebs Soris konfliqtis
raodenobisa da intensiurobis mxriv
Seafases. korelaciurma analizma daadas-
tura varaudi, rom da-ZmasTan konfliqtis
maRali donis mqone biWebi ufro metad
avlendnen agresiul da destruqciul
qcevas.
xedavT, ratomaa saWiro korelaciuri kvlevis
gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi? jgufebSi SemTxve-
viTad ver gaanawilebT bavSvebs, romlebsac cota
an bevri konfliqti aqvT da-ZmasTan, unda
daicadoT da mxolod Semdeg dainaxavT, gamov-
lindeba Tu ara raime sxvaoba situaciebs Soris.
qvezRurblovani zemoqmedeba
am qveTavis dasasruls gTavazobT imis
konkretul magaliTs, Tu rogor gamoiyenes
fsiqologiuri kvleva reklamis gamomSvebTa
saqmianobis Sesafaseblad, romlebsac didi
survili aqvT dagarwmunoT, rom maTi produqcia
saukeTesoa. albaT, SegxvedriaT qvezRurblovani
reklamebi, romlebic gpirdebian, rom amieridan
Tqveni cxovreba sruliad Seicvleba. erTi
reklama ukeTes seqsualur cxovrebas gpirdebaT,
meore _ dabali TviTSefasebis swraf gazrdas
gTavazobT, mesame _ wonis swraf da efeqtur
daklebas, rogor? Zalian martivad, gamudmebiT
unda usminoT kasetas, romelzec „qviSian napirze
okeanis talRebis nazi Sxapunis xmaa~ Cawerili.
qvezRurblovan zemoqmedebas xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom es praqti-
kulad xriki iyo, 1957 wels Catarebulma gamokv-
levam didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia presis furcleb-
ze. qvezRurblovani reklamis „gamomgonebeli~
amtkicebda, rom kinofilmis msvlelobisas ekran-
ze gaelvebulma warweram „iyideT batibuti!~
58%-iT meti batibutis gayidva gamoiwvia (Rogers,1993). uol stritis JurnalSi ewera, rom niu
orleanis supermarketma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira
qurdoba sistemaSi Semdegi qvezRurblovani
teqstis ganTavsebiT: „Tu moviparav, cixeSi Cav-
jdebi~. ohaios StatSi, toledoSi Catarebulma
satelefono gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom gamoki-
Txuli 400 mozardis 75%-s sjera, rom qvezRur-
blovani reklama warmatebiT gamoiyeneba mar-
ketingis specialistebis mier. rac ufro metad
ganaTlebulni iyvnen respondentebi, miT ufro
metad sjerodaT maT qvezRurblovani reklamis.
axla ukve gaqvT sakmarisi codna, rom
upasuxoT kiTxvas: namdvilad zemoqmedebs qve-
zRurblovani kasetebi fsiqikur mdgomareobasa
da qcevaze? pasuxs Cven mier aRwerili eqsperi-
mentuli meTodis saSualebiT gavcemT (ix. sur.
2.5).
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suraTi 2.5
saidan
viciT
qvezRurblovani efeqtis Sefaseba
mkvlevarTa gundma gadawyvita mexsiere-
bis da TviTSefasebis gaumjobesebaze
qvezRurblovani teqstis mosmenis efeqti
Seefasebina. kvlevaSi 18-dan 60 wlamde 237
qali da mamakaci monawileobda. jer maT
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba Seumowmes
saTanado testebis da kiTxvarebis meSve-
obiT da Semdeg SemTxveviTad gaanawiles
or jgufSi. erT jgufs moasmenines
mexsierebis kaseta, meores _ TviTSefasebis.
isini regularulad usmendnen kasetebs 5
kviris ganmavlobaSi da Semdeg laborato-
rias daubrundnen, rom xelmeored gae-
zomaT maTi mexsiereba (oTxi testiT) da
TviTSefaseba (sami skaliT). mkvlevrebma
ar icodnen (brma sqema), romeli cdis piri
romel pirobaSi moxvda (Greenwald et al., 1991).am gakontrolebuli eqsperimentis Se-
degebi miuTiTebs, rom arc TviTSefaseba
da arc mexsiereba sandod ar gaumjobe-
sebula, Tumca gaCnda erTi, Zalian Zlieri
efeqti: placebo efeqti _ cdis pirebi
moelodnen, rom maT daexmarebodnen.
mkvlevrebma gaiTvaliswines es efeqti da
kidev erTi damoukidebeli cvladi daama-
tes. orive jgufis cdis pirTa naxevars
mexsierebis kasetaze arasworad ewera
„TviTSefaseba~, xolo TviTSefasebis kase-
taze „mexsiereba~. cdis pirebs sjerodaT,
rom TviTSefaseba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu
Sesabamisi warweris mqone kasetas mous-
mendnen da mexsiereba gaumjobesdeboda,
Tu kasetebs eqnebodaT warwera „mexsiere-
ba~, Tumca sinamdvileSi, isini sxva kasetas
usmendnen!
es daxvewili eqsperimenti sakmod konkretuli
rCevis micemis saSualebas gvaZlevs: nu daxar-
javT fuls tyuilad, qvezRurblovani kasetebi
placebo efeqtis garda arafers gvTavazobs.
`fsiqologia da cxovrebis~ mniSvnelovani miza-
nia myar eqsperimentul meTodebze damyarebuli
amgvari konkretuli daskvnebi mogawodoT.
es eqsperimenti, agreTve, specifikur magaliTs
gaZlevT cvladebis im tipebis Sesaxeb, romleb-
sac fsiqologebi zomaven. am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvqonda cdis pirebis rwmenasTan, rom maTi
mexsiereba da TviTSefaseba gaizrdeboda. Sem-
qvezRurblovani kasetebis efeqturobis Sesamowmebeli
kvlevis eqsperimentuli gegma
eqsperimentis am gamartivebul versiaSi SerCeva populaciidanaa gakeTebuli.
cdis pirebs jer winaswar uzomaven damoukidebel cvlads, Semdeg
SemTxveviTad anawileben jgufebSi, sadac isini usmenen mexsierebis, an
TviTSefasebis teqstis Semcvel qvezRurblovan kasetas. Semdeg maT kvlav
uzomaven saTanado Tvisebebs, raTa ipovon raime Sresazlo cvlileba
damokidebul cvladSi; mexierebasa da TviTSefasebaSi. kvlevam qve-
zRurblovani darwmunebis sando zemoqmedeba ver aRmoaCina.
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deg qveTavSi ufro zogadad ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor zomaven fsiqologebi gamocdilebis
sxvadasxva ganzomilebas da mniSvnelovan pro-
cesebs.
Sejameba
kvlevis procesis meore fazaa dasabuTeba.
amisaTvis fsiqologebi mecnierul meTods
iyeneben. damkvirveblis tendenciuroba daZ-
leulia, roca monacemTa Segrovebis procedu-
rebis standartizacia da cnebebis operaciuli
gansazRvra xdeba. eqsperimentuli meTodi
mkvlevrebs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kvlevis
saSualebas aZlevs.
agreTve, mkvlevrebma unda gaacnobieron
alternatiuli axsnis arsebobis faqtic, ro-
goricaa molodinis da placebo efeqtebi. myari
daskvnebis misaRebad isini iseT procedurebs
iyeneben, rogoricaa: ormagad brma kontroli
da placebos kontroli. cdis pirTa Soris sqemis
dros jgufebSi cdis pirTa SemTxveviT
ganawileba kontrolis mniSvnelovani iaraRia
da sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebs
Soris msgavsebis garantias gvaZlevs. cdis pir-
Ta SigniT sqema moicavs A-B-A sqemas, sadac
monawileebi sakuTari Tavis kontrolad gamod-
gebian. mkvlevrebi korelaciis meTodebs iye-
neben, raTa gansazRvron, ra zomiT arian erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli cvladebi. korelaciis
mniSvnelovani SezRudva isaa, rom is ar gu-
lisxmobs mizez-Sedegobriobas. eqsperimentuli
meTodebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT realuri sam-
yaros zemoqmedebis SeswavlisaTvis, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, qvezRurblovani kasetebis
efeqti.
fsiqologiuri gazomva
radgan fsiqologiuri procesebi mravalfe-
rovani da rTulia, maTi gazomva siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qceva advilad dak-
virvebadia, xolo sxvebi, magaliTad, SfoTva
da sizmari _ ara. amdenad, mkvlevris erT-
erTi amocanaa uxilavi xiluli gaxados, Sina-
gani movlenebi da procesebi _ garegani, xolo
piradi gamocdileba _ sazogado. Tqven ukve
naxeT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania sakvlevi feno-
menis operaciuli gansazRvreba. es gansazR-
vrebebi im proceduras gvaZlevs, romliTac
xdeba sxvadasxva donis, zomis, intensiurobis
an raodenobis cvladisaTvis raodenobrivi
mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba. arsebobs gazomvis
mravali meTodi, yovel maTgans Tavisi upi-
ratesobani da nakli gaaCnia.
fsiqologiuri gazomvis ganxilvas gazomvis
sizustis or indikators Soris gansxvavebis
ganxilviT viwyebT, esenia sandooba da vali-
doba. Semdeg ganvixilavT monacemTa Segrovebis
sxvadasxva teqnikas. rogorc ar unda agro-
vebdes fsiqologi monacemebs, hipoTezis Se-
samowmeblad igi saTanado statistikur mona-
cemebs unda iyenebdes. statistikur damatebaSi
aRwerilia, Tu rogor aanalizeben fsiqologebi
monacemebs. statistikuri damateba am TavTan
erTad unda ganixiloT.
sandooba da validoba
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da
validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba niSnavs
fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli
kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli qcevis monacemebis
Sesabamisobas da sarwmunoebas. sando Sedegi
sxva dros, msgavs pirobebSi Semowmebisas unda
gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti sandoa, misi
ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda
miviRoT. ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelmac
aCvena, rom qvezRurblovani kasetebi mxolod
placebo efeqts iZleva. am eqsperimentSi 237
cdis piri iyo. eqsperimentatoris pretenzia,
rom Sedegi sandoa, niSnavs, rom daaxloebiT
igive zomis jgufze eqsperimentis gameorebis
Semdeg msgavsi Sedegebi unda miviRoT.
validoba niSnavs, rom kvleva an testireba
im fsiqologiur cvlads an Tvisebas zomavs,
romlis gazomvasac apirebda. magaliTad, bed-
nierebis validuri sazomi saSualebas unda
gvaZlevdes viwinaswarmetyveloT, ramdenad bed-
nieri iqnebiT Tqven ama Tu im situaciaSi. va-
liduri eqsperimenti niSnavs, rom mkvlevars
ganzogadebis gakeTeba SeuZlia, anu Sedegebis
gavrcoba laboratoriidan realur samyaroze.
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rodesac kasetebis eqsperimentze dayrdnobiT
rCeva mogeciT, vicodiT, rom kvlevis Sedegebi
validuria. SesaZloa eqsperimenti da testi
sando iyos, magram ara _ validuri. magaliTad,
Tqveni bednierebis maCveneblad SegviZlia
Tqveni fexsacmlis zoma gamoviyenoT. es sazomi
sando iqneba (yovelTvis igive pasuxs miviRebT),
magram ara validuri. SeecadeT sandoobis da
validobis TvalsazrisiT SeafasoT is sazo-
mebi, romlebsac am wignSi SexvdebiT.
TviTangariSi
mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT imgvari
gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver
daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi
(attitudes), Sexedulebebi. SesaZloa, es gamocdi-
leba garegani qcevac iyos, magram fsiqologi
mainc ver daakvirdes mas, magaliTad, seqsua-
luri aqtivoba an kriminaluri qceva. aseT
SemTxvevebSi kvlevebi TviTangariSs (self-report
measures) eyrdnoba. es aris mkvlevris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze miRebuli werilobiTi an
zepiri verbaluri pasuxebi. arsebobs amgvari
Sefasebebis raodenobrivi saxiT gadmocemis
sando xerxebi. ase rom, fsiqologebs SeuZliaT
sxvadasxva adamianis pasuxebi Seadaron
erTmaneTs.
TviTangariSi intervius dros an kiTxvarze
miRebul pasuxebs gulisxmobs. kiTxvari an
anketa kiTxvebis werilobiTi krebulia. ki-
Txvebis Sinaarsi SeiZleba iyos: faqtobrivi
(„Tqven amomrCeveli xarT?~); warsuli an awmyo
qcevis Sesaxeb (ramdens eweviT?); damokidebu-
lebebisa da grZnobebis Sesaxeb („ramdenad
gakmayofilebT Tqveni samuSao?~). Ria kiTxvebi
saSualebas aZlevs respondents Tavisuflad,
sakuTari sityvebiT gasces pasuxi SekiTxvas.
arsebobs, agreTve, daxuruli kiTxvebi, sadac
pasuxis variantebi mocemulia, magaliTad, diax,
ara, ar vici.
interviu aris mkvlevarsa da individs Soris
dialogi detaluri informaciis miRebis mizniT.
mTlianad standartizebuli kiTxvarisagan
gansxvavebiT, interviu interaqtiulia. intervi-
uerma SeiZleba Secvalos kiTxvebi imisda
mixedviT, Tu ras pasuxobs respondenti. kargi
interviuerebi socialuri interaqciis pro-
cessac iTvaliswineben da amyareben raports
_ dadebiT socialur urTierTobas responden-
tTan, romelic ndobas da piradi informaciis
gaziarebis survils iwvevs.
mkvlevrebi sakuTari TviTangariSis mraval-
gvar sazoms iyeneben. maT umetesobas ver
gamoviyenebT patara bavSvebTan, wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar zrdasrulebTan, sxva enaze mola-
parakeebTan, gonebrivad CamorCenil adamianebTan
da cxovelebTan, xolo iq, sadac maTi gamoyeneba
SeiZleba, SesaZloa gaCndes sandoobis da
validobis problema. monawileebma SeiZleba
ver gaigon kiTxvebi an zustad ver gaixsenon
TavianTi warsuli gamocdileba. ufro metic,
sakuTari Tavis Sefasebaze, SesaZloa, imoqmedos
socialuri sasurvelobis efeqtma. rodesac
adamiani araswor pasuxs iZleva, raTa sakuTar
Tavze sasurveli (xandaxan arasasurveli) STa-
beWdileba Seqmnas, mas SeiZleba moeridos nam-
dvili grZnobebis gamoxatva. Tu respondentebma
ician intervius an kiTxvaris mizani, maT
sandooba (reliability) _ xarisxi, romliTac testi
msgavs Sedegebs iZleva yoveli gamoyenebisas,
instrumentis gamoyenebiT miRebuli qulebis
stabiluroba da Sesabamisoba
validoba (validity) _ testi zustad imas zomavs,ris gazomvasac apirebda.
TviTangariSi (self-report measures) _ adamianis miersakuTar Tavze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi.
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SeiZleba tyuili Tqvan, raTa miiRon samuSao,
gamovidnen saavadmyofodan an raime sxva mizans
miaRwion. intervius situacia, aseve, imis saSua-
lebas iZleva, rom tendenciurobam da mikerZoe-
bulobam gavlena moaxdinos interviueris mier
dasmul kiTxvebze da respondentis mier
gacemul pasuxebze.
qcevis dakvirveba da gazomva
fsiqologebs qcevaTa farTo speqtri ain-
teresebT. isini swavloben virTxis labirin-
TSi gavlas; bavSvs, romelic suraTs xatavs;
students, romelic leqss izepirebs, an muSas,
romelic raRac davalebas asrulebs. qcevis
sazomi garegan, dakvirvebad da dafiqsirebad
qcevebs da reaqciebs swavlobs.
qcevis Seswavlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi gzaa
dakvirveba. dakvirveba unda iyos dagegmili,
zusti da sistematuri. dakvirveba fokusirdeba
qcevis procesze an produqtze. magaliTad,
daswavlis eqsperimentSi mkvlevari akvirdeba
ramdenjer imeorebs cdis piri sityvebis Camo-
naTvals (procesi) da Semdeg ramden sityvas
aRadgens igi (produqti). uSualo dakvirve-
bisaTvis sakvlevi qceva advilad dasanaxi da
Casaweri unda iyos. magaliTad, emociebis
laboratoriul eqsperimentSi vakvirdebiT cdis
piris saxis gamometyvelebas, rodesac is
emociis gamomwvev stimuls xedavs.
uSualo dakvirvebas xSirad teqnikas axmaren.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove fsiqologebi xSirad
iyeneben kompiuterebs, raTa zustad gazomon
is dro, romelic kvlevis monawileebs sWir-
debaT, raTa sxvadasxva davaleba Seasrulon,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, winadadebis wakiTxva,
an problemis gadaWra. marTalia, zusti ga-
zomvis zogi forma kompiuteris gaCenamdec ar-
sebobda, kompiuterebi araCveulebrivi moqni-
lobis saSualebas iZleva zusti informaciis
Segrovebisa da analizisaTvis. mesame TavSi
uaxloes teqnologiebs aRvwerT, romlebic
saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs qcevis Rirs-
SesaniSnavi gazomva ganaxorcielon da naxon,
rogor muSaobs tvini.
bunebrivi dakvirvebis dros mkvlevari bu-
nebrivad gaCenil qcevas akvirdeba, magram ar
ereva masSi. magaliTad, mkvlevari SeiZleba
calmxrivi sarkidan akvirdebodes bavSvebis
TamaSs, romlebmac ar ician, rom maT uyureben.
adamianis qcevis zogierTi saxis Seswavla mxo-
lod bunebrivi dakvirvebiTaa SesaZlebeli,
radgan araeTikuri an arapraqtikuli iqneba
sxvagvarad moqceva. magaliTad, araeTikuri
iqneba bavSvi mkacri deprivaciis pirobebSi
movaTavsoT, raTa bavSvis Semdgom ganviTarebaze
misi zemoqmedeba SeviswavloT.
laboratoriaSi qcevis Seswavlisas mkvle-
vari ver dainaxavs, Tu ra xangrZlivi efeqti
aqvs adamianis bunebriv garemos misi qcevis
rTuli paternis formirebaze. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis erT-erTi yvelaze Rirebuli magaliTia
jein gudalis (Jane Goodall) Sroma (1986-1990; Pater-
son and Goodall, 1993). gudali 30 wlis manZilze
swavlobda Simpanzeebis qcevas afrikaSi, tan-
ganikis tbaze. igi aRniSnavs, rom 10 weliwadSi
rom daemTavrebina Sroma, rogorc amas Tav-
dapirvelad apirebda, swor daskvnebs ver gaa-
keTebda:
Simpanzeebis da adamianebis qcevaSi mra-
val saerTos davinaxavdiT, magram dagv-
rCeboda STabeWdileba, rom Simpanzeebi
bevrad ufro mSvidobiani arsebebi arian,
vidre adamianebi. vinaidan kvleva pirveli
dekadis Semdegac gavagrZeleT, SevZeliT
qcevis gazomva (Behavioral measures) _ garegani qce-vebi da reaqciebi, romlebsac akvirdebian da
iweren, eqskluziuri an TviTangariSiT aRwerili
qceva.
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dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-
fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-
li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-
genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-
uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-
rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-
lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-
rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-
liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-
las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-
keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-
menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-
leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,
rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-
logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-
qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-
sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-
lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-
neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-
gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-
wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-
formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-
wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-
leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-
taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT.
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riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-
lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-
mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-
deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-
RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-
reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
ganzrax motyueba
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli
informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-
medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-
qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-
Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-
ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac
axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-
sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,
eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-
Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
et al., 1988).miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-
kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-
nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
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lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev
mcdarad miaCniaT, rom „homo sapiensis sxva qmni-
lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-
bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben „la-
boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-
nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-
velebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-
rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-
gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,
rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-
virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-
lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-
kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-
nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-
lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-
vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-
tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-
saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-
bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, „saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis
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samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT.
kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-
vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-
cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis „bul-
varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-
qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-
Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis
konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-
pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-
lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-
formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom
faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.
internetSi fsiqologii-
sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-
zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-
obas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela Cvenganisa-
Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli mox-
mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-
ro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
ZiriTadad seriozuli
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
Tavsebuli, romelTa ume-
tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-
qologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-
mebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ug-
zavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Teoriuli safuZvlebis,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-
deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-
ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srul-
yofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-
rebiT susti rogorRac „gaZ-
vreba~, magram, zogadad, es
procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofi-
lebs.
amitom, rodesac infor-
macias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-
Si seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-
mieri informacia unda Sei-
cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-
raturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-
rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-
ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
miTiTebuli saTanado
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!
fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
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yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi
wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-
raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-
tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da
movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-
cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-
nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-
diaze dakvirvebas, Se-
xedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov-
lenis axleburi xedvi-
saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
dasabuTebis etapi:
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ide-
ebi mowmdeba da dastur-
deba, an uariyofa.
44
ideebis SemowmebisaTvis
mkvlevrebi mecnierul me-
Tods iyeneben. es aris
monacemebis imgvarad Seg-
roveba da interpretireba,
rom Secdomebi minimumamde
iqnes dayvanili.
mkvlevrebi ebrZvian dam-
kvirveblis tendenciuro-
bas procedurebis stan-
dartizaciis da operaci-
uli gansazRvrebebis ga-
moyenebis gziT.
kvlevis eqsperimentuli
meTodebi gansazRvravs,
arsebobs Tu ara cvladebs
Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi
mimarTeba.
mkvlevrebi alternatiul
axsnebs kontrolis sa-
Tanado procedurebis
gamoyenebiT gamoricxaven.
kvlevis korelaciuri me-
Todi gansazRvravs, ram-
denad aris ori cvladi
dakavSirebuli erTmaneT-
Tan. korelacia ar gulis-
xmobs mizez-Sedegob-
riobas.
fsiqologiuri gazomva
fsiqologebi cdiloben ise
gazomon monacemebi, rom
isini sando da validuri
iyos.
fsiqologiuri kvleva
moicavs sakuTari Tavis
Sefasebis da qcevis
gazomvas.
kvlevis eTikuri
sakiTxebi
yvela mkvlevari valde-
bulia pativi sces kvlevis
monawileTa, ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, adamianis, Tu
cxovelis, ZiriTad uf-
lebebs. eTikuri da huma-
nuri mopyrobis garanti-
rebisaTvis SemuSavebulia
mTeli igi damcveli saSu-
alebebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
imisaTvis, rom kvlevis Se-
degebi sworad gamoviyenoT,
unda vicodeT, rogor
viazrovnoT kritikulad
da rogor SevafasoT
kvlevis Sedegebi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
A-B-A sqema
aRmoCenis etapi
TviTangariSi
dasabuTebis etapi
damatebiTi cvladi
damokidebuli cvladi
damoukidebeli cvladi
damkvirveblis
tendenciuroba
determinizmi
eqsperimentuli meTodi
validoba
Teoria
kvlevis Semdegi interviu
kontrolis procedura
korelaciis koeficienti
korelaciuri meTodi
mecnieruli meTodi
molodinis efeqti
operaciuli gansazRvreba
ormagad brma kontroli
placebo efeqti
placebo kontroli
populacia
reprezentatuli SerCeva
sandooba-standartizacia
qcevis gazomva
SemTxvevis Seswavla
SerCeva
cvladi
cdis pirTa Soris sqema
cdis pirTa SigniT sqema
hipoTeza
45
statistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damatebastatistikuri damateba
statistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi dastatistikis gageba : monacemebis analizi da
daskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibebadaskvnebis Camoyalibeba
monacemebis analizi
• aRweriTi statistika
• daskvniTi statistika
rogor gamoviyenoT
sworad mecnieruli
kvlevis Sedegebi
• Ziritadi terminebi
46
r ogorc rogorc meore TavSi
aRvniSneT, fsiqologebi statis-
tikas imisaTvis iyeneben, rom Seg-
rovebul monacemebs azri mianiWon. statistika,
agreTve, saWiroa miRebuli daskvnebisaTvis
raodenobrivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad. amdenad,
statistikis codna dagexmarebaT daafasoT is
procesi, romlis saSualebiTac iqmneba fsiqo-
logiuri codna. pirovnul doneze, statistikis
principebis gageba ukeTesi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebaSi dagexmarebaT, rodesac sxvebi monacemTa
gamoyenebiT Seecdebian Segacvlevinon azrebi
da moqmedebebi.
studentTa umetesobisaTvis statistika
mSrali, uintereso sagania. miuxedavad amisa,
statitikas Cvens cxovrebaSi mravalgvari
gamoyeneba aqvs. amis saCveneblad moviyvanT
mxolod erT proeqts, dawyebuls realuri
problemiT da damTavrebuls statistikuri
argumentebiT, romlebic zogadi daskvnebisaTvis
moiSvelies. misi ganxorcieleba presis pirvel
gverdebze moTavsebulma informaciebma gamoiw-
vies im morcxvi adamianebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
uecrad mkvlelebi gaxdnen. magaliTi:
naTesavebi, TanamSromlebi da nacnobebi
fred kovans „wynar, sasiamovno, bavSvebis moy-
varul, keTil~ kacad axasiaTebdnen. fredis
skolis yofilma direqtorma ganacxada, rom
kovans saukeTeso niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi,
TanamSromlobasa da religiaSi. TanamSrom-
lis mixedviT, „kovani aravis elaparakeboda,
magram xalisiT asrulebda sxvebis dava-
lebebsa da Txovnebs~. erTxel, valentinis
dRes, kovani naxevrad avtomaturi iaraRiT
Sevida samsaxurSi, mokla oTxi TanamSromeli,
policieli da Semdeg Tavi moikla.
es istoria sakmaod xSir movlenas asaxavs:
morcxvi, wynari adamiani uecrad Zaladobas
Cadis da SokSi agdebs yvelas, vinc mas icnobda.
ra saerTo aqvs fred kovans maTTan, vinc
moulodnelad wynari da mzrunveli adamianidan
moZaladed da umowyalod gardaiqmna? ra
pirovnuli TvisebebiT gamoirCevian amgvari ada-
mianebi Cvengan?
mkvlevarTa gunds hqonda varaudi, rom mor-
cxvobas, sxva pirovnul maxasiaTeblebsa da
Zaladobis qcevas Soris kavSiri unda arse-
bobdes (Lee et al., 1977). amitom maT daiwyes
monacemebis Segroveba, romlebic amgvar kavSirs
gamoavlenda. mkvlevrebma igulisxmes, rom erTi
SexedviT aramoZalade adamianebi, romlebic
uecrad Cadian mkvlelobas, Cveulebriv, mor-
cxvebi da araagresiulebi arian, TavianT vnebebs
da agresiebs mkacrad akontroleben. marTalia,
cxovrebis manZilze isini mraval travmas
iReben, magram iSviaTad, an saerTod ar gamo-
xataven brazss, Tumca ganicdian mas. gareg-
nulad isini TiTqosda mSvidi adamianebi arian,
magram SigniT brZola mimdinareobs gamalebuli
emociebis gasakontroleblad. isini wynari,
pasiuri, pasuxismgebliani adamianebis STabeW-
dilebas toveben rogorc bavSvobisas, aseve
mozardobaSi. simorcxvis gamo maT Zalian axlo-
beli adamianebi ar hyavT da aravin icis, sinam-
dvileSi ras ganicdian. Semdeg, uecrad raRac
feTqdeba. kidev erTi mcire wyena, kidev erTi
mcire socialuri wnexi sakmarisia, rom naper-
wklis roli iTamaSos da gamoaTavisuflos
wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cakluli Zaladoba.
radgan am adamianebs ar uswavliaT, rogor
SeiZleba pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtis ga-
daWra problemis ganxilvisa da molaparakebis
gziT, fizikurad amJRavneben TavianT agresias.
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mkvlevrebma Camoayalibes hipoTeza, rom
simorcxve ufro metad axasiaTebT uecar
mkvlelebs _ maT, visac manamde ar CaudeniaT
raime danaSauli, an antisocialuri qceva, vidre
kriminal mkvlelebs, visac mkvlelobamde hqo-
niaT Zaladobis kriminaluri qcevebis Sem-
Txvevebi. garda amisa, uecari mkvlelebi Tavi-
anTi impulsebis ufro maRali donis kontro-
liT gamoirCevian, vidre Zaladobis Cadenas
Cveuli adamianebi. dabolos, maTi pasiuroba
da sxvebze damokidebuleba sqesobrivi rolebis
kiTxvarSi gamovlindeba ufro feminur da
androginul (qalis da mamakacis erTdroulad)
TvisebebSi, vidre kriminali mkvlelebisa.
am ideebis Sesamowmeblad mkvlevrebma kali-
forniis cixeebSi testebis da kiTxvarebis
Catarebis nebarTva miiRes. 19 patimari (yvela
mamakaci) daTanxmda kvlevaSi monawileobis
miRebaze. mkvlelobamde rig maTgans danaSa-
ulebis mTeli seria hqonda Cadenili, xolo
sxvebs ar gaaCndaT kriminaluri warsuli. am
ori tipis cdis pirebisagan mkvlevrebma sami
tipis monacemi moagroves: simorcxvis qula,
sqesobrivi rolis identifikaciis qula da
impulsis kontrolis qula.
simorcxvis qula stenfordis simorcxvis
kiTxvaris saSualebiT Sefasda. am kiTxvaris
yvelaze mniSvnelovani punqti iyo kiTxva:
„morcxvi xarT Tu ara?~, razec mocemuli iyo
pasuxis ori varianti: „ki~, an „ara~. sxva kiTxvebi
exeboda simorcxvis saxeebs da xarisxebs,
simorcxvis mizezebsa da sababs.
meore kiTxvari iyo sandra bemis (Sandra Bem)
sqesobrivi rolebis kiTxvari, romelic war-
moadgens zedsarTavi saxelebis sias, magaliTad,
agresiuli, mosiyvarule. cdis pirma unda
upasuxos, ramdenad Seesabameba es Tvisebebi
mas (Bem, 1974, 1981). zogierTi zedsarTavi
feminur, anu qalis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda qalis sqesobriv rols. zogierTi
zedsarTavi mamakacis Tvisebebs asaxavda da maTi
jami iZleoda mamakacis sqesobriv rols.
individis sqesobrivi rolis saboloo qulis,
romelic feminurobasa da maskulinobas Soris
sxvaobas asaxavda, gamoTvla Semdegnairad
xdeboda: feminurs akldeboda maskulinuri
qulebi, xolo maskulinuri da feminuri qu-
lebis kombinacia individis androginulobas
aCvenebda.
mesame kiTxvari minesotis mravalfaziani
pirovnebis sakvlevi kiTxvari iyo, romelic
pirovnebis mraval ganzomilebas swavlobs (ix.
Tavi 14), magram amJamad misi mxolod erTi, „egos
zekontrolis~, anu ipoqondriulobis skala
gamoiyenes, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad akon-
trolebs adamiani impulsebs. rac ufro maRa-
lia qula, miT metia egos kontroli.
mkvlevrebma iwinaswarmetyveles, rom kriminal
mkvlelebTan SedarebiT, uecari mkvlelebi (1)
ufro xSirad daaxasiaTebdnen sakuTar Tavs,
rogorc morcxvs, (2) ufro metad airCevdnen
qalis Tvisebebs, vidre mamakacisas da (3) egos
zekontrolis ufro maRal qulas miiRebdnen.
sanam Sedegebze gadavalT, unda ganvixiloT
ramdenime procedura, romlebic am monacemebis
gasaanalizeblad gamoiyenes. mkvlevrebis mier
Segrovil realur monacemebs masalad gamo-
viyenebT, raTa Tqven statistikuri analizis
sxvadasxva tipi SegaswavloT.
monacemebis analizi
mravali fsiqologi mklevrisaTvis monacemTa
analizi amaRelvebeli proceduraa, radgan swo-
red aq mJRavndeba swori iyo Tu ara misi varaudi.
am qveTavSi nabij-nabij gavivliT uecari mkvle-
lebis kvlevis zogierT monacems. Tu ukve gada-
aTvaliereT wigni, ricxvebi da gantolebebi na-
naxi geqnebaT. gaxsovdeT, rom maTematika iaraRia,
maTematikuri simboloebi ki _ ideebisa da
konceptualuri operaciebis warmodgenis mokle
gza.
S.1 cxrilSi mocemulia 19 cdis pirTa mo-
nacemebi, anu nedli qulebi _ realuri, namdvili
qulebi, an sxva sazomebi. rogorc xedavT, 10
cdis piri uecar mkvlelebs miekuTvneboda,
xolo 9 _ kriminal mkvlelebs.
am monacemebidan raimes gageba Zalian rTulia,
aq ubralod raRac ricxvebis grovaa mocemuli.
nebismieri mkvlevari imasve igrZnobda, rasac
Tqven _ dabneulobas. ras niSnavs es qulebi?
gansxvavdeba Tu ara erTmaneTisagan mkvlelTa
es ori jgufi? am araorganizebuli monacemebiT
kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia.
swored am monacemebisaTvis azris miniWebis
mizniT gamoiyeneba statistika. aRweriTi sta-
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tistika ricxobrivi monacemebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtis obieqturad aRweras niSnavs maTema-
tikuri procedurebis gamoyenebiT. Tu odesme
gamogiTvliaT Tqveni niSnebis saSualo maCve-
nebeli, maSin aRweriTi statistika gamogi-
yenebiaT. axsniTi statistika albaTobis Teorias
iyenebs, raTa sandod aCvenos, romeli Sedegebia
SemTxveviT miRebuli.
aRweriTi statistika
aRweriTi statistika monacemebSi arsebuli
kanonzomierebis Sejamebul suraTs gvaZlevs.
is cdis piris an cdis pirTa monacemebs, an
cvladebs Soris kavSirs aRwers. amitom mkvle-
vari ara calkeuli cdis piris monacems, aramed
am monacemebis tipur maxasiaTeblebs warmogvid-
gens. garda amisa, aRweriTi statistika aCvenebs,
ramdenad icvleba qulebi tipuri qulis mimarT,
anu monacemebis variabilobas _ gafantulia
qulebi, Tu erTmaneTTan axlosaa dajgufebuli.
modiT, vnaxoT, rogor iReben mkvlevrebi am
sazomebs.
sixSireTa ganawileba
qulaTa ganawilebis naTlad warmosaCenad
unda avagoT sixSireTa ganawilebis mrudi, anu
imis Sejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba
sxvadasxva qula. simorcxvis monacemebis
Sejameba advilia: 9-jer gvxvdeba pasuxi diax
da 10-jer _ pasuxi ara. TiTqmis yvela dadebiTi
pasuxi pirvel jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo TiTqmis
yvela uaryofiTi pasuxi _ meores, magram
sqesobrivi rolis da egos zekontrolis
monacemebi ar xvdeba „ki~-s da „ara~-s martiv
kategoriebSi. jer ganvixiloT sqesobrivi
rolis monacemebi. yvelaze maRali qulaa +61
(maqsimalurad feminuri) da yvelaze dabali
_33 (maqsimalurad maskulinuri). 19 qulidan 9
dadebiTia d 10 uaryofiTi, rac niSnavs, rom 9
mkvleli SedarebiT feminuria, xolo 10 _
maskulinuri; magram rogor nawildeba es
qulebi jgufebSi? sixSireTa ganawilebis
mrudis agebisken gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji
iqneba qulebis TanmimdevrobiT dalageba
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken. qulebis
aseT dalagebas rangebis mixedviT mowesrigeba
ewodeba, rac S.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
aRweriTi statistika (Descriptive statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic qulebs
maTi centraluri tendenciis, variabilobis da
korelaciebis TvalsazrisiT ajamebs.
cxrilis.1
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis nedli
monacemebi
egos
zekontrolipatimrebi simorcxve
feminuroba-
maskulinoba
BSRI MMPI
jgufi 1: uecari mkvlelebi
jgufi 2: kriminali mkvlelebi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
ki
ara
ki
ki
ki
+5
-1
+4
+61
+19
+41
-29
+23
-13
+5
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
ara
ara
ki
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
ara
-12
-14
+33
-8
-7
+3
-17
+6
-10
15
11
14
10
16
11
6
9
2
cxrilis.2
sqesobrivi rolis qulebis rangis
mixedviT dalageba
yvelaze maRali +61
+41
+23
+19
+6
+5
+5
+4
+3
-1
-7
-8
-10
-12
-13
-14
-17
-29
-33 yvelaze dabali
SeniSvna: + qulebi ufro feminuria; - qulebi ki, ufro
maskulinuri.
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Semdegi nabijia amgvarad dalagebuli qu-
lebis ufro mcire jgufebSi gaerTianeba. am
jgufebs anu kategoriebs intervalebi ewodeba.
mocemul kvlevaSi 10 kategoria gamoyves, TiTo-
eulSi 10 qula moxvda. mesame nabijia sixSireTa
ganawilebis cxrilis ageba, sadac intervalebi
yvelaze maRlidan yvelaze dablisaken iqneba
CamoTvlili da miTiTebuli iqneba, ramdeni
qula moxvda TiToeul intervalSi, anu miTiTe-
buli iqneba sixSire. Cveni sixSireTa ganawileba
gvaCvenebs, rom sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
meryeobs _20-sa da +9-s Soris (ix. cxrili S.3),xolo patimarTa qulebis umetesoba nulisagan
didad ar aris daSorebuli, rac niSnavs imas,
rom isini arc Zlierad uaryofiTia da arc
Zlierad dadebiTi.
monacemebi ukve gamoyenebadi saxiTaa war-
modegnili, axla SeiZleba maTi grafikulad
warmodgena.
daskvniTi statistika (Inferential statistics) _
statistikuri procedurebi, romlebic mkvle-
vars saSualebas aZlevs gansazRvros, adastu-
rebs mis hipoTzas Sedegi, Tu is mxolod Sem-
TxveviTaa miRebuli.
sixSireTa ganawileba (Frequency distribution) _ imisSejameba, Tu ramdenad xSirad Cndeba TiToeuli
qula monacemTa mwkrivSi.
cxrilis.3
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis sixSireTa
ganawileba
kategoria
+60-dan -69-mde
+50-dan +59-mde
+40-dan +49-mde
+30-dan +39-mde
+20-dan +29-mde
+10-dan +19-mde
0-dan +9-mde
-10-dan -1-mde
-20-dan -11-mde
-30-dan -21-mde
-40-dan -31-mde
sixSire
1
0
1
0
1
1
5
4
4
1
1
grafikebi
ganawilebaTa aRqma xSirad bevrad advilia,
roca isini grafikebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
grafikis yvelaze martivi formaa svetebiani
grafiki. svetebiani grafiki saSualebas
gvaZlevs monacemebSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba
davinaxoT. misi gamoyenebiT SegviZlia vaCvenoT,
ramdenad metma uecarma mkvlelma daaxasiaTa
sakuTari Tavi, rogorc ufro morcxvi,
kriminal mkvlelTan SedarebiT (ix. sur. S.1).
ufro rTuli monacemebisaTvis, rogoricaa
sqesobrivi rolis qulebi, SegviZlia gamoviye-
noT histograma, romelic Zalian hgavs sve-
tebian grafiks, mxolod erTi gansxvavebiT, aq
warmodgenili kategoriebi intervalebia, anu
TiToeuli sveti raodenobriv kategorias
asaxavs da ara saxelwodebis kategorias. his-
tograma gvaZlevs ganawilebaSi qulebis vi-
zualur suraTs, romlebic intervalebSia
moTavsebuli. S.2 suraTidan naTlad Cans, rom
mkvlelTa ori jgufis sqesobrivi rolebis
qulebi gansxvavebulia.
S.1 da S.2 suraTebidan Cans, rom simorcxvisa
da sqesobrivi rolebis TvalsazrisiT mkvle-
varTa hipoTeza dadasturda: uecarma mkvle-
lebma meti albaTobiT daaxasiaTes sakuTari
Tavi, rogorc morcxvi da ufro meti al-
baTobiT gamoiyenes feminuri niSnebi sakuTari
Tavis aRwerisas, vidre kriminalma mkvlelebma.
suraTis.1
mkvlelTa ori jgufis simorcxve
(svetebiani grafiki)
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centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
aqamde qulebis ganawilebis mxolod zogadi
suraTi SevqmeniT. cxrilebi da grafikebi
Sedegebis ukeT gagebaSi gvexmareba, magram Cven
meti gvinda vicodeT, magaliTad, erTi qula,
romelic mTeli jgufis tipuri warmomad-
genelia. es qula gansakuTrebiT sasargeblo
xdeba, roca ori an meti jgufis Sedareba
gvsurs, radgan bevrad ufro advilia ori
jgufis tipuri qulis Sedareba, vidre mTeli
ganawilebebis. erT amgvar tipur qulas, ro-
melic mTeli ganawilebis reprezentaciulia,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi ewodeba (is
ganawilebis centrSia moTavsebuli da sxva
qulebi mis garSemo jgufdeba). Cveulebriv,
fsiqologebi centraluri tendenciis sam
gansxvavebul sazoms iyeneben: modas, medianas
da saSualos.
moda iseTi qulaa, romelic bevrad ufro
xSirad Cndeba, vidre sxvebi. simorcxvis sazomis
mixedviT, uecari mkvlelebis yvelaze xSiri
pasuxi iyo „diax~ - aTi cdis piridan cxram
Tqva, rom morcxvi iyo. kriminal mkvlelebs
Soris modaluri pasuxi iyo „ara~. sqesobrivi
rolebis modaluri qula uecari mkvlele-
bisaTvis +5 iyo. SegiZliaT gviTxraT, ramdenia
egos zekontrolis qulebis moda uecari mkvle-
lebisaTvis? moda aris centraluri tendenciis
yvelaze advilad gansasazRvri maCvenebeli,
magram xSirad is naklebad gamosadegia. am
gamousadegobis erT-erT mizezs maSin dainaxavT,
roca yuradRebas miaqcevT imas, rom egos
zekontrolis modis _17-is zemoT mxolod erTi
qulaa moTavsebuli, xolo 6 monacemi mis
qvemoTaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom 17 yvelaze xSiri
qulaa am ganawilebaSi, is SeiZleba ver asaxav-
des tipur anu centralur maCvenebels.
mediana namdvilad centraluri qulaa,
radgan ganawilebis zeda naxevars qveda naxev-
risagan gamoyofs, anu medianis zemoT da qvemoT
qulaTa erTi da igive raodenoba Tavsdeba.
medianaze maRali qulebis raodenoba igivea,
rac medianaze dabali qulebisa. rodesac
qulebis raodenoba kentia, mediana zustad Sua
qulaa, xolo luwi raodenobis SemTxvevaSi,
ori SuaSi mdebare ori qulis gaSualeba xdeba.
Tu, magaliTad, kriminali mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebs daalagebT, naxavT, rom
mediana _10-ia, mis zemoT da qvemoT Tanabari
raodenobis, oTx-oTxi monacemi xvdeba. uecari
mkvlelebisaTvis mediana +5-ia _ rigiT mexuTe
da meeqvse qulis saSualo, maTgan TiToeuli
+5-ia. medianaze ar zemoqmedebs ukiduresi
qulebi, magaliTad, uecari mkvlelebis sqesob-
rivi rolis qula +129 rom yofiliyo +61-is
nacvlad, mediana mainc +5 darCeboda da isev
zeda da qveda naxevris gamyofi iqneboda.
martivad, mediana ganawilebis SuaSi myofi
qulaa.
suraTis.2
sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
mediana (Median) _ qula, romlis zemoT da qvemoT
Tanabari raodenobiT qulebia moTavsebuli,
centraluri tendenciis sazomi.
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monacemTa wyebis aRsawerad yvelaze xSirad
saSualo gamoiyeneba. mis gamosaTvlelad gana-
wilebis yvela qula ikribeba da iyofa maT
raodenobaze. saSualos gamosaTvleli formula
Semdegia:
M=(ΣX)/N
am formulaSi M saSualoa, X TiToeuli in-
dividis qula, Σ (berZnuli aso sigma) mis Semdeg
moTavsebuli wevrebis jamia, xolo N qulaTa
mTliani raodenobaa. radgan sqesobrivi rolebis
yvela qulis jami (X)/115-ia, xolo maTi rao-
denoba (N) 10, uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi
rolis qulebis saSualo (M) iqneba:
M=115/10=11.5
SeecadeT, Tavad gamoTvaloT egos zekontro-
lis qula, saSualo 11.4-is toli unda iyos.
medianasagan gansxvavebiT, saSualos mniSvne-
lobaze ganawilebis yvela qulis mniSvneloba
zemoqmedebs. ukiduresi qulis mniSvnelobis
cvlileba saSualos mniSvnelobas cvlis.
magaliTad, meoTxe cdis piris sqesobrivi rolis
qula +61-is nacvlad +101 rom yofiliyo, mTeli
jgufis saSualo 11.5-dan 15.6-mde gaizrdeboda.
variabiloba
ganawilebis, rogorc mTelis reprezenta-
ciuli qulis, codnis garda, saWiroa agreTve
vicodeT, ramdenad reprezentaciulia centra-
luri tendenciis es sazomi. danarCeni qulebi
masTan axlosaa, Tu gafantulia? variabilobis
sazomebi is statistikebia, romlebic centra-
luri tendenciis romelime sazomis irgvliv
qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs.
magaliTi migaxvedrebT, ratomaa saWiro va-
riabilobis sazomebi. warmoidgineT, rom skolis
maswavlebeli xarT. wlis dasawyisia da 30
meoreklasels kiTxva unda aswavloT. iciT, rom
klasSi saSualo moswavles pirveli klasis
donis wignis wakiTxva unda SeeZlos da amis
mixedviT dagegmavT gakveTilebs. magram imisTvis,
rom ukeT aagoT swavlebis procesi, umjobesia
icodeT, ramdenad msgavsia an gansxvavebuli 30
moswavlis kiTxvis unari. Tu isini daaxloebiT
erT doneze arian (dabali variabiloba), SegiZ-
liaT meore klasis standartuli gakveTili
dagegmoT. magram, iqneb ramdenime moswavles
bevrad rTuli masalis kiTxva SeuZlia, sxvebi
ki Zlivs kiTxuloben (maRali variabiloba) aseT
SemTxvevaSi, saSualo done ar iqneba klasis
reprezentaciuli da sxvadasxva tipis gakveTili
unda dagegmoT moswavleTa mravalferovani
moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
variabilobis yvelaze martivi sazomi dia-
pazonia, anu sixSireTa ganawilebaSi yvelaze
maRal da yvelaze dabal maCvenebls Soris
sxvaoba. uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolis
qulebisaTvis diapazoni 90-ia: (+61) _ (-29). egos
kontrolis qulebis diapazoni ki 10-ia: (+19) _(+9). diapazonis gamosaTvlelad mxolod ori
qulis codna gWirdebaT _ yvelaze maRlis da
yvelaze dablis.
diapazonis gamoTvla Zalian advilia, magram
mkvlevrebi variabilobis sxva, ufro daxvewil
sazomebs amjobineben, romlebic yvela qulas
iTvaliswinebs da ara mxolod ukidures maCveneb-
lebs. erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli
sazomia standartuli gadaxra, romelic qu-
lebsa da maT saSualos Soris sxvaobis saSua-
los aCvenebs. ganawilebis standartuli gadax-
ris gamosaTvlelad ganawilebis saSualo da
TiToeuli qula unda icodeT. procedura Sem-
degia: TiToeul qulas aklebT saSualos, Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvliT. qvemoT moce-
mulia formula:
simboloebis umetesobas ukve unda cnobdeT
saSualos gamosaTvleli formulidan. (X-M)
niSnavs „individualur qulas gamovakloT sa-
Sualo~ da mas, Cveulebriv, gadaxris qulas
( )N
MX∑ −=
2
σ
saSualo (Mean) _ qulaTa ariTmetikuli sa-
Sualo, centraluri tendenciis yvelaze xSi-
rad gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.
variabilobis sazomebi (Measures of variability) _statistikebi, rogorebicaa diapazoni, an stan-
dartuli gadaxra, romelic aCvenebs, ramdenad
mWidrodaa ganlagebuli qulebi ganawilebaSi.
diapazoni (Range) _ ganawilebaSi yvelaze ma-
Ral da yvelaze dabal qulebs Soris sxvaoba,
variabilobis martivi sazomi.
standartuli gadaxra (Standard deviation – SD) _
qulaTa wyebis saSualo sxvaoba maTi saSua-
lodan, variabilobis sazomi
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uwodeben. saSualos yovel qulas akleben da
Sedegad miRebuli qula kvadratSi ahyavT (uar-
yofiTi mniSvnelobebis gasabaTileblad). Semdeg
am gadaxrebis saSualos iTvlian maTi SejamebiT
(Σ) da monacemTa raodenobaze (N) gayofiT.
simbolo miuTiTebs, rom kvadratuli fesvia
amosaRebi masSi moTavsebuli sidididan. es
manamde ganxorcielebuli kvadratSi ayvanis
gasabaTilebladaa gakeTebuli. S.4 cxrilSi
gamoTvlilia uecari mkvlelebis egos kon-
trolis qulebis standartuli gadaxra. gaix-
seneT, rom am qulebis saSualo 14.4-ia, e.i. swo-
red es sidide unda gamovakloT TiToeul qulas,
raTa Sesabamisi gadaxris qulebi miviRoT.
standartuli gadaxra gveubneba, ramdenad
cvalebadia qulaTa erToblioba. rac ufro
metia standartuli gadaxra, miT metadaa qulebi
gafantuli. sqesobrivi rolebis qulebis
standartuli gadaxra uecari mkvlelebisaTvis
24.6, xolo kriminali mkvlelebisaTvis mxolod
10.7-ia. es aCvenebs, rom kriminalTa jgufSi
variabiloba naklebia. aq qulebi saSualos
garSemo mWidrodaa dajgufebuli. rodesac
cxrilis.4
uecari mkvlelebis egos-zekontrolis
qulebis standartuli gadaxris gamoTvla
qula
(X)
gadaxra (qulas
minus saSualo)
(X-M)
17
17
13
17
13
19
14
9
11
14
2.6
2.6
-1.4
2.6
-1.4
4.6
-0.4
-5.6
-3.4
-0.4
6.76
6.76
1.96
6.76
1.96
21.16
0.16
29.16
11.56
0.16
kvadratSi ayvanili
gadaxrebi (qulas minus
saSualo)2 (X-M)2
standartuli
gadaxra ( )
N
MXSD
∑ −==
2 ( )∑ −= 24.86 MX
94.240.8610
40.86 ==
SD=2.94
standartuli gadaxra mcirea, saSualo kargad
asaxavs mTel ganawilebas. rodesac standartu-
li gadaxra didia, saSualo naklebad tipuria.
saSualo naklebad tipuria mTeli jgufisaTvis.
korelacia
fsiqologiuri monacemebis interpretaciis
kidev erTi sasargeblo iaraRia korelaciis
koeficienti, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris bunebas da siZlieres zomavs (magali-
Tad, simaRle da wona, an sqesobrivi rolis da
egos zekontrolis qulebi). is gveubneba, Tu
ra zomiTaa dakavSirebuli erTi cvladis
qulebi meore cvladis qulebTan. Tu adamianebs
erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT da meore
cvladzec imave tendencias avlenen, korelaciis
koeficienti dadebiTi iqneba (nulze meti). Tu
adamianebs erT cvladze maRali qulebi aqvT,
xolo meoreze _ dabali, korelaciis koefi-
cienti uaryofiTi iqneba (nulze naklebi). Tu
qulebs Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs, korelacia
nuls uaxlovdeba (ix. Tavi 2).
korelaciis koeficienti +1-dan (sruli da-
debiTi korelacia) _1-mde (sruli uaryofiTi
korelacia) icvleba. rac ufro Sorsaa koe-
ficienti nulidan nebismieri mimarTulebiT, miT
ufro mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli ori cvladi
dadebiTad, an uaryofiTad. rac ufro maRalia
koeficienti, miT ukeTesad viwinaswarmetyvelebT
cvlads, Tu meore viciT.
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevaSi korelaciis
koeficienti (aRiniSneba r-iT) sqesobrivi ro-lebis qulebsa da egos kontrolis qulebs
Soris aris +0. 35, e.i. es qulebi dadebiTad kore-
lirebs, anu is adamianebi, romlebic ufro
feminurad aRiqvamen Tavs, egos ufro maRal
kontrols avlenen. Tumca korelacia rom
zomieria, es imas niSnavs, rom am kavSirSi mra-
vali gamonaklisia. patimrebis TviTSefaseba rom
gagvezoma da misi egos kontrolis qulebTan
korelacia _0.68 rom yofiliyo, maT Soris
iqneboda uaryofiTi korelacia. maSin vityodiT,
rom egos maRali kontrolis mqone adamianebs
dabali TviTSefaseba aqvT, xolo kavSiri ufro
korelaciis koeficienti (r) (correlation coefficient)aris statistika, romelic or cvlads Soris
kavSiris xarisxs aCvenebs.
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Zlieri iqneboda, vidre wina SemTxvevaSi, radgan
_0.68 ufro Sorsaa nulidan, kavSiris ararse-
bobis maCvenebeli wertilidan, vidre +0.35.
daskvniTi statistika
uecari mkvlelebis kvlevis monacemebis
dasaxasiaTeblad aRweriTi statistika gamovi-
yeneT da axla ukve gvaqvs warmodgena Sedegebis
Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, yvela ZiriTad kiTxvaze
pasuxi jer mainc ar gagvicia. hipoTeza gulis-
xmobda, rom uecari mkvlelebi ufro morcxvi,
feminuri da maRali zekontrolis mqoneebi
iqnebodnen, vidre kriminali mkvlelebi. am ori
jgufis saSualo pasuxebis da variabilobis
Sesadareblad aRweriTi statistika gamoviyeneT
da aRmoCnda, rom am jgufebs Soris marTlac
aris gansxvaveba, magram sakmarisad didia es
gansxvavebebi? es kvleva rom gagvemeorebina sxva
cdis pirebze, igive Sedegebs miviRebdiT, Tu
miRebuli Sedegi mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa?
rogorRac rom mogvexerxebina da uecari da
kriminali mkvlelebis mTeli populacia Segves-
wavla, saSualoebisa da standartuli gadax-
rebis mniSvnelobebi igive iqneboda?
swored am tipis kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad
gamoiyeneba daskvniTi statistika. is gveubneba,
Cveni monacemebidan da Cvens SerCevaze ra
daskvnebis gakeTeba SegviZlia. daskvniTi
statistika iyenebs albaTobis Teorias, raTa
gansazRvros albaToba imisa, rom monacemebis
esa Tu is erToblioba SemTxveviTi variaciis
Sedegia.
normaluri mrudi
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, rogor muSaobs das-
kvniTi statistika, unda ganvixiloT im gana-
wilebis Tvisebebi, romelsac normaluri mrudi
ewodeba. rodesac cvladis monacemebi (maga-
liTad, simaRle, egos kontroli an inteleqtis
koeficienti) didi raodenobiT individebisagan
miiReba, Sedegebi xSirad ise nawildeba, rogorc
S.3 suraTze naCveneb mrudzea gamosaxuli.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom mrudi simetriulia
(marcxena naxevari marjvenas sarkisebuli
asaxvaa) da zaris forma aqvs _ maRalia SuaSi,
sadac qulebis umetesobaa moTavsebuli da
dabldeba, rac ufro vSordebiT saSualos. am
tipis mruds normaluri mrudi, an normaluri
ganawileba ewodeba (gadaxril ganawilebaSi
suraTis. 3
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qulebi romelime erT bolos lagdeba, SuaSi
ganTavsebis nacvlad).
normalur mrudze medianis, modis da saSua-
los mniSvnelobebi erTi da igivea. mrudis
sxvadasxva nawilSi monacemTa garkveuli procen-
ti xvdeba. suraTi S.3 stenford-bines inteleqtis
testis IQ qulebs aCvenebs. am qulebis saSualo
100-ia, standartuli gadaxra ki _ 16. Tu stan-
dartul gadaxrebs X RerZze moaTavsebT saSua-
lodan manZilebis aRsaniSnad, aRmoaCenT, rom
moncemebis 68%-ze odnav meti Tavsdeba
saSualosa (100) da erT standartul gadaxras
Soris orive mimarTulebiT (IQ 84-sa da 116-sSoris). qulaTa kidev daaxloebiT 27% xvdeba
meore da pirveli standartuli gadaxris
farglebSi (IQ 68-sa da 84-s Soris) saSualos
qvemoT da saSualos zemoT (IQ 116-sa da 132-s
Soris).Q 5%-ze naklebi xvdeba saSualodan sami
standartuli gadaxris farglebSi da Zalian
mcire raodenobiT qulebi rCeba am sazRvrebs
miRma _ 1%-is 1/4-mde.
daskvniTi statistika aCvenebs imis albaTo-
bas, rom qulebi namd-vilad asaxavs imas, risi
gazomvac gsurT da ar aris SemTxveviTad miRebu-
li. magaliTad, meti albaTobaa, rom viRacas
eqneba 105 IQ da ara 140, magram 140 IQ-s qona
ufro mosalodnelia, vidre 35-is.
normaluri mrudi maSinac miiReba, roca
monacemebi SemTxveviTi variaciis gamoa Segrove-
buli. Tu monetas 10-jer aagdebT da CaiwerT,
ramdenjer gamovida aversi da ramdenjer rever-
si, aRmoCndeba, rom erTic da meorec 5-jer
gamodis. Tu ganagrZobT monetis agdebas da 10-
10 agdebis 100 serias daafiqsirebT, aRmoCndeba,
rom zogierT seriaSi sul aversi geqnebaT,
zogierTSi _ sul reversi, magram, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, geqnebaT Tanabari gayofa. yvela
1000 agdebis grafiki rom agegoT, normaluri
ganawilebis mruds miiRebdiT.
statistikuri sandooba
mkvlevarma, romelmac aRmoaCina, rom monacem-
Ta ori mwkrivis saSualos Soris gansxvavebaa,
unda Seamowmos, namdvilia es gansxvaveba, Tu
mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa. radgan SemTxvevis
gamo miRebul gansxvavebebs normaluri ganawile-
ba aqvT, mkvlevars SeuZlia normaluri mrudi
gamoiyenos.
sailustraciod movitanoT martivi magaliTi.
davuSvaT, Tqvens fsiqologiis leqtors ainte-
resebs, ganapirobebs Tu ara gamomcdelis sqesi
imas, gansxvavebuli iqneba Tu ara miRebuli niS-
nebi student qalebTan da mamakacebTan. amisaTvis,
leqtori studentebs Tanabrad yofs or jgufad,
erT jgufs qal gamomcdels amagrebs, xolo
meores _ mamakacs. Semdeg jgufebis saSualo
qulas adarebs. es saSualo qulebi, albaT,
msgavsi, xolo maT Soris raime mcire gansxvaveba
SemTxvevis Sedegi iqneba. ratom? imitom rom,
Tu es mxolod SemTxvevis gamoa da orive jgufi
erTi da igive populaciidanaa (gansxvaveba ar
aris), maTi saSualo erTmaneTTan axlos unda
iyos. viciT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudis
qveS moTavsebuli sivrcis sxvadasxva nawilSi
monacemebis garkveuli procenti xvdeba, amitom
mamakaci gamomcdelis jgufis niSnebis mesamedze
naklebi unda aRematebodes qali Camtareblis
jgufis saSualodan erTi standartuli ga-
daxriT qvemoT da zemoT moTavsebul qulebs.
albaToba imisa, rom mamakaci gamomcdelis jgu-
fis saSualo qula qali gamomcdelis jgufis
saSualo qulebis umetesobaze sami stan-
dartuli gadaxris (orive mimarTulebiT) miRma
moTavsdeba, Zalian mcirea. aseTi sididis gan-
sxvaveba rom migveRo, namdvilad darwmunebuli
viqnebodiT imaSi, rom sxvaoba namdvilia da,
rogorc Cans, kavSirSia gamomcdelis sqesTan.
Semdegi kiTxva iqneboda, rogor zemoqmedebs es
cvladi gamocdis qulaze.
qali da mamakaci studentebi SemTxveviTad
rom gagvenawilebina TiToeul jgufSi, SesaZle-
beli gaxdeboda analizi imisa, zemoqmedebs Tu
ara gamomcdelebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba
mxolod erT sqesze Tu oriveze. davuSvaT, iseTi
monacemebi miviReT, romlebic aCvenebs, rom
mamakaci gamomcdelebi qal studentebs ufro
maRal niSnebs uweren, vidre qali gamomcdelebi,
magram mamakac studentebs orive erTnairad
afasebs. Tqvens leqtors SeuZlia statistikuri
daskvnis procedura gamoiyenos, raTa Seafasos
is albaToba, romliTac miRebuli sxvaobebi
mxolod SemTxvevis Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo.
normaluri mrudi (Normal curve) _ simetriuli
mrudia, romelic mravali fsiqologiuri Tvise-
bis amsaxveli qulebis ganawilebas aCvenebs, sa-
Sualebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs imsjelon, ramdenad
araCveulebrivia movlena, an Sedegi.
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gamoTvla sxvaobis zomas da qulebis gafantvas
emyareba.
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze sxvaobas fsiqolo-
gebi „namdvilad~ miiCneven, Tu albaToba imisa,
rom is SemTxveviT moxda, 100-dan 5-ze naklebia
(Semdegnairad aRiniSneba: p<0.05). Tu sxvaoba am
kriteriums daakmayofilebs, is sandoa. Tumca,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ufro mkacri albaTobis
doneebi gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa p<0.01 (100-dan 1-
ze naklebi) da p<0.001 (1000-dan 1-ze naklebi).
statistikurad sando gansxvavebiT mkvlevars
SeuZlia daskvnis gakeTeba sakvlevi qcevis
Sesaxeb. monacemTa statistikuri sandoobis Se-
samowmeblad mravali gansxvavebuli kriteri-
umi arsebobs. konkretuli kriteriumis SerCeva
damokidebulia kvlevis gegmaze, monacemTa
formasa da jgufebis zomaze. aq mxolod erT-
erT yvelaze gavrcelebul kriteriums, t-kri-
teriums ganvixilavT, romelic SeiZleba gamovi-
yenoT maSin, roca mkvlevars ainteresebs, statis-
tikurad sandoa Tu ara ori jgufis saSualoebs
Soris sxvaoba.
Cvens magaliTSi SegviZlia t-kriteriumi
gamoviyenoT imis Sesamowmeblad, sandod gan-
sxvavdeba Tu ara kriminali mkvlelebisa da
uecari mkvlelebis sqesobrivi rolebis qulebi
erTmaneTisagan. S.2 suraTi aCvenebs, rom sqesob-
rivi rolebis qulebis ganawileba sakmarisad
gansxvavdeba imisaTvis, rom „namdvili~ iyos. Tu
saTanado gamoTvlebs CavatarebT, romlebic
Seafasebs sxvaobas or saSualos Soris, rogorc
am or saSualos garSemo variabilobis funqcias,
vnaxavT, rom Zalian mcire Sansia _ 100-dan 5-ze
naklebi (p<0.05), rom aseTi maRali t-s mniSvneloba
miviRoT, Tu ar arsebobs araviTari namdvili
sxvaoba. amdenad, sxvaoba statistikurad sandoa;
anu uecarma mkvlelebma sakuTari Tavi Seafases
rogorc ufro feminuri, vidre kriminalma
mkvlelebma, xolo mkvlelebs Soris sxvaoba
egos zekontrolis qulebSi sando ar aRmoCnda
(p<0.10), amitom ufro frTxilad unda visaubroT
am sxvaobaze. nawinaswarmetyveleb mimarTulebaSi
aris tendencia: sxvaoba isaa, rac SemTxveviT
mxolod 100-dan 10-jer moxdeba, magram es sxvaoba
ver eteva standartSi, romlis mixedviTac is
SemTxveviT 100-dan mxolod 5-jer unda moxdes
(sxvaoba simorcxveSi, romelic sxva, sixSiris
qulebisaTvis saTanado statisikuri kriteriu-
miT iqna gaanalizebuli, maRali sandoobiT
gamoirCeva). amrigad, daskvniTi statistikis
gamoyenebiT SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT im arsebiT
kiTxvebs, romlebiTac daviwyeT. axla TiTqmis
gavarkvieT im adamianebis buneba, vinc uecrad
morcxvi, zomieri adamianidan uecar mkvlelad
iqceva. Tumca, nebismieri daskvna mxolod de-
bulebaa imis Sesaxeb, rom gamokvleul movlenebs
Soris SesaZlo kavSiri arsebobs. zustad amisi
mtkiceba arasodes SegviZlia. mecnierebaSi
miRebuli Sedegebi yovelTvis Riaa Semdeg
Catarebuli da ukeTesi kvlevebis SedegebisaTvis.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
axla ukve viciT, ra aris statistika, rogor
da sad unda gamoviyenoT is, magram isic unda
vicodeT, rom xandaxan mas arasworad iyeneben.
xSirad adamianebi arasando monacemebs mxolod
imitom endobian, rom isini statistikurad
damuSavebulad iTvleba. sxvebi ki ujereben, an
ar ujereben statistikosebis mier mowodebul
informacias raime produqciis, romelime poli-
tikosis, an winadadebis Sesaxeb, magram ar esmiT,
ras asaxaven moyvanili ricxvebi. meore Tavis
bolos ramdenime rCeva mogeciT imis Taobaze,
Tu rogor gaxdeT kvlevis brZeni momxmarebeli.
statistikis am mokle mimoxilvaze dayrdnobiT
SegviZlia es rCeva im situaciebzec ganvavrcoT,
romlebSic adamianebi konkretul statistikur
mosazrebebs gamoTqvamen.
statistikis arasworad gamoyenebis mravali
gza arsebobs. kvlevis nebismier safexurze
miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ dawyebuli iqidan,
vin arian cdis pirebi, rogoraa dagegmili
kvleva, romeli statistikebi gamoiyeneba da
rogor _ Rrma efeqti SeiZleba hqondes im
daskvnebze, romlebsac monacemebze dayrdno-
biT vakeTebT.
sando gansxvaveba (Signifficant difference) _ eqs-
perimentul jgufebs an pirobebs Soris sxvao-
ba, romlis SemTxveviT moxdenis albaToba nak-
lebia, vidre miRebuli sandoobis done; fsi-
qologiaSi aseT doned iyeneben 100-dan 5-zenakleb albaTobas, anu p<0.05.
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cdis pirebis SerCevas didi mniSvneloba aqvs
da ar unda gamogveparos, roca kvlevis Sedegebs
vecnobiT. magaliTad, abortis uflebisadmi
damokidebulebis kvleva gansxvavebul Sedegebs
mogvcems imisda mixedviT, sad CavatarebT mas _
samxreTis patara fundamentalistur qalaqSi,
Tu niu iorkis universitetSi. aseve, erTi da
igive gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba
ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis mqone jgufma
_ abortis uflebis momxreebisa da mowi-
naaRmdegeebis _ sxvadasxva daskvna gamoitanos.
maSinac ki, roca cdis pirebi SemTxveviTadaa
SerCeuli da meTodi sworadaa gamoyenebuli,
raTa mikerZoebas ar hqondes adgili, statistikam
SeiZleba mainc araswori Sedegi mogvces, Tu
statisitikis ZiriTad daSvebebs davarRvevT.
magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom 20 adamians
vutarebT inteleqtis tests, maTgan 19 iRebs 90-
dan 110-mde qulas, xolo erTi _ 220-s. mTeli
jgufis saSualo maCveneblze Zlier zemoq-
medebas moaxdens es erTi calke mdgomi Zalian
maRali monacemi. amgvari monacemebisaTvis
umjobesia medianis an modis gamoyeneba, romelic
ufro reprezentaciuli iqneba jgufis saSualo
inteleqtisa, vidre saSualosi. am SemTxvevaSi
saSualo Seqmnis suraTs, rom jgufis tipur
wevrs maRali IQ aqvs. amgvari mikerZoeba
gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans, roca SerCevis zoma
mcirea, magram 20-is nacvlad 2000 cdis piri
rom gvyoloda, erTi calke mdgomi monacemi
ver moaxdenda aseT did gavlenas da saSualo
jgufis monacemebis reprezentaciuli iqneboda.
amgvari motyuebis Tavidan acilebis kargi
gzaa SerCevis zomis gaTvaliswineba. didi zomis
SerCevisas Secdomis albaToba naklebia. kidev
erTi dazRvevaa centraluri tendenciis yvela
sazomis _ medianis, modis da saSualos naxva.
Tu isini msgavsia, Sedegebis axsna ufro sando
iqneba. kvlevis meTodologia da Sedegebi
yovelTvis yuradRebiT unda gaaanalizoT.
SeamowmeT, moyvanilia Tu ara eqsperimentis
angariSSi ra zomisaa SerCeva, rogoraa gazomili
variabiloba da sandoobis done. naxeT, ramdenad
Seesabameba gamoyenebuli meTodi kvlevis miznebs.
statistika fsiqologiuri kvlevis xerxema-
lia. is gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom gavigoT mona-
cemebi da ganvsazRvroT, sworia Tu ara Sedegebi.
fsiqologebi monacemTa sixSiris ganawilebas
amzadeben, iTvlian centraluri tendenciisa da
variabilobis sazomebs. iyeneben korelaciis
koefiecients qulaTa nakrebs Soris kavSiris
siZlieris da mimarTulebis gansasazRvravad;
naxuloben, ramdenad reprezentaciulia mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi da sandod gansxvavdebian Tu
ara populaciisagan. statistika SeiZleba ara-
sworad, an SecdomiTac iyos gamoyenebuli da
SecdomaSi Seiyvanos isini, visac is ar esmis.
magram, roca statistika sworad da eTikurad
aris gamoyenebuli, mkvlevars fsiqologiuri
codnis gafarToebis saSualebas aZlevs.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aRweriTi statistika
axsniTi statistika
diapazoni
variabilobis sazomebi
korelaciis koeficienti
mediana
moda
normaluri mrudi
sando gansxvaveba
saSualo
sixSireTa ganawileba
standartuli gadaxra
centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
st
at
is
ti
ku
ri
da
ma
te
ba
/ s
ta
ti
st
ik
is
ga
ge
ba
: m
on
ac
em
eb
is
an
al
iz
i d
a d
as
kv
ne
bi
s C
am
oy
al
ib
eb
a
57
qcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebiqcevis biologiuri safuZvlebi
3
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
• evolucia da
bunebrivi gadarCeva
• adamianis genotipiscvalebadoba
biologia da qceva
• movusminoT tvins
• nervuli sistema
• Tavis tvinis
struqturebi da maTi
funqciebi
• hemisferoTa
lateralizacia
• endokrinuli sistema
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: miRwevebi
tvinis funqciebis
lokalizaciis sferoSi
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
• neironi• moqmedebispotenciali
• sinafsuri gadacema• neirotransmiterebida maTi funqciebi
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ra gavlenas
axdens cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba tvinze
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
58
r
ratom aris TiToeuli Cvengani unikaluri
individi? fineas geijis istoriidan gamom-
dinare, pasuxs am kiTxvaze nawilobriv Tavis
tvini da, ufro zogadad, Tqveni biologiuri
Taviseburebebi gansazRvravs. imis gagebaSi rom
dagexmaroT, Tu ra gangasxvavebT Tqven gar-
SemomyofTagan, Cven aRvwerT, ra rols TamaSobs
memkvidreobiToba Tqveni cxovrebis Camoyali-
bebisa da Tqveni tvinis formirebis saqmeSi.
dafiqrdiT, qcevis ra SesaZleblobebi gaaCniaT
adamianebs da rogor vlindeba es SesaZleb-
lobebi TiToeul CvenganSi?
Ta
vi
3 /
qc
ev
is b
io
lo
gi
ur
i s
af
uZ
vl
eb
i
kinigzis muSas, fineas geijs, 1948
wlis 13 seqtembers ubeduri Sem-
Txveva mouvida _ moulodneli
afeTqebis Sedegad daaxloebiT erTi metri
sigrZis palo TavSi SeerWo. srul gonebaze myofi
geiji etliT miiyvanes sastumromde, sadac man
kibeebze Tavad SeZlo asvla. momdevno ori-sami
kviris ganmavlobaSi igi sikvdils ebrZoda,
oqtombris Sua ricxvebidan ki misi mdgomareoba
mudmivad umjobesdeboda. jon harlou, eqimi,
romelmac es SemTxveva masaCusetis samedicino
sazogadoebas 1968 wels moaxsena, aRniSnavda,
rom geijis gadarCena samedicino TvalsazrisiT
saswauli iyo:
es SemTxveva daaxloebiT oci wlis win
moxda naklebad cnobil qalaqSi (kavendiSi,
vermonti). SemTxveva naklebad cnobilma
soflis eqimma aRwera da metropolitenis
eqimebmac Zalian didi sifrTxiliT miiRes.
mravali maTgani uars ambobda daejerebina
am adamianis gadarCena, vidre maT TiTebi mis
TavSi arsebul xvrelSi ar Cayves… (harlou,
1968, gv. 329).
sinamdvileSi geijs saocrad msubuqi fiziku-
ri dazianebebi hqonda Tumca man dakarga mxed-
veloba marcxena TvalSi da misi saxis marcxena
mxare nawilobriv paralizebuli iyo, magram
misi sxeulis poza, moZraoba da metyveleba uc-
vleli darCa. Tumca, fsiqologiuri Tvalsaz-
risiT, es iyo sxva adamiani, rogorc amas misi
eqimis angariSi adasturebs:
balansi mis inteleqtualur SesaZleb-
lobebsa da cxovelur midrekilebebs Soris
dairRva. is gaxda meryevi, mouridebeli,
RvTisgmobis gamovlenebis momTmeni adamiani
(rac mas adre ar sCveoda). Tavisi megobrebisa
da kolegebis mimarT araviTar pativiscemas
ar amJRavnebs; ver itans veranair SezRudvebs,
an rCevebs, Tu es mis survilebs ar eTanxmeba.
zogjer Zalian jiuti da meryevi uamrav gegmas
awyobs da vidre maT ganxorcielebas daiwyebs,
ukve sxva gegmebze gadadis. Tavis travmamde
is cnobili iyo, rogorc moxerxebuli da
Wkviani biznesmeni, Zalian energiuli da
Tanmimdevruli sakuTari gegmebis aRsrule-
baSi. am TvalsazrisiT, misi goneba radikalu-
rad Seicvala, imdenad cxadad, rom misi
megobrebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen: „es aRar iyo
geiji~ (gv. 339-340).
geijis Semoxveva moxda maSin, rodesac
mecnierebi mxolod iwyebdnen hipoTezebis Seqmnas
tvinis funqciebsa da kompleqsur qcevas Soris
kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. Tumca aravin
isurvebda geijis saxelganTqmulobis gazia-
rebas, misi SemTxveva dRemde SemorCa istorias,
radganac is warmoadgens yvelaze ufro adreul
dokumentirebul cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom
fsiqologiur procesebs tvinis cxovelqmedeba
gansazRvravs.
59
wignis es Tavi, garkveulwilad, Tqveni bio-
logiuri potencialis mniSvnelovani aspeqtis
dadasturebas warmoadgens. Tqveni tvini sak-
marisad kompleqsuria imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
funqciebis sistematuri kontroli da koor-
dinireba ganaxorcielos. ratom aris is aseTi
mniSvnelovani? adamianis tvins xSirad komp-
iuters adareben. iwonis ra mxolod 1500 grams,
Tqveni tvini met ujreds Seicavs, vidre var-
skvlavia Cvens galaqtikaSi – 100 miliardi
ujredi, romelic erTmaneTTanaa dakavSi-
rebuli da informaciis gacvlasa da Senaxvas
saocari efeqturobiT axerxebs. magram msof-
lioSi yvelaze ufro Zlieri kompiuteric ki
ver SeZlebs im wesebis asaxvas, romlebic mis
sakuTar operaciebs gansazRvraven. ase rom,
Tqven nebismier kompiuterze bevrad ufro
rTuli agebulebisa xarT; Tqveni cnobiereba
saSualebas gaZlevT gansazRvroT is wesebi,
romlebic Tqvens cxovelqmedebas uzrunvel-
yofen. kvleva, romelsac Cven wignis am TavSi
aRvwerT, warmoiqmna adamianis survilidan _
Seicnos sakuTari Tavi.
bevri studentisaTvis es Tavi ufro did
sirTules warmoadgens, vidre mTeli am wignis
darCenili nawili. is moiTxovs Tqvengan ana-
tomiisa da mravali axali terminis swavlas,
romelic TiTqos Zalian Sorsaa im informa-
ciisagan, romelsac Tqven fsiqologiis Sesav-
lis kursSi moelodiT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
Tqveni biologiuri bunebis gageba dagexmarebaT
ufro kompleqsurad SeigrZnoT urTierTkavSiri
tvins, gonebas, qcevasa da garemos Soris,
romelic im gansakuTrebul SegrZnebas gansaz-
Rvravs, romelsac adamianad yofna hqvia.
am Tavis mizania, agixsnaT, Tu rogor monawi-
leobs biologia unikaluri individebis Seq-
mnaSi. am miznis misaRwevad Cven jer aRvwerT,
rogor gansazRvravs evolucia da memkvidreo-
biToba Tqvens biologiasa da qcevas; Semdeg
vnaxavT, rogor gvexmareba laboratoriuli da
klinikuri kvleva tvinis, nervuli da endokri-
nuli sistemebis muSaobis SeswavlaSi; amis
Semdgom ganvixilavT saintereso kavSirebs
biologiur funqciebsa da cxovrebiseul
gamocdilebas Soris. dabolos, Cven Sevis-
wavliT individebs Soris gansxvavebas tvinsa
da qcevas Soris kavSiris fonze.
memkvidreobiToba da qceva
pirvel TavSi Cven ganvsazRvreT, rom fsiqo-
logiis erT-erTi umTavresi amocanaa, Seiswav-
los adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis gamom-
wvevi mizezebi. am mizezebis dadgenaSi dagvex-
mareba kavSir-gansxvaveba iseT punqtebs Soris,
rogoricaa: buneba – aRzrda; memkvidreobiToba
– garemo. Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidginoT, rom
individebi agresiulni arian maTi biologiuri
Taviseburebebis gamo. SesaZloa maT romelime
mSoblisagan memkvidreobiT ergoT agresiulo-
bisaken midrekileba. alternatiuli variantia
imis daSveba, rom yvela adamianSi agresiuloba
Tanabradaa warmodgenili da misi gamomJRavnebis
xarisxi damokidebulia im garemoze, sadac es
adamianebi aRizardnen. swori pasuxi am kiTxvaze
Zireulad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor unda
moepyros sazogadoeba agresiul individs –
garemos garkveuli pirobebis Zalisxmeva moax-
maros mas Tu Tavad adamianebis Tvisebebis
Secvlas. Tqven unda SegeZloT ganasxvavoT
garemos gavlena memkvidreobiTobisagan.
radganac garemoze dakvirveba pirdapir
SeiZleba, ufro advilia imis dadgena, Tu
me
mk
vi
dr
eo
bi
To
ba
da
qc
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a
60
rogor axdens is gavlenas adamianis qcevaze.
magaliTad, Tqven SegiZliaT daakvirdeT mSob-
lis agresiul qcevas bavSvis mimarT da war-
moidginoT, ra gavlenas moaxdens es momavalSi
bavSvis agresiulobaze; Tqven SegiZliaT daak-
virdeT Warbad dasaxlebul da Rarib gare-
mocvas, romelSic bavSvebi izrdebian da
dainteresdeT, SeuZlia Tu ara am garemo piro-
bebs agresiuli qcevis gamowveva. biologiur
Zalebs, romlebic qcevas gansazRvraven,
SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT verasdros davakvi-
rdebiT. qcevis biologia rom ukeT gaiTavisoT,
Cven daviwyebT zogierTi iseTi principis
aRweriT, romelic saxeobebis qcevis potenciur
repertuars gansazRvravs (evoluciis Teoriis
elementebi) da Semdeg aRvwerT, Tu rogor
gadaecema qceviTi variaciebi Taobidan Taobas.
evolucia da bunebrivi
gadarCeva
1831 wels Carlz darvini, romelmac koleji
Teologiis ganxriT daamTavra, inglisidan gem
„bigliT~ gaemgzavra xuTwlian eqspediciaSi
samxreT amerikis sanapiros Sesaswavlad. mog-
zaurobis dros darvini agrovebda yvelafers,
rac ki mas gzad xvdeboda: zRvis cxovelebs,
frinvelebs, mcenareebs, namarxebs, niJarebsa
da qvebs. misi dakvirvebebis Sedegebi safuZ-
vlad daedo wigns, romelic moicavda saki-
Txebs, dawyebuli geologiidan zoologiisa
da emociebis CaTvliT. wigni, romelmac mas
sayovelTaod gauTqva saxeli, aris 1859 wels
gamocemuli ̀ saxeobaTa warmoSoba~. am naSrom-
Si darvinma Camoayaliba mecnierebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi Teoria _ moZRvreba dedami-
waze sicocxlis evoluciis Sesaxeb.
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma Camoayaliba moZRvreba evoluciis
Sesaxeb, romelSic mogzaurobis dros Segro-
vili dakvirvebebis Sedegebi aisaxa. erT-erTi
im mravalricxovan adgilTa Soris, romelic
„biglma~ moinaxula, iyo galapagosis kunZulebi
_ vulkanuri arqipelagi samxreT amerikis dasav-
leT sanapirosTan. am kunZulebze uamravi cxo-
veli binadrobs, maT Soris amJamad `darvinis
skvinCad~ cnobili frinvelis 13 saxeoba. darvinidainteresda, Tu ratom arsebobda skvinCas
amdeni sxvadasxva saxeoba arqipelagze. cxadi
iyo, rom isini kontinentidan ver gadmovidodnen,
radganac iq es saxeobebi ar binadrobdnen. man
Ta
vi
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ur
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i
bunebrivi gadarCeva (Natural selection) – darvinisTeoriis mixedviT, saxeobis zogierTi warmomad-
genlis ukeTesi Segueba garemosadmi, saSualebas
aZlevs mas sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro warmate-
bulad gamravldes.
61
ivarauda, rom saxeobaTa es sxvadasxvaoba gar-
kveuli procesis Sedegi iyo, romelsac mog-
vianebiT bunebrivi gadarCeva uwoda.
darvinis Teoriis Tanaxmad, skvinCas yoveli
saxeoba saerTo winaprisagan warmoiSva. Tavidan
frinvelebis patara gundma daido bina kunZu-
lebze. isini gamravldnen erTmaneTTan Sejva-
rebis gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi
frinveli arqipelagis sxva kunZulze gadavida.
procesi, romelic Semdgom etapze ganviTarda,
bunebrivi gadarCeva iyo. sakvebi resursebi da
sacxovrebeli pirobebi – bunebrivi pirobebi
– mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva kun-
Zulze. zogan uxvadaa kenkra da Teslovani mce-
nareebi, zogi kunZuli kaqtusebiTaa dafaruli,
xolo zogan uamravi mweria. erTi SexedviT,
populaciebi sxvadasxva kunZulze msgavsi iyo,
magram yovel kunZulze frinvelebs Soris gar-
kveuli araerTgvarovneba SeiniSneboda. imis
gamo, rom kunZulebze sakvebi resursebis raode-
noba SezRuduli iyo, skvinCebis gadarCenis
Sansi izrdeboda, Tu maTi niskartis forma
ukeT iyo misadagebuli am kunZulze arsebuli
sakvebis mopovebasTan. magaliTad, skvinCebi,
romlebic kenkriTa da Teslovani mcenareebiT
mdidar kunZulebze binadrobdnen, gadarCebod-
nen, Tu msxvili niskarti eqnebodaT. frinvelebi
wvrili, wawvetebuli niskartiT, romelic
mouxerxebelia Teslis gatexvisa Tu gaxsnisa-
Tvis, aseT kunZulebze iRupebodnen. yoveli kun-
Zulis garemo pirobebi gansazRvravda, frin-
velebis sawyisi populaciidan romeli gadar-
Ceboda da gamravldeboda da romeli daiRu-
peboda STamomavlobis gareSe. droTa ganmav-
lobaSi aman gamoiwvia kunZulebze Zalian
gansxvavebuli populaciebis Camoyalibeba da
xeli Seuwyo saerTo winaprisagan `darvinis
skvinCebis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebis ganviTarebas.
zogadad, bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria gu-
lisxmobs, rom organizmi, romelic kargad aris
Seguebuli bunebriv garemos, rogoric ar unda
iyos is, ufro met STamomavlobas tovebs, vidre
naklebad Seguebuli. droTa ganmavlobaSi, or-
ganizmebi, romelTac gadarCenisaTvis saWiro
niSan-Tvisebebi gaaCniaT, ricxobrivad imateben
imaTTan SedarebiT, romelTac es niSan-Tvisebebi
ar aqvT. evoluciisaTvis individis warmateba
izomeba mis mier datovebuli STamomavlobis
raodenobiT.
Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom bu-
nebriv gadarCevas mokle drois ganmavlobaSic
ki dramatuli efeqtebis gamowveva SeuZlia.
peter da rozmari grantebis mier (Grant & Grant,
1989; Grant, 1986; Weiner, 1994) galapagosis arqi-
pelagis erT-erT kunZulze ̀ darvinis skvinCebze~
Catarebul iqna gamokvlevaTa seria, romlis
drosac registrirebul iqna naleqebis raode-
noba, sakvebis miwodeba da frinvelebis popu-
laciis zoma. 1976 wels populacia moicavda
aTasze met skvinCas. momdevno wels gamanad-
gurebelma gvalvam mospo sakvebis maragi. patara
zomis Teslebi gamoifita, darCa mxolod didi
da uxeSi. im wels frinvelTa populacia Sem-
cirda 80%-ze metiT, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom patara niskartebis mqone mcire zomis skvin-
Cebi ufro meti daiRupa, vidre mozrdili zomis
frinveli msxvili niskartiT. Sesabamisad, ro-
gorc amas darvini winaswarmetyvelebda, momdev-
no wels didi zomis frinvelTa raodenobam
imata. ratom? imitom, rom mxolod eseni, didi
sxeulebiTa da msxvili niskartebiT iyvnen
sakmarisad Zlierni imisaTvis, rom epasuxaT
gvalviT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebebisaTvis.
sainteresoa, rom 1983 wels naleqebis raodenoba
Warbi iyo da Teslebi, gansakuTrebiT mcire
zomis, uxvad ganviTarda. Sedegad, mcire zomis
frinvelebma raodenobiT ajobes didi zomis
frinvelebs imitom, rom maTi niskartebi ukeT
iyo morgebuli mcire zomis Teslebis mo-
povebasTan. peter da rozmari grantebis kvlevam
aCvena, rom bunebrivi gadarCeva mniSvnelovan
efeqtebs drois mokle periodSic iZleva.
mkvlevrebi dResac agrZeleben sxvadasxva
saxeobebis bunebriv gadarCevaze garemo piro-
bebis gavlenis Seswavlas, maT Soris evropul
xilis buzze (Huey et al., 200) da Tevzebis sxva-
dasxva saxeobaze (Rundle et. al., 2000).
genotipi da fenotipi
skvinCebis populaciis zrda-Semcirebis maga-
liTi cxadyofs, Tu ratom uwodebda darvini
evoluciis process ukeT Seguebulis gadar-
Cenas. warmoidgineT, rom yoveli saxeobisaTvis
nebismier garemoSi uamravi saarsebo sirTule
moiZebneba. saxeobis is warmomadgenlebi, ro-
melTac garemosTan ukeT Sexamebuli fiziku-
ri da fsiqologiuri atributebi gaaCniaT,
me
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62
ufro advilad gadarCebian. imis gaTvalis-
winebiT, rom am atributebis gadacema SesaZloa
Taobidan TaobaSi (da garemoSi es sirTuleebi
droTa ganmavlobaSi narCundeba), saxeobis
evoluciis Sansi izrdeba.
bunebrivi gadarCevis procesis detaluri Ses-
wavlis mizniT, Cven unda SemovitanoT evolu-
ciuri Teoriis ramdenime mniSvnelovani cneba.
modiT, SevCerdeT calkeul skvinCaze, kerZodDki
im faqtze, rom am skvinCam misi mSoblebisgan
memkvidreobiT genotipi, anu genetikuri struq-
tura miiRo. konkretuli garemos konteqstSi
am genotipma gansazRvra skvinCis ganviTareba
da qceva. skvinCis garegnoba da misi qcevis
repertuari ganixileba, rogorc fenotipi. Cveni
skvinCas SemTxvevaSi genotipi gansazRvravs mo-
cemul garemo pirobebTan erTad mokle niskar-
tis fenotips. am niskartiT SesaZlebelia patara
Teslebis akrefa. yvela tipis Tesli mravlad
rom yofiliyo, maSin am fenotips gadar-
CenisaTvis araviTari mniSvneloba eqneboda,
magram, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom mxolod mcire
zomis Teslebis mopoveba yofiliyo SesaZlebeli,
maSin Cvens skvinCas msxvili niskartis mqone
skvinCebTan SedarebiT seleqciuri upiratesoba
eqneboda. mxolod didi zomis Teslebis
arsebobis pirobebSi iqneboda Cveni skvinCa
araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi.
mxolod gadarCenil skvinCebs SeuZliaT
gamravleba. memkvidreobiT TavianTi genotipis
gadacema SeuZliaT mxolod im cxovelebs,
romlebic mravldeba. Sesabamisad, Tuki garemoSi
mxolod mcire zomis Teslebi moipoveba, mravali
Taobis Semdeg mxolod mcireniskartian skvinCebs
miviRebT, Sesabamisad, mxolod mcire zomis
Teslebis mopovebis unariT. ase cvlis garemo
saxeobis qcevis SesaZlo repertuars. suraTi
3.1 warmogvidgens bunebrivi gadarCevis gamartive-
bul models. Cven SegviZlia es idea adamianis
evoluciasac mivusadagoT.
adamianis evolucia
Tuki gadavxedavT im garemoebebs, romlebSic
adamianis saxeobis evolucia moxda, mivxvdebiT,
Tu ratom warmoadgenen garkveuli fizikuri
da qceviTi Tvisebebi adamianis saxeobis bio-
logiuri kapitalis nawils. adamianis evolu-
ciaSi bunebrivi gadarCevisTvis ori umTavresi
Tviseba – bipedalizmi da encefalizacia – iyo
gadamwyveti. orivem erTad ganapiroba kacob-
riobis civilizaciis warmoqmna. bipedalizmi
niSnavs or fexze amarTulad siarulis unars,
genotipi (Genotype) – organizmis genetikuri
struqtura, romelsac is mSoblebisagan mem-
kvidreobiT iRebs.
fenotipi (Phenotype) – organizmis xiluli niSan-
Tvisebebi, romlebic misi genotipisa da garemos
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad yalibdeba.
rogor muSaobs bunebrivi gadarCeva
garemo pirobebis cvlileba ganapirobebs saxeobis
wevrebs Soris konkurencias resursebisaTvis
brZolaSi. mxolod im individebs, romelTac am
cvlilebebTan ukeT Seguebuli Tvisebebi gaaCniaT,
eqnebaT gadarCenisa da gamravlebis Sansi. momdevno
TaobaSi Seguebul genetikuri struqturis mqone
individTa raodenoba meti iqneba.
suraTi 3.1
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xolo encefalizacia – Tavis tvinis zomis moma-
tebas. es ori adaptacia pasuxismgebelia ada-
mianis evoluciis umravles Tu ara, yvela miR-
wevaze, kulturuli ganviTarebis CaTvliT.
rodesac Cvenma winaprebma SeZles or fexze
amarTuli siaruli, maT SeiZines garemos Ses-
wavlisa da axali resursebis eqspluataciis
unari. Tavis tvinis zomis momatebasTan erTad
ki maTi inteleqti gaumjobesda, maT SeiZines
kompleqsuri azrovnebis, msjelobis, damaxsovre-
bisa da dagegmvis unari (Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom ufro didi tvinis evolucia ar warmoadgens
ufro didi inteleqtis garantias – mniSvnelo-
vani iyo is, Tu ra tipis tvinis qsovili viTar-
deboda da ra adgils ikavebda is tvinis far-
glebSi). genotipma, romelic gansazRvravda
Wkvian da mobilur fenotips, nel-nela gandevna
naklebad warmatebulad adaptirebuli genoti-
pebi adamianTa genuri fondidan, ramac gamrav-
lebis unari ufro Wkvian orfexa arsebebs misca.
bipedalizmisa da encefalizaciis Semdeg,
Cveni saxeobis evoluciis gzaze yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovani etapi iyo metyvelebis warmoqmna
(Bicketron, 1990; Holden, 1998). ifiqreT, ra SeguebiTi
upiratesoba SeeZlo moetana metyvelebis ganvi-
Tarebas adreuli periodis adamianebisaTvis.
iaraRebis gakeTebisaTvis saWiro martivi miTi-
Tebebi, kargi sanadiro Tu saTevzao adgilebis
povna da saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba zogavda
dros, Zalas da sicocxles. imis magivrad, rom
yovel jerze Tavidan eswavlaT sakuTari
gamocdilebidan cdisa da Secdomis meTodiT,
adamianebma SeZles sxvaTa gamocdilebis
gamoyeneba. saubari, iumoric ki, aZlierebda
socialur kavSirebs bunebrivad isedac sazo-
gadoebrivi saxeobis wevrebs Soris. yvelaze
mniSvnelovania is, rom metyvelebis warmoqmna-
ganviTarebam SesaZlo gaxada dagrovili codnis
gadacema Taobidan Taobaze.
metyveleba warmoadgens kulturuli evo-
luciis bazas _ kulturebis tendencias, daswav-
lis gziT adapturad upasuxos garemos cvli-
lebebs. kulturulma evoluciam ganapiroba
iaraRebis warmoebis warmateba, soflis
meurneobis gaumjobeseba da industriisa da teq-
nologiebis ganviTareba da daxvewa. kulturuli
evolucia saSualebas gvaZlevs Zalian swrafad
SeveguoT garemo pirobebis cvlilebebs.
personaluri kompiuteris gamoyenebis Segueba,
magaliTad, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi gan-
viTarda. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli evolucia
ver iarsebebs genotipis gareSe, romelic ko-
direbs daswavlisa da abstraqtuli azrovnebis
unars. kulturis arseboba – xelovnebis, li-
teraturis, musikis, samecniero codnisa da fi-
lantropiuli aqtivobebis CaTvliT – SesaZ-
lebelia mxolod adamianis genotipis poten-
cialis gamo.
adamianis genotipis cvalebadoba
Tqven naxeT, rom adamianis evoluciis dros
upiratesoba saziaro biologiur potencials
eniWeboda _ bipedalizmi da azrovnebisa da
metyvelebis unari. magram am saziaro potencia-
lSic rCeba adgili sagrZnobi variaciebisaTvis.
Tqvenma ded-mamam gadmogcaT mxolod nawili
imisa, rac maT mSoblebisgan, bebia-babuisagan
da Tqveni ojaxis yvela sxva wina Taobisagan
hqondaT miRebuli, ramac Sedegad mogvca Tqveni
ganviTarebis unikaluri biologiuri gegma.
memkvidreobiTobis (winaprebis fizikuri da fsi-
qologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis miReba) meqanizmis
Semswavlel mecnierebas genetika ewodeba.
genetikis safuZvlebi
Tqveni yoveli ujredis birTvSi moTavsebu-
lia genetikuri masala, romelsac dnm (dezoq-
siribonukleinis mJava) ewodeba. dnm organize-
bulia umcires nawilakebad, genebad. genebis
zusti raodenoba adamianis genomSi (genTa
erToblioba) dRemde araa cnobili; asaxeleben
ricxvs 30 000-dan 150 000-mde (Pennisi, 2000). genebi
Seicaven cilebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro in-
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struqciebs. es cilebi aregulireben sxeulSi
mimdinare fiziologiur procesebs da gana-
pirobeben fenotipis eqspresias: sxeulis for-
mas, fizikur Zalas da bevr sxva qceviT Tvisebas.
genebi moTavsebulia struqturebze, romel-
Tac qromosomebi ewodebaT. Casaxvis momentSi
Tqven iRebT mSoblebisagan 46 qromosomas – 23-
s dedisgan da 23-s mamisgan. yoveli qromosoma
aTasobiT gens Seicavs. spermisa da kvercxuj-
redis Serwyma Sedegad gvaZlevs genTa mravali
milioni SesaZlo kombinaciidan mxolod erTs.
sasqeso qromosomebi Seicaven informacias mam-
risa Tu mdedris fizikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
Tqven iRebT X qromosomas dedisgan da X an Y
qromosomas mamisgan. XX kombinacia ganapirobebs
mdedrobiTi Tvisebebis ganviTarebas, xolo XY
kombinacia – mamrobiTi Tvisebebisas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqvens dedmamiSvi-
lebTan Tqven daaxloebiT genTa 50% saerTo
gaqvT, genTa Tqveni kombinacia absoluturad
unikaluria, Tuki Tqven ar gyavT erTkvercxiani
tyupi. genebs Soris sxvaoba aris erT-erTi
mizezi, Tu ratom gansxvavdebiT Tqven fizi-
kurad da qceviTac Tqveni Zmebisa da debisagan.
sxva mizezi ki isaa, rom Tqven ar cxovrobT
absoluturad identur garemoSi. fsiqologiis
mniSvnelovani mizania, zemoqmedebis am or
wyaros Soris wonasworobis (balansis) gageba.
memkvidreobiToba (Heredity) – niSan-Tvisebebis bio-logiuri gadacema mSoblebidan STamomavlobaze.
genetika (Genetics) – mecniereba winaprebisgan mi-Rebuli fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis
memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb.
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava) (DNA – deox-yribonucleic acid) _ genetikuri informaciis gada-cemis fizikuri baza.
geni (Genes) – memkvidreobiTobis fizikuri erTe-uli; qromosomebis patara ubani, romelic
pasuxismgebelia Tvisebebis gadacemaze.
sasqeso qromosoma (Sex chrolosomes) – qromosomebi,sadac Tavmoyrilia mamrobiTi Tu mdedrobiTi
Tvisebebis matarebeli genebi.
adamianis qcevis genetika (Human behavior genetics)– mecniereba, romelic qcevisa da Tvisebebis
individualuri gansxvavebebis genetikur kompo-
nentebs Seiswavlis.
genebi da qceva
Cven vnaxeT, rom evoluciurma procesma SesaZ-
lo gaxada adamianis genotipSi uamravi cvale-
badobis arseboba. am genotipTa urTierTqmedeba
garemosTan qmnis cvalebadobas adamianTa
fenotipSi. adamianTa qcevis genetikis sferoSi
mkvlevrebi Tanabrad iyeneben genetikisa da fsi-
qologiis meTodebs, raTa Seiswavlon mizezob-
rivi urTierTkavSiri niSan-TvisebaTa memkvid-
reobiTobasa da qcevas Soris (Maccoby, 2000;
Plomin & Rende, 1991; Plomin et al., 1994).
qceviTi genetikis logikis Sesaswavlad Cven
unda aRvweroT saocari aRmoCena: Tqveni su-
bieqturi kargad yofnis – bednierebis, romel-
sac Tqven Tqveni cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ganic-
diT – safuZvels, SesaZloa, genetikuri kompo-
nenti gansazRvravdes.
saidan
viciT
bednierebis memkvidreobiToba
bednierebis genetikuri komponentis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebma qceviTi genetikis
klasikuri meTodi gamoiyenes. maT Seis-
wavles monozigoturi (genetikurad iden-
turi, MZ) da dizigoturi (e.w. fraternuli
anu sibsebis msgavsi, DZ) tyupebis mier
sakuTari bednierebis Sefaseba. tyupebis
bednierebis done fasdeboda specialuri
kiTxvariT, romelSic iyo aseTi tipis
kiTxvebic, magaliTad, „sxvebTan SedarebiT,
ramdenad bednieri xarT?~mkvlevrebma
Seiswavles MZ da DZ pasuxebis ori seria,
rodesac respondentebi Sesabamisad 20 da
30 wlisa iyvnen. maT Caatares e.w. jvaredini
analizi (sur. 3.2): 30 wlis respondentis
gamonaTqvami Seadares misi tyupiscalis
gamonaTqvams 20 wlis asakSi. gamoirkva,
rom TiTqmis ar arsebobda korelacia DZ
tyupebis pasuxebs Soris maSin, rodesac
MZ tyupebSi pasuxebis 80%-is korelacia
jvaredini analizis Sedegad dadasturda.
mecnierebis warmodgeniT, es maRali kore-
lacia SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod im daSve-
biT, rom bednierebas genetikuri komponenti
aqvs (Lykken & Tellegen, 1996).
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xom ar gagikvirdaT, rom bednierebasac ki
SesaZloa Zlieri genetikuri komponenti
hqondes? Tqven, albaT, fiqrobT, rom bednierebas
garemo ufro metad gansazRvravs. Tqven
romantiuli urTierToba gaqvT? ramdenad
rTulia Tqveni swavlis procesi? romelia
Tqveni cxovrebis mTavari winaaRmdegobebi?
mkvlevrebs miaCniaT, rom garemos aseTi
movlenebi dabadebis dros miRebuli „bed-
nierebis saSualo donis~ garkveul variaciebs
iwvevs. analogiisaTvis gaixseneT rogor mu-
Saobs Termostati. davuSvaT, Tqven temperatura
daayeneT 20°C-ze garemo garkveulad Secvlis
am temperaturas, magram saSualo maCvenebeli
igive darCeba. bednierebis sakiTxis kvlevam
aCvena, rom yovel Cvengans aqvs bednierebis
donis raRac sawyisi maCvenebeli (analogiiT,
magaliTad, 20°C, an 30°C), romelic narCundeba
mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare
movlenebis miuxedavad, magram aucilebelia,
rom amas geni (an genebi) gansazRvravdes? gaix-
seneT wignis meore Tavidan: „korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba~. SesaZloa, rom individis qcevis
sxva aspeqtebma, an gamocdilebam gansazRvros
genetikurad ganpirobebuli bednierebis gamov-
lena. identuri da dizigoturi tyupebis
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom genomis elementebs
aqvT gavlena bednierebaze. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni
genetikuri memkvidreoba gansazRvravs, Tu
rogor afasebT momxdar movlenebs – rom Tqveni
da an Zma genetikurad ganwyobilia ufro metad
daiTrgunos umniSvnelo problemebisagan. Tqven,
SesaZloa, ufro bednieri iyoT, magram genetika
gansazRvravs, Tu rogor axdenT Tqven samyaros
interpretacias, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganapiro-
bebs gansxvavebebs bednierebaSi, an, SesaZloa,
saSualo keTildReoba warmoadgens balanss
pozitiuri da negatiuri emociebis gamomwvev
genebs Soris (Hamer, 1996). rogori axsnac arunda moiZebnos, erTi ram cxadia: mSoblebisagan
miRebuli genebi ufro farTo gavlenas axdenen
Tqvenze, vidre mxolod Tvalis ferisa Tu
Tqveni simaRlis gansazRvra.
daimaxsovreT, rom genebSi Tqveni bedis kodi
araa Cadebuli. is rom Tqven maRali xarT, ar
niSnavs, rom kalaTburTi unda iTamaSoT; is,
rom Tqven qali xarT, ar niSnavs, rom auci-
leblad bavSvebi unda gaaCinoT. yovelTvis
gaxsovdeT, rom genotipis eqspresia mxolod
garkveul konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. fizikuri
zoma, magaliTad, ganpirobebulia genetikuri
masaliTa da kvebis racioniT erToblivad.
fizikuri Zala rogorc mamakacebSi, ise qalebSi,
SesaZloa, ganviTarebul iqnes specialuri savar-
jiSoebis meSveobiT. inteleqtualuri ganviTa-
reba ganpirobebulia rogorc genetikuri poten-
cialiT, ise aRzrdis pirobebiT. verc marto
genebi da verc marto garemo ver gansazRvravs,
vin xarT Tqven da ra pirovnebad CamoyalibdebiT.
adamianis qcevis genetikaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba individualuri gansxvavebebis war-
moSobis Seswavlas eTmoba: individualuri
genetikuri masalis ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven
Tqveni azrovnebisa da qcevis maneras? sociobio-
logebi cdiloben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas
qcevis farTo speqtris fonze. es sfero Seis-
wavlis socialur qcevas da adamianebisa da
sxva cxovelebis socialuri sistemebis evo-
luciur safuZvlebs. modiT bednierebaSi ufro
meti vigulisxmoT. Cven mxolod qceviTi ge-
netikis kvleva aRvwereT, romelic bednierebis
sferoSi individualur gansxvavebebs Seis-
sociobiologia (Sociobiology) – mecniereba,
romelic Seiswavlis adamianTa da cxovelTa
socialur sistemebs da sociualuri qcevis
evoluciur safuZvlebs.
suraTi 3.2
bednierebis genetikis safuZvlis
Semswvleli cdis sqema
mecnierebma Seiswavles korelacia erTi tyupis
bednierebisdoneebs Soris 20 da 30 wlis asakSi
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wavlis, magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas evo-
luciuri perspeqtividan adamianis saxeobis
zogadi unari bednierebis gancdisa? basi (2000)
uSvebs, rom adamianTa bednierebaSi garkveuli
SezRudvebia „Tanamedrove da Zvel garemoebebs
Soris arsebuli Seusabamobebis~ gamo. maga-
liTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebi mcire
zomis jgufebis konteqstSi ganviTardnen, bevri
dRes did urbanul garemoSi cxovrobs, sadac
didi raodenobiT ucxoebiT aris garemoculi.
Cven aRar SegvrCa mWidro kavSirebi individTa
im jgufebTan, romelTanac saarsebo sivrces
viyofT; kavSirebi, romlebic gvexmareba bed-
nieri cxovrebis gancdaSi. ra SeiZleba gakeT-
des? miuxedavad imisa, rom Tqven ar SegiZliaT
ukan daabrunoT am cvlilebebis gamomwvevi kul-
turuli evolucia, Tqven SegiZliaT arsebuli
viTarebis kompensireba Tqvens ojaxTan da megob-
rebTan mWidro kavSirebis damyarebiT (Buss, 2000).
Sejameba
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da icvleba drois
ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad,
romelic warmoadgens organizmis unars,
sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamravldes fenoti-
puri Tvisebebisa da garemos Soris urTierT-
qmedebis gamo. adamianis evoluciaSi ori um-
Tavresi Segueba iyo _ bipedalizmi da encefa-
lizacia. metyvelebis ganviTarebam SesaZlo
gaxada swrafi kulturuli evolucia.
adamianis qceviTi genetikis mkvlevrebi Seis-
wavlian kavSirs memkvidreobiT miRebul geneb-
sa da qcevas Soris. sociobiologebi iyeneben
evoluciur midgomas saxeobebis socialuri
qcevis gagebisaTvis.
biologia da qceva
modiT, axla Cveni yuradReba adamianis geno-
tipis mniSvnelovan produqts mivapyroT _ im
biologiur sistemebs, romelTa meSveobiTac
azrovnebisa da qcevis mTel speqtrs vaxorcie-
lebT. bevrad ufro adre darvinis mogzau-
robamde, mecnierebi, filosofosebi da sxvebi
msjelobdnen, Tu ra rols asruleben biolo-
giuri sistemebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
tvinis Seswavlis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvne-
lovanesi figura iyo rene dekarti (1596-1650),
romelmac SemogvTavaza im droisaTvis Zalzed
radikaluri idea: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxo-
veluri manqana~, romelic SeiZleba mecnieru-
lad SeviswavloT – empiriuli dakvirvebis
gziT bunebrivi kanonebis aRmoCenis meSveobiT.
dekarti Tvlida, rom adamianis qmedeba aris
meqanikuri refleqsi garemos mxridan stimu-
laciis sapasuxod. man ivarauda, rom fizikuri
energia aagznebs grZnobis organos. stimu-
lirebis Semdeg grZnobis organo gadascems
tvins agznebas „cxoveluri sulis~ meSveobiT;
tvini, Tavis mxriv, gadascems cxovelur suls
kunTebis Sesabamis jgufs, romelic moZraobiT
refleqsur pasuxs axorcielebs.
refleqsis dekartiseul cnebas mecnieruli
dasabuTeba ar hqonda 1906 wlamde, rodesac
ser Carlz Seringtonma aRmoaCina, rom refleq-
sebis safuZvels warmoadgenen pirdapiri kav-
Sirebi sensorul da motorul nervul boW-
koebs Soris zurgis tvinis doneze. Serington-
ma wamoayena idea, rom nervuli sistema rogorc
amagznebel (nervuli aqtivobis gaZliereba),
ise Semakavebel (nervuli aqtivobis Semcireba)
procesebs moicavs. XX saukunis dasawyisamde
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mecnierebma araferi icodnen nervuli sistemis
struqturuli erTeulis, neironis Sesaxeb. san-
tiago ramon kaxali iyo pirveli, vinc aRmoaCina
fizikuri zRvari mezobel neironebs Soris da
ganaviTara Teoria neironebs Soris informaciis
gadacemis Sesaxeb. 50 wlis Semdeg eleqtronuli
mikroskopis gamoyenebam daadastura misi ideebi.
1948 wels donald hebma ivarauda, rom tvini
ara mxolod nervuli qsovilis masaa, aramed
integrirebuli struqturebis, e.w. „ujreduli
ansamblebis~ erToblioba, romelic specifikur
funqciebs asrulebs.
dekartis Semdeg moxseniebuli mkvlevrebi
Tavs neiromecnierebs uwodeben. dRes, neiro-
mecniereba kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
swrafad ganviTarebadi sferoa. mniSvnelovani
aRmoCenebi gamaognebeli regularobiT xdeba.
neiromecnierebis Sesaxeb Cveni saubari daiwye-
ba im teqnikuri meTodebis aRweriT, romlebsac
mkvlevrebi axali aRmoCenebisaTvis iyeneben.
Semdeg gavecnobiT nervuli sistemis zogad
struqturas, romelsac tvinis ufro detaluri
Seswavla mosdevs. dabolos, Cven gavecnobiT
endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebas – meore
makontrolebel biologiur sistemas, romelic
nervul sistemasTan erTad muSaobs.
movusminoT tvins
neiromecnierebi cdiloben sxvadasxva meTo-
debis meSveobiT Seiswavlon tvinis muSaoba –
dawyebuli operaciebiT did, TvalisaTvis
dasanax struqturebze, damTavrebuli ujre-
debiT, romelTa danaxva mxolod Zlieri
mikroskopis qveSaa SesaZlebeli. mkvlevrebis
mier gamoyenebul teqnikas analizis garkveuli
done Seesabameba. aq Cven ganvixilavT yvelaze
ufro xSirad gamoyenebad meTodebs, romlebic
Tavis tvinis ubnebis funqciebisa Tu qcevis
gansazRvrisaTvisaa saWiro.
intervencia tvinSi
mravali kvleviTi meTodi neiromecnierebaSi
tvinSi pirdapir intervencias gulisxmobs. es
meTodebi istoriul sawyiss fineas geijis Sem-
Txvevidan iReben, romliTac wignis es Tavi
daviwyeT. geijis Tavis tvinis dazianebis Semdeg
qcevis dramatulma cvlilebebma eqimebs afiq-
rebina, rom tvini warmoadgens racionaluri
qcevisa da pirovnuli Tvisebebis safuZvels.
TiTqmis imave periodSi, rodesac geiji travmis
Semdeg mdgomareobidan gamodioda, pol broka
swavlobda tvinis rols metyvelebaSi. misi
pirveli kvleva am sferoSi warmoadgenda ada-
mianis autofsias, romelsac Searqves „tan~
im erTaderTi sityvis mixedviT, romlis war-
moTqmac mas SeeZlo. brokam naxa, rom „tanis~
tvinis Sublis marcxena ubani Zlier dazia-
nebuli iyo. am aRmoCenam ubiZga brokas Sees-
wavla im pacientebis tvini, romelTac metyve-
lebis darRveva hqondaT. yvela SemTxvevaSi
broka poulobda msgavs dazianebas tvinis igive
ubanSi, romelsac axla `brokas are~ ewodeba.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi kvlavac cdiloben
ipovon Sesabamisoba qcevis cvlilebebsa da
tvinis dazianebas Soris.
neiromecniereba (Neuroscience) – moZRvreba nervu-li sistemisa da qcevaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb.
brokas are (Broca’s area) – Tavis tvinis ubani,
romelic azrebs metyvelebasa da/an JestebSi
gardaqmnis.
dazianeba (Lesions) – tvinis qsovilis daSaveba.
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SemTxveviT dazianebuli tvinis SeswavlaSi
garkveul problemas warmoadgens is, rom mec-
nierebs ar SeuZliaT Tavad gansazRvron dazia-
nebis ubani da zoma. tvinis safuZvliani Ses-
wavlisa da qceviT Tu kognitur funqciebs
Soris kavSirebis dadgenis mizniT mecnierebs
sWirdebaT meTodebi, romlebic maT tvinis
dazianebuli qsovilis zusti specifikaciis
saSualebas miscems. mkvlevrebma ganaviTares
meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa
zustad gansazRvruli dazianebebis gamowveva.
maT SeuZliaT, magaliTad, tvinis gansazRvruli
ubnebis mocileba, am ubnebis neironuli
kavSirebis gadaWra, an am ubnebis dazianeba
sicxis, sicivisa Tu eleqtrobis gamoyenebiT.
rogorc, albaT, mixvdiT, tvinis eqsperimentuli
dazianeba mxolod sacdel cxovelebze, da ara
adamianebze, xorcieldeba (gaixseneT Cveni
diskusia wignis meore TavSi, rom cxovelebze
aseTi tipis eqsperimentebis eTika amJamad
umkacres kontrols eqvemdebareba). tvinis
Cveneuli gageba radikalurad Seicvala,
rodesac mecnierebma Seadares da Seiswavles
cxovelebze dazianebiTi cdebis Sedegebi
adamianebis klinikuri monacemebis Sedegebs.
garkveul pirobebSi mecnierebs SeuZliaT
tvinis funqciebis Seswavla misi ubnebis pir-
dapiri stimulaciis meSveobiT. magaliTad, XX
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi, valter hesi iyo tvinis
Rrma struqturebis eleqtruli stimulaciis
pioneri. man Canerga eleqtrodebi Tavisuflad
moZravi katis tvinSi. Rilakze TiTis daWeriT
mas SeeZlo Canergil eleqtrodSi eleqtruli
muxtis gamowveva. hesma daaxloebiT 500 kataze
detalurad Seiswavla tvinis 4500 ubnis eleq-
truli stimulaciis Sedegebi da aRmoaCina, rom
eleqtrodis lokalizaciis mixedviT SesaZle-
beli iyo Rilakze TiTis daWeriT Zilis, sqe-
sobrivi aqtivobis, SiSisa Tu SfoTvis gamowveva
an, Sesabamisad, gamorTva. magaliTad, tvinis
gansazRvruli regionebis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia iwvevda mSvidi katebis agresiulobas.
tvinis aqtivobis registracia da
warmosaxva
zogi neiromecnieri tvinis funqciebis kar-
tirebas axdens gareSe stimulaciaze tvinis
eleqtruli aqtivobis eleqtrodebiT registra-
ciis meSveobiT. tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba
SesaZloa sxvadasxva sizustiT iqnes Seswav-
lili. yvelaze ufro specifikur doneze mkvlev-
rebi tvinSi ultramgrZnobiare mikroeleq-
trodebs aTavseben misi calkeuli ujredebis
eleqtruli aqtivobis Caweris mizniT. aseTi
registracia naTels hfens individualuri
neironis aqtivobis cvlilebebs garemo stimu-
laciaze sapasuxod.
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adamianebisaTvis mecnierebi xSirad iyeneben
sxva tipis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac Tavis zeda-
pirze aTavseben didi, integrirebuli eleqtru-
li aqtivobis registraciis mizniT. am eleqtro-
debiT iwereba eleqtroencefalograma (eeg), anu
tvinis aqtivobis gaZlierebuli Canaweri. eeg-s
iyeneben fsiqologiur aqtivobasa da tvinis
pasuxebs Soris kavSiris dasadgenad. magaliTad,
erT eqsperimentSi pacients warmoudgenen saxe-
ebis serias da sTxoven maT damaxsovrebas. eeg-
ze aRiniSneba am dros tvinis specifikuri aqti-
voba (Sommer et al., 1995).yvelaze ufro SesaniSnavia is teqnikuri
meTodebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad neiroqi-
rurgebisaTvis iyo SemuSavebuli insultisa Tu
sxva daavadebebis mkurnalobaSi daxmarebis miz-
niT. es mowyobilobebi cocxal, aqtiur tvins
aCveneben invaziuri procesebis gareSe, rac
qsovilis dazianebis risks mniSvnelovnad amci-
rebs. tvinis warmosaxva Zalian imedismomcemi
meTodia misi normaluri Tu paTologiuri fun-
qciebis SeswavlisaTvis (Barinaga, 1997; Posner, 1993).pozitronul-emisiuri tomografiis (anu PET-
skani) gamoyenebis dros cdis pirs Seuyvanen
radiaqtiur (magram ara mavne) substanciebs,
romlebic tvins aRweven da garkveuli ujre-
debis mier STainTqmebian. Tavis gareT moTav-
sebuli Camweri xelsawyoebi am dros afiqsireben
radiaqtiurad moniSnul ujredebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
drosaa aqtiuri. es infromacia gadaecema
kompiuters, romelSic tvinis dinamiuri ruka
dgeba da romelic uCvenebs, Tu sad mimdinareobs
fiziologiuri aqtivobis sxvadasxva tipi.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI) iye-
nebs magnitur velebs da radiotalRebs tvinis
SigniT energiis pulsebis warmoqmnisaTvis.
radganac pulsebi sxvadasxva sixSiriTaa daye-
nebuli, zogi atomi magnituri velis parale-
lurad ganTavsdeba. rodesac magnituri pulsi
iTiSeba, atomebi vibrirebas (rezonirebas) iwye-
ben sawyis mdgomareobaSi dabrunebis gamo. spe-
cialuri radio iWers am signalebs da gadaaqvs
eleqtroencefalograma (eeg) (Electroencephalogram- EEG) – tvinis eleqtruli aqtivobis registra-
cia.
PET-skani (PET-scans) – tvinis suraTebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva kognitiuri Tu qceviTi aqtivobis
dros cocxali tvinis aqtivobas uCveneben uj-
redebis mier STanTqmuli radioaqtivobis dafiq-
sirebis meSveobiT.
magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia (MRI _ Mag-netic resonance imaging) – tvinis suraTebis SeqmnismeTodi, romelic magnitur velebsa da radio-
talRebs iyenebs.
suraTi 3.3
funqciuri magnitur-rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI – Functional MRI) – meTodi, romelic aer-
Tianebs PET-skanisa da mrt-is upiratesobebs
da aRricxavs tvinis sisxlis mimoqcevis magni-
tur cvlilebebs.
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informacia kompiuterSi, romelic gviCvenebs
sxvadasxva atomebis lokalizacias tvinSi. su-
raTis meSveobiT mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT tvinis
struqturebis dakavSireba fiziologiur pro-
cesebTan.
MRI anatomiuri detalebis warmosaxvisTvi-
saa gamosadegi; PET-skani ufro detalur infor-
macias gvawvdis funqciis Sesaxeb. arsebobs
axali meTodi, e.w. funqciuri mrt, anu fMRI,
romelic iTavsebs orive meTodis upiratesobas
tvinSi sisxlis mimoqcevis magnituri cvlile-
bebis registraciis meSveobiT. fMRI saSualebas
iZleva ufro zustad SeviswavloT struqtura
da funqcia. mkvlevrebi iyeneben fMRI-s iseTi
kognitiuri funqciebis Seswavlisas, rogoricaa:
yuradReba, aRqma, metyveleba da mexsiereba
(Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000).
300 welze metma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac
dekartma daiwyo tvinis Seswavla; 100 weli
gavida mas Semdeg, rac brokam daadgina, rom
tvinis garkveuli ubnebi specifikur funqciebs
asruleben. am aRmoCenebis Semdeg kulturulma
evoluciam saSualeba misca mkvlevrebs gamoi-
yenon teqnologia tvinis saidumloebebis
Sesaswavlad. wignis am Tavis darCenili nawili
tvinis saidumloebebs eZRvneba.
nervuli sistema
nervuli sistema Sedgeba miliardobiT spe-
cializebuli nervuli ujredisagan, neiro-
nisgan da nervuli boWkoebisagan, romlebic
mTels sxeulSia gabneuli. nervuli sistema
iyofa or mTavar nawilad: centraluri nervu-
li sistema (cns) da periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns). cns Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis
tvinisagan, xolo pns – im neironebisagan,
romlebic qmnian nervebs da akavSireben cns-s
sxeulTan. suraTi 3.5 warmoadgens kavSirs cns-sa da pns-s Soris.
cns-is amocanaa sxeulis yvela funqciis
integrireba da koordinireba, Semosuli nerv-
uli informaciis gadamuSaveba da sxeulis
sxvadasxva nawilebSi pasuxebis gagzavna. cns
iRebs da agzavnis nervul informacias zurgis
tvinis (nervuli mili, romelic Tavis tvins
pns-Tan akavSirebs) saSualebiT. Tavad es ner-
vuli mili moTavsebulia xerxemlis arxSi.
spinaluri nervebi gamodis zurgis tvinidan
xerxemlis malTa wyvilebs Soris da ukavSir-
deba mTel sxeulSi gabneul sensorul recep-
torebs, kunTebsa da jirkvlebs. zurgis tvini
aregulirebs sxeulis marcxena da marjvena
nawilebis aqtivobas da pasuxismgebelia im
martivi, swrafi refleqsebis ganxorcielebaze,
romelTa kontrolSi Tavis tvini araa CarTuli.
magaliTad, organizms, romlis zurgisa da Ta-
vis tvinebi gancalkevebulia, SeuZlia mtkivneul
suraTi 3.4
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) (Central nerviussystem - CNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan Sedgeba.
periferiuli nervuli sistema (pns) (Periphericalnervius system - PNS) – nervuli sistemis nawili,
romelic spinaluri da kranialuri nervebisagan
Sedgeba, romelTa meSveobiTac xorcieldeba
kavSiri cns-sa da sensorul receptorebs, kun-
Tebsa da jirkvlebs Soris.
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gamaRizianebelze sapasuxod kiduris ganrideba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom intaqturi Tavis tvini
Cveulebriv pirobebSi informirebuli iqneboda
am qmedebis Sesaxeb, organizms am reaqciis
ganxorcieleba misi Carevis gareSec SeuZlia.
zurgis tvinis nervebis dazianeba iwvevs
sxeulisa da qveda kidurebis damblas, rogorc
es naCvenebia paraplegiur pacientebSi. damblis
gavrceleba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra doneze
moxda zurgis tvinis dazianeba. zeda segmentebis
dazianeba ufro farTo damblas iwvevs.
miuxedavad Tavisi mmarTvelobiTi funqciisa,
cns-s ar aqvs uSualo kontaqti gare samyaros-
Tan; es pns-is funqciaa, miawodos mas infor-
macia sensoruli receptorebis saSualebiT, maga-
liTad, Tvalebidan da yurebidan da aseve gaa-
taros cns-is brZanebebi kunTebisa da sxeulis
sxva organoebisaken. pns ZiriTadad boWkoTa ori
tipisagan Sedgeba. somaturi nervuli sistema
aregulirebs sxeulis ConCxis kunTebis moq-
medebas. magaliTad, warmoidgineT rom beWdavT
werils. Tqveni TiTebis moZraoba kompiuteris
klaviaturaze regulirdeba somaturi nervuli
sistemis meSveobiT. roca Tqven iRebT gada-
wyvetilebas, Tu ra daweroT, Tqveni Tavis tvini
agzavnis brZanebas TiTebisaken, daaWiron Sesa-
bamis Rilaks. amavdroulad TiTebidan Tavis
tvinSi ukukavSiris saSualebiT igzavneba infor-
macia maTi moZraobisa da poziciis Sesaxeb. Tuki
Tqven araswor Rilaks daaWireT TiTi, somaturi
nervuli sistema atyobinebs amis Sesaxeb Tavis
tvins, romelic Sesabamis koreqcias ganaxor-
cielebs da Tqven myisierad waSliT Secdomas
da daaWerT TiTs swor Rilaks.
pns-is meore nawilia avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans), romelic ZiriTad sasicocxlo
procesebs awesrigebs. es sistema 24 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobs, aregulirebs ra sxeulis
iseT funqciebs, romlebic Cveulebriv nebiT
kontrols ar eqvemdebareba, magaliTad, sunTqva,
saWmlis moneleba da agzneba. ans maSinac
muSaobs, rodesac Tqven gZinavT. is uzrunvel-
yofs sasicocxlo funqciebis ganxorcielebas
anesTeziisa da xangrZlivi komis drosac.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema aregulirebs
ori tipis reaqciebs: organizmis reaqciebs
safrTxeze da organizmis cxovelqmedebas
Cveulebriv pirobebSi. am funqciebis ganxorci-
elebisaTvis avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
kidev or nawilad iyofa, esenia: simpaTikuri
suraTi 3.5adamianis nervuli
sistemis ierarqiuli
agebuleba
centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvi-
nisagan. periferiuli nervuli
sistema funqciis mixedviT or
nawilad iyofa: _ somaturi
nervuli sistema akontro-
lebs nebiT moZraobebs, xolo
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
– Sida procesebs. avtono-
miuri nervuli sistema aseve
or nawilad iyofa: _ simpa-
Tikuri nervuli sistema are-
gulirebs qcevas kritikul,
daZabul situaciebSi, xolo
parasimpaTikuri sistema akon-
trolebs qcevas Cveulebriv
pirobebSi.
somaturi nervuli sistema (Somatic nervous system)– periferiuli nervuli sistemis nawili, ro-
melic akavSirebs centralur nervul sistemas
kanisa da ConCxis kunTebTan.
avtonomiuri nervuli sistema (ans) (Autonomicnervous system - ANS) – periferiuli nervuli
sistemis nawili, romelic akavSirebs cen-
tralur nervul sistemas gluv da gulis
kunTebTan da jirkvlebTan da aregulirebs
sxeulis uneblie motorul pasuxebs.
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nervuli sistema
centraluri nervuli
sistema
(Tavisa da zurgis tvini)
periferiuli nervuli sistema
(nervuli qsovili Tavisa da zurgis
tvinis farglebs gareT)
somaturi nervuli
sistema
(sensoruli da motoruli
nervuli, nebiTi)
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema
(Sinagani sistemebi, uneblie)
simpaTikuri nawili parasimpaTikuri nawili
72
da parasimpaTikuri nawilebi. es ganyofilebebi
urTierTsawinaaRmdego funqciebs asruleben.
simpaTikuri nawili aregulirebs organizmis
reaqciebs daZabul situaciebSi, parasimpaTikuri
ki sxeulis Sida funqciebs akontrolebs mSvid
mdgomareobaSi. simpaTikuri sistema SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnes, rogorc daZabuli mdgomare-
obebis momgvarebeli – safrTxis, an stresis
dros is amzadebs tvins „brZolisaTvis~: saWmlis
moneleba wydeba, sisxli Sida organoebidan kun-
Tebisaken nawildeba, Jangbadis mowodeba Zlier-
deba da guliscemis sixSire matulobs. safrTxis
gavlis Semdeg erTveba parasimpaTikuri sistema,
raTa ganmuxtos procesebi da organizmi wynar-
deba. saWmlis moneleba aRdgeba, guliscema
wynardeba da sunTqva ufro mSviddeba. parasim-
paTikuri nawili pasuxismgebelia organizmis
Cveulebrivi mdgomareobis koordinirebaze, ro-
goricaa ZalTa danaxarjis gabaTileba, vizua-
luri sistemis dacva (cremlisa da gugis Seviw-
roebis meSveobiT) da sxeulis energiis xangrZ-
livi Senaxva. simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
sistemebis gansxvavebuli funqciebi 3.6 suraTzeaasaxuli.
suraTi 3.6avtonomiuri nervuli sistema
parasimpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic organizmis yoveldRiur Sida reaqciebsa da
qcevas aregulirebs, marcxena mxaresaa gamosaxuli; simpaTikuri nervuli sistema, romelic
imave funqciebs stresis dros axorcielebs, naCvenebia marjvena mxares. miaqcieT yuradReba
imas, rom simpaTikuri nervuli sistema zurgis tvinis siaxloves nervuli kvanZebis
erTobliobas, e. w. simpatikur vels qmnis.
simpaTikuri sistema (Sympathetic division) – avto-nomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, romelic sa-
gangaSo situaciaSi energiis mobilizacias
axorcielebs.
parasimpaTikuri sistema (Parasympathetic division) –avtonomiuri nervuli sistemis nawili, rome-
lic yoveldRiur funqciebs asrulebs da inaxavs
sxeulis energias.
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!
Tavis tvinis struqturebi da
maTi funqciebi
Tavis tvini centraluri nervuli sistemis
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianis
Tavis tvini sami urTierTdakavSirebuli Sri-
sagan Sedgeba. yvelaze ufro Rrma regionSi,
romelsac tvinis Rero ewodeba, moTavsebulia
iseT avtonomiur procesTa maregulirebeli
centrebi, rogoricaa guliscema, sunTqva, ylapva
da saWmlis moneleba. centralur Sres qmnis
limburi sistema, romelic CarTulia motivaciis,
emociisa da mexsierebis procesebis ganxorcie-
lebasa da kontrolSi. am or regions gars
ekvris cerebrumi – didi tvini. tvinis swored
es nawili ganagebs adamianis gonebas. didi tvi-
ni da misi gare Sre, qerqi (korteqsi) axdens
sensoruli informaciis integrirebas, koordina-
cias uwevs moZraobas da axorcielebs abstraq-
tul azrovnebasa da msjelobas (sur. 3.7). axla
ufro guldasmiT gavecnoT Tavis tvinis am sami
ganyofilebis funqciebs. daviwyoT tvinis
ReroTi, TalamusiTa da naTxemiT.
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da naTxemi
tvinis Rero yvela xerxemlian cxovels
gaaCnia. misi struqturebi aregulirebs
sxeulis Sinagan mdgomareobas (sur. 3.8). zurgistvinis zeda sazRvarze moTavsebuli mogrZo
tvini warmoadgens sunTqvis, sisxlis wnevisa
da guliscemis centrs. radganac es procesebi
sicocxlisaTvis aucilebelia, mogrZo tvinis
dazianeba SeiZleba fataluri iyos. sxeulidan
suraTi 3.7
Tavis tvinis struqturebi
Tavis tvinis ZiriTadi urTierTdakavSirebuli nawilebia: tvinis Rero, naTxemi, limburi
sistema da didi tvinis qerqi.
tvinis Rero (Brain stem) – Tavis tvinis struq-tura, romelic aregulirebs sxeulis ZiriTad
sasicocxlo funqciebs.
mogrZo tvini (Medulla) – tvinis Reros ubani,romelic akontrolebs sunTqvas, sifxizles
da guliscemas.
xidi (Pons) – tvinis Reros ubani, romelic
akavSirebs zurgisa da Tavis tvins, aseve Tavis
tvinis sxvadasxva nawilebs.
retikuluri formacia (Reticular formation) –tvinis Reros ubani, romelic gansazRvravs
Tavis tvinis mzaobas, miiRos sensoruli
informacia da pasuxismgebelia cnobierebis
SenarCunebasa da gamofxizlebaze.
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aRmavali da tvinidan daRmavali nervuli
boWkoebi mogrZo tvinSi jvaredindeba, rac imas
niSnavs, rom sxeulis marcxena nawilis kon-
trols tvinis marjvena mxare axorcielebs da
piriqiT, sxeulis marjvena nawili tvinis mar-
cxena nawilTanaa dakavSirebuli. uSualod
mogrZo tvinis Tavze moTavsebulia xidi,
romelic agzavnis informacias tvinis Reros
sxva struqturebSi da naTxemSi (misi saxeli
swored am funqcias ukavSirdeba). retikuluri
(badebrivi) formacia warmoadgens nervebis xSir
qsels, romelic tvinis Reros darajis funqcias
asrulebs. is ganapirobebs didi tvinis qerqis
mzaobas, miiRos axali stimulacia da Zilis
drosac inarCunebs sifxizlis garkveul dones
(Kinomura et al., 1996). am ubnis seriozuli dazianeba
komas iwvevs.
retikuluri formaciis grZeli boWkoebi Ta-
lamuss ukavSirdeba, romelsac Semosuli sen-
soruli informacia didi tvinis qerqis Sesabamis
ubanSi gadaaqvs, sadac es informacia muSavdeba.
magaliTad, Talamusi gadascems informacias
Tvalebidan mxedvelobis kortikalur ubans.
neiromecnierTaTvis didi xania cnobilia, rom
naTxemi, romelic tvinis RerosTanaa dakavSire-
buli da tvinis fuZesTan mdebareobs, koor-
dinirebas uwevs sxeulis moZraobas, akon-
trolebs pozas da xels uwyobs wonasworobis
SenarCunebas. naTxemis dazianeba iwvevs moZ-
raobis Cveuli ritmis darRvevas, is arakoor-
dinirebuli da wyvetili xdeba. bolo drois
gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom naTxemi aseve mniS-
vnelovania daswavlisaTvis, anu is xels uwyobs
sxeulis moZraobis kontrolis swavlas (Baringa,
1996; Raymond et al., 1996).
limburi sistema
limburi sistema akontrolebs motivirebul
qcevas, emociur mdgomareobasa da mexsierebas.
is aseve aregulirebs sxeulis temperaturas,
sisxlis wnevas da sisxlSi Saqris dones;
axorcielebs sxva Sinagan funqciaTa kontrols.
limburi sistema Sedgeba sami struqturisagan:
hipokampi, amigdala (nuSisebri kompleqsi) da
hipoTalamusi (sur. 3.9).
Talamusi (Thalamus) – Tavis tvinis nawili, ro-
melic sensorul informacias gadascems didi
tvinis qerqs.
naTxemi (Cerebellum) – Tavis tvinis nawili,
romelic ukavSirdeba tvinis Reros da akon-
trolebs motorul koordinacias, pozas da
wonasworobas; aseve sxeulis moZraobis kon-
trolis daswavlis unars.
limburi sistema (Limbic system) – Tavis tvinisregioni, romelic aregulirebs emociur qcevas,
ZiriTad motivaciur survilebs da mexsierebas,
aseve mTavar fiziologiur funqciebs.
hipokampi (Hippocampus) – limburi sistemis na-
wili, romelic konkretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebaSi monawileobs.
nuSisebri kompleqsi (Amygdala) – limburi sis-
temis nawili, romelic akontrolebs emocias,
agresiasa da emociuri mexsierebis formirebas.
suraTi 3.8
tvinis Rero, Talamusi da
naTxemi
es struqturebi ZiriTadad sasi-
cocxlo procesebis regulaciaSia
CarTuli: sunTqva, pulsi, agzneba,
moZraoba, wonasworoba da sensoru-
li informaciis pirveladi gada-
muSaveba
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Thalamus Talamusi
Pons xidiMedulla mogrZo tviniCerebllum naTxemi
Reticular formation retikularuli formacia
75
hipokampi, romelic limburi sistemis yvelaze
ufro didi struqturaa, mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs eqsplicituri mexsierebis procesebSi
(Eichenbaum, 1999; Squire, 1992) – mexsierebis,
romelic Tqvens cnobierebaSi aisaxeba (ix. Tavi
8). arsebobs uamravi klinikuri monacemi,
romelic am Sexedulebas adasturebs, kerZod,
fsiqologiis istoriaSi, albaT, yvelaze ufro
cnobili pacientis, h.m-is istoria.
saidan
viciT
hipokampis dazianebis zogierTi Sedegi
27 wlis asakSi h.m-s Cautarda operacia
epilefsiuri Setevebis sixSiris Semcire-
bis mizniT. operaciis dros mas hipokampi
amokveTes. Sedegad, h.m-s SeeZlo mxolod
Soreuli warsulis gaxseneba. man dakarga
axali informaciis Senaxvisa da misi
grZelvadian mexsierebaSi gadatanis unari.
operaciidan didi xnis Semdegac ki pa-
cients egona, rom jer kidev 1953 weli
iyo, weliwadi, rodesac mas operacia
Cautarda.
hipokampis dazianebam, meore mxriv, ar gamo-
iwvia implicituri mexsierebis darRveva, anu
h.m-s SenarCunebuli hqonda axali unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebis unari, romelic cnobierebasTan
ar iyo dakavSirebuli. e.i., hipokampis dazianebis
Semdeg Tqven SeinarCunebT axali amocanebis
gadawyvetis unars, magram ar geqnebaT misi
damaxsovrebis SesaZlebloba (ix. Tavi me-8).
nuSisebri kompleqsi monawileobs emociebis
kontrolSi da emociuri mexsierebis formi-
rebaSi. makontrolebeli funqciis gamo, am ubnis
dazianebam SeiZleba agresiuli pirebis dawyna-
reba gamoiwvios (Cven fsiqoqirurgias me-16 TavSi
ganvixilavT). garda amisa, nuSisebri kompleqsis
dazianebis Sedegad ikargeba saxis emociuri
gamometyvelebis amocnobis unari (Adolphs et al.,
1994). im pirebSi, romlebsac nuSisebri kompleqsi
aqvT dazianebuli, yvelaze ufro metad daqveiTe-
bulia uaryofiTi emociebis, gansakuTrebiT ki,
SiSis gamoxatuleba. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
nuSisebri kompleqsi SesaZloa gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobdes adamianebis mier SiSisa da
safrTxis amocnobis unarSi (Adolphs et al., 1999).hipoTalamusi tvinis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
patara zomis struqturaa, Tumca umniSvne-
lovanes rols TamaSobs Tqvens yoveldRiur
aqtivobebSi. is Sedgeba mravali birTvisagan _
neironTa patara grovebisgan, romlebic mo-
tivaciur qcevaSi CarTul fiziologiur pro-
cesebs aregulirebs (kveba, temperaturis regu-
lireba da sqesobrivi qceva). hipoTalamusi
inarCunebs sxeulis Sida aris mudmivobas, anu
homeostazs. rodesac sxeulis energiis rezer-
suraTi 3.9
limburi sistema
limburi sistemis struqtu-
rebi mxolod ZuZumwovrebSia
warmodgenili: isini monawi-
leoben motivaciuri qcevis,
emociuri mdgradobisa da
mexsierebis procesebis
regulaciaSi.
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vebi dabalia, hipoTalamusi erTveba organizmis
stimulaciaSi, raTa man sakvebi moipovos da
miiRos. rodesac sxeulis temperatura iklebs,
hipoTalamusi sisxlZarRvTa SekumSvas, an mokle
uneblie moZraobebs – kankals iwvevs. hipoTala-
musi aseve aregulirebs endokrinuli sistemis
moqmedebas.
didi tvini
adamianebSi didi tvini faravs tvinis dar-
Cenil nawils da misi masis or mesameds qmnis.
misi funqciaa tvinis umaRlesi kognituri da
emociuri funqciebis regulireba. didi tvinis
gare fena, romelic miliardobiT neironisgan
Sedgeba da daaxloebiT 2,5 mm sisqis Sres qmnis,
iwodeba didi tvinis qerqad. didi tvini aseve
iyofa or, TiTqmis simetriul naxevrad, cereb-
ralur hemisferoebad (Cven hemisferoebs am Tavis
momdevno nawilSi ganvixilavT). ori hemisfero
dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan nervuli boWkoebis
msxvili masiT, romelsac korZiani sxeuli ewo-
deba. es kavSiri hemisferoebs Soris informaciis
gacvlas emsaxureba.
hipoTalamusi (Hypothalamus) – tvinis struqtura,romelic aregulirebs motivaciur qcevas
(rogoricaa kveba da daleva) da homeostazs.
homeostazi (Homeostasis) – sxeulis Sida aris
mudmivoba.
didi tvini (Cerebrum) – tvinis nawili, romelic
umaRles kognitur da emociur funqciebs
aregulirebs.
qerqi (Cerebral cortex) – didi tvinis gare zeda-piri.
hemisferoebi (Cerebral hemispheres) – didi tvinisori naxevari, romlebic korZiani sxeuliTaa
dakavSirebuli.
korZiani sxeuli (Corpus callosum) – nervul
boWkoTa erToblioba, romelic tvinis or
hemisferos akavSirebs.
Sublis wili (Frontal lobe) – tvinis ubani,
romelic gverdiTi napralis zemoT da centra-
luri Raris winaa moTavsebuli; monawileobs
motorul kontrolSi da kogntiur qmedebebSi.
suraTi 3.10qerqi
edidi tvinis qerqis TiToeul hemisferoze oTxi wilia. TiToeuli wili
asrulebs sxvadasxva sensorul da motorul funqciebs
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neiromecnierebma moniSnes orive hemisfero,
gamoiyenes ra ori mniSvnelovani orientiri. erTi
Rrmuli, romelsac centraluri Rari ewodeba,
yofs yovel hemisferos vertikalurad da meore,
msgavsi Rrmuli, romelsac lateraluri naprali
ewodeba, yofs TiToeul hemisferos horizon-
talurad (sur. 3.10). es vertikaluri da horizon-
taluri dayofa gvexmareba gamovyoT tvinis oTxi
ubani, anu wili, TiToeul naxevarsferoSi.
frontaluri (Sublis) wili, romelic CarTulia
motorul kontrolsa da kognitur qmedebaSi,
rogoricaa dagegmva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da
miznebis dasaxva, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis zemoT da centraluri Raris win. am
ubnis dazianeba adamianis individualobis
Secvlas iwvevs. es swored is ubani iyo, romlis
dazianebamac fines geijis dramatuli cvlileba
gamoiwvia (Damasio et al., 1994). parietaluri (Txemis)
wili pasuxismgebelia iseTi SegrZnebebis kon-
trolze, rogoricaa Sexeba, tkivili da tem-
peratura moTavsebulia uSualod centraluri
Raris ukan. ocipitaluri (kefis) wili, vizua-
luri informaciis bolo samizne, Tavis ukana
nawilSia moTavsebuli. temporaluri (safeT-
suraTi 3.11motoruli da somatosensoruli qerqi
sxeulis sxvadsxva nawilebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mgrZnobelobiT garemo stimulaciisadmi da
tvinis kontrolisadmi. mgrZnobeloba sxeulis garkveul nawilSi damokidebulia qerqis im umnis zomaze,
romelic sxeulis am konkretul nawils akontrolebs. am suraTze adamianis sxeulis nawilebi qerqis
Sesabamisi makontrolebeli ubnebis zomebis mixedviTaa warmodgenili. rac ufro didi zomisaa suraTze
gamosaxuli sxeulis nawili, miT ufro maRalia misi mgrZnobeloba garemo stimulizaciisadmi da miT
ufroZlieria tvinis kontroli mis moZraobaze.
Txemis wili (Parietal lobe) – tvinis ubani Sublis
wilis ukan da lateraluri napralis zemoT;
Seicavs somatosensorul qerqs.
kefis wili (Occipital lobe) – tvinis yvelaze ufro
ukana nawili; moicavs pirvelad mxedvelobiT
qerqs.
safeTqlis wili (Temporal lobe) – tvinis ubani,romelic lateraluri napralis qvemoTaa
moTavsebuli; Seicavs smenis qerqs.
motoruli qerqi (Motor cortex) – didi tvinis qerqisubani, romelic akontrolebs sxeulis nebiT
moZraobebs.
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qlis) wili, romelic pasuxismgebelia smenis
ganxorcielebaze, moTavsebulia lateraluri
napralis qvemoT, TiToeuli hemisferos gverdiT
zedapirze.
Secdoma iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom rome-
lime wili ama Tu im specifikur funqcias mar-
to akontrolebs. tvinis struqturebi TavianT
movaleobas erToblivad axorcieleben, muSaoben
erTad, rogorc integrirebuli erTeuli; ise,
rogorc simfoniuri orkestri. rodesac Tqven
recxavT WurWels, angariSobT, an saubrobT
megobarTan, Tqveni tvini muSaobs, rogorc er-
Tiani sxeuli, TiToeuli wili sxvebTan Tanam-
Sromlobs. miuxedavad amisa, neiromecnierebs
SeuZliaT tvinis oTx wilSi im ubnebis gansaz-
Rvra, romlebic iseTi specifikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebisTvisaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa:
mxedveloba, smena, metyveleba da mexsiereba. maTi
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi es funqciebic ziandeba,
an sruliad ikargeba.
sxeulis 600-ze meti nebiTi kunTis qmedeba
kontroldeba motoruli qerqiT, romelic
Sublis wilSi uSualod centraluri Raris
winaa moTavsebuli. gaixseneT, rom tvinis erTi
mxridan wamosuli brZanebebi sxeulis meore
mxarisTvisaa gamiznuli. garda amisa, sxeulis
qveda ubnebSi moTavsebuli kunTebi, magaliTad,
fexis TiTebi, motoruli qerqis yvelaze ufro
zemo nawilis neironebiT kontroldeba. sxeu-
lis zeda nawilis kunTebi, rogoricaa yeli,
kontroldeba motoruli qerqis qveda nawilis
neironebiT. rogorc 3.9 suraTze xedavT, sxeulis
zeda nawili bevrad ufro detalur motorul
instruqciebs iRebs, vidre qveda. realurad,
motoruli qerqis ori udidesi ubani xelis
TiTebTanaa dakavSirebuli – gansakuTrebiT
cerasTan – da im kunTebTan, romlebic metyve-
lebis procesSia CarTuli. qerqis ubnebis sidide
im mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia, romelic adamia-
nis xeliT manipulirebisa da metyvelebis unars
gaaCnia.
somatosensoruli qerqi uSualod centralu-
ri Raris ukanaa moTavsebuli marcxena da mar-
jvena Txemis wilebSi. tvinis am ubanSi gadamu-
Savdeba informacia temperaturis, Sexebis,
sxeulis pozisa da tkivilis Sesaxeb. motoruli
qerqis msgavsad, sensoruli qerqis zeda nawili
sxeulis qveda nawils ukavSirdeba, xolo qveda
nawili dakavSirebulia zedasTan. sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili dakavSirebulia tuCebTan,
enasTan, cera da saCvenebel TiTebTan, anu
sxeulis im nawilebTan, romlebic yvelaze ufro
mniSvnelovan sensorul informacias atareben
centrisken. aseve, motoruli qerqis msgavsad,
somatosensoruli qerqis marjvena nawili
dakavSirebulia sxeulis marcxena mxaresTan,
xolo marcxena mxare _ marjvena nawilTan.
smeniTi informacia muSavdeba smeniT qerqSi,
romelic ori safeTqlis wiliTaa warmodgenili.
auditoruli qerqi TiToeul hemisferoSi
informacias orive yuridan iRebs. auditoru-
li qerqis erTi ubani metyvelebis ganxorcie-
lebaSi monawileobs, xolo meore ubani –
metyvelebis gagebaSi. vizualuri informacia
muSavdeba tvinis ukana nawilSi, vizualur qerq-
Si, romelic kefis wilSia moTavsebuli. aq udi-
desi nawili eTmoba informacias, romelic
baduras centraluri ubnebidan modis, im
adgilidan, romelic Tvalis ukana zedapirzea
ganlagebuli da sadac yvelaze ufro detaluri
mxedvelobiTi informacia aRiqmeba.
qerqis yvela ubani araa CarTuli sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebasa da kunTebisaTvis
brZanebebis gacemaSi. sinamdvileSi, qerqis
udidesi nawili CarTulia informaciis inter-
pretaciisa da integraciis procesebSi. iseTi
procesebi, rogoricaa dagegmva da gadawyveti-
lebis miReba, asociaciur qerqSi xorcieldeba.
asociaciuri ubnebi qerqis sxvadasxva nawilebSia
gabneuli (erTi regioni 3.9 suraTzea moniSnuli).
asociaciuri qerqi gaZlevT sxvadasxva moda-
lobis sensoruli informaciis kombinirebis
saSualebas, raTa garemos stimulebis Sesabamisi
sapasuxo reaqciebi daigegmos.
somatosensoruli qerqi (Somatosensory sortex) –Txemis wilis nawili, sadac sxeulis sxvadasxva
ubnebidan miRebuli sensoruli informacia
muSavdeba.
smeniTi qerqi (Auditory cortex) – safeTqlis wilis
nawili, sadac miiReba da muSavdeba smeniTi
informacia.
mxedvelobis qerqi (Visual cortex) – kefis wilis
nawili, sadac mxedvelobiTi informaciis gada-
muSaveba mimdinareobs.
asociaciuri qerqi (Association cortex) – qerqis na-wili, sadac umaRlesi nervuli procesebi
xorcieldeba.
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rogor muSaoben tvinis es sxvadasxva ubnebi
erTad? warmoidgineT magaliTisaTvis, ra xdeba
Tqvens tvinSi, rodesac daweril sityvas
kiTxulobT (sur. 3.12). davuSvaT, Tqveni fsi-
qologiis maswavlebeli gaZlevT qaRaldis
furcels, romelzedac sityva Sokoladi weria
da gTxovT xmamaRla warmoTqvaT es sityva.
biologiuri procesebi, romlebic am qmedebaSia
CarTuli, saocrad natifi da kompleqsuria.
neiromecnieri Tqvens verbalur qcevas ramdenime
etapad dayofda. pirvel rigSi, vizualuri
stimuli (dawerili sityva Sokoladi) aRiqmeba
nervuli ujredebis mier Tvalis baduraSi,
romlebic nervul impulsebs Talamusis gavliT
vizualur korteqsSi agzavnian. vizualuri
qerqidan nervuli impulsebi gadaigzavneba
safeTqlis wilis ukana ubanSi (angularuli
xveuli), sadac sityvis vizualuri kodireba mis
akustikur kodirebas unda Seedaros. dadgindeba
Tu ara Sesabamisi akustikuri kodireba, is
gadaecema ubans auditorul qerqSi, romelsac
`vernikes are~ ewodeba, sadac xdeba misi
dekodireba da interpretacia: „ah! Sokoladi!
ar vityodi uars.~ nervuli impulsebi mere
egzavneba brokas centrs, romelic Tavis mxriv
agzavnis informacias motorul qerqSi, rac
tuCebis, enisa da xorxis stimulacias iwvevs
sityva Sokoladis warmosaTqmelad.
es sakmaod didi mentaluri Zalisxmevaa
mxolod erTi sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis. axla
ki warmoidgineT, ra xdeba tvinSi, rodesac Tqven
xmamaRla kiTxulobT wigns, an, Tundac, reklamas.
yvelaze ufro gasaocari ki isaa, rom Tqveni
tvini TiTqmis Zaldautaneblad da Zalian
efeqturad umklavdeba am amocanas _ Targmnis
ra qaRaldze arsebul aTasobiT niSans nervul
kodad; gadascems informacias tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebs mimdinare amocanebis Sesaxeb; dabolos,
am sityvebis gamoTqmis saSualebas gaZlevT.
Cven ukve ganvixileT nervuli sistemis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani struqturebi. rodesac
did tvinze daviwyeT saubari, aRvniSneT, rom
cerebraluri struqtura ori hemisferoTia
warmodgenili. qcevebis farTo speqtrSi
naxevarsferoebi gansxvavebul funqciebSi
monawileoben. davubrundeT am gansxvavebebs
Tqveni tvinis hemisferoebs Soris.
hemisferoTa lateralizacia
ra informaciam aiZula mecnierebi efiqraT,
rom arsebobs garkveuli gansxvaveba Tavis tvinis
hemisferoTa funqciebs Soris? gaixseneT,
rodesac pol brokam tenis autofsia Cautara,
man tvinis dazianeba marcxena naxevarsferoSi
aRmoaCina. momdevno gamokvlevebSi brokam naxa,
rom sxva pacientebSic, romelTac metyvelebis
msgavsi darRveva hqondaT (daavadeba, romelsac
dRes `brokas afazias~ uwodeben), dazianeba
marcxena naxevarsferoSi iyo lokalizebuli.
igive ubnebis dazianeba tvinis marjvena
hemisferoSi msgavs efeqts ar iwvevda. ra daskvna
SeiZleba gamovitanoT?
suraTi 3.12
dawerili sityvis wakiTxva
rogor vambobT wakiTxul sityvas
informacias dawerili sityvis Sesaxeb nervuli
impulsebi Talamusis gavliT atareben Tvalis ba-
duradan qerqis mxedvelobiTi asociaciuri ubne-
bisaken. vizualuri qerqi agzavnis nervul
impulsebs safeTqlis wilis ukana nawilSi,
angularul xveulSi, sadac xdeba sityvis
vizualuri kodis (asoebis forma da ganlageba)
Sedareba mis akustikur kodTan (JReradoba)
Sesabamisis akustikuri kodis povnis Semdeg is
gadaecema smeniT qerqSi e. w. vernikes ares, sadac
xdeba am informaciis dekodireba da
interpretireba. nervuli impulsebi egzavneba
brokas ares, romelic Tavis mxriv agzavnis
informacias motorul qerqSi. motoruli qerqi
uzrunvelyofs sityvis warmoTqmas tuCebis, enisa
da xorxis sinqronuli gaaqtivebis meSveobiT.
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hemisferoTa Soris gansxvavebebis Seswavlis
Sansi pirvelad epilefsiis qirurgiuli wesiT
mkurnalobis dros gaCnda. mkurnalobis es
meTodi gulisxmobs korZiani sxeulis (daaxlo-
ebiT 200 milioni nervuli boWkos erToblioba,
romelic hemisferoTa Soris informaciis gac-
vlas emsaxureba) gadaWras (sur. 3.13). qirurgiuli
Carevis mizania, xeli SeuSalos epilefsiis
Tanamdevi agresiuli eleqtruli aqtivobis
orive hemisferoze gavrcelebas. operacia,
rogorc wesi, warmatebulia da pacientebis
qcevac, ZiriTadad, ucvleli rCeba. pacientebs,
romlebmac es operacia gadaitanes, xSirad
uwodeben pacientebs „gayofili tviniT~.
gancalkevebuli hemisferoebis SesaZleblo-
baTa Semowmebis mizniT rojer sperim (1968) da
maikl gazanigam (1970) SeimuSaves iseTi meTodika,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlo iyo vizualuri
informaciis wardgineba TiToeuli hemisfero-
saTvis cal-calke. speris da gazanigas meTodika
vizualuri sistemis anatomiis Taviseburebebs
emyareboda (sur. 3.14). yovel TvalSi, marjvena
mxedvelobiTi velidan miRebuli informacia
marcxena hemisferoSi xvdeba da, piriqiT, in-
suraTi 3.13
suraTi 3.14
korZiani sxeuli
korziani sxeuli warmoadgens nervuli boW-
koebis erTobliobas, romelic erTmaneTTan
akavsirebs didi tvinis or hemisferos. korZiani
sxeulis gadaWra azianebs hemosferoTa Soris
komunikacias.
mxedvelobiTi informaciis
nervuli gza
mxedvelobiTi informaciis nervuli gza,
romelic TiToeuli Tvalis Sua zedapiridan
iwyeba, jvaredinad gadadis tvinis erTi mxridan
meoreze korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT. mxedvelo-
biTi informacia Tvalis gare ubnidan ar jvare-
dindeba. korZiani sxeulis gadaWra xels uSlis
mxedvelobis marjvena velSi warmodgenili
informaciis gadacemas marjvena hemisferoSi,
xolo mxedvelobis marcxena velSi warmodge-
nili informacia ver aRwevs marcxena hemisferos.
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formacia marcxena mxedvelobiTi velidan gadae-
cema marjvena hemisferos. rogorc wesi, orive
hemisferos Soris informaciis gacvla Zalian
swrafad warmoebs korZiani sxeulis meSveobiT;
magram, radganac am pacientebSi korZiani sxeuli
gadaWrili iyo, marcxena da marjvena mxedvelo-
biT velebSi arsebuli informacia Sesabamisad
mxolod marjvena da marcxena hemisferoebs
gadaecemoda (sur. 3.15).
radganac adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvele-
bas marcxena hemisfero akontrolebs, mas SeuZ-
lia mkvlevrebs „elaparakos~ maSin, roca mar-
jvena hemisfero am saSualebas moklebulia.
komunikacia marjvena hemisferosTan miRweul
iqna manualuri amocanebis Sesrulebis gziT:
es amocanebi nivTebis identifikacias, SeTavsebas,
an maTgan jgufebis Sedgenas gulisxmobda da
maTi gadawyveta sityvebis gamoyenebas ar
saWiroebda. ganixileT „gayofili tvinis~ mqone
pacientis SemTxveva, romelic marcxena hemi-
sferos iyenebs misi marcxena xelis mier Catare-
buli qmedebebis aRsawerad maSin, rodesac mar-
cxena xels marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs.
saidan
viciT
hemisferoebi moqmedebaSi
marjvena hemisferos warudgines Tov-
liani peizaJi, xolo marcxenas – qaTmis
fexis gamosaxuleba. cdis pirs mis win
arsebuli obieqtebidan am ori suraTis
Sesabamisi nivTebi unda SeerCia. marjvena
xeliT man miuTiTa qaTmis Tavze, xolo
marcxena xeliT – Tovlis niCabze. pacienti
ambobda, rom niCabi saWiroa qaTmis nar-
Cenebis (da ara Tovlis) gasawmendad. rad-
ganac tvinis marcxena nawilma korZiani
sxeulis gadaWris gamo ar icoda, Tu ras
xedavda marjvena naxevarsfero, mas unda
aexsna, Tu ratom uTiTebda marcxena xeli
niCabze, rodesac marcxena hemisfero qaTmis
fexs xedavda. marcxena hemisferos kogni-
turma sistemam SeimuSava Teoria, romel-
sac unda gaemarTlebina sxeulis sxva
nawilebis moqmedeba (Gazzaniga, 1985).
zemoaRwerilis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva
meTodi, romelTa meSveobiTac Cven viciT, rom
adamianTa umravlesobaSi metyvelebasTan da-
kavSirebuli funqciebi lateralizebulia mar-
cxena hemisferoSi. funqcia lateralizebulad
iTvleba, Tu mis ganxorcielebaSi Tavis tvinis
mxolod erTi hemisfero TamaSobs wamyvan rols.
metyveleba (enis gamoyenebis unari), albaT,
yvelaze ufro metad lateralizebulia fun-
qciaTa Soris. neiromecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom
memarjveneebis mxolod daaxloebiT 5%-sa da
caciebis 15%-Si metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero akontrolebs, xolo caciebis 15%-Si
metyveleba orive hemisferoTi regulirdeba
(Rasmussen & Milner, 1977). adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi, Sesabamisad, metyveleba marcxena hemi-
suraTi 3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia normalu-
ria, Tu pacienti `gayofili tviniT~ iye-
nebs marcxena xels im obieqtis sapov-
nelad, romelic mis marcxena mxedvelobiT
velSia moqceuli, radganac orive pro-
cesis ganxorcielebas marjvena hemisfero
akontrolebs. magram, rodesac Tqven
sTxovT pacients, gamoiyenos marjvena xeli
im obieqtis asaRebad, romelic mis mar-
cxena mxedvelobiT velSia moqceuli, mas
amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, radganac
sensoruli informacia marjvena xelidan
marcxena hemisferos veRar aRwevs gadaW-
rili kavSiris gamo. am SemTxvevaSi cdis
piri msxlis magier Wiqas iRebs.
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sferos funqcias warmoadgens. Sedegad, marcxena
naxevarsferos dazianeba iwvevs metyvelebis
moSlas. sainteresoa, rom yru-munjTa enis
gamoyenebisas (romelic xelis TiTebis poziciisa
da moZraobis mixedviT gadmoscems azrs),
marcxena hemisferos dazianeba aseve iwvevs
darRvevebs (Corina, 1999; Hickok et al., 1996; Poizner et
al., 1991). ase rom, lateralizebulia ara metyve-
leba, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc vokaluri,
ise manualuri Jestebis warmoqmnis unari,
romlebic komunikacias axorcieleben.
ar unda gegonoT, rom marcxena hemisfero
„ukeTesia~, vidre marjvena. mkvlevrebma uCvenes,
rom orive hemisferos erTi da igive amocanis
amoxsnis gansxvavebuli „stili~ aqvs. marcxena
hemisfero ufro analitikuria da is informacias
nabij-nabij amuSavebs; marjvena hemisfero ki
ufro holisturia da is informacias mTlianad
aRiqvams. orive hemisferos (misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli muSaobis stiliT) kombinirebuli qmedeba
ganapirobebs Cveni aRqmis srulyofilebas.
magaliTad, Tqven ar gagikvirdebaT imis gageba,
rom marcxena hemisfero, romelic mcire deta-
lebs yuradRebas aqcevs, wamyvan rols TamaSobs
problemaTa didi nawilis gadaWraSi. amavdro-
ulad, marjvena hemisferos roli win iwevs,
rodesac problemis gadaWras SemoqmedebiTi mid-
goma sWirdeba – marjvena hemisfero gexmarebaT
mexsierebis mobilizebaSi (Bowen & Beeman, 1998).
miuxedavad imisa, rom mecnierebs SeuZliaT
darwmunebiT ganasxvavon, Tu romeli funqciebia
lateralizebuli „saSualo~ tvinSi, gaTvalis-
winebul unda iqnes individualuri gansxvave-
bebi. rodesac metyvelebis lateralizaciaze
vsaubrobdiT, Cven, aseve, vaxseneT tvinis fun-
qciaTa pirveli individualuri gansxvaveba:
caciebSi SesaZloa metyvelebas marjvena hemi-
sfero, an orive hemisfero erTdroulad akon-
trolebdes. sxva gansxvavebebi, romlebic Tavis
tvinis funqciaTa lateralizaciis dros unda
ganvixiloT, sqesiTaa ganpirobebuli. arsebobs
zogadi gansxvavebebi mamakacebisa da qalebis
tvinis funqciebis principebSi (Breedlove, 1994;Kimura, 1999). Tanamedrove meTodebis saSualebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvenaxa sxvaoba mamakacebis
da qalebis tvinSi sxvadasxva amocanebis gadaW-
risas. magaliTad, funqciuri mrtis saSualebiT
Seiswavlidnen mamakacTa da qalTa tvinis
aqtivobebs Soris gansxvavebebs, rodesac cdis
pirebs enis mosmenisas unda gamoetanaT daskvnebi
(eriTmeba erTmaneTs tani da kani?). mamakacebSi
ZiriTadi aqtivoba marcxena hemisferoSi iyo
lokalizebuli maSin, rodesac qalebSi am
amocanis amoxsnaSi orive hemisfero TiTqmis
Tanabrad monawileobda (Shaywitz et al., 1995). aseTiSedegebi kidev erTxel gvabrunebs sakiTxebTan,
romlebic bunebisa da aRzrdis Tanafardobas
exeba. ibadebian mamakacebi da qalebi ukve
gansxvavebuli tviniT, Tu es modifikacia cxov-
rebiseuli gamocdilebis Sedegia? Semdgom
wlebSi am kiTxvas neiromecnierTa xelT ar-
sebuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT pasuxi unda gaeces.
Cven ganvixileT nervuli sistemis bevri
mniSvnelovani struqtura. axla ki ganvixiloT
endokrinuli sistema, romelic nervul sis-
temasTan erTad sxeulis funqciebs aregulirebs.
endokrinuli sistema
adamianis genotipi gansazRvravs meore, Zal-
zed specifikur maregulirebel sistemas – en-
dokrinul sistemas, raTa nervuli sistemis
muSaoba Seavsos. endokrinuli sistema jirkvle-
Ta
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bis erTobliobas warmoadgens, romlebic gamoi-
muSaveben da sisxlSi gamoyofen qimiur mesin-
jerebs – hormonebs (sur. 3.16). hormonebi Zlier
gavlenas axdenen organizmis yoveldRiur cxo-
velqmedebaze, Tumca isini gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania sicocxlis garkveul periodebSi da
zogierTi gansakuTrebuli situaciis dros.
hormonebi gavlenas axdenen sxeulis zrdaze;
isini gansazRvraven da xels uwyoben pirveladi
da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis ganviTarebas; gav-
lenas axdenen sifxizlesa da yuradRebaze; war-
moadgenen guneba-ganwyobilebisa da xasiaTis
Secvlis safuZvels; aregulireben metabolizms
da sxeulis energetikul danaxarjebs. endokri-
nuli sistema uzrunvelyofs organizmis gadar-
Cenas, exmareba ra mis brZolas infeqciisa da
daavadebaTa winaaRmdeg. is xels uwyobs saxeo-
bebis gadarCenas maTi seqsualuri agznebis
regulirebis, reproduqciuli ujredebis war-
moqmnis, meZuZur dedebSi rZis gamomuSavebis
endokrinuli sistema (Endocrine system) – jirkvle-
bis qseli, romlebic gamoimuSaveben da sisxlSi
gamoyofen hormonebs.
hormonebi (Hormones)– qimiuri mesenjerebi, rom-
lebic gamomuSavdeba endokrinuli jirkvlebis
mier, aregulireben metabolizms da gavlenas
axdenen sxulis zrdaze, xasiaTsa da sasqeso
niSan-Tvisebebze.
hipofizi (Pituity gland) – moTavsebulia tvinSi,
gamoimuSavebs zrdis hormonebs da gavlenas
axdens sxva endokrinuli jirkvlebis mier hor-
monebis sekreciaze.
testosteroni (Testosterone) – mamakacTa sasqesohormoni, romelic saTesleebSi gamomuSavdeba
da astimulirebs spermis produqcias; aseve
pasuxismgebelia mamakacTa meoradi sasqeso niSan-
Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze.
estrogeni (Estrogen) – qalTa sasqeso hormoni,
romelic sakvercxeebSi gamomuSavdeba da
pasuxismgebelia ovulaciis procesze, aseve qa-
lebis reproduqciuli struqturebis ganviTa-
rebasa da meoradi sasqeso niSnebis Camoyali-
bebaze.
suraTi 3.15
Tvalisa da xelis koordinacia
hipofizi marjvniv aris warmodgenili; es mTavari jirkvalia, romelic
marcxena mxares naCvenebi jirkvlebis moqmedebas aregulirebs.
hipofizi, Tavis mxriv, kontroldeba hipoTalamusidan, romelic
limburi sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
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meSveobiT. ase rom, efeqturi endokrinuli
sistemis gareSe Tqven ver gadarCebiT.
endokrinuli jirkvlebi sisxlSi qimiuri
nivTierebebis doneze reagireben an maTi stimu-
lireba sxva hormonebisa Tu Tavis tvinidan moma-
vali nervuli impulsebis mier xdeba. amis
Sedegad hormonebi gamoiyofa sisxlSi da gadaad-
gildeba moSorebuli samizne ujredebisken,
romelTac specifikuri receptorebi gaaCniaT.
hormonebi qimiuri regulaciis programiT gaTva-
liswinebul zemoqmedebas mxolod sxeulis gene-
tikurad gansazRvrul adgilebSi gamoavlenen.
sxvadasxva, magram specifikur organoebsa Tu
qsovilebze gavleniT hormonebi uamrav bioqi-
miur process aregulireben, amis gamo maT „si-
cocxlis mesinjerebi~ ewodebaT (Carpo, 1985).
es mravalmxrivi sakomunikacio sistema akontro-
lebs organizmSi nela, mudmivad mimdinare
procesebs, rogoricaa sisxlSi Saqris donis
gansazRvra, kalciumis Semcveloba, naxSirwyle-
bis metabolozmi da sxeulis zrda, magram ra
xdeba krizis dros? endokrinuli sistema gamo-
yofs sisxlSi hormon adrenalins; adrenalini
energias matebs sxeuls ise, rom mas unari
Seswevs swrafad moaxdinos reagireba safrTxeze.
rogorc adre ukve aRvniSneT, tvinis struq-
tura, hipoTalamusi, warmoadgens gadamrTvel
ubans endokrinulsa da centralur nervul sis-
temebs Soris. hipoTalamusis specializebuli
ujredebi informacias tvinis sxva ubnebidan
iReben, romlebic mas ubrZaneben gamoyon sxva-
dasxva hormonebi hipofizSi, riTac isini asti-
mulireben, an akaveben sxva hormonebis sekrecias.
hormonebi sxeulis sxvadasxva ubnebSi gamomu-
Savdeba. es „qarxnebi~ sxvadasxva hormonebs awar-
moebs, romlebic sxeulis sxvadasxva funqciebs
aregulireben, rogorc es 3.1 cxrilSia warmod-
genili. axla ki yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani
procesebi ganvixiloT.
hipofizs xSirad „mTavar jirkvals~ uwodeben,
radganac is 10 sxvadasxva saxis hormons gamoimu-
Savebs, romlebic yvela sxva endokrinuli jir-
kvlis sekretorul muSaobaze axdenen gavlenas.
aseve, aq sinTezirdeba zrdis hormonebi. zrdis
hormonis ararseboba iwvevs sxeulis zrdis
Seferxebas – qondriskacobas; misi siWarbe iwvevs
gigantizms. mamakacebSi hipofizis sekreciis pro-
duqtebi aaqtiveben saTesleebSi testosteronis
sinTezs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, spermis gamo-
muSavebas astimulirebs. hipofizi aseve monawi-
leobs mamakacebis meoradi sasqeso niSnebis
CamoyalibebaSi, rogoricaa sxeulis Tmis sa-
farvelis ganviTareba, xmis Secvla da fizikuri
simwife. testosteronma SesaZloa gamoiwvios
agresiisa da seqsualuri ltolvis gaZliereba.
qalebSi hipofizis hormonebi astimulireben
estrogenis warmoebas. estrogeni im hormona-
luri jaWvuri reaqciebis aucilebeli komponen-
tia, romlebic ovulaciasa da qalis nayofie-
rebas gansazRvraven. Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego zo-
gierTi preparatis moqmedeba emyareba hipofizis
specialuri aqtivobis daTrgunvas, romelic hor-
monebis gamomuSavebas da ganawilebas akon-
mTavari endokrinuli jirkvlebi da maT
mier gamomuSavebuli hormonebis funqciebi
regulirebadi funqciebijirkvali
hipoTalamusi
wina hipofizi
ukana hipofizi
farisebri jirkvali
paraTireoiduli
jirkvali
nawlavi
pankreasi
Tirkmelzeda
jirkvali
sakvercxe
saTesle
hipofizis hormonebis
gamoyofa
saTesleebi da
sakvercxeebirZis
gamomuSaveba
metabolizmi
reaqcia stresze
wylis konservacia
rZis gamoyofa
saSvilosnos SekumSva
metabolozmi
zrda da ganviTareba
kalciumis done
saWmlis moneleba
glukozis metabolizmi
„brZolisa da gaqcevis~
pasuxebi
metabolizmi
sqesobrivi ltolva
qalebSi
qalebis sasqeso niSnebis
ganviTareba
kvercxujredis warmoqmna
mamakacis sasqeso
niSnebis ganviTareba
spermis gamomuSaveba
sqesobrivi ltolva
mamakacebSi
cxrili 3.1
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trolebs, amiT ki, saboloo jamSi, ovulaciis
procesi irRveva.
Sejameba
neiromecniereba cdilobs pasuxi gasces sau-
kunovan kiTxvas, Tu rogoria kavSiri tvinsa da
qcevas Soris. neiromecnierebi uamrav meTods
mimarTaven tvinis funqciebis ukeT Seswavlis
mizniT. isini swavloben pacientebs tvinis da-
zianebebiT, iwveven tvinis gansazRvruli ubnebis
dazianebas, astimulireben tvinis regionebs,
iweren tvinis aqtivobas da kompiuteruli
teqnikis daxmarebiT qmnian tvinis gamosaxu-
lebebs misi muSaobis procesSi.
nervuli sistema centralur da periferiul
nawilebad iyofa. centraluri nervuli sistema
Sedgeba Tavisa da zurgis tvinisagan; periferi-
uli nervuli sistema Sedgeba somaturi da
avtonomiuri nervuli sistemebisagan.
Tavis tvini SeiZleba daiyos tvinis Rerod,
limbur sistemad da did tvinad. tvinis Rero
aregulirebs ZiriTad sasicocxlo funqciebs,
rogoricaa sunTqva, guliscema da saWmlis mo-
neleba. naTxemi koordinirebas uwevs sxeulis
moZraobas da gavlenas axdens daswavlis zogi-
erT procesze. limburi sistema mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs motivaciis, emociebisa da
mexsierebis procesebSi. didi tvini pasuxismge-
belia metyvelebisa da azrovnebis umaRles fun-
qciebze.
kvlevam uCvena, rom didi tvinis ori hemi-
sfero sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs yoveldRiuri
funqciebis SesrulebaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa
umravlesobaSi marcxena hemisfero metyvelebas
akontrolebs. zogadad, marjvena hemisfero in-
formacias ufro holisturad aRiqvams, marcxena
ki ufro analitikuria. ori hemisferos funqcia-
Ta Sesaxeb zogadi daskvnebis gakeTebisas unda
gvaxsovdes individualuri da, maT Soris, sqe-
sobrivi gansxvavebebi.
endokrinuli sistema aris jirkvalTa qseli,
romelic gamoimuSavebs hormonebs sasicocxlo
procesebis regulirebisaTvis.
nervuli sistema moqmedebaSi
adreuli periodis fiziologTa erT-erTi
umTavresi amocana iyo nervuli sistemis mu-
Saobis principebis gageba. Tanamedrove neiro-
mecnierebma mniSvnelovan progress miaRwies,
magram isini agrZeleben muSaobas, rom am mraval-
waxnagovani problemis yvela nawili amoxsnan.
wignis am qveTavSi Cveni mizania gavaanalizoT
da gaverkveT, Tu rogor gadaecema Cveni grZno-
baTa organoebis mier aRqmuli informacia sxeu-
lis sxva nawilebsa da tvins nervuli impulsebis
meSveobiT. Cven viwyebT nervuli sistemis Ziri-
Tadi erTeulis, neironis, niSan-Tvisebebis gan-
xilviT.
neironi
neironi aris specializebuli ujredi, rom-
lis funqciaa miiRos, gadaamuSavos da/an gadas-
ces informacia sxva ujredebs sxeulis SigniT.
arsebobs sxvadasxva formis, zomis, qimiuri
Semadgenlobisa da funqciis neironebi (ZuZum-
suraTi 3.16
neironi (Neuron) – nervuli sistemis ujredi,
romelic specializebulia miiRos, gadaamuSavos
da/an gadasces informacia sxva ujredebs.
neironTa tipebi
yuradReba miaqcieT dendritebis gansxvavebul formas
da datotvis xasiaTs. isrebiT naCvenebia informaciis
moZraobis mimarTuleba. warmodgenilia interneironis
ori tipi.
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daafiqsireT TvalebiT
nivTebi Tqvens garSemo, iqneb
xe, romelic fanjaraSi Cans,
an kompiuteri Tqvens magidaze.
axla ki daxuWeT Tvalebi da
SeecadeT warmoidginoT igive
obieqtebi. ra xdeba Tqvens
tvinSi am ori qmedebis dros?
ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom
tvinis igive ubnebi iyos Car-
Tuli orive procesSi, rom-
lebic aRqmasa da vizualur
warmosaxvas gulisxmobs? teq-
nologiurma progresma SesaZ-
lo gaxada neiromecnierTa-
Tvis am saintereso kiTxvas
zusti pasuxi gascen.
rogorc Tqven naxavT wig-
nis me-4 TavSi, mecnierebma did
warmatebebs miaRwies mxedve-
lobis nervuli safuZvlebis
SeswavlaSi. maT SeuZliaT
Tvali miadevnon vizualuri
informaciis transformacias
Tvalebis baduradan kefis
wilis vizualur qerqamde.
rogor unda gansazRvron
mecnierebma, CarTulia Tu ara
vizualuri qerqis erTi da
igive ubnebi, rodesac adamiani
axorcielebs vizualuri war-
mosaxvis da ara vizualuri
aRqmis process? mkvlevarTa
jgufma stiven koslinis
xelmZRvanelobiT (Kosslyn et al.,
1999) gamoiyena ori meTodi:
pet-(pozitronul-emisiuri
tomografia) skani, romelic
Cven ukve warmogidgineT, da
ganmeorebiTi transkrania-
luri magnituri stimulacia
(rTMS), romelic sruliad
axali teqnologiaa da sul
ramodenime wlis winaT iqna
gamoyenebuli adamianTa kog-
nitur neiromecnierebaSi.
kvlevaTa am seriaSi, cdis
pirebs sTxovdnen, daemaxsov-
raT oTxi kvadratuli gamo-
saxuleba da mere warmoed-
ginaT isini daxuWuli Tva-
lebiT. cdis pirTa amocana
iyo, pasuxi gaecaT kiTxvebze
sxvadasxva gamosaxulebaSi
obieqtis zolebis fardobiTi
siganis Sesaxeb. es amocana ise
iyo SemuSavebuli, rom cdis
pirebs aucileblad unda
warmoedginaT vizualuri
gamosaxuleba. pet-gamokvle-
vaSi monawileTa tvini Ses-
wavlili iyo amocanis gada-
wyvetis momentSi. skanma uCvena,
rom aqtiurobdnen vizualuri
qerqis is ubnebi, romlebic
mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis
drosac iaqtiurebdnen. magram
gaixseneT wignis meore Ta-
vidan, rom korelacia ar aris
mizezobrioba: is, rom orive
amocanis dros aqtiuria
tvinis erTi da igive ubnebi,
ar niSnavs, rom erTi da igive
funqcia sruldeba.
am etapze ki erTveba rTMS,
romlis saSualebiTac SesaZ-
lebelia ufro zusti das-
kvnebis gakeTeba. es axali
teqnika magnituri stimula-
ciis pulsebs iyenebs droe-
biTi, Seqcevadi „dazianebe-
bis~ warmoqmnisaTvis. qso-
vilis faqtobrivi dazianebis
gareSe SesaZloa tvinis re-
gionebis inaqtivacia. ra xde-
ba zolebis Sedarebisas, ro-
desac rTMS gamoyenebis Se-
degad cdis pirebs „uzi-
anebdnen~ pirvelad vizua-
lur qerqs? iseve, rogorc
Ria TvalebiT mxedvelobiTi
aRqmisas, vizualuri war-
mosaxva seriozulad fer-
xdeba. es ki saSualebas gvaZ-
levs davaskvnaT, rom pirve-
ladi vizualuri qerqi Car-
Tulia vizualuri warmosax-
vis procesSi.
gagakvirvaT am monace-
mebma? Tqven ra kiTxvebi gaqvT
tvinSi funqciebis gana-
wilebis Sesaxeb? radganac
mecnierebi agrZeleben mu-
Saobas axali teqnologiebis
gamoyenebiT, didia imis al-
baToba, rom Tqvens kiTxveb-
sac male gaecema zusti
pasuxebi.
miRwevebi tvinis funqciebis lokalizaciis saqmeSi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
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wovarTa Tavis tvinSi 200-ze meti sxvadasxva
saxis neironia napovni), magram yvelas aqvs
saerTo ZiriTadi struqtura (sur. 3.17). ada-mianis Tavis tvinSi neironTa raodenoba 100
miliardsa da 1 trilions Soris meryeobs.
rogorc wesi, neironebi iReben informacias
erTi da gadascemen mas meore boloTi. ujredis
datotvil morCebs, romlebic Semomaval sig-
nalebs iReben, dendritebi ewodebaT. dendri-
tebis ZiriTadi funqciaa sensoruli recep-
torebidan an sxva ujredebidan stimulaciis
miReba. ujredis sxeuli, anu soma, Seicavs
birTvs da citoplazmas, romlebic mis sico-
cxlisunarianobas gansazRvraven. somaSi xdeba
dendritebis stimulaciis Sedegad (an zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, uSualod sxva neironidan) miRe-
buli informaciis integrireba da misi gada-
dendritebi (Dendrites) – neironis datotvili mor-
Cebi, romlebic Semosul informacias mim-
Rebloben.
soma (Soma) – neironis ujredis sxeuli, rome-
lic birTvsa da citoplazmas Seicavs.
aqsoni (Axon) – neironis wagrZelebuli boWko,
romlis gaswvrivac nervuli impulsebi vrcel-
deba somidan terminaluri balTisaken.
terminaluri balTa (Terminal buttons) – bolqvis-
magvari struqtura aqsonis bolos, romelic
Rebuloben savse buStukebs Seicavs.
neironis mTavari struqturebi
neironi nervuli impulss dendritebis saSualebiT iRebs; Semdeg nervuli impulsi igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken, sadac sxva neironebis stimulaciisaTvis neiro-
transmiterebis gamoyofa xdeba.
suraTi 3.17
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cema erTi, wagrZelebuli boWkosaTvis, romel-
sac aqsoni ewodeba. Tavis mxriv, aqsoni gadas-
cems informacias mTel Tavis sigrZeze, rome-
lic, magaliTad, zurgis tvinSi SeiZleba erT
metrs aRematebodes, xolo Tavis tvinSi –
milimetrze naklebi iyos. aqsonis meore bo-
loSi ganlagebulia Semsxvilebuli, bolqvis-
magvari struqtura, e.w. terminaluri balTa,
romlis saSualebiTac neirons SeuZlia mim-
debare jirkvlebis, kunTebisa da sxva neiro-
nebis stimulireba. rogorc wesi, neironebi
informacias mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT
gadascemen _ dendritebidan somis gavliT aqso-
nis gaswvriv terminaluri balTisaken (sur. 3.18).
arsebobs neironTa sami mTavari jgufi. sen-
soruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi iReben infor-
macias sensoruli receptorebidan da atareben
mas centraluri nervuli sistemisaken, recep-
toruli ujredebi Zalzed specializebulni
da mgrZnobiareni arian, magaliTad, sinaTli-
sadmi, bgerisadmi, an sxeulis poziciisadmi;
motoruli (mamoZravebeli) neironebi atareben
informacias centraluri nervuli sistemidan
kunTebisa da jirkvlebisaken. tvinis neironTa
ZiriTad masas interneironebi qmnian, romlebic
gadascemen informacias sensorulidan moto-
rul an sxva interneironebs. TiToeul moto-
rul neironze tvinSi daaxloebiT 5 aTasi
interneironi modis, romlebic tvinis ZiriTad
muSa masas qmnian (Nauta & Feirtag, 1979).
imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor muSaobs es sami
tipis neironi erTad, ganvixiloT tkivilisgan
ganridebis refleqsi (sur. 3.19). rodesac kanis
zedapiris siaxloves ganlagebuli tkivilis
sensoruli neironi (Sensory neurons) – neironi,romelic sensoruli receptorebidan infor-
macias centraluri nervuli sistemisken ata-
rebs.
motoruli neironi (Motor neurons) _ neironi, ro-melic informacias centraluri nervuli
sistemidan kunTebisken da jirkvlebisken
atarebs.
interneironi (Interneurons) _ tvinis neironi,
romelic informacias sensorulidan sxva in-
ter- an motorul neironebs gadascems.
suraTi 3.18
tkivilis ganridebis
refleqsi
am reflesis ganxorcielebaSi mxo-
lod sami neironi monawileobs: sen-
soruli, motoruli da
interneironi.
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receptorebi stimulirdeba wvetiani obieqtiT,
isini agzavnian informacias sensoruli nei-
ronebis saSualebiT zurgis tvinis internei-
ronebisaken. interneironi sapasuxod aagznebs
motorul neirons, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
aagznebs sxeulis Sesabamisi ubnis kunTs da
ganaridebs mas mtkivneul gamaRizianebels.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac es neironuli aqtivoba
ganxorcieldeba da sxeuli mocildeba mtkiv-
neul obieqts, Tavis tvini iRebs informacias
situaciis Sesaxeb. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, rodesac
gadarCena swraf reaqciebzea damokidebuli,
tkivilis SegrZneba mxolod mas Semdeg Cndeba,
rac Tqven ukve fizikurad upasuxeT safrTxes.
cxadia, incidentis Sesaxeb informacia Seinaxeba
tvinis mexsierebis sistemaSi ise, rom Semdeg
jerze Tqven gaaridebT Tavs potenciurad
mtkivneul obieqts manam, vidre is Tqven gatkenT.
tvinis neironTa qselSi gabneulia maTze
xuTjer Tu aTjer ufro meti raodenobis gli-
uri ujredebi (glia). Tavad es sityva mom-
dinareobs berZnulidan da webos niSnavs; saxel-
wodeba ukve miganiSnebT am ujredebis mTavar
funqciebze _ isini neironebis sayrdens war-
moadgenen. xerxemlianebSi glias bevri mniS-
vnelovani funqcia aqvs. pirveli funqcia gan-
viTarebis safexurze Cndeba. gliuri ujredebi
exmarebian axalSobil neironebs ipovon maTi
Sesabamisi lokalizacia tvinSi, meore funqciaa
cxovelqmedeba. rodesac neironebi ziandeba da
iRupeba, dazianebis ubanSi gliuri ujredebi
mravldeba da asufTavebs ujredul narCenebs;
maT, aseve, SeuZliaT neironTaSoris napralebSi
neirotransmiterebisa da sxva substanciebis
STanTqma; mesame funqciaa izolacia. gliuri
ujredebi zogierTi aqsonis irgvliv qmnian
saizolacio safarvels, romelsac mielinis
garsi ewodeba. es cximovani izolacia mniSvne-
lovnad zrdis nervuli signalis gadacemis
siCqares; gliis meoTxe funqciaa tvinis mgrZno-
biare neironebis dacva sisxlTan erTad Semosu-
li toqsinuri nivTierebebisgan. specialize-
buli gliuri ujredebi, romelTac astroci-
tebi ewodebaT, qmnian e.w. hemato-encefalur
bariers, romelic warmoadgens tvinis sisxl-
ZarRvTa irgvliv uwyvet cximovan Sres. cximSi
uxsnadi substanciebi am bariers ver gadala-
xaven, radganac mravali Sxami da sxva mavne
nivTiereba cximSi ar ixsneba da, Sesabamisad,
tvinSi SeRwevac ar SeuZliaT. dabolos, nei-
romecnierebi sul ufro xSirad fiqroben, rom
glia gavlenas axdens neironTa Soris komuni-
kaciaze im ionTa koncentraciaze zemoqmedebis
gziT, romlebic nervuli impulsis gatarebas
uzrunvelyofen.
moqmedebis potenciali
aqamde Cven vsaubrobdiT neironebze, rom-
lebic „agzavnian informacias~ da „astimuli-
reben~ erTmaneTs. movida dro, ufro detalurad
aRvweroT eleqtoqimiuri signalebi, romelTac
nervuli sistema iyenebs informaciis gadamuSa-
vebisa da gadacemisaTvis. swored es signalebi
warmoadgenen Tqveni codnis, grZnobebis, sur-
vilebisa da Semoqmedebis safuZvels.
yoveli neironis mier dasmuli ZiriTadi ki-
Txvaa: ganimuxtos Tu ara (anu upasuxos Tu
ara gamRizianebels)? martivad rom vTqvad,
neironebi am gadawyvetilebas iReben maTi den-
dtrirebisa da somis mier miRebuli infor-
maciis kombinirebis Sedegad da imis gansazR-
vrisas, es signalebi maT „ganmuxtvas~ Tu „argan-
muxtvas~ ubrZaneben. ufro detalurad ki,
yoveli neironi iRebs amgznebi – ganimuxte! da
Semakavebeli – ar ganimuxto! – signalebis
balanss. neironebSi amgznebi impulsebi iwvevn
moqmedebis potencials da neironi ganimuxteba.
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri
safuZveli
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogor muSaobs moqmede-
bis potenciali, Cven unda is bioqimiuri garemo
aRvweroT, romelSic neironi arsebobs da
iRebs Semosul informacias. mTeli neironuli
komunikacia eleqtrulad damuxtuli nawila-
kebis, ionebis, nakadiT xorcieldeba, romelic
gamWolavs neironis membranas – Txel „kans~,
romelic ujredis SigTavss garemomcveli ga-
glia (Glia) – ujredi, romelic akavSirebs nei-
ronebs da aCqarebs nervul gadacemas, aSorebs
dazianebul da daRupul neironebs da xels uS-
lis sisxlSi arsebul toqsiur substanciebs
SeaRwion tvinSi.
amgznebi „Sesavali~ (Excitatory inputs) – informacia,romelic neironSi aRwevs da iwvevs mis agznebas.
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remosagan gamoyofs. warmoidgineT, rom nervuli
boWkoebi makaronia, romelic mariliani wyliTaa
savse da marilian supSi dacuravs. rogorc supi,
ise makaronis SigniT arsebuli siTxe Seicavs
ionebs – natriumis (Na+), qloris (Cl-), kalci-
umisa (Ca+) da kaliumis (K+) atomebs, romelTac
rogorc dadebiTi (+), ise uaryofiTi (-) muxtebi
gaaCniaT (sur. 3.19). membrana, anu makaronis
zedapiri, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs orive
siTxeSi ingredientebis Sesabamisi balansis
SenarCunebaSi. rodesac ujredi ar aris aqtiuri,
anu imyofeba mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi, mis Sida
areSi daaxloebiT aTjer ufro meti kaliumis
ionia, vidre gareT, xolo natriumis ionTa kon-
centracia piriqiT, gareT ufro metia. membrana
srulyofili barieri araa, is saSualebas aZlevs
natriumis ionebs SeaRwion ujredis SigniT. amis
aRmosafxvrelad, bunebam Seqmna satransporto
meqanizmebi membranis SigniT, romelic „gamotum-
bavs~ natriums da „Catumbavs~ kaliums. am
tumboTa warmatebuli muSaobis Sedegad siTxe
ujredis SigniT uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli (70/
1 000 volti) ujredgare sivrcesTan SedarebiT.
es ki niSnavs, rom ujredis Sida garemo pola-
rizebulia. am polarizacias mosvenebis poten-
ciali ewodeba. is qmnis im eleqtroqimiur
garemos, romelSic nervul ujreds SeuZlia
moqmedebis potencialis warmoqmna.
nervuli ujredi iwyebs gadasvlas mosvenebis
potencialidan moqmedebis potencialze amag-
znebeli Tu Semakavebeli informaciis sapasuxod.
nebismieri tipis Semosul informacias SeuZlia
Secvalos ionuri balansi membranis Sida da
gare areebs Soris. es, aseve, iwvevs cvlilebebs
ionuri arxebis funqciebSic – ujreduli mem-
branis agznebadi nawilebi, romlebic SerCeviTad
uzrunvelyofen zogierTi ionis moZraobas mem-
branis gavliT. Semakavebeli informacia aiZu-
lebs ionur arxebs ufro mZafrad imuSaon da
SeinarCunon Sida aris uaryofiTi muxti, rac
neirons ganmuxtvisagan daicavs. amagznebeli im-
moqmedebis potencialis bioqimiuri safuZveli
aqsonuri membrana gamoyofs siTxeebs, romlebic gansxvavdeba natriumisa da
kaliumis ionebis SemcvelobiT. gareSe are daaxloebiT aTjer ufro met
natriumis ions Seicavs, vidre Sida. kaliumis ionebTan mimarTebaSi Tanafardoba
sawinaaRmdegoa. membranas cilovani arxebi gamWolavs, romlebic rogorc
seleqtiuri arxebi ise moqmedeben, atareben ra an mxolod natriumis, an mxolod
kaliumis ionebs. mosvenebul mdgomareobaSi rodesac nervuli impulsi ar
gadis, orive tipis arxi Caketilia da ionuri tumbo inarCunebs ionur
gadanawilebas (Signidan gareT `gamotumbavs~ natriumis ionebs da `Catumbavs~
kaliumis ionebs). aqsonis Sida are uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli 70 milivoltis
odenobiT. Tuki es Zabva Semcirdeba nervuli impulsis moaxloebis gamo,
natriumis arxebi ixsneba da natriumis ionebi Semodis aqsonSi. odnav mogvianebiT,
natriumis arxebi ixureba, ixsneba kaliumis arxebi da kaliumis ionebi gamodis
suraTi 3.19
Semakavebeli „Sesavali~ (Inhibitory inputs) – Semo-suli informacia, romelic neirons ubrZanebs,
ar ganimuxtos.
moqmedebis potenciali (Action potential) – nervuli
impulsi, romelic neironSi warmoiqmneba, aqsonis
gaswvriv vrceldeba da iwvevs sinafsSi neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas.
mosvenebis potenciali (Restins potential) – neiro-nis Sida areSi arsebuli ujreduli siTxis
polarizacia, romelic uzrunvelyofs moqmede-
bis potencialis warmoqmnis unars.
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pulsacia ionuri arxebis gaxsnas iwvevs da
natriumis ionebi ujredis Sida areSi Semodian,
rac mas ganmuxtvis saSualebas aZlevs. radganac
natriumis ionebi dadebiTi muxtis matarebelia,
maTi Semosvla iwvevs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
muxtebis gadanawilebis Secvlas ujreduli
membranis gaswvriv. moqmedebis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba maSin, rodesac amagznebeli impulsacia
sakmarisad Zlieria SemakavebelTan SedarebiT
da iwvevs membranis depolarizacias –70 mili-
voltidan –55 milivoltamde. am dros sakmarisi
raodenobis natriumi Sedis ujredSi, raTa es
cvlileba gamoiwvios.
iwyeba Tu ara moqmedebis potencialis aR-
moceneba, natriumi iCqaris ujredis Sida areSi.
Sedegad, ujredis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba,
rac neironis srul depolarizacias niSnavs.
Semdgom dominos efeqti iwvevs moqmedebis po-
tencialis gavrcelebas aqsonis gaswvriv; de-
polarizaciis mowinave ubani ki aqsonis mim-
debare regionebSi natriumis arxebis gaxsnas
ganapirobebs da ionebi Semodis ujredSi. am
gziT – Tanamimdevruli depolarizaciiT – sig-
nali vrceldeba aqsonSi (sur. 3.19).
rogor ubrundeba neironi mis sawyis mosve-
nebul mdgomareobas ganmuxtvis Semdeg? rodesac
neironis Sida are dadebiTad imuxteba, natriumis
arxebi ixureba da ixsneba kaliumis arxebi, ka-
liumis ionebi gamodian gareT. kaliumis gamos-
vla aRadgens neironis uaryofiT muxts. maSin,
rodesac signali miaRwevs aqsonis bolos, ujre-
dis is nawilebi, sadac moqmedebis potenciali
warmoiqmna, ukve ubrundeba mosvenebul mdgo-
mareobas da mzadaa momdevno stimulaciisaTvis.
moqmedebis potencialis maxasiaTeblebi
moqmedebis potencialis gavrcelebis bioqi-
miuri buneba mraval maxasiaTebels gansazRvravs.
moqmedebis potenciali emorCileba sul an
arafris kanons _ moqmedebis potencialis zoma
ar aris damokidebuli stimulaciis intensivo-
baze, Tuki is gansazRvrul zRurbls aRwevs.
miaRwevs Tu ara amagznebeli impulsi zRurbls,
iwyeba potencialis generireba. Tuki gaRizianeba
qvezRurblovania, potenciali ver aRmocendeba.
sul an arafris kanonis damatebiTi Sedegia is,
rom moqmedebis potencialis zoma ar icvleba
aqsonis mTel sigrZeze _ moqmedebis potenciali
TviTgavrcelebadia, erTxel dawyebuls, mas ar
sWirdeba gareSe stimulacia.
sxvadasxva neironebSi aqsonis gaswvriv moq-
medebis potencialis gavrcelebis siCqare gan-
sxvavebulia. yvelaze ufro swrafebSi signali
200 m/wm-Si siCqariT moZraobs, yvelaze ufro
nelSi ki – 10 sm/wm-Si. swrafi neironebis aqsonebi
dafarulia mWidrod Semoxveuli mielinis gar-
siT, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gliuri
ujredebisgan Sedgeba da aqsoni emsgavseba simze
acmul mokle milTa erTobliobas. milakebs
Soris arsebul sivrces ranvies Seviwroveba
ewodeba (sur. 3.17). mielinis garsian neironebSi
moqmedebis potenciali „xtunavs~ erTi Seviw-
rovebidan meoreze, riTac zogavs aqsonis yvela
ubanze ionuri arxebis gaxsna-daxurvisaTvis
saWiro drosa da energias. mielinis garsis
dazianeba iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis gavrce-
lebis Senelebas da bevri problemis safuZveli
xdeba. gafantuli sklerozi (MS) erT-erTi im
saSinel daavadebaTagania, romelic aqsonebis
demielinizaciiTaa gamowveuli. misTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia ormagi gamosaxulebis aRqma, kankali,
da, sabolood, dambla. gafantuli sklerozis
dros sxeulis specializebuli imunuri uj-
redebi Slian mielinizebuli neironebis garss
da azianeben normalur sinafsur gadacemas
(Joyce, 1990).mas Semdeg, rac moqmedebis potenciali aq-
sonis garkveul ubans gaivlis, am segmentze
yalibdeba e.w. refraqteruli periodi (sur. 3.20).absoluturi refraqteruli periodis dros
momdevno stimulacia, rac ar unda intensiuri
iyos is, ver iwvevs moqmedebis potencialis
generirebas; SefardebiTi refraqteruli peri-
odis dros neironi ganimuxteba mxolod norma-
lurze ufro Zlieri impulsis sapasuxod. gic-
diaT unitazis Carecxva, rodesac is wyliT
ivseba? unitazSi unda arsebobdes wylis kri-
tikuli done, rom mas Carecxvis saSualeba
hqondes. amis msgavsad, imisaTvis, rom neironma
aRidginos axali moqmedebis potencialis
generirebis unari, is unda „gadaimuxtos~ da
Tavidan aicilos qvezRurblovani stimulacia.
refraqteruli periodi uzrunvelyofs moqme-
debis potencialis mxolod erTi mimarTu-
lebiT gavrcelebas _ mas ar SeuZlia ukan
dabruneba, radganac aqsonis winamdebare seg-
mentebi refraqterul mdgomareobaSia.
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sinafsuri gadacema
rodesac aqsonuri potenciali daasrulebs
mis mogzaurobas aqsonis gaswvriv da miaRwevs
terminalur balTas, man unda gadasces in-
formacia mezobel neirons, magram rogor?
neironebi xom erTmaneTs ar exeba. isini sinaf-
sebs qmnian patara sinafsuri napraliT presi-
nafsur membranasa (informaciis gadamcemi
neironis terminaluri balTa) da postsinaf-
sur membranas (mimRebi neironis dendtritis
an somis zedapiri) Soris. rodesac moqmedebis
potenciali terminalur balTas aRwevs, is
moqmedebaTa mTeli jaWvis gaaqtivebas iwvevs,
romelsac sinafsuri gadacema ewodeba da
romelic warmoadgens informaciis gadacemas
erTi neironidan meoreze sinafsuri napralis
gavliT (sur. 3.21). sinafsuri gadacema iwyeba,rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aqsonur da-
boloebaSi iwvevs patara sferosebri buStu-
kebis, sinafsuri vezikulebis, moZraobas aqso-
nuri daboloebis Sida membranisaken da masTan
mimagrebas. yoveli vezikulis SigniT neiro-
transmiteria moTavsebuli – bioqimiuri niv-
Tiereba, romelic sxva neironebis stimuli-
rebas iwvevs. moqmedebis potenciali aseve
iwvevs ionuri arxebis gaxsnas da kalciumis
Semosvlas aqsonur daboloebaSi, rac sinafsu-
ri vezikulebis gaskdomas da maTSi arsebuli
neirotransmiteris gamoTavisuflebas ganapi-
robebs. amis Semdeg neirotransmiteri Zalian
swrafad gadadis sinafsur napralSi da aRwevs
postsinafsur membranas. sinafsuri gadacemis
dasrulebisaTvis, neirotransmiterebi ukavSir-
deba postsinafsur membranaze arsebul recep-
torul molekulebs.
neirotransmiteri ukavSirdeba receptorul
molekulas ori winapirobis Sesrulebis Sem-
deg. pirveli, sxva arc erTi neirotransmiteri,
an qimiuri nivTiereba ar SeiZleba daukav-
Sirdes receptorul molekulas; meore, neiro-
transmiteris forma unda Seesabamebodes re-
ceptoruli molekulis formas ise, rogorc
gasaRebi ergeba klites. Tu romelime piroba
darRveulia, neirotransmiteri ver daukavSir-
deba receptors, rac imas niSnavs, rom post-
sinafsuri membranis stimulireba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. Tuki neirotransmiteri daukavSirda
receptorul molekulas, mas SeeZleba mezo-
suraTi 3.20
eleqtruli cvlilebebis droSi
ganawileba moqmedebis potencialis
dros
natriumis ionebi, romlebic neironSi Semodis,
depolarizaciis gziT iwveven mosvenebis mdgo-
mareobaSi arsebuli mosvenebis msubuqad uaryofiTi
potencialis Secvlas msubuqad pozitiuriT.
rodesac neironi depolarizebulia, masSi mokle
refraqteruli periodi myardeba romlis drosac
momdevno stimulacias axali moqmedebis poten-
cialis gamowveva ar SeuZlia. axali moqmedebis
potenciali SeiZleba aRmocendes mxolod maSin,
rodesac aRdgeba ionuri balansi gare da Sida
areebs Soris.
ionuri arxebi (Ion channels)– nervuli ujredis
membranis nawilebi, romlebic ionTa SerCeviT
ganvladobas uzrunvelyofen.
sul an arafris kanoni (All-or-none law) – moqme-debis potencialis zoma ar aris stimulaciis
intensivobaze damokidebuli garkveuli zRur-
blis Semdeg.
refraqteruli periodi (Refractory period) – mosve-nebis periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic axali
nervuli impulsi ver warmoiqmneba aqsonis
segmentSi.
sinafsi (Synapse) – or neirons Soris arsebuli.
sinafsuri gadacema (Synaptic transmission) – erTineironidan meoreze informaciis gadacemis
procesi sinafsuri napralis gaswvriv.
neirotransmiterebi (Neurotransmitters) – qimiuri
mesenjerebi, romlebic neironebidan gamoiyofa,
gaivlis sinafss, aRwevs meore neirons da mis
stimulacias iwvevs.
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bel neirons gadasces informacia „ganmuxtvis~
an „arganmuxtvis~ Sesaxeb. Seasrulebs ra Tavis
funqcias, neirotransmiteri Sordeba recepto-
rul molekulas da ukan, sinafsur napralSi
gadadis. aq is an iSleba enzimebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, an ukuSeiwoveba aqsonuri daboloebis
mier ganmeorebiTi gamoyenebis mizniT.
receptorul molekulaze damokidebulebiT,
neirotansmiters SeiZleba hqondes amgznebi, an
Semakavebeli efeqti, e.i., erTi da igive neiro-
transmiteri SeiZleba iyos amgznebi erTi sinaf-
sisaTvis da Semakavebeli meorisaTvis. TiToeuli
neironi amuSavebs miRebul informacias aTasidan
aTi aTas neironTan erTad imisaTvis, rom
gadawyvitos, warmoqmnas Tu ara axali moqmedebis
potenciali. swored am aTasobiT amgznebi da
Semakavebeli informaciis integracia aZlevs
saSualebas moqmedebis potencials Seqmnas
adamianis gamocdilebis safuZveli.
suraTi 3.21
sinafsuri gadacema
moqmedebis potenciali presinaf-
sur neironSi iwvevs neiro-
transmiterebis gamoTavisuflebas
sinafsur napralSi , risi
gadalaxvis Semdegac isini
astimulireben postsinafsur
membranaSi arsebul receptorul
molekulebs. erTi da igive
neironis SigniT SeiZleba mravali
neirotransmiteri arsebobdes.
Tqven, albaT, gsurT gaigoT, ratom ganvixi-
lavT ase detalurad nervul sistemas. es xom
fsiqologiis kursia, romelic Seiswavlis
qcevas, azrovnebasa da emociebs. sinamdvileSi,
sinafsebi swored is biologiuri mediumebia,
romelTa meSveobiTac yvela es qmedeba xor-
cieldeba. Tuki Tqven SecvliT sinafsis
normalur aqtivobas, Tqven cvliT adamianTa
qcevas, maT azrovnebas da grZnobebs. sinafsis
muSaobis principebis gagebam SesaZlebeli
gaxada ukeT gagvego daswavlisa da mexsierebis
meqanizmebi, emociebi, fsiqologiuri aSlilo-
bebi, wamaldamokidebuleba da, zogadad,
sulieri janmrTelobis qimiuri formula. am
TavSi miRebuli codna Tqven dagexmarebaT
gaigoT mTeli wigni _ `fsiqologia da cxov-
reba~.
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neirotransmiterebi da maTi
funqciebi
tvinSi neirotransmiteris funqcias 60-ze
meti sxvadasxva qimiuri substancia asrulebs.
intensiurad Seswavlili neirotransmiterebi
garkveul teqnikur kriteriumebs akmayofileben.
TiToeuli maTgani gamomuSavdeba presinafsur
aqsonur daboloebaSi da gamoTavisufldeba,
rodesac moqmedebis potenciali aRwevs am
daboloebas. neirotransmiteris arseboba sinaf-
sur napralSi iwvevs postsinafsuri membranis
biologiur pasuxs da Tu misi gamoTavisufleba
ar Sedga, Sesabamisi pasuxi ver gamoiwveva.
imisaTvis, rom Tqven warmodgena SegeqmnaT, Tu
ra gavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva neirotransmi-
terebi qcevis regulaciaze, Cven gansaxilvelad
gTavazobT im neirotransmiterebs, romlebic
miCneulia yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad nervu-
li sistemis warmatebuli yoveldRiuri fun-
qcionirebisaTvis. mokle diskusia aseve SesaZ-
lebels gaxdis imis gagebas, Tu ra xdeba, rode-
sac neirotransmiterebis moqmedeba irRveva.
acetilqolini
acetilqolini gvxvdeba rogorc centralur,
ise periferiul nervul sistemaSi. alchaimeris
daavadebis (degeneraciuli daavadeba, romelic
ZiriTadad asakovan pacientebSi gvxvdeba) dros
pacientebSi mexsierebis darRvevas iwvevs ace-
tilqolinis sekretoruli neironebis dazia-
neba. acetilqolini aseve amgznebad moqmedebs
nerv-kunTovan SeerTebaSi, sadac is kunTebis
SekumSvas iwvevs. mraval toqsins SeuZlia ace-
tilqolinis sinafsuri moqmedebis Secvla. maga-
liTad, botulinumis toqsini, romelic ara-
sworad konservirebul sakvebSi xSirad gvxvde-
ba, wamlavs adamians, aferxebs ra acetil-
qolinis gamoTavisuflebas sasunTq sistemaSi;
kurare, amazoniis indielebis mier gamoyenebuli
Sxami, romliTac isini isrebis boloebs wam-
laven, iwvevs sasunTqi kunTebis damblas
acetilqolinis receptorebis blokirebis gziT,
xels uSlis ra neirotransmiteris normalur
sinafsur aqtivobas.
gaemi
gaemi (gama-amino-erbos-mJava) Tavis tvinSi yve-
laze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli Sema-
kavebeli neirotransmiteria. gaemi tvinis sinaf-
sebis daaxloebiT erT mesamedSi gamoiyeneba
rogorc mesenjeri. gaem-mgrZnobiare neironebi
tvinis iseT regionebSia lokalizebuli, rogo-
rebicaa: Talamusi, hipoTalamusi da kefis wili.
gaemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs fsiqopaTo-
logiis zogierT formaSi, akavebs ra neironul
aqtivobas. rodesac am neirotransmiteris done
iklebs, adamianebSi es damatebiT nervul aqti-
vobas iwvevs, romelic SfoTvaSi gamoixateba
(Paul et al., 1986). SfoTvas xSirad benzodia-
zepinebis Semcveli wamlebiT mkurnaloben,
rogoricaa valiumi da qsanaqsi, romlebic gaem
dones zrdian (Ballenger, 1999). benzodiazepinebi
pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba gaem receptorebs,
samagierod isini xels uwyoben gaems Tavad
ufro efeqturad daukavSirdes postsinafsur
receptorul molekulebs.
dofamini, norepinefrini da serotonini
kateqolaminebi warmoadgenen qimiuri sub-
stanciebis klass, romelic or mniSvnelovan
neirotransmiters, dofaminsa da norepinefrins
Seicavs. orive maTgani umniSvnelovanes rols
asrulebs iseT fsiqologiur daavadebebSi,
rogoricaa guneba-ganwyobilebis aSlilobebi
da Sizofrenia. norepinefrini CarTulia dep-
resiis zogierT formaSi. wamlebi, romlebic
tvinSi am neirotransmiteris donis momatebas
uwyoben xels, guneba-ganwyobilebis gaumjobe-
sebasa da depresiis Semsubuqebas iwveven. sawi-
naaRmdegod, normaze maRali dofaminis Semcve-
loba nanaxia SizofreniiT daavadebulebSi.
rogorc Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, am daavadebis
mkurnalobis erT-erTi SesaZlebloba iqneboda
iseTi wamlebis gamoyeneba, romlebic tvinSi
dofaminis donis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. medi-
kamentozuri mkurnalobis adreul periodSi
warmoiqmna saintereso, magram naklebad saxar-
bielo problema. wamlis maRali dozebis gamo-
yenebam Sizofreniis winaaRmdeg gamoiwvia par-
kinsonis daavadebis niSnebi – progresuli da
fataluri daavadebis, romelic moZraobis
darRvevebs iwvevs (parkinsonis daavadebis
mizezia dofaminis masinTezirebeli neironebis
gamofitva). am monacemebma aiZula mecnierebi
daewyoT kvleva Sizofreniisa da parkinsonis
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daavadebis medikamentozuri mkurnalobis ga-
saumjobeseblad.
yvela neironi, romelic serotonins gamoimu-
Savebs, moTavsebulia tvinis ReroSi, romelic
agznebisa da mravali sxva avtonomiuri pro-
cesis regulaciaSia CarTuli. halucinogenuri
nivTiereba LSD (lizerginis mJavas dieTi-
lamidi) moqmedebs serotoninerguli neiro-
nebis efeqtebis daTrgunvis gziT. es seroto-
ninerguli neironebi Cveulebriv sxva neironTa
Sekavebas iwveven, magram LCD-Ti gamowveuli
Sekavebis nakleboba iwvevs cocxal da uCveulo
wignis am Tavis wakiTxvi-
sas Tqven axal informacias
iZenT – niSnavs Tu ara es,
rom Tqveni tvini icvleba?
savaraudoa! studentebi, rom-
lebic pirvelad Sedian Se-
xebaSi Tanamedrove neiro-
mecnierebasTan, xSirad inte-
resdebian , Tu rogor
gavlenas axdens
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
maT tvinze.
klasikuri cdebis seria,
romelic mark rozencvaigisa
da misi kolegebis mier iqna
Catarebuli, aCvenebs gansxva-
vebebs virTagvebs Soris,
romlebic gamdidrebul da
gaRaribebul garemoSi aRi-
zardnen (Rosenzweig, 1996, 1999b).gaRaribebul garemoSi vir-
Tagvebi marto iyvnen moTavse-
buli galiaSi; gamdidrebul
garemoSi isini mozrdil ga-
liaSi sxvebTan erTad iyvnen
da yoveldRiurad ecvlebo-
daT saTamaSoebi. garkveuli
periodis (ramdenime kvira da
Tve) Semdeg mecnierebma Seis-
wavles virTagvebis tvini.
Sedegebi dramatuli iyo. gam-
didrebul garemoSi gaz-
rdili virTagvebis saSualo
tvini ufro mZime da msxvili
– pozitiuri atributebi _
iyo, vidre gaRaribebul gare-
moSi gazrdili cxovelebisa.
SesamCnevi sxvaoba miiRweoda
maSinac ki, rodesac vir-
Tagvebi gamdidrebul garemo-
Si mxolod ramdenime dRiT
Tavsdebodnen. sxvaoba zrda-
srul virTagvebSic aRiniS-
neboda, anu, ara marto mzar-
di, aramed zrdasruli vir-
Tagvebic gamdidrebul areSi
moTavsebis Semdeg uCvenebdnen
upiratesobas. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom es gamokvleva virTag-
vebze Catarda, cdis Sedegebis
gadatana adamianebzec SeiZ-
leba: mdidar garemos dade-
biTi gavlena aqvs tvinis gan-
viTarebasa da muSaobaze.
tvinis damasuraTebeli
teqnikiT SesaZlebelia Zal-
zed specifikuri gansxvave-
bebis aRmoCena, romlebic
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
Sedegad Camoyalibda. mu-
sikosebma, romlebic vio-
linoze ukraven, Zalian nati-
fad unda akontrolon mar-
cxena xelis TiTebi. Tuki
Tqven daubrundebiT 3.11 su-
raTs, naxavT rom sensoruli
qerqis didi nawili TiTebs
eZRvneba. tvinis skanirebam
uCvena, rom qerqis ubnebi,
pasuxismgebeli marcxena xe-
lis TiTebze, meviolineebSi
ufro didia, vidre sakon-
trolo jgufSi (Elbert et al.,1995). es efeqti araa nanaximarjvena xelis TiTebisaTvis,
romelTac ar aqvT aseTi
mniSvnelovani datvirTva vi-
olinoze dakvrisas. marcxena
TiTebis reprezentacia sen-
sorul qerqSi yvelaze ufro
didi iyo im musikosebSi, ro-
melTac violinoze dakvra
bavSvobaSi, 12 wlis asakamde
daiwyes.
Tqven, albaT, ukve ifiq-
reT imaze, rom cxovrebi-
seul gamocdilebas SeuZlia
aseve uaryofiTi gavlena
moaxdinos tvinis muSaobaze.
gaixseneT tvinis struqtura,
hipokampi, romelic Cven
manamde aRvwereT, rogorc
gadamwyveti struqtura kon-
kretuli mexsierebis Camo-
yalibebisaTvis. mecnierebma
uCvenes, rom qronikuli
stresi – mdgomareoba, rode-
sac organizmis fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri resursebi
maqsimaluradaa daZabuli
(ix. Tavi 13) –hipokampis nei-
ronTa dendritebis atro-
fias iwvevs (McEwen, 1999;Sapolsky, 1996). rogorc Tqven,
albaT, ukve mixvdiT, amis Se-
degia mexsierebis zogierTi
formis darRveva. magaliTad,
virTagvebi qronikuli stre-
sis pirobebSi kargaven la-
birinTSi orientaciis unars
(Conrad et al., 1996) . neiro-
mecnierebis Tanamedrove
mimarTulebebis mniSvne-
lovani amocanaa im meTo-
debis aRmoCena, romlebic
tvins uaryofiTi cxovrebi-
seuli gamocdilebisagan
daicaven. aseTi kvlevis
Sedegebi yvelasaTvis sasar-
geblo iqneba.
ra gavlenas axdens cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba tvinze
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
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emociebs, romelTagan zogi ramodenime saaTi
grZeldeba. bevri antidepresanti, mag. prozaki,
aZlierebs serotoninis aqtivobas, xels uSlis
ra mis mocilebas sinafsuri napralidan (Ba-rondes, 1994).
endorfinebi
endorfinebi qimiur nivTierebaTa jgufia,
romelTac Cveulebriv neiromodulatorebs uwo-
deben. neiromodulatori aris substancia,
romelic cvlis an amodulirebs postsinafsuri
neironis aqtivobas. endorfinebi (Semoklebulia
endogenuri morfinebi) mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSoben emociuri qcevisa (SfoTva, SiSi,
daZabva, siamovneba) da tkivilis kontrolSi –
opiumisa da morfis msgavsi nivTierebebi tvinSi
erTi da igive receptorebs ukavSirdeba. en-
dorfinebs uwodeben „samoTxis gasaRebs~ maTi
siamovnebis gamomwvevi Tvisebis gamo. gamok-
vleul iqna SesaZlebloba, rom endorfinebi
nawilobriv mainc pasuxismgebelia tkivilis
Semamsubuqebel efeqtebze akupunqturisa da pla-
cebos dros (Fields & Levine, 1984; Murray, 1995;
Watkins & Mayer, 1982). es testebi emyareba niv-Tiereba naloqsonis gamoyenebas, romelic mor-
finisa da endorfinebis receptorebis blo-
kirebas iwvevs. nebismieri tkivilgamayuCebeli
procedura, romelic endorfinebis gamoTa-
visuflebas iwvevs, araefeqturia naloqsonis
miRebisas. naloqsonis ineqciis dros akupun-
qtura da placebo kargavs Tavis Zalas, Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom swored endorfinebi gana-
pirobebdnen maT zemoqmedebas.
mecnierebma uCvenes, rom iseTi airebi, rogo-
ricaa naxSirbadis monooqsidi da azotis oq-
sidi, moqmedeben rogorc neirotransmiterebi
(Barinaga, 1993). am axali klasis warmomadgenlebi
ar emorCilebian neirotransmiterebis moqmedebis
tradiciulad Camoyalibebul principebs. maga-
liTad, Cvens mier aRweril neirotransmiter-
Tagan gansxvavebiT, imis magier, rom daukav-
Sirdnen receptorul molekulebs, es airadi
transmiterebi pirdapir gamWolaven mimRebi
ujredis gare membranas. am gasaocarma aRmoCenam
unda dagarwmunoT, rom Tavis tvinSi jer kidev
bevri saidumlo unda gaixsnas.
wignis am TavSi Cven mokled ganvixileT is
SesaniSnavi da araCveulebrivi samyaro, Tqveni
tvini, romelic mxolod kilonaxevars iwonis.
erTia, imis Secnoba, rom tvini akontrolebs
qcevas da Tqvens sulier procesebs, magram
meorea imis gageba, Tu rogor axorcielebs tvini
yvela am funqcias. neiromecnierebi CarTulni
arian am gasaocari problemis amoxsnaSi, rom
gaigon tvinis SigniT da garemosa da tvins Soris
mimdinare procesebi. Tqven axla ukve gaqvT
sabaziso codna, romelic dagexmarebaT dama-
tebiTi codnis SeZenaSi.
Sejameba
neironTa ZiriTadi tipebia sensoruli, moto-
ruli da interneironebi. Tavis tvinis neironTa
umravlesoba interneironia, romlebic garSemor-
tymulia gliuri ujredebiT. neironebi ganimux-
teba amgznebi da Semakavebeli impulsebis Sesa-
bamisi balansis miRebis sapasuxod. neironebi
sul an arafris kanonis Sesabamisad agzavnian
informacias moqmedebis potencialis saxiT aqso-
nis gaswvriv. neirotransmiterebi Tavisufldeba
sinafsur napralSi da gadascemen informacias
mezobeli neironis receptorul molekulasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. mravali sasicocxlo pro-
cesia damokidebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani neiro-
transmiterebis moqmedebaze, rogorebicaa _
acetilqolamini, dofamini da serotonini.
aRmoCenis etapi (context of discovery) _ kvlevis
sawyisi fazaa, romlis ganmavlobaSic dakvir-
vebas, Sexedulebas, informacias da zogad cod-
nas movlenis axleburi xedvisaken mivyavarT.
Ta
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sa
kv
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sa
ki
Tx
eb
i
memkvidreobiToba da
qceva
saxeobebi warmoiqmneba da
icvleba drois ganmavlo-
baSi bunebrivi gadarCevis
Sedegad.
adamianTa evoluciaSi or
fexze siarulma da encefa-
lizaciam mniSvnelovani Se-
degebi, maT Soris metyve-
lebisa da kulturis ganvi-
Tareba, gamoiwvia.
memkvidreobiTobis mTavari
erTeuli genia. genebi gan-
sazRvraven im gavlenis Car-
Coebs, romelsac garemo faq-
torebi iwvevs da romelic
fenotipis cvlilebiT ga-
moixateba.
biologia da qceva
neiromecnierebi uamrav sxva-dasxva meTods iyeneben, rom
tvinsa da qcevas Soris da-
mokidebuleba gaarkvion: tvi-
nis dazianebis mqone pacien-
tTa Seswavla, tvinis gar-
kveuli ubnebis dazianeba,
tvinis eleqtruli stimu-
lacia, tvinis aqtivobis
registracia da kompiuteru-
li teqnikis meSveobiT tvi-
nis gamosaxulebis miReba.
Tavisa da zurgis tvini cen-tralur nervul sistemas
(cns) qmnian.
periferiuli nervuli sis-
tema (pns) Sedgeba neiro-
nebisagan, romlebic cns-sa
da sxeuls akavSireben. pns
Sedgeba somaturi nervuli
sistemisagan, romelic Con-
Cxis kunTebis moqmedebas
aregulirebs da avtono-
miuri nervuli sistemisagan
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
(ans), romelic aregulirebs
sasicocxlo procesebs.
Tavis tvini Sedgeba sami ur-TierTdakavSirebuli Srisa-
gan: tvinis Rero, limburi
sistema da didi tvini.
tvinis Rero pasuxismgebelia
sunTqvaze, saWmlis mone-
lebasa da guliscemaze.
limburi sistema monawile-
obs grZelvadiani mexsiere-
bis, agresiis, kvebiT da sqe-
sobriv qcevebSi.
didi tvini akontrolebs
umaRles mentalur pro-
cesebs.
zogi funqcia lateralize-
bulia Tavis tvinis erT ro-
melime hemisferoSi. maga-
liTad, adamianTa umravle-
sobaSi metyvelebas marcxe-
na hemisfero akontrolebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom orivehemisfero erTad muSaobs,
maT funqcionirebis sxvada-
sxva tipi axasiaTebT _ mar-
cxena hemisfero ufro ana-
litikuria, marjvena ki –
holisturi.
individualuri gansxvavebe-
bis fonze zogadi daskvnebi
SeiZleba Seicvalos. maga-
liTad, mamakacebsa da qa-
lebs lateralizaciis gan-
sxvavebuli saxeebi axasia-
TebT.
endokrinuli sistema gamo-
imuSavebs da sisxlis nakad-
Si gamoyofs hormonebs.
hormonebi xels uwyoben
zrdas, pirveladi da meo-
radi sasqeso niSnebis ganvi-
Tarebas, metabolizms, saW-
mlis monelebasa da agzne-
bas.
hipoTalamusi akontrolebs
endokrinul sistemas hi-
pofizis stimulirebis
gziT.
nervuli sistema
moqmedebaSi
neironi, nervuli siste-
mis ZiriTadi erTeuli,
iRebs, amuSavebs da gadas-
cems informacias sxva
neironebs, jirkvlebsa da
kunTebs.
neironebi gadascemen in-formacias dendritebidan
ujredis sxeulis (soma)
gavliT aqsonis gaswvriv
terminaluri balTisaken.
sensoruli neironebi iRe-
ben informacias speciali-
zebuli receptoruli
ujredebidan da agzavnian
mas cns-ken. motoruli nei-
ronebi agzavnian infor-
macias cns-dan kunTebisa
da jirkvlebisaken. inter-
neironebi gadascemen in-
formacias sensoruli
neironebidan sxva moto-
rul an interneironebs.
rodesac impulsaciis su-
macia miaRwevs gansazR-
vrul zRurbls, moqmede-
bis potenciali igzavneba
aqsonis gaswvriv aqsonuri
daboloebisaken.
sul an arafris kanons
damorCilebuli moqme-
debis potenciali aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac gaxsni-
li ionuri arxebi ujre-
dis membranis Sida da gare
areebs Soris ionTa ga-
nvladobas uzrunvelyofs.
98
neirotransmiterebi gamo-
Tavisufldeba sinafsur
napralSi. napralis gada-
laxvis Semdeg isini uer-
Tdeba postsinafsuri mem-
branis receptorul mo-
lekulebs.
aagzneben Tu Seakaveben esneirotransmiterebi mem-
branas, damokidebulia re-
ceptoruli molekulis
bunebaze.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
adamianis qcevis genetika
amagznebeli „Sesavali~
asociaciuri qerqi
avtonomiuri nervuli
sistema (ans)
aqsoni
brokas are
bunebrivi gadarCeva
genebi
genetika
genotipi
glia
dazianeba
dendritebi
didi tvini
didi tvinis qerqi
dnm (dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJava)
eleqtroencefalograma
(eeg)
endokrinuli sistema
estrogeni
Talamusi
Txemis wili
interneironi
ionuri arxebi
kefis wili
korZiani sxeuli
limburi sistema
magnetur-rezonansuli
tomografia (MRI)
memkvidreobiToba
mogrZo tvini
mosvenebis potenciali
motoruli neironi
motoruli qerqi
moqmedebis potenciali
mxedvelobis qerqi
naTxemi
neiromecniereba
neiromodulatori
neironi
neirotransmiterebi
nuSisebri kompleqsi
parasimpaTikuri sistema
periferiuli nervuli
sistema (pns)
PET (pozitronul-
emisiuri tomografia) _
skani
retikuluri formacia
refraqteruli periodi
safeTqlis wili
sasqeso qromosomebi
sensoruli neironi
simpaTikuri sistema
sinafsi
sinafsuri gadacema
smeniTi qerqi
soma
somatosensoruli qerqi
somaturi nervuli sistema
sociobiologia
sul an arafris kanoni
tvinis Rero
tvinis hemisferoebi
terminaluri balTa
testosteroni
fenotipi
funqciuri magnetur-
rezonansuli tomografia
(fMRI)
Semakavebeli „Sesavali~
Sublis wili
centraluri nervuli
sistema (cns)
xidi
hipoTalamusi
hipokampi
hipofizi
homeostazi
hormonebi
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S e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b iS e g r Z n e b e b i
4 samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
• fsiqofizika• fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri
movlenebisaken
mxedvelobis sistema
• adamianis Tvali
• guga da broli
• badura• Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
• ferTa SegrZneba
•vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi:
SeuZlia Tu ara
teqnologias dazianebuli
mxedvelobis aRdgena
smena
• bgeris fizika• bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
• smenis fiziologia
sxva SegrZnebebi
• ynosva• gemos SegrZneba• Sexebisa da kanisSegrZnebebi
• wonasworobisa dakinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebi
• tkivili
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: ratom iwvevs
cxare saWmeli tkivils
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
• ZiriTadi cnebebi
100
dagafiqraT jonaTan i-is istoriam Tqvens
sakuTar sensorul SesaZleblobebze? daintere-
sebulxarT odesme, Tu rogor axerxebs Tqveni
Tavis tvini, romelic gamomwyvdeulia Tavis
qalis bnel, mdumare sakanSi, gangacdevinoT van
gogis naxatebis ferTa sisavse, rok-n-rolis
swrafi melodiebi da riTmi, sazamTros maco-
cxlebeli gemo cxel zafxulSi, bavSvis kocnis
rbili Sexeba, an mindvris yvavilebis surneli
gazafxulze? am TavSi Cven vecdebiT avxsnaT,
Tu rogor axerxebs Cveni sxeuli da tvini gaer-
kves stimulaciis im nakadSi, romelic mudmivad
aris Cven garSemo _ danaxuli obieqtebSi, mosme-
nili bgerebsa da sxva mravalSi. Tqven dainaxavT,
Tu rogor aRgWurvaT evoluciam unariT, gamoav-
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onaTan i. mxatvari iyo. man
Tavisi warmatebuli Semoq-
medebiTi karieris ganmavlob-
aSi mravali abstraqtuli tilo Seqmna, romelic
kaSkaSa, cocxali ferebis didebul sinTezs war-
moadgenda. samocdaxuTi wlis asakSi man sru-
liad dakarga ferTa SegrZnebis unari Tavis
tvinis dazianebis gamo. roca is Tavis namuSev-
rebs uyurebda, yovelives mxolod rux, Sav da
TeTr ferebSi xedavda; Tuki is adre aRiqvamda
ferebs, romlebic misTvis Rrma pirovnuli aso-
ciaciebis matarebeli iyo, axla igi mxolod
„uswormasworo~ da „WuWyian~ laqebs xedavda.
es ar exeboda mxolod mis Semoqmedebas. cvli-
lebebi mis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic moxda.
magaliTad, man SezRuda Tavisi sakvebi meniu
mxolod Savi da TeTri saWmelebiT _ Savi zeTis-
xili da TeTri brinji misTvis gacilebiT ufro
jansaR, normalur sakvebad gamoiyureboda, vidre
feradi sakvebi, romelsac is axla usiamovno
rux ferebSi aRiqvamda da ugemuri eCveneboda.
miuxedavad yovelive amisa, jonaTan i-is
istoria arc ise tragikuli aRmoCnda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi igi Seegua am mdgomareobas; scada
gaegrZelebina Tavisi Semoqmedeba da Savi da
TeTri saRebavebiT daiwyo xatva. jonaTan i-is
Tayvanismcemlebma es aRiqves, rogorc misi Semoq-
medebiTi karieris axali da saintereso etapi.
maT ar icodnen, rom mxatvruli mimarTulebis
Secvla ganpirobebuli iyo Tavis tvinis dazia-
nebiT. jonaTan i. mixvda, rom misma ucabedma
ferTa sibrmavem vizualuri samyaros axali
aspeqtebi gadauSala win: „Tumca, jonaTan i. ar
uaryofda imas, rom bevri ram dakarga da gar-
kveulwilad swuxda amis gamo, magram man igrZno,
rom misi mxedveloba „uaRresad daxvewili~ da
privilegirebuli gaxda, rom is uyurebs wminda
formebis samyaros, romelsac ar uSlis xels
feri~ (Sacks, 1995, p.38). amrigad, miuxedavad imisa,
rom jonaTan i-ma ferTa SegrZnebis unari dakar-
ga, misma sensorulma sistemam igi uzrunvelyo
samyaros axali versiiT, romelic mas SeeZlo
aReqva da xelovnebad gadaeqcia.
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101
linoT gancdis sxvadasxva ganzomilebebi; Tqven
aRmoaCenT, rom SegrZnebebs, romliTac dagajil-
dovaT bunebam, Zalian rTuli meqanizmi aqvs.
es Tavi Cveni gancdis ZiriTad biologiur
elementebs exeba: SegrZneba aris procesi,
rodesac sensoruli receptoris gaRizianeba
dasabams aZlevs nervul impulsebs, rac sxeulis
SigniT Tu gareT arsebuli pirobebis gancdas,
maT gacnobierebas iwvevs. mexuTe Tavi ki exeba
perceptul procesebs, romelic dakavSirebulia
centraluri nervuli sistemis ufro maRali
donis aqtivobasTan. is SeiZleba ganisazRvros,
rogorc sensoruli gancdis identifikacia,
interpretacia, integracia da klasifikacia.
Semdegi Tavis bolos Tqven gaigebT, Tu rogor
axerxebs Tqveni Tavis tvini sxvadasxva infor-
maciis gaerTianebas, raTa mogawodoT samyaros
erTi mTliani suraTis gancda.
SegrZnebebis samyaroSi mogzaurobis dawyebam-
de, neba mogveciT, yuradReba gavamaxviloT
SegrZnebaTa ormag funqciaze: esaa TviTgadarCena
da grZnobadoba (Sensuality). Tqveni SegrZnebebi,
rogorc gamafrTxilebeli signali, ise gexma-
rebaT, gibiZgebT swrafad imoqmedoT safrTxis
winaaRmdeg da warmarTavs Tqvens moqmedebas, raTa
ganicadoT TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi SegrZnebebi.
garda amisa, Tqveni SegrZnebebi gansazRvravs
Tqvens grZnobadobas. gZrnobadia adamiani,
romelic gatacebulia SegrZnebebisagan miRebu-
li siamovnebis gancdiT. grZnobadoba iwvevs
swrafvas, miiRoT da isiamovnoT mravalferovani
SegrZnebebiT _ mxedvelobis, smeniTi, Sexebis,
gemosa Tu ynosvis. roca am Tavs waikiTxavT,
Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT imaze, Tu rogor
gexmarebaT SegrZnebis meqanizmebis codna, raTa
aRmoaCinoT grZnobadobis janmrTeli survili
da iswavloT, Tu rogor SeiZleba bgerebis, fe-
rebis, sunebis, gemosa da Sexebis samyaroSi
siamovnebis miReba.
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
gare samyaros gancda zusti da Secdomebi-
sagan Tavisufali unda iyos. sxvagvarad Tqven
ver SeZlebdiT gadarCenas; Tqven gWirdebaT:
ikveboT, raTa SeinarCunoT arseboba; TavSesafari,
romelic dagicavT; sxva adamianebTan urTier-
Toba, raTa daikmayofiloT socialuri moTxovni-
lebani da safrTxis gacnobiereba, raTa daic-
vaT Tavi. am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-
saTvis Tqven sando informacia unda miiRoT
samyaros Sesaxeb. cxovelTa yvela saxeobam
ganaviTara informaciis Segrovebis garkveuli
saxis specialuri meqanizmebi. adamiani ar aris
specializebuli mxolod erT gansakuTrebul
sensorul sferoze: Tqven ar gaqvT iseTive
srulyofili mxedveloba, rogorc, magaliTad,
Sevardens, iseTive maxvili smena, rogorc Ra-
muras da iseTive ynosva, rogorc mRrRnelebs,
magram aRWurvilia sensoruli meqanizmiT, ro-
melic mas Semomavali rTuli sensoruli sig-
nalebis farTo speqtris gadamuSavebis SesaZ-
leblobas aZlevs.
sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis gamo, sensoruli
procesebis Seswavla yovelTvis inarCunebda
gansakuTrebul adgils fsiqologiuri mecnie-
rebis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi. rodesac
vundti (Wundt, 1907) eqsperimentuli fsiqologiis
safuZvlebs qmnida, man mecnierebas SesTavaza
idea, romlis mixedviT, SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi
elementaruli procesebia, romelTagan igeba
ufro rTuli gancdebi. titCenerma (Titchener, 1898)es idea amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Seitana
da SegrZnebam centraluri adgili daikava mis
introspeqciul kvlevebSi cnobierebis Sinaar-
sebis Sesaxeb. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT,
SegrZnebis adreul fsiqologiur kvlevebSi,
ZiriTadad Seiswavleboda garemoSi mimdinare
movlenebsa da adamianTa mier am movlenebis
gancdas Soris kavSirebi.
fsiqofizika
ramdenad Zlieri unda iyos saxanZro gangaSis
xma qarxanaSi, raTa muSebma gaigonon is momuSave
manqanebis xmaurSi? ramdenad kaSkaSa unda iyos
sinaTlis gamafrTxilebeli signali pilotis
sakontrolo panelze, raTa misi sikaSkaSe or-
jer aRematebodes sxva ganaTebuli obieqtebis
sikaSkaSes? ramdeni Saqari gWirdebaT Wiqa
yavaSi, raTa is TqvenTvis tkbili gaxdes? am
SegrZneba (sensation) _ procesi, roca sensoruli
receptoris gaRizianeba dasabams aZlevs nervul
impulsebs, rac iwvevs sxeulis SigniT Tu gareT
arsebuli pirobebis gancdas, maT gacnobierebas.
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102
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Cven sensoruli
gancdis intensivobis gazomva unda SegveZlos.
es aris fsiqofizikis ZiriTadi amocana _
Seiswavlos kavSiri fizikur gamRizianeblebsa
da qcevas an im fsiqikur gancdebs Soris,
romelsac es stimuli aRZravs. fsiqofizika fsi-
qologiuri mecnierebis uZvelesi sferoa (Levine& Shefner, 1981).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura fsiqofizikis
istoriaSi germaneli fizikosi gustav fexneri
(Gustav Fechner, 1801-1887) iyo. man Semoitana ter-
mini fsiqofizika da Seqmna meTodika, romelic
akavSirebda fizikuri gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobas _ gazomils fizikur erTeulebSi sensoru-
li gancdis sididesTan _ gazomils fsiqologi-
ur erTeulebSi (Fechner, 1860/1966). fexneris teq-nika erTnairia nebismieri modalobis stimuli-
saTvis _ sinaTlis, bgeriTi, ynosviTi, gemos Tu
SexebiTi gamRizianeblisaTvis. mkvlevrebi gan-
sazRvraven SegrZnebis zRurblebs da qmnian fsi-
qofizikur skalebs, romelic SegrZnebis inten-
sivobas gamRizianeblis intensivobasTan akavSi-
rebs.
absoluturi zRurblebi da
sensoruli adaptacia
rogoria gamRizianeblis is umciresi, ususte-
si energia, romlis SemCnevac SeuZlia orga-
nizms? magaliTad, ramdenad susti SeiZleba iyos
toni, raTa SesaZlebeli iyos misi gagoneba? es
kiTxvebi exeba stimulaciis absolutur zRurbls
_ fizikuri energiis im minimalur raodenobas,
romelic saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmo-
saqmnelad. mkvlevrebi absoluturi zRurblis
gazomvisas yuradRebiT myof damkvirveblebs
sTxoven, Seasrulon SemCnevis amocana, magali-
Tad, SeamCnion mkrTali Suqi bnel oTaxSi an
Seecadon gaigonon Zalian susti bgera srul
siCumeSi. cdaTa mravali seriis ganmavlobaSi
xdeba sxvadasxva intensivobis stimulebis gamo-
yeneba da TiToeul cdaSi damkvirveblebi aR-
niSnaven, SeamCnies Tu ara is (Tuki Tqven rodesme
SegifasebiaT Tqveni smenis simaxvile, maSasadame,
Tqven monawileoba migiRiaT absoluturi zRur-
blis gansazRvris testSi).
absoluturi zRurblis Seswavlis Sedegebi
SeiZleba fsiqometruli funqciis saxiT Seva-
jamoT. horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia
gamRizianeblis intensivobebi, xolo vertika-
lur RerZze _ aRebuli intensivobis mqone
gamRizianeblebis SemCnevaTa procenti. tipuri
fsiqometruli funqcia naCvenebia suraTze 4.1.sinaTlis Zalian susti gamRizianeblis piro-
bebSi SemCneva 0%-ia, xolo kaSkaSa gamRizia-
neblis pirobebSi _ 100%. erTaderTi, WeSmariti
absoluturi zRurblis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
mosalodneli iqneboda SemCnevaTa procentis
0-dan 100-mde Zalian mkveTrad gadaxra da gra-
fikic gaswordeboda wertilSi, sadac miaRwevda
zRurbls. magram es ar xdeba, sul mcire, ori
mizezis gamo: damkvirveblebi, nawilobriv, yo-
fsiqofizika (psychophysics) – mecniereba fizikuristimulaciisa da fsiqologiuri SegrZnebis
Sesatyvisobis Sesaxeb.
absoluturi zRurbli (absolute threshold) – fizikurienergiis is minimaluri raodenoba, romelic
saWiroa sensoruli gancdis warmosaqmnelad;
operacionalurad is ganisazRvreba, rogorc
gamRizianeblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli
signalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
fsiqometruli funqcia (psychometric function) –grafiki, romelic asaxavs gamRizianeblis Sem-
CnevaTa procents (vertikalur RerZze) gamRizia-
neblis TiToeuli intensivobisaTvis (horizon-
talur RerZze).
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velTvis icvlebian mcirediT, roca cdiloben
gamRizianeblis SemCnevas (yuradRebis cvli-
lebis, daRlilobis da sxva mizezebis gamo) da
zogjer isini dadebiTad pasuxoben gamRi-
zianeblis ararsebobis pirobebSic (mcdari gan-
gaSis saxe, romelsac signalis SemCnevis Teoriis
aRwerisas mokled SevexebiT). amrigad, fsiqo-
metruli mrudi yovelTvis gluvi, S-formismrudia, romelSic aris monakveTi, sadac xdeba
gadasvla sruli SeumCnevadobisagan gamRizia-
neblis drodadro SemCnevadobisaken da Semdgom
sruli SemCnevadobisaken.
radganac garkveuli intensivobis gamRi-
zianebeli ar xdeba aSkarad SesamCnevi nebismier
dros, absoluturi zRurblis operacionaluri
gansazRvreba aseTi iqneba: es aris gamRizia-
neblis done, romelzec xdeba sensoruli sig-
nalis SemCneva SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
cxrilSi 4.1 naCvenebia absoluturi zRurblis
done ramdenime nacnobi bunebrivi gamRizianeb-
lisaTvis. sxvadasxva sensoruli modalobis
zRurblebi SeiZleba analogiuri proceduriT
gaizomos, ubralod unda Seicvalos gamRizia-
neblis ganzomileba.
Tumca, SesaZlebelia SemCnevis absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania aRiniS-
nos, rom Tqveni sensoruli sistema ufro mgrZno-
biarea sensoruli garemos cvlilebebisadmi,
vidre myari mdgomareobebisadmi. sistemebi
iseTnairad viTardebian, rom xels uwyoben axali
garemo signalebisadmi SeCvevas adaptaciis
procesis saSualebiT. sensoruli adaptacia aris
sensoruli sistemebis mgrZnobiarobis daqvei-
Teba xangrZliv gaRizianebaze.1 magaliTad,
albaT, SeginiSnavT, rom mzis kaSkaSa sinaTle
naklebad damabrmaveblad Cans, roca garkveuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi gareT imyofebiT. adap-
taciis yvelaze sasurveli gamocdileba adamia-
nebs ynosvis sferoSi aqvT: Tu SedixarT oTaxSi,
sadac mZafri suni dgas, garkveuli drois Semdeg
Tqveni ynosviTi sistema adaptirdeba da sunis
SegrZnebac Semcirdeba. garemo, romelSic Tqven
cxovrobT, yovelTvis savsea mravalferovani
sensoruli gamRizianeblebiT. adaptaciis meqa-
nizmi gaZlevT saSualebas, SeamCnioT da imoqme-
doT ufro swrafad, informaciis axali wyaros
moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma da
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
Cven mier zemoT ganxilul TavebSi vgulis-
xmobdiT, rom yvela damkvirvebeli erTnairia,
miaxloebiTi zRurblis nacnobi
movlenebisaTvis
SemCnevis zRurblisensoruli
modaloba
sinaTle
bgera
gemo
ynosva
Sexeba
sanTlis ali 48km manZilze srul
sibneleSi
saaTis wikwiki srul siCumeSi 6m
manZilze
erTi Cais kovzi Saqari 9l
wyalze
sunamos erTi wveTi gafantuli
samoTaxiani binis mTel sivrceSi
1 santimetris simaRlidan loyaze
daSvebuli futkris frTa
cxrili 4.1
1 adaptacia aris ara mxolod mgrZnobiarobis daqve-
iTeba, aramed misi momatebac susti intensivobis gamRi-
zianeblis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi (redaqtoris Se-
niSvna).
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absoluturi zRurblis gamoTvla
radganac gamRizianebli ar xdeba myseulad SesamCnevi
garkveul wertilSi, absoluturi zRurbli ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc intensovoba, rodesac gamRizianebeli
SesamCnevi xdeba SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi.
104
magram absoluturi zRurblis gazomvaze SeiZ-
leba gavlena moaxdinos, agreTve, pasuxis sis-
tematurma Secdomam _ sistematurma tendenciam,
romlis drosac damkvirvebeli gansakuTrebuli
gziT reagirebs iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebis
Sedegad, romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni
stimulis sensorul TvisebebTan. vTqvaT,
monawileobT eqsperimentSi, romelSic susti
sinaTlis SemCneva gevalebaT. eqsperimentis
pirvel seriaSi mkvlevari gaZlevT 5 dolars,
Tuki Tqven sworad upasuxebT: „diax, aris
sinaTle~. meore seriaSi, mkvlevari gaZlevT 5
dolars, Tuki sworad upasuxebT: „ara, ar aris
sinaTle~. TiToeul seriaSi Tqven jarimdebiT
2 dolariT nebismieri araswori pasuxisaTvis.
SegiZliaT warmoidginoT dajildovebis es
struqtura rogor Seqmnis gadaxras pasuxis
sistematur SecdomaSi erTi seriidan meoreSi
gadasvlisas? gana ar ityviT „diax~-s ufro xSi-
rad pirvel seriaSi, vidre meoreSi maSinac ki,
Tu warmodgenili stimulebi erTnairi donis
SemCnevadobiT xasiaTdebian?
sensoruli adaptacia (sensory adaptation) – movlena,
roca receptoruli ujredebi kargaven TavianT
Zalas, moaxdinon reagireba garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi ucvlel gamRiazinebelze; is iZleva
ufro swrafi reagirebis saSualebas informaciis
axal wyaroze.
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma (response bias) –sistematuri tendencia, romelic Sedegia ara-
sensoruli xasiaTis faqtorebis zemoqmedebisa
damkvirvebelze da garkveuli gziT reagirebas
ganapirobebs.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria aris sistemuri
midgoma pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis prob-
lemisadmi (Green & Swets, 1966). signalis SemCnevis
Teoria sensorul procesebze mkacrad fokusi-
rebis nacvlad, yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tavad
msjelobis procesze gamRizianeblis arsebobisa
Tu ararsebobis Sesaxeb. maSin, roca klasikuri
fsiqofizika axdens erTaderTi absoluturi
zRurblis gansazRvras, signalis SemCnevis Teo-
ria gansazRvravs or gansxvavebul process sen-
sorul deteqciaSi: (1) sawyisi sensoruli pro-
cesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis mgrZno-
biarobas gamRizianeblis siZlieris mimarT da
(2) Semdgomi gadawyvetilebis miRebis damouki-
debeli procesi, romelic asaxavs damkvirveblis
pasuxis sistematur Secdomas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria gvTavazobs orive
_ sensoruli da gadawyvetilebis _ procesis
erTdrouli Sefasebis proceduras. ZiriTadi
modeli mocemulia suraTze 4.2 susti stimuli
warmodgenilia cdaTa naxevarSi; meore naxevarSi
stimuli saerTod ar aris warmodgenili. Ti-
Toeul SemTxvevaSi damkvirveblebi pasuxoben
„diax~, roca isini fiqroben, rom stimuli war-
modgenilia da „ara~, roca isini fiqroben, rom
suraTi 4.2
signalis SemCnvis Teoria
matrica A gviCvenebs SesaZlo Sedegebs, roca subieqts ekiTxebian, aris Tu ara miznobrivi
stimuli mocemul cdaSi; matricebi B da C _ tipur pasuxebs, roca subieqti midrekilia `diax~
da `ara~ pasuxebisaken.
signalis SemCnevis Teoria (signal detection theory -SDT) _ statistikuri midgoma pasuxis sistematuriSecdomisadmi, romelmac saSualeba misca
eqsperimentators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina
sensoruli procesebisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan.
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stimuli ar aris. rogorc naCvenebia suraTis,
A matricaze, TiToeuli pasuxi daTvlilia
rogorc warmatebuli damTxveva, pasuxis gamo-
toveba, mcdari gangaSi, an swori reaqcia, imisda
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili iyo Tu ara stimuli
da pasuxobda Tu ara damkvirvebeli sworad.
damkvirvebeli, romelic qronikulad ambobda
„diax~-s, iZleoda warmatebuli damTxvevebis did
raodenobas da, agreTve, mcdari gangaSis did
ricxvs, rogorc es naCvenebia B matricaze. is,vinc qronikulad ambobda „ara~-s, iZleoda
rogorc warmatebuli damTxvevebis, ise, mcdari
gangaSis mcire raodenobas, rogorc es naCvenebia
C matricaze.
warmatebuli damTxvevebisa da mcdari ganga-
Sis procentebze muSaobis procesSi mkvlevrebma
gamoiyenes maTematikuri procedura, raTa gamoe-
TvalaT cal-calke damkvirveblis mgrZnobia-
robisa da pasuxis sistematuri Secdomis maC-
veneblebi. es procedura SesaZleblobas iZleva
davadginoT, aqvs Tu ara or damkvirvebels er-
Tnairi mgrZnobiaroba, miuxedavad didi gansxva-
vebisa pasuxebSi. sensoruli procesebis gamo-
yofiT pasuxis sistemuri Secdomisagan, signalis
SemCnevis Teoriam saSualeba misca eqsperimen-
tators, ganesazRvra da ganecalkevebina senso-
ruli gamRizianeblisa da individis faqtoris
roli erTmaneTisagan saboloo pasuxis Camo-
yalibebisas.
signalis SemCnevis Teoriis midgoma gvTa-
vazobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis models, ro-
melic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes gansxvavebul
konteqstSic. Zalian xSirad gadawyvetilebebi
Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi moicavs gansxva-
vebul jildoebs yoveli warmatebuli damTxve-
visa da swori pasuxebisaTvis da dasjas yoveli
gamotovebuli signalisa da mcdari gangaSi-
saTvis. magaliTad, Tuki Tqven uaryaviT kinoSi
mipatiJeba, amiT Tavidan mosawyeni saRamo (sworiuaryofa) aicileT, Tu siyvarulis gaxangr-
Zlivebis Sansi gauSviT xelidan (signalis gamo-
toveba), Tqveni gadawyvetileba, albaT, ganpiro-
bebuli iqneba prognozirebuli mogebisa da
wagebis SefardebiT. magaliTad, Tuki „aras~ Tqma
stimulis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (signalis
gamotoveba) ufro Zvirad gvijdeba, vidre „diax~
pasuxi stimulis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi (mcda-
ri gangaSi), „diax~ pasuxebi CvenTvis normad
iqceva. qirurgebi xSirad arian msgavs situa-
ciaSi. isini, Cveulebriv, amjobineben gaakeTon
operacia im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca ar arian
darwmunebulni, rom simsivne avTvisebiania da,
amgvarad, riskaven imiT, rom maTi pasuxi mcdari
gangaSi iqneba; gamotovebuli signali ki _
avTvisebianoba, SeiZleba sikvdilis mizezi
gaxdes. sazogadod, gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos arsebuli faqtebi,
TiToeuli tipis Secdomis SefardebiTi Rire-
buleba da TiToeuli swori gadawyvetilebis
SefardebiTi mogeba. signalis SemCnevis Teoria
warmoadgens mniSvnelovan instruments gada-
wyvetilebis miRebis procesebis kvlevisas.
sxvaobis zRurbli
warmoidgineT, rom dagiqiravaT sasmelebis
kompaniam, romelsac arsebulze SesamCnevad
ufro tkbili kolas produqtis warmoeba surs,
Tumca, rac SeiZleba naklebi Saqris damatebiT
(fulis ekonomiis mizniT). Tqven gTxoven
gazomoT sxvaobis zRurbli, anu umciresi
fizikuri sxvaoba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba gansazRvrul iqnes, rogorc
gansxvavebulebi. sxvaobis zRurblis gasazomad
Tqven unda gamoiyenoT gamRizianebelTa wyvili
da SeekiTxoT damkvirveblebs, aris ori
gamRizianebeli erTnairi Tu ara.
sasmelis problemis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mia-
wodebT damkvirveblebs or kolas TiToeul
cdaSi, romelTagan erTi iqneba standartuli
receptis, meore ki _ odnav ufro tkbili. TiTo-
euli wyvilisaTvis individma unda Tqvas: „igivea~
an „gansxvavebulia~. mravali aseTi cdis Semdeg
Tqven daxazavT fsiqometruli funqciis grafiks,
sadac abscisaTa RerZze gadazomavT realur
gansxvavebebs da ordinataTa RerZze _ mis
funqcias _ „gansxvavebulia“ pasuxebis procentebs.sxvaobis zRurbli operacionalurad ganisaz-
Rvreba, rogorc wertili, romelzec gamRizi-
aneblebi cnobierdebian, rogorc gansxvavebulni
SemTxvevaTa naxevarSi. sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide cnobilia, rogorc odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaoba. odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba aris nebismi-
eri ori SegrZnebis fsiqologiuri gansxvavebis
sididis sazomi raodenobrivi erTeuli.
1834 wels ernest veberma (Weber), sxvaobiszRurblis pirvelma mkvlevarma, aRmoaCina mniS-
vnelovani damokidebuleba, romelic mocemu-
lia suraTze 4.3. davuSvaT, Tqven atarebT sxva-
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obis zRurblis gansazRvris eqsperiments,
romelSic gamoyenebulia 10mm sigrZis sworixazi _ standartuli nimuSi. am eqsperimentis
Casatareblad cdis monawileebs warudgenT
or xazs, romelTagan erTi aris 10mm standar-tuli sigrZisa, meoris sigrZe ki mcired gan-
sxvavdeba standartulisagan. monawileTa amo-
canaa, upasuxon, aris Tu ara am ori xazis
sigrZe toli. Tqven naxavT, rom sxvaobis
zRurbli daaxloebiT 1 milimetria. 10 mili-
metris sigrZis xazs ganasxvaveben 11 milimetris
sigrZis xazisagan SemTxvevaTa 50%-Si, magram
20 milimetris sigrZis standartuli xazisaT-
vis 1 milimetris namati ukve arasakmarisia.Tqven dagWirdebaT 2 milimetris damateba, raTa
miiRoT odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba. 40 milimetri
sigrZis standartuli xazis gamoyenebisas ki 4
milimetris damateba dagWirdebaT. suraTi 4.3gviCvenebs, rom odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba izrdeba
Tanabrad standartuli xazis sigrZis zrdasTan
erTad.
rac rCeba mudmivi orive grZeli da mokle
xazebisaTvis, es aris namatis odenobis Sefar-
deba xazis sigrZesTan, romelic qmnis odnav
SesamCnev sxvaobas. magaliTad, 1 mm/10 mm=0.1; 2
mm/20 mm=0.1. es damokidebuleba Sejamebulia
veberis kanonSi: or stimuls Soris odnav Sesam-
Cnevi sxvaobis Sefardeba standartuli sti-
mulis intensivobasTan mudmivi sididea. amrigad,
rac ufro didia an ufro intensiuria stan-
dartuli stimuli, miT ufro didi namatia
saWiro odnav SesamCnevi sxvaobis misaRebad.
es kanoni marTebulia nebismieri sensoruli
sistemisaTvis. formula veberis kanonisaTvis
Semdegi saxis iqneba: ΔI/I=k, sadac I standartuli
intensivobaa, ΔI ki namatia _ im sxvaobis
odenobaa, romelic qmnis odnav SesamCnev sxva-
obas. veberma aRmoaCina, rom TiToeuli stimulis
parametrisaTvis arsebobs misTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli proporcia. am formulaSi k aris
proporcia, anu veberis konstanta stimulis
TiToeuli parametrisaTvis (yuradRebiT gani-
xileT suraTi 4.3, raTa darwmundeT, kargad
gaigeT Tu, ara, ra aris odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba,
suraTi 4.3
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba da veberis
kanoni
rac ufro grZelia standartuli xazi, miT
ufro didia is odenoba, romelic unda
daamatoT (DL), raTa dainaxoT odnav sesamCnevi
sxvaoba. sxvaobis zRurbli aris sigrZis namati,
romlic SesamCnevia cdaTa 50% SemTxvevaSi. Tuki
Cven am namats SevafardebT zrdadi stimulis
sigrZesTan, proporcia darCeba igive _ 1/10
standartuli sigrZisa. es namati gadazomilia
vertikalur RerZze, xolo standartuli xazis
sigrZe _ horizontalurze. miRebuli damoki-
debuleba wrfivia, rac gamoixateba swori xaziT
grafikze. Cven SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT,
rom DL iqneba 0.5, roca standartuli xazis
sigrZe aris 5 milimetri.
sxvaobis zRurbli (difference threshold) _ umciresifizikuri gansxvaveba or gamRizianebels Soris,
romelic jer kidev SeiZleba gacnobierdes,
rogorc gansxvavebulebi; sxvaobis zRurbli
operacionalurad ganisazRvreba rogorc
wertili, romelzec gamRizianeblebi arian
gacnobierebuli, rogorc gansxvavebulni Sem-
TxvevaTa naxevarSi.
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba (just noticeable difference _JND) _ umciresi gansxvaveba or SegrZnebas Soris,
romlebic SeiZleba miCneul iqnan gansxvavebu-
lebad.
veberis kanoni (Weber’s law) _ sxvaobis zRurblis
sidide standartuli gamRizianeblis intensi-
vobis proporciulia.
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veberis kanoni da is, Tu rogor arian isini
dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan). veberis kanoni
sakmaod zustia, magram is mainc ar aris
universaluri, magaliTad, maSin, roca stimulis
intensivoba Zalian maRali xdeba.
cxrilSi 4.2 xedavT, rom veberis konstantas
aqvs gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi stimulis
gansxvavebuli ganzomilebisaTvis. umciresi
mniSvneloba niSnavs imas, rom adamians SeuZlia
SeamCnios umciresi gansxvaveba. ase magaliTad,
es cxrili giCvenebT, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
bgeraTa sixSire ufro meti sizustiT ganasxva-
voT erTmaneTisagan, vidre sinaTlis intensivo-
bebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ufro advilad SemCnevadia,
vidre sunisa da gemos umciresi gansxvavebani.
sasmelebis kompanias dasWirdeboda SedarebiT
ufro didi raodenobis Saqris damateba ufro
tkbili kolis warmoebisaTvis!
fizikuri movlenebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken
fsiqofizikis ganxilvam gagvacnobierebina
SegrZnebis umniSvnelovanesi saidumlo: rogor
xdeba, rom fizikuri energia dasabams aZlevs
specifikur fsiqologiur gancdas? magaliTad,
rogor aRmocendeba sinaTlis talRis sxvadasxva
sigrZisagan cisartyelas gancda? sanam speci-
fikur sensorul sferoebs ganvixilavT, zeda-
pirulad mimovixiloT informaciis gadasvla
fizikuri movlenebidan _ sinaTlisa da bgeris
talRebidan, rTuli qimiuri nivTierebebidan
fsiqikuri movlenebisaken _ sinaTlis, bgeris,
gemosa da ynosvis SegrZnebebisaken.
sensoruli fiziologia Seiswavlis fizikuri
movlenebis nervul movlenebad gardaqmnis
biologiur meqanizmebs. am sferos mizania,
aRmoaCinos, Tu ra xdeba nervul doneze im
movlenaTa jaWvSi, romelic ganlagebulia
fizikuri energiidan sensorul gancdamde. erTi
formis fizikuri energiis, magaliTad, sinaTlis
gadaqcevas meore formad _ nervul impulsad,
transformacia ewodeba.
vinaidan yvela tipis sensoruli informacia
transformirdeba nervuli impulsebis identur
tipSi, Tqveni Tavis tvini imis saSualebiT
ganasxvavebs sensorul informacias, rom Tavis
tvinis qerqis calkeul zonebs miusadagebs Ti-
Toeul sensorul sferos. mkvlevrebi cdiloben
TiToeuli am sensoruli sferosaTvis daadginon,
Tu rogor xdeba fizikuri energiis transfor-
macia nervuli sistemis eleqtroqimiur aqti-
vobaSi, romelic warmoSobs Tvisobrivad (ma-
galiTad, wiTeli _ mwvane) da raodenobrivad
(xmamaRali _ Cumi) ganxvavebul SegrZnebebs.
nebismieri sensoruli sistemis moqmedebas
biZgs aZlevs garemo movlenis an gamRizianeblis
SemCneva. garemo gamRizianeblebis SemCneva xdeba
specializirebuli sensoruli receptorebis
saSualebiT (magaliTisaTvis, ix. cxrili 4.3).
sensoruli receptorebi sensoruli gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur energias ujredis signa-
lebad gardaqmnian, romelic SeiZleba gadamu-
Savebul iqnes nervuli sistemis mier. ujredis
signalebi informacias ufro maRali donis
neironebs awvdian, romlebic informaciis in-
tegrirebas axdenen sxvadasxva deteqtoruli
sensoruli fiziologia (sensory physiology) _ Seis-wavlis fizikuri movlenebis nervul movlenebad
gadaqcevis biologiur meqanizmebs.
transformacia (transduction) _Seiswavlis erTi
formis fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas meore
formad; magaliTad, sinaTlis transformirebas
nervul impulsebad.
sensoruli receptorebi (sensory receptors) _specializirebuli ujredebi; isini gadaaqceven
fizikur signalebs ujredis signalebad, rom-
lebic Semdeg gadamuSavdeba nervuli sistemis
mier.
veberis konstantis mniSvnelobebi
stimulTa arCeuli ganzomilebisaTvis
veberis konstanta
(k)stimulis
ganzomileba
cxrili 4.2
bgeris sixSire
sinaTlis intensivoba
sunis koncentracia
dawolis intensivoba
bgeris intensivoba
gemos koncentracia
0.003
0.01
0.07
0.14
0.15
0.20
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blokebidan. am etapze neironebi agroveben
informacias stimulis ZiriTadi Tvisebebis
Sesaxeb, rogoricaa misi zoma, intensivoba, forma
da manZili. sensoruli sistemebis siRrmeSi in-
formacia kombinirebulia ufro rTul kodebSi
da is gadaecema Tavis tvinis qerqis specifikur
ubnebs, romlebic pasuxismgebelni arian Segr-
Znebisa da asociaciis procesebze.
cxrilSi 4.3 mocemulia stimulebi da recep-
torebi TiToeuli SegrZnebisaTvis.
Sejameba
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebi swavloben damoki-
debulebas fizikur movlenebsa da damkvir-
veblebis mier am movlenebis fsiqologiur
gancdas Soris. damkvirveblis SegrZnebis
absoluturi zRurbli damokidebulia stimulis
Zalaze da gansazRvrul pirobebze, rogoricaa
damkvirveblis sensoruli adaptaciis done _
absoluturi zRurblis definicia asaxavs misi
moqmedebis cvalebadobas. signalis SemCnevis
Teoria SemuSavda sensoruli procesebis
gasamijnad pasuxebis sistematuri Secdomisagan
damkvirveblis moqmedebaSi. fsiqofizikis mkvlev-
rebi, agreTve, dainteresebulni arian imiT, Tu
ramdenad unda gaizardos an Semcirdes gamRizi-
aneblis sidide, rom damkvirvebelma SeZlos
gansxvavebis aRqma. veberis kanoni asaxavs fizi-
kuri stimulaciisa da damkvirveblis aRqmis
cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebebs.
sensoruli fiziologiis mizania, Seiswavlos,
Tu ra gziT xdeba fizikuri movlenebis gadaqceva
tvinSi mimdinare procesebad. mkvlevrebi,
agreTve, aRweren informaciis gadasvlas
sensoruli receptorebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
adamianis sensoruli sistema: fundamenturi Tvisebebi
SegrZneba
cxrili 4.3
stimulebi SegrZnebareceptorisensoruli
organo
mxedveloba
smena
Sexebis
SegrZnebebi
ynosva
gemo
wonasworobis
SegrZneba
kinesTeTikuri
SegrZnebebi
sinaTlis talRebi
bgeriTitalRebi
eqsternaluri
kontaqti
aqroladi
nivTierebebi
xsnadi nivTierebebi
meqanikuri da gra-
vitaciuli Zalebi
sxeulis moZraoba
Tvali
yuri
kani
cxviri
ena
Sinagani
yuri
kunTebi,
myesebi,
saxsrebi
Cxirebi da kolbebi
ZiriTadi membranis
bewviani ujredebi
nervuli daboloebani
kanSi (merkelis
diskebi, rufinis
sxeulebi)
ynosvis organoebis
bewviani epiTeliumi
gemos bolqvebi
naxevarrkalovani
arxebis bususebi da
derefani
nervuli boWkoebi
kunTebSi, myesebSi
ferebi, obieqtebi,
teqstura, moZraoba,
siRrme
xmauri, toni
Sexeba, tkivili,
siTbo, sicive
suni (muskusi,
yvavilovani, damwvris,
pitnis)
gemo (tbili, mJave,
mlaSe, mware)
moZraoba sivrceSi,
gravitaciuli
miziduloba
sxeulis nawilebis
moZraoba da pozicia
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mxedvelobis sistema
mxedveloba yvelaze rTuli, maRalganviTa-
rebuli da mniSvnelovani SegrZnebaa adamianisa
da sxva moZrav arsebaTa umravlesobisTvis. im
cxovelebs, romlebic bunebam kargi mxedvelobiT
daajildova, uzarmazari evoluciuri upirate-
sobebi aqvT. kargi mxedveloba maT exmarebaT,
SeamCnion msxverpli an mteri Sori manZilidan.
mxedveloba SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamianebs,
gaacnobieron fizikuri garemos cvalebadi
Tvisebebi da Seusabamon mas TavianTi qceva.
mxedveloba aris yvelaze kargad Seswavlili
sfero SegrZnebis modalobaTa Soris.
adamianis Tvali
Tvali aris fotoaparati Tavis tvinisaTvis,
romelic asaxavs samyaros suraTs (ix. suraTi
4.4). fotoaparati samyaros linzebis saSua-
lebiT uyurebs, romelic axdens sinaTlis Sek-
rebas da fokusirebas. Tvali, aseve, krebs sinaT-
les da axdens mis fokusirebas _ sinaTle
Semodis rqovanaSi, Tvalis win mdebare gamWvir-
vale amoburcul nawilSi; Semdeg is gaivlis
wina sakans, romelic savsea siTxiT _ namiT.
fotoaparatis fokusirebisas Tqven amoZravebT
mis linzas obieqtis mimarTulebiT, an aSorebT
mas. imisaTvis, rom Tvalma sinaTlis fokusireba
moaxdinos, lobios marcvlis formis kristali
_ Tvalis broli _ icvlis Tavis formas, wvril-
deba, roca fokusireba moSorebul obieqtebze
xdeba da msxvildeba axlomdebare obieqtebze
fokusirebisas. fotoaparatSi Semomavali sinaT-
lis raodenobis gasakontroleblad Tqven
cvliT linzis gaxsnis xarisxs. TvalSi ki iri-
sis kunTuri diski cvlis gugis anu im xvre-
lis sidides, romlis saSualebiTac sinaTle
Semodis TvalSi. fotoaparatis ukana nawilSi
fotomgrZnobiare firia, romelic afiqsirebs
linzaSi Semosuli sinaTlis variaciebs. ana-
logiurad, TvalSi sinaTle mogzaurobs mini-
sebr sxeulSi, bolos ecema baduras _ Txel
firfitas, romelic warmoadgens Tvalis kaklis
ukana kedels.
rogorc naxeT, fotoaparatisa da Tvalis
Tvisebebi Zalian emsgavseba erTmaneTs. axla
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT mxedvelobiTi
procesis komponentebi.
guga da broli
Tvalis guga ixsneba irisSi, romelSic gadis
sinaTle. irisi aiZulebs gugas, gafarTovdes
an SeikumSos, raTa gaakontrolos Tvalis kak-
lisaken mimavali sinaTlis raodenoba. sinaT-
le, romelic gaivlis gugas, brolis mier badu-
raze fokusirdeba; broli atrialebs aRqmul
obieqtebs. is gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania,
radganac icvlis fokuss axlo da Sorsmdebare
sagnebisTvis. wamwamovan kunTebs SeuZliaT
Secvalon brolis sisqe da, aqedan gamomdinare,
misi optikuri Tvisebebic. am process akomo-
dacia ewodeba.
normaluri akomodaciis unaris mqone adamia-
nebs Tvalis fokusireba sakamod did diapazon-
Si SeuZliaT _ dawyebuli 7,5 sm manZilidan
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ise Sors, sanamdec SeuZliaT obieqtebis danaxva.
Tumca, uamrav adamians awuxebs akomodaciasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi. magaliTad, axlo-
mxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni gadaxrili
aqvT ufro axlos maTken da amis Sedegad maT
ar SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba Sorsmdebare
sagnebze; Sorsmxedvelebs akomodaciis diapazoni
gadaxrili aqvT maTgan Sors da amitom maT ar
SeuZliaT normalurad fokusireba axlomdebare
obieqtebze. asakTan erTad, agreTve, izrdeba
akomodaciis problemebic. broli aRar aris
iseTive sufTa, gamWvirvale da amozneqili,
rogorc adre. asakis zrdasTan erTad broli
xdeba ufro mkvrivi, gaumWvirvale, muqi da
brtyeli, is kargavs elastiurobas. am cvlile-
bebis Sedegad brols aRar SeuZlia sakmarisad
SekumSva, raTa dainaxos axlomdebare sagnebi.
ormocdaxuT wels gadacilebul adamiane-
bisaTvis is uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac
SeuZliaT kargad fokusireba, progresulad
Sordeba maT.
badura
Tqven uyurebT TvalebiT, magram xedavT Tavis
tvinis saSualebiT. Tvali krebs sinaTles, ax-
dens mis fokusirebas da dasabams aZlevs Tavis
tvinisaken mimaval nervul signals. amrigad,
Tvalis yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqciaa gare
samyaros Sesaxeb informaciis sinaTlis tal-
Ridan nervul impulsad gardaqmna. es xdeba
baduraze, Tvalis ukana mxareze. mikroskopis
qveS SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom baduras sxvada-
sxva tipis neironebisagan Semdgari ramdenime
maRalorganizebuli Sre aqvs.
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna ner-
vul impulsad baduraze Cxirebisa da kolbebis
_ sinaTlis mimarT mgrZnobiare receptorebis
saSualebiT xdeba. es fotoreceptorebi unika-
lurad arian ganlagebulni vizualur sistemaSi,
kargad naTdebian gare samyarodan da emijnebian
nervuli procesebis Sida samyaros. vinaidan
zogjer giwevT TiTqmis sibneleSi muSaoba da
zogjer ki kaSkaSa ganaTebis pirobebSi, bunebam
uzrunvelgyoT sinaTlis gardaqmnis ori gziT,
CxirebiTa da kolbebiT (ix. sur. 4.5). 120 milioni
wvrili Cxiri moqmedebs saukeTesod susti
ganaTebis pirobebSi, 7 milioni msxvili kolba
ki naTel, ferad garemoSi samuSaodaa speciali-
zebuli.
Tqven SegiZliaT SeigrZnoT gansxvaveba Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis muSaobaSi yovelTvis, roca
daZinebis win CaaqrobT xolme Suqs. albaT
akomodacia (accommodation) _ procesi, romlis
saSualebiTac wamwamovani kunTebi cvli-
anEBTvalis brolis sisqes, rac saSualebas aZ-
levs, Secvalos fokusi axlo da Sori obieq-
tebisaTvis.
badura (retina) _ Tvalis ukan mdebare Sre, ro-
melic Seicavs fotoreceptorebs da gardaqmnis
sinaTlis energias nervul reaqciaSi.
fotoreceptorebi (photoreceptors) _ baduraze
mdebare sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare receptoruli
ujredebi.
suraTi 4.4
adamianis Tvalis
struqtura
rqovana, guga da broli axor-
cieleben sinaTlis fokusirebas
baduraze. baduradan nervuli
signalebi gadaecema tvins
optikuri nervis meSveobiT.
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bevrjer SeginiSnavT, rom Tavidan bevrs vera-
fers xedavT darCenili mkrTali ganaTebis pi-
robebSi, magram cota xnis Semdeg Tqveni mxedve-
lobis mgrZnobiaroba kvlav umjobesdeba. Tqven
ganicdiT sibnelisadmi adaptaciis process _
Tvalis mgrZnobiarobis gradualur gaumjobe-
sebas ganaTebis cvlilebis Sedegad sinaTlidan
TiTqmis sibnelisaken. sibnelisadmi adaptaciis
mizezi Cxirebis amoqmedebaa. isini ufro mgrZno-
biareni xdebian, vidre kolbebi. drois gasvlis
Semdeg Cxirebi reagireben ufro nakleb sinaT-
leze, vidre kolbebi.
badurs centrTan axlos aris patara ubani,
romelsac foveas uwodeben. is mxolod mWidrod
ganlagebul kolbebs Seicavs. iq ar aris Cxirebi.
es adgili gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea ferebis
mimarT, aseve, yvelaze ufro zustad uzrun-
velyofs sivrciTi detalebis SemCnevas. baduras
sxva ujredebi arian pasuxismgebelni im infor-
maciis integraciaze, romlesac Cxirebidan da
kolbebidan iReben. bipolaruli ujredebi nervu-
li ujredebia, romlebic axdenen nervuli
impulsebis kombinirebas mravali recepto-
ridan da Sedegebs gangliozur ujredebSi
agzavnian. Semdeg TiToeuli gangliozuri uj-
redi axdens impulsebis integrirebas erTi an
ufro meti bipolaruli ujredidan erT gan-
muxtvaSi. centraluri foveis kolbebi agzav-
nian TavianT impulsebs gangliozuri ujrede-
akomod
i.
suraTi 4.5
retinaluri gzebi
es diagrama warmodgenilia tradiciuli
da Zalian gamartivebuli saxiT. is gviC-
venebs gzebs, romelic akavSirebs ner-
vuli ujredebis sam Sres retinaSi.
Semomavali sinaTle gaivlis samive
Sres, sanam miaRwevs receptorebs, rom-
lebic ganlagebulni arian Tvalis kak-
lis ukana mxareze da mimarTulni arian
sinaTlis wyaros sapirispiro mxares.
aRsaniSnavia, rom bipolaruli ujredebi
kreben impulsebs erTze meti recep-
toruli ujredidan da agzavnian Sede-
gebs gangliozuri ujredebisaken. am
ujredebidan ki nervuli impulsebi
toveben Tvals optikui nervis saSua-
lebiT da miemarTebian Semdegi gadam-
rTveli punqtisaken.
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bisaken maSin, roca baduras periferiaze mdebare
Cxirebi da kolbebi erwymian bipolarul da
gangliozur ujredebs. gangliozuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian optikuri nervs, romelic vi-
zualur informacias Tvalidan Tavis tvinisaken
atarebs.
horizontaluri ujredebi da amakrinuli uj-
redebi informaciis integrirebas baduras gas-
wvriv axdenen. am ujredebis funqcia ufro metad
gamoixateba ara signalebis gagzavnaSi Tavis
tvinisaken, aramed ujredebs Soris kavSiris dam-
yarebaSi. horizontaluri ujredebi recepto-
rebs erTmaneTTan akavSireben, amakrinuli uj-
redebi ki aerTeben bipolarul ujredebs sxva
bipolarul ujredebTan da gangliozur ujre-
debs sxva gangliozur ujredebTan.
baduras anatomiur agebulebaSi aris erTi
saintereso ucnauri adgili, sadac optikuri
nervi gamodis. am adgils optikuri diski anu
brma wertili ewodeba. is srulebiT ar Seicavs
receptorul ujredebs. miuxedavad amisa, Cven
ver vamCnevT am xarvezs, Tuki specialur pi-
robebs ar SevqmniT amisaTvis. es xdeba ori
mizezis gamo: pirvel rigSi, orive Tvalis brma
wertilebi iseTnirad arian ganlagebulni, rom
TiToeuli Tvalis receptorebi imis registra-
cias axdenen, rac gamorCa meore Tvals; meore
mizezi isaa, rom Tavis tvini „avsebs~ am adgils
Sesatyvisi sensoruli informaciiT garSemo
myofi areebidan.
imisaTvis, rom aRmoaCinoT brma wertili,
Tqven unda SexedoT suraTs 4.6 Semdegi pirobis
dacviT: es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze daiWireT, daxuWeT marjvena Tvali,
moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze marcxena
TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken
Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris niSani iqneba
Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven
ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni mxedvelobis velSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema Seavsebs cariel
adgils TeTri foniT, romelic gars akravs am
adgils. ase rom, Tqven mxolod siTeTres
„dainaxavT~, romelic realurad ar aris iq da
ver dainaxavT fuls, romelic moaTavseT bankSi,
sanam dakargavdiT mas!
brma wertilis meore demonstraciisaTvis
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT igive procedura da
moaxdinoT fokusireba jvarze, romelic moce-
mulia 4.6 suraTze. Tuki wigns TvalebTan axlos
miitanT, dainaxavT rom wyvetili xazi gam-
Tlianda.
vizualuri qerqi (visual cortex) _ kefis wilis
nawili, romelSic xdeba vizualuri informa-
ciis gadamuSaveba.
optikuri nervi (optic nerve) _ gangliozuri uj-
redebis aqsonebi, romlebic atareben informa-
cias Tvalidan tvinisaken.
suraTi 4.6
ipoveT Tqveni brma wertili
imisaTvis rom ipovoT Tqveni brma wertili, daikaveT es wigni daaxloebiT gaSlili mklavis
sigrZeze, daxuWeT Tqveni marjvena Tvali, moaxdineT fiqsireba bankis figuraze Tqveni
marcxena TvaliT da nel-nela miitaneT wigni Tqvensken Zalian axlos. rodesac dolaris
niSani iqneba Tqvens brma wertilze, is gaqreba, magram Tqven ver SeamCnevT xarvezs Tqveni
mxedvelobis velSi. analogiurad, Tuki Tqven gamoiyenebT igive proceduras da moaxdenT
Tvalis fiqsacias plus niSanze, xazi gamTliandeba maSin, roca xarvezi iqneba Tqvens brma
wertilze. orive SemTxvevaSi vizualuri sistema avsebs cariel adgils TeTri foniT,
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Tavis tvinisken mimavali
nervuli gzebi
vizualuri informaciis saboloo daniSnule-
bis adgili Tavis tvinis kefis wilis is ad-
gilia, romelic cnobilia, rogorc ZiriTadi
mxedvelobis qerqi. miuxedavad amisa, informa-
ciis umetesi nawili, romelic tovebs baduras,
gaivlis Tavis tvinis sxva regionebs, sanam miaR-
wevs mxedvelobis qerqs. modiT, gavyveT im gzas,
romelsac vizualuri informacia gaivlis (Van
Essen et al., 1992).gangliozuri ujredebis milionobiT aqsoni,
romelic axdens TiToeuli optikuri nervis
formirebas, miemarTeba mxedvelobis jvaredinSi
(qiazmaSi), romelic formiT berZnul aso χχχχχ-is(gamoiTqmis, rogorc „xi~) mogvagonebs. aqsonebi
TiToeul optikur nervSi mxedvelobis jvare-
dinTan or konad iyofian. boWkoebis naxevari
TiToeuli baduridan sxeulis im mxareze rCeba,
romlidanac isini modian, xolo TiToeuli Tva-
lis Sida mxridan wamosuli aqsonebi gadak-
veTen erTmaneTs da agrZeleben gzas Tavis tvinis
ukana nawilisaken (ix. sur. 4.7).
boWkoebis am or konas, romelic Seicavs
aqsonebs orive Tvalidan, am adgilidan ukve
optikuri traqtebi ewodeba. optikuri traqtebi
tvinSi agzavnis informacias ujredebis ori
blokisaken. mkvlevrebi mxars uWeren Teorias,
romlis Tanaxmadac vizualuri analizi orad
iyofa: pirvelis funqcia xatebis amocnobaa, Tu
rogor gamoiyurebian obieqtebi, xolo meoris
_ adgilmdebareobis gansazRvra, Tu sad arian
obieqtebi (Rao et al., 1997; Wilson et al., 1993). vizua-luri funqciebis dayofa ufro dramatulad
gamoiyureba, roca individebi kargaven mxed-
velobiTi qerqis nawils travmis an qirurgiuli
Carevis Sedegad. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:
saidan
viciT
mxedvelobiTi funqciebis dayofa
dons 14 wlis asakidan awuxebda mwvave,
xangrZlivi Tavis tkivilebi da marcxena
vizualur velSi sensoruli xasiaTis
sirTuleebi hqonda. roca is 34 wlis iyo,
gadawyvita gaekeTebina operacia, romlis
drosac neiroqirurgebi amoWridnen mar-
jvena kefis wilis patara nawils. qirur-
gebi mudmivad mkurnalobdnen donis Tavis
tkivilebs, magram man mTlianad dakarga
mxedveloba vizualuri velis marcxena
nawilSi, radgan amokveTili nawili Sei-
cavda pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs. maga-
liTad, roca ganaTebul laqas uCveneben
fiqsaciis wertilis marcxniv (fiqsaciis
wertili _ esaa centraluri wertili,
romelzedac sTxoven cdis pirs Tvalebis
fokusirebas), igi, ubralod, ver acnobi-
erebs mis arsebobas.
fsiqologebma sTxoves dons mainc sava-
raudod amoecno, Tu sad mdebareobs gana-
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suraTi 4.7
adamianis vizualuri sistemis gzebi
diagrama gviCvenebs, rom vizualuri velidan Semo-
suli sinaTle airekleba orive baduraze da gviC-
venebs marSruts, romliTac nervuli Setyobineba ba-
duridan gadaigzavneba TiToeuli hemisferos orive
vizualur centrSi.
114
Tebuli wertili marcxena xelis saCvene-
beli TiTis saSualebiT. Sedegebi SesaniS-
navi iyo. donma TiTqmis iseve zustad gan-
sazRvra ganaTebuli laqis mdebareoba mis
„brma~ marcxena mxedvelobis velSi, ro-
gorc axerxebda amas „saR~ marjvena vi-
zualur velSi. Semdgomma eqsperimentebma,
agreTve, aCvenes, rom mas SeeZlo gamoecno
brma velSi naCvenebi xazi vertikaluri
iyo Tu horizontaluri da naCvenebi fi-
gura X iyo Tu O. testis ganmavlobaSi
doni sruliad ver acnobierebda laqebis,
xazebis da figurebis arsebobas. is amtki-
cebda, rom ubralod, varaudiT ambobda.
roca dons testirebis videoCanaweri
uCvenes, is gaocebuli iyo imiT, rom uTi-
Tebda ganaTebul laqaze, romelsac ver
xedavda (Weiskrantz et al., 1974).
donis „mxedvelobas~, Sesabamisad, brma mxed-
veloba uwodes. misi qceva vizualurad miRebuli
informaciis Sedegad xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
is ver acnobierebda obieqtis arsebobas. msgavsi
Sedegebi iyo miRebuli testebSi sxva pacien-
tebTan mxedvelobiTi qerqis analogiuri dar-
RvevebiT. es movlena adasturebs im faqts, rom
is qerqqveSa struqturebi, romlebic xeluxle-
beli rCeba dazianebuli Tavis tvinis qerqis
pirobebSi, uzrunvelyofs vizualuri analizis
iseT dones, romelic Seesabameba am amocanebs,
magram gacnobierebis gareSe. Tumca, es daskvna
sakamaTo rCeba, radgan Tavis tvinis mier vi-
zualuri informaciis kodirebisaTvis gamoyene-
buli uamravi gza arsebobs (Gazzaniga et al., 1994;
Weiskrantz, 1995). rogoric ar unda iyos nervuli
meqanizmebi, es movlena adasturebs, rom mxedve-
lobis zusti funqcionireba SeiZleba cnobi-
erebis gareSec ganxorcieldes.
Tqven ukve naxeT, Tu rogor nawildeba is
informacia, romelic Tvalebidan Tavis tvini-
saken miemarTeba. mecnierebma kvlavac bevri ram
unda Seiswavlon. arsebobs vizualuri qerqis
daaxloebiT 30 anatomiuri qveganyofileba da
sxvadasxva Teoriebi am qveganyofilebebs Soris
komunikaciis saxeebis Sesaxeb (Hilgetag et al., 1996).axla vizualuri samyaros calkeul aspeqtebs
davubrundeT. adamianis vizualuri sistemis erT-
erTi yvelaze saocari Tavisebureba isaa, rom
Cven mier formis, feris, mdebareobis da siRrmis
gancda dafuZnebulia erTi da igive sensoruli
informaciis sxvadasxva gziT gadamuSavebaze.
rogor xdeba es transformaciebi, romlebic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, dainaxoT vizualuri
samyaros es gansxvavebuli Taviseburebani?
ferTa SegrZneba
fizikur obieqtebs aqvT saocari Tviseba _
isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva feris saRebavebiT
davxatoT. Tqven Zalian xSirad migiRiaT STa-
beWdilebebi kaSkaSad Seferili obieqtebisagan
_ mwvane naZvis xeebisagan, meJolias lurji
kvercxebisagan, magram ferebis naTel gancdas
safuZvlad udevs am obieqtebisagan Tqvens
sensorul receptorebze sinaTlis sxivebis asax-
va. erT-erTi pirveli, vinc es sakiTxi jer kidev
1671 wels ganixila, isaak niutoni iyo:
sxivebi (sinaTlis) sworad rom vTqvaT,
ar aris Seferili. maTSi araferia, garda
energiisa da ama Tu im feris SegrZnebis
aRmocenebis unarisa. aseve, bgera, iqneba es
zaris, musikaluri simis Tu sxva ram mJReri
sxeulis, araferia, garda rxevadi moZraobisa
da haerSi araferia, garda obieqtidan gavr-
celebuli moZraobisa, ...ase rom, obieqtis
ferebi araferia, garda unarisa, aireklos
ama Tu im saxis sxivebi ufro farTod, vidre
danarCeni...
ferebi aRmocendeba maSin, roca Tavis tvini
amuSavebs informacias, romelic kodirebulia
sinaTlis wyaroSi.
talRis sigrZe da feri
sinaTle, romelsac Tqven xedavT, mxolod
patara nawilia fizikuri ganzomilebisa, ro-
melsac eleqtromagnituri speqtri ewodeba (ix.
sur. 4.8). Tqveni vizualur sistema ar aris
aRWurvili saTanadod imisaTvis, rom dainaxos
sxva tipis talRebi speqtrSi, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, X-sxivebi, mikrotalRebi da radio-
talRebi. fizikuri Tviseba, romelic ganas-
xvavebs eleqromagnituri energiis tipebs, maT
Soris sinaTlisasac, aris talRis sigrZe anu
manZili ori uaxloesi talRis qims Soris.
xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe nanometrebSi
(metris memiliarde nawilSi) izomeba. is, rasac
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1999 wlis dekemberSi ram-
denime sainformacio saagento
iuwyeboda, rom stiv uanderi,
romelic TiTqmis dabadebidan
brma iyo, imedovnebda, rom
Caitarebda eqsperimentul qi-
rurgiul proceduras, rome-
lic mis mxedvelobas aRad-
genda. proceduras ventai lui,
mark humaiuni (Wentai Lui, MarkHumayun) da maTi jgufis sxva
wevrebi atarebdnen (Lui et al.,2001). am proceduraSi pataramikroprocesori pirdapir
ukavSirdeboda baduras da
kolbebisa da Cxirebis fun-
qcias cvlida, romelic ar fun-
qcionirebda daavadebis gamo.
samwuxarod, uanderi Zalian
xangrZlivi drois ganmav-
lobaSi iyo brma da amitom ar
iyo kargi kandidati am pro-
cedurisaTvis. Tumca, es teqnika
imeds aZlevda maT, visac vi-
zualuri sistemis jaWvis didi
nawili jer kidev dauzianebeli
hqondaT.
brma adamianTa umravlesobis
dabrmavebis mizezi maT ba-
duraze mdebare receptoruli
ujredebis _ kolbebisa da
Cxirebis kvdoma _ degenera-
ciuli daavadeba gaxda (uan-
deris sibrmave gamowveuli iyo
imiT, rom inkubatorSi, romel-
Sic is ganaTavses dabadebis Sem-
deg, miwodebuli iqna zedmeti
raodenobis Jangbadi). maSinac ki,
roca sensoruli receptorebi
wyveten TavianT arsebobas,
vizualuri gzebis sxva ujre-
debi, rogoricaa bipolaruli da
gangliozuri, ganagrZoben
arsebobas. baduras struqturis
mocemulobisas (ix. suraTi 4.5),
es ujredebi xelmisawvdomia
pirdapiri eleqtruli sti-
mulaciisaTvis. luis, humaiunisa
da maTi kolegebis mier kon-
struirebuli mikroprocesori
zustad amas akeTebda: is axdenda
eleqtrul stimulacias, ro-
melic Semomaval signals ara-
funqcionirebadi kolbebisa da
Cxirebis nacvlad agzavnida.
mTlian sistemas, romelic
cnobilia, rogorc mraval-
elementiani xelovnuri retina-
luri mikroprocesori (multiple-unit artificial retinal chipset MARC),
ramdenime komponenti aqvs, rome-
lic funqcionirebs rogorc
Tvalis kaklis gareT, ise _
SigniT. magaliTad, miniaturuli
videokamera gamosaxulebas
garemodan iWers. es gamosaxu-
leba muSavdeba da igzavneba
mikroprocesorisaken, romelic
qirurgiulad aris implanti-
rebuli baduraze Tvalis ukana
mxares. es mikroprocesori
stimulirebas ukeTebs gangli-
ozur ujredebs badeSi da
televizoris Tu kompiuteris
ekranis msgavsad funqci-
onirebs: am simravlis TiTo-
euli elements _ TiToeul
piqsels _ SeuZlia miiRos
nacrisferi feris sxvadasxva
elferi, raTa uzrunvelyos
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis
farTo diapazoni.
rogorc Tqven SegiZliaT
Tavad daaskvnaT, aRniSnuli
mikroprocesori ar aRadgens
mxedvelobas srulyofilad,
iseTnairad, rogorc es nagu-
lisxmebi iyo statiaSi stiv
uanderis Sesaxeb.
informaciis is raodenoba,
romelsac uzrunvelyofs es
xelsawyo, sakmaod SezRudu-
lia imasTan SedarebiT, rasac
Tqven Cveulebriv iRebT Tqveni
uamravi kolbebidan da Cxire-
bidan. miuxedavad amisa, am
eqsperimentis monawileebs
SeeZloT martivi gamosaxule-
bebisa da formebis identi-
ficireba. arsebobs imedi, rom
es mikroprocesori aRadgens
mxedvelobas iseT doneze, rom
adamianebi SeZleben imoZraon
sakuTar garemoSi da gaarCion
didi zomis SriftiT dabeW-
dili teqsti. uamravi adamia-
nisaTvis mTel msoflioSi,
romelsac daavadebis gamo
dazianebuli aqvs Cxirebi da
kolbebi, MARS msgavsi teqno-logiebis ganviTarebam SeiZ-
leba SeunarCunos mxedveloba.
vebgverdi: www.ece.ncsu.edu/er/erl_eye.html
SeuZlia Tu ara teqnologias dazianebuli mxedvelobis aRdgena
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
116
Tqven xedavT, rogorc sinaTles, aris talRis
sigrZis diapazoni 400-dan 700 nanometramde.
garkveuli fizikuri talRebis sinaTlis sxive-
bidan aRmocendeba garkveuli feris gancda,
magaliTad, iisferi-lurji ufro mokle sigr-
Ziani talRebisagan speqtris erT boloSi da
wiTeli-narinjisferi _ ufro grZelis sigrZis
talRebisagan speqtris meore boloSi. amrigad,
sinaTle fizikurad talRis sigrZis terminebiT
aRiwereba da ara _ ferebiT; ferebi mxolod
Tqvens sensorul sistemaSi arsebobs, rogorc
talRis sigrZeTa interpretacia.
feris gancda sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaT-
deba: feris toni, simaZRre da sikaSkaSe. feris
toni aris Tviseba, romelic gulisxmobs sinaT-
lis feris Tvisobriv gancdas. martiv sinaT-
leSi, romelic mxolod erTi talRis sigrZes
(magaliTad, lazeris gamosxiveba) Seicavs, feris
tonis fsiqologiuri gancda Seesabameba pir-
dapir sinaTlis talRis sigrZis fizikur gan-
zomilebas. suraTi 4.9 gviCvenebs, Tu rogor aris
ferTa tonebi ganlagebuli ferTa wreSi. is
ferebi, romlebic aRiqmebian, rogorc erTmaneTis
msgavsni, mosazRvre ferebia. es Tanamimdevroba
asaxavs speqtrSi ferebis Tanamimdevrobas. si-
maZRre feris SegrZnebis Tvisebaa, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
Seurevel ferebs aqvs yvelaze meti simaZRre;
Sereul, arasufTa, pastelur ferebs aqvT
simaZRris saSualo raodenoba; rux fers aqvs
nulovani simaZRre. sikaSkaSe feris Tvisebaa,
romelic gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
TeTr fers aqvs yvelaze meti sikaSkaSe; Savs _
yvelaze naklebi. roca vaanalizebT ferTa Seg-
rZnebis am Tvisebebs, aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba:
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualurad ganasxvavon
feris toni (hue) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis feris Tvisobriv gancdas.
simaZRre (saturation) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gamoxatavs imas, Tu ramdenad wmindaa feri.
sikaSkaSe (brightness) _ feris Tviseba, romelic
gulisxmobs sinaTlis intensivobas.
suraTi 4.8
eleqtromagnituri
speqtri
vizualur sistemas SeuZlia
SeigrZnos talris sigrZis
mxolod mcire diapazoni
eleqtromagnitur speqtrSi.
Tqven SeigrZnobT talRis
sigrZis im diapazons, ro-
melic naxatze gadidebulad
aris mocemuli, rogorc
ferebs iisferidan wiTli-
saken.
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erTmaneTisagan daaxloebiT 7 milioni sxvadasxva
feri! miuxedavad amisa, adamianTa umravlesobas
ar SeuZlia ferTa garkveul kategorias mi-
akuTvnos maTi didi nawili.
modiT, avxsnaT ramdenime movlena ferTa
gancdis Tqveni yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan.
Tqven, albaT, iciT isaak niutonis aRmoCenis
Sesaxeb, rom mzis sinaTle krebs yvela sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas: Tqven SegiZliaT gaimeoroT
niutonis cda prizmis gamoyenebiT da mzis sxivi
ferTa srul cisartyelad daSaloT. prizmis
saSualebiT gaigebT, rom sxvadasxva sigrZis
talRaTa swori kombinacia TeTr fers war-
moqmnis. sxvadasxva sigrZis talRaTa Serwymas
damatebiT ferTa Sereva ewodeba. kidev erTxel
SexedeT suraTs 4.9.
talRis sigrZeebs, romlebic ferTa wris
mopirdapire mxareebzea ganlagebuli, Semav-
sebeli ferebi ewodeba. isini Serevisas TeTri
feris SegrZnebas iwveven. gindaT Tavad dar-
wmundeT Semavsebeli ferebis arsebobaSi? gani-
xileT suraTi 4.10. mwvane-yviTeli-Savi droSa
negatiuri Tanamimdevari kvalis gancdas mog-
cemT (Tanamimdevar kvals ewodeba negatiuri,
radgan is sawyisi feris sapirispiroa). am mov-
lenas feradi mxedvelobis Teoriebis ganxil-
suraTi 4.9
suraTi 4.10
ferTa wre
ferebi ganlagebula maTi msgavsebis
mixedviT. Semavsebeli ferebi ganla-
gebula erTmaneTis mopirdapire mxares.
Semavsebeli ferebis Sereva warmoqmnis
neitralur rux an TeTr sinaTles
centrSi. ricxvebi TiToeuli feris
tonis gaswvriv miuTiTebs speqtraluri
ferebis talRis sigrZis mniSvnelo-
baze, im ferebisa, romlebic moTavse-
bulia mxedvelobiTi mgrZnobelobis
diapazonSi. araspeqtraluri feris
toni miiReba mokle da grZeli sigrZis
speqtraluri talRis sigrZeTa SereviT.
Semavsebeli ferebi (complementary colours) _ ferebi,romlebic mdebareoben ferTa wreze da er-
TmaneTis mopirdapire mxares auditurad Sere-
visas TeTri sinaTlis SegrZnebas iwvevdnen.
negatiuri optikuri kvali
mzera daafiqsireTmwvane-Sav-yvi-
Teli droSis centrSi sul cota
30 wamis ganmavlobaSi; Semdeg
mzera gadaitaneT TeTr qaRaldze
da daafiqsireT is furclis
centrSi an kedelze. CaatareT es
cda megobrebze. mx
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visas avxsniT, roca daJinebiT daacqerdebiT
raime fers sakmaod didxans, Tqveni recepto-
rebis arasrul gadaRlamde da Semdeg mzeras
TeTr zedapirze gadaitanT, Tqven sawyisi feris
Semavsebel fers dainaxavT.
albaT, SeginiSnavT Tanmimdevari kvali Tqvens
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ferTa gancdisas. Tumca,
gancdebis didi nawili ar warmoiqmneba Semav-
sebeli ferebidan. Tqven, SesaZloa, droda-dro
erTobiT naxatSi feradi fanqrebisa da sa-
Rebavebis kombinirebiT. feri, romelsac xedavT,
roca uyurebT feradi fanqrebiT daxatul raime
obieqts an sxva ferad zedapirs, sinaTlis tal-
Ris sigrZea, romelic ar aris STanTqmuli zeda-
piris mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom yviTeli saRe-
bavi gamoiyureba umetes SemTxvevaSi yviTlad,
zogierTi sigrZis talRa ar airekleba, rac qmnis
mwvane feris SegrZnebas. analogiurad, lurji
saRebavi saSualebas aZlevs garkveuli sigrZis
talRebs ar aireklon, rac iwvevs lurjisa da
cotaodeni mwvanis SegrZnebas. roca yviTeli da
lurji ferebi kombinirebuli, yviTeli STanTqavs
lurjs da lurji STanTqavs yviTels. da erTad-
erTi feri, romelic darCeba STaunTqmeli _
gamoiyureba mwvaned! am movlenas substraqciuli
(substractive) ferTa Sereva1 ewodeba. darCenili
talRis sigrZe _ STaunTqmeli talRis sigrZe
aris arekvlili da swored is aZlevs ferebis
narevs im fers, romelsac Tqven aRiqvamT.
zogierTi es kanoni ar vrceldeba im ada-
mianebze, romlebic dabadebuli arian feris
SegrZnebis garkveuli anomaliiT. ferTa sib-
rmave aris ferebis garCevisYnawilobrivi an
sruli uunaroba. mwvane, wiTeli da Savi feris
droSaze Tvalebis fiqsirebisas Tqven ar
gagiCndebaT negatiuri optikuri kvali, Tuki
ferTa sibrmave gaqvT. ferTa sibrmave, Cveulebriv,
memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es defeqti dakavSi-
rebulia X qromosomis genTan. radgan mamakacebs
mxolod erTi X qromosoma aqvT, maT am rece-
siuli Taviseburebis gamovlenis ufro meti
Sansi aqvT, vidre qalebs. qalebs defeqturi
geni orive X qromosomaze unda hqondeT, rom
gamouvlindeT ferTa sibrmave. kavkasiel
mamakacTa 8%-s da qalTa 0.5%-ze naklebs
axasiaTebT ferTa sibrmave (Coren et al., 1999).
yvelaze xSiria nawilobriv ferTa sibrmavis
is saxe, roca adamians uWirs mwvane da wiTeli
ferebis garCeva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini susti
simaZRris arian. ufro iSviaTad gvxvdeba xalxi,
romelic erTmaneTSi yviTel da lurj ferebs
urevs. yvelaze iSviaTi ki sruli ferTa sibrmavis
SemTxvevebia, roca adamiani saerTod ver arCevs
ferebs da mxolod sinaTlis xarisxis sxvada-
sxva variacias xedavs (mister i-is SemTxveva,
romelic naxsenebi iyo am Tavis dasawyisSi,
sakmaod uCveuloa, radgan misi ferTa sruli
sibrmave Tavis tvinis dazianebiT iyo gamowveuli
65 wlis asakSi). imis gasagebad, gaqvT Tu ara
raime defeqti ferTa SegrZnebaSi, SexedeT
suraTs 4.11. Tuki Tqven dainaxavT cifrebs 1-sda 5-s am wertilebis erTobliobaSi, Tqveni
feradi mxedveloba, albaT, normaluria. Tuki
dainaxavT kidev raimes, albaT, gaxasiaTebT, sul
cota, ferTa nawilobrivi sibrmave (CautareT
es testi sxvebsac, kerZod, imaT, visac FferTa
sibrmave axasiaTebs da gaigebT, ras xedaven isini
am testSi). axla vnaxoT, Tu rogor xsnian mecni-
erebi ferTa aRqmis iseT faqtebs, rogoricaa
Semavsebeli ferebi da ferTa sibrmave.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
ferTa SegrZnebis pirveli mecnieruli Teoria
SemoTavazebuli iyo ser tomas iungis (Sir Tho-mas Young) mier 1800 wels. is amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi sami tipis receptori
normaluri mxedvelobis mqone adamianis TvalSi,
romelic warmoqmnis fsiqologiurad pirvelad
SegrZnebebs: wiTels, mwvanesa da lurjs. yvela
danarCeni feri, misi azriT, am sami pirveladi
ferisagan miiReboda, rogorc Semavsebeli fe-
rebis an ori mosazRvre feris kombinaciis
Sedegi. iungis Teoria Semdgom gaaumjobesa da
gaafarTova herman von helmholcma (Hermann von
Helmholtz) da cnobili gaxda, rogorc iung-hel-
mholcis triqromatuli Teoria.2
triqromatuli Teoria sakmaod damajereblad
xsnida adamianis ferTa SegrZnebebs da ferTa
sibrmavesac (am Teoriis Tanaxmad, ferTa sibr-
mavis SemTxvevaSi adamianebs mxolod erTi an
ori tipis receptorebi aqvT). Tumca, sxva mov-
1 qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi naxsenebia,
rogorc ferTa Serevis meore kanoni (red. SeniSvna).
2 qarTul fsiqologiur literaturaSi moxseniebulia,
rogorc `sami komponentis Teoria~ (red. SeniSvna).
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lenebi ar aixsneba aseve kargad am Teoriis
mier. ratom warmoqmnis erTi feris mimarT adap-
tacia negatiur Tanamimdevar kvals? ratom aqvT
nawilobrivi ferTa sibrmavis mqone adamianebs
sirTuleebi yovelTvis ferTa wyvilebis garCe-
visas: wiTlisa da mwvanis, lurjisa da yviT-
lis?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gaxda qvakuT-
xedi ferTa SegrZnebis meore TeoriisaTvis,
romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo evald heringis
(Ewald Hering) mier 1800-iani wlebis bolos. misi
sawinaaRmdego procesis Teoriis Tanaxmad,
nebismieri feris SegrZneba sami ZiriTadi sis-
temisgan miiReba, romelTagan TiToeuli Seicavs
or sawinaaRmdego elements: wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi (arc erTi feri) TeTris (yvela feri)
sapirispirod. heringi fiqrobda, rom ferebi
warmoqmnian maTi Semavsebeli feris mqone
Tanamimdevar kvals, roca am sistemis erTi
elementi gadaiRleba (xangrZlivi stimulaciis
pirobebSi) da, amrigad, gaizrdeba misi opo-
nenturi elementis SefardebiTi wvlili.
ferTa sibrmavis testi
pirovneba, romelsac ar SeuZlia
wiTeli da mwvane ferebis gansxvaveba,
ver SeZlebs figuraSi damaluli
cifrebis identificirebas. ras xedavT?
Tuki Tqven xedavT ricxv 17 -s
wertilebis simravleSi, Tqveni ferTa
SegrZneba albaT normaluria.
suraTi 4.11
heringis TeoriaSi ferTa sibrmavis tipebi qmnian
wyvilebs, radgan ferTa SegrZnebis sistema
realurad aris Seqmnili sapirispiro wyvi-
lebisagan da ara erTi pirveladi ferisagan.
mravali wlis manZilze kamaTobdnen mecnie-
rebi am Teoriebis Rirsebis Sesaxeb. sabolood
maT aRiares, rom es Teoriebi realurad ar
ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs. isini ubralod
procesis or sxvadasxva etaps aRweren, romelic
Seesabameba suqcesiur fiziologiur struq-
turebs mxedvelobiT sistemaSi (Hurvich & Jameson,
1974). axla viciT, rom marTlac arsebobs sami
tipis kolbebi, Tumca, am kolbebidan TiToeuli
garkveuli sigrZis talRebis diapazonze rea-
girebs da mainc arsebobs talRis is sigrZe,
romlis mimarTac TiToeuli maTgani yvelaze
metad aris mgrZnobiare.
saidan
viciT
kolbebi upiratesobas aniWeben
garkveuli talRis sigrZes
mxedvelobiTi procesebis mkvlevrebma
ganaviTares teqnika, romlis saSuale-
biTac xdeba calkeuli kolbebis eleq-
truli aqtivobis analizi. maimuni makakas
kolbis ujredebi „gamowovil~ iqna
triqromatuli Teoriis (trichromatic theory) Tanax-mad, arsebobs feris SemgrZnebi receptorebis
sami tipi, romlebic warmoqmnian pirveladi
ferebis _ wiTlis, mwvanis da lurjis Segr-
Znebas.
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specialuri minis miliT, romlis dia-
metric iyo adamianis Tmis Reris diamet-
ris 1/25-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva sigrZis
sinaTlis talRas anaTebdnen milSi,
eleqtruli signalis Zalas, romelsac
gamoasxivebda kolbis ujredebi, jer
zrdidnen da Semdeg zomavdnen. am teq-
nikis gamoyenebiT mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi ujredi yvelaze kargad
reagirebs 435 nanometris (nm) sigrZis
talRis diapazonSi („lurji~ ujredebi),
zogi _ 535 nanometris („mwvane~ ujredebi)
da zogi ki 570 nanometris („wiTeli~
ujredebi) sigrZis talRis diapazonSi
(Baylor, 1987).
am tipis kolbebis reaqcia eTanxmeba iungisa
da helmholcis hipoTezas, rom ferTa SegrZneba
sami tipis mxedvelobiT receptorebs efuZneba.
adamianebs, romlebTac axasiaTebT ferTa sibr-
mave, aqvT erTi an meti am tipis receptoruli
kolbebis defeqti.
Cven, agreTve, viciT, rom retinaluri gan-
gliozuri ujredebi axdens am sami tipis kol-
bebidan gamomavali signalis kombinirebas he-
ringis sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriis Ta-
naxmad (De Valois & Jacobs, 1968). sawinaaRmdego
procesebis Teoriis Tanamedrove versiiT,
romelsac mxars uWeren leo harviCi da doroti
jamesoni (Leo Hurvich & Dorothea Jameson, 1974), ferTa
TiToeuli wyvilis ori wevri erTmaneTis
sapirispirod (arian oponentebi), moqmedebs ner-
vuli Sekavebis procesis saSualebiT. zogierTi
gangliozuri ujredi aRmgzneb signals sinaT-
lidan iRebs, romelic wiTlad Cans da Sekavebis
signals im sinaTlidan, romelic mwvaned Cans.
sistemis sxva ujredebs aRgznebisa da Sekavebis
procesebis sapirispiro wesrigi aqvT. gangli-
ozuri ujredebis es ori tipi erTad qmnis
wiTel-mwvane oponenturi sistemis fiziologiur
baziss. sxva gangliozuri ujredebi qmnian
lurj-yviTel oponentur sistemas. sistema
TeTri-Savi Tqven mier ferebis simaZRrisa da
sinaTlis xarisxis aRqmaSi monawileobs.
vizualuri obieqtebis
kompleqsuri analizi
samyaros ferebis aRqma mxolod mcire
nawilia im kompleqsuri amocanisa, romelic
Tqveni vizualuri sistemis winaSe dgas. Tuki
fexburTis burTis daWera an krazanebis
budisTvis Tavis arideba gindaT, Tqven unda
SeamCnioT am obieqtebis iersaxe an forma, maTi
siRrme an daSoreba da maTi moZraoba sivrceSi.
Tqveni vizualuri sistema moicavs ramdenime
gancalkevebul da damoukidebel qvesistemas,
romelic erTi da igive retinaluri xatis
sxvadasxva aspeqts aanalizebs. neironebis
calkeul jgufebs aqvT unikaluri Tvisebebi,
dasabami misces feris, formis, kontrastis,
moZraobisa da teqsturis aRqmas (Livingstone &
Hubel, 1988; Vinjie& Gallant, 2000). Tumca, Tqveni aRqma,saboloo jamSi, erTian vizualur suraTs
warmoadgens. Tqven mier misi danaxva ganpiro-
bebulia uamravi nervuli gzebiT Tqvens vizua-
lur sistemaSi, romelic normalur pirobebSi
uaRresad faqizadaa koordinirebuli (Merigan
& Maunsell, 1993).Tqven SeiZleba gaigoT, Tu rogor mimdina-
reobs rTuli vizualuri analizi erTi faqtis
magaliTze: vizualuri nervuli gzebis TiToul
doneze ujredebi reagireben seleqtiurad vi-
zualuri velis mxolod specifiur nawilebze.
magaliTad, adre aRvniSneT, rom TiToeuli re-
tinaluri gangliozuri ujredi mravali recep-
toruli ujredidan miRebul informacias aer-
Tianebs. ujredis receptoruli veli es aris
adgili vizualur velSi, saidanac is iRebs
stimulacias.
retinaluri gangliozuri ujredebis recep-
toruli veli ori tipisaa (ix. sur. 4.12, A da B
nawilebi): (1) is ujredebi, romelTa stimulacia
velis centrSi aRagznebs ujreds, romlis
stimulacia garSemo mdebare nawilebSi masSi
Sekavebis process iwvevs; (2) ujredebi sapiris-
piro organizaciiT _ Sekavebis procesiT cen-
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoria (opponent-pro-cess theory) _ nebismieri feris SegrZneba miiRebasami sistemisagan, romelTagan TiToeuli Sei-
cavs or „oponentur~ elements (wiTeli mwvanis
sapirispirod, lurji yviTlis sapirispirod da
Savi TeTris sapirispirod).
receptoruli veli (receptive field) _ adgili
mxedvelobiT velSi, saidanac mocemuli gan-
gliozuri ujredi iRebs informacias.
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trSi da aRgznebis procesiT periferiaze. gan-
gliozuri ujredebi mis centrsa da peri-
ferias Soris stimulaciis sxvaobaze reagi-
reben. isini yvelaze metad aRigznebian sti-
mulebis kontrastiT; on-centris mqone uj-
redebi yvelaze Zlierad ganimuxtebian naTel
laqaze, romelsac bneli sazRvrebi aqvs, xolo
off-centris mqone ujredebi energiulad gani-
muxtebian bnel laqaze, romelsac naTeli sa-
zRvrebi aqvs. erTnairi ganaTeba ki centrisa da
periferiis aqtivobis gabaTilebas iwvevs da
ujredi ar aris imdenad aRgznebuli, rogorc
es naTeli laqis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
axla Tqven gaecaniT vizualuri informaciis
gadamuSavebis Taviseburebebs receptoruli da
gangliozuri ujredebis doneze, magram ra xdeba
vizualuri sistemis ufro maRal doneebze?
pirveli naSromi am sferoSi devid hiubelsa
da torsten vizels (David Hubel & Torsten Wiesel) _
sensoruli procesebis fiziologebs _ ekuT-
vniT. 1981 wels maT nobelis premia moipoves
receptoruli velebis ujredebis Seswavli-
saTvis mxedvelobiT qerqSi. vizelma da hiubelma
moaxerxes katis mxedvelobiTi qerqis calkeuli
ujredebis ganmuxtvis registracia, romlebic
vizualur velSi moZrav laqebsa da zolebze
reagirebdnen. roca hiubelma da vizelma agegmes
am qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi,
maT aRmoaCines ujredebis organizacia, romelic
ufro zustad reagirebda garkveul vizualur
stimulaciaze (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1979).
erTi tipis qerquli ujredebi, martivi
ujredebi yvelaze Zlierad reagirebdnen gan-
sazRvruli, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientaciis
mqone sinaTlis zolebze (ix. sur. 4.12). kom-
pleqsur ujredebs, agreTve, hqondaT arCeuli
erTi, maTTvis „gamorCeuli~ orientacia, magram
isini moZraobis garkveul mimarTulebasac irCev-
dnen. hiperkompleqsuri ujredebi ki specia-
lizebulni iyvnen gansazRvruli orientaciisa
da sigrZis mqone moZrav zolebze an moZrav
kuTxeebze. ujredebi gansxvavebuli saxis in-
formacias agzavnian Tavis tvinis ufro maRali
donis mxedvelobiT centrebSi, rac maqsi-
malurad exmareba tvins obieqtebis cnobaSi.
am nawilSi yuradReba gavamaxvileTG vizua-
luri sistemis reaqciaze garemodan miRebuli
gaRizianebisas. mexuTe TavSi davinaxavT, rom
adamianTa aRqma Zalian xSirad warmoadgens
garemodan miRebuli informaciis _ sinaTlis
talRebis, romelic aRwevs Tvals _ da infor-
maciis Sida wyaros kombinacias _ codnas,
romelic ukve Senaxulia tvinSi.
axla bgeraTa samyaro ganvixiloT.
suraTi 4.12
gangliozuri da qerquli ujredebis receptoruli velebi
ujredis receptoruli veli aris vizualuri velis are, romlidanac is iRebs stimulacias.
baduras gangliozuri ujredebis receptoruli velebi aris wriuli formis (A, B); mxedvelobiTi
qerqis umartivesi ujredebi garkveuli mimarTulebiTaa wagrZelebuli (C, D, E, F). orive SemTxvevaSi,is adgili, sadac sinaTle aRagznebs ujreds, aRniSnulia plus niSniT da sadac iwvevs Sekavebis
process, aRniSnulia minus niSniT. amasTanave, stimuli, romelic yvelaze metad aRagznebs
ujreds, aris is, romelSic areebi, sadac sinaTle aRmgznebia (aRniSnulia `+~ niSniT), aris
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Sejameba
adamianis Tvali fotoaparatis msgavsad
funqcionirebs: sinaTle fokusirdeba Tvalis
brolis mier baduraze. swored baduraze xdeba
sinaTlis energiis ZiriTadi gardaqmna nervul
aqtivobad. baduraze mdebare receptorebi –
Cxirebi _ susti ganaTebis pirobebSi funqcio-
nireben, kolbebi ki naTel, ferad garemoSi
samuSaod da sivrciTi detalebis garCevaSi
specializdebian. baduradan miRebuli infor-
macia Tavis tvinisaken agrZelebs gzas gada-
muSavebis doneebis mTeli seriis gavliT, ro-
melTa saSualebiT xdeba informaciis seleqcia
obieqtebis identifikaciisa da maTi mdebareobis
gansazRvris mizniT. brma mxedvelobis fenomenma
vizualuri analizis gansxvavebuli tipebis
arseboba daadastura.
feris aRqma ganpirobebulia sinaTlis tal-
Ris sxvadasxva sigrZiT da mas sami ZiriTadi
Tviseba axasiaTebs: feris toni, simaZRre da
sikaSkaSe. ferTa Serevis niutonis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva sigrZis talRis kombinacia
gansxvavebuli feris SegrZnebas qmnis. ferTa
sibrmave sxvadasxva xarisxisaa. iSviaTia ferTa
sruli sibrmave. feradi mxedvelobis mkvlevrebi
mxars uWeren rogorc triqromatul Teorias,
ise, oponent-procesualur Teorias. vizualur
sistemas sami tipis kolbebi aqvs, romlebic
upiratesobas aniWeben gansxvavebuli talRis
sigrZeebs. es sami tipis kolbebi erTiandebian
informaciis gadamuSavebis ufro maRal doneze
da dasabams aZleven oponent-procesualur
fenomens.
vizualuri analizis zogierTi saxe gangli-
ozuri ujredebis receptorul velebs efuZneba,
zogi ki ufro maRali donis ujredebis mier
arCeul specializacias _ obieqtTa mdebareobis,
orientaciis da moZraobis mimarTulebis mixed-
viT.
smena
Tqven mier samyaros gancdisas smena da
mxedveloba erTmaneTis Semavsebel funqciebs
asrulebs. Tqven xSirad gesmiT stimulebi, sanam
dainaxavT maT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tuki isini
Tqven ukan mdebareoben an gaumWvirvale obieq-
tebis, magaliTad, kedlebis miRma arian moTav-
sebulni.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mxedveloba ufro
srulyofili saSualebaa im obieqtis identifi-
cirebisaTvis, romelic erTxel mainc moxvda
mxedvelobis velSi, vidre smena, Cven xSirad
mxolod imitom vxedavT obieqtebs, rom Cvenma
yurebma Tvalebs swori mimarTuleba miuTiTes.
smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas im fizikuri ener-
giis saxeebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, romelic
Cvens yurebamde aRwevs.
bgeris fizika
SemohkariT taSi; daustvineT; daakakuneT
fanqriT magidaze. ratom warmoqmnis es moqme-
debebi bgerebs? amis mizezi isaa, rom isini
obieqtebis rxevas iwveven. rxevis energia gada-
ecema garemos, Cveulebriv, haers, rogorc ki
rxevadi obieqtebi ubiZgeben garemos mole-
kulebs. amiT gamowveuli wnevis mcire cvli-
lebebi vrceldeba rxevadi obieqtidan garemoSi
sinusoiduri talRebis erTobliobis saxiT,
romelic 335 metri wamSi siCqariT moZraobs
(ix. sur. 4.13). bgera ar SeiZleba gaCndes srul
vakuumSi (magaliTad, kosmosur sivrceSi), radgan
iq ar aris haeris molekulebi, romelTac aamoZ-
ravebda rxevadi obieqti.
sinusoidur talRas ori ZiriTadi fizikuri
Tviseba aqvs, romelic gansazRvravs mis JRera-
dobas, esenia: ixSire da amplituda. sixSire
izomeba rxevaTa im raodenobiT, romelsac
asrulebs talRa drois mocemul SualedSi.
rxeva, rogorc miTiTebulia suraTze 4.13, aris
manZili marcxnidan marjvniv erTi talRis
pikidan momdevno talRis pikamde. bgeris sixSire,
Cveulebriv, gamoisaxeba hercebSi (hc), romelic
zomavs rxevaTa raodenobas erT wamSi. amplituda
zomavs bgeriTi talRis siZlieris fizikur
Tvisebas _ simaRles pikidan dadablebamde.
amplituda ganisazRvreba bgeris wnevis an ener-
giis erTeulebiT.
bgeris fsiqologiuri
ganzomilebebi
sixSirisa da amplitudis fizikuri Tvisebebi
dasabams aZlevs bgeris sam ZiriTad ganzo-
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milebas1 _ bgeris tonis simaRles, siZlieresa
da tembrs. axla detalurad ganvixiloT es
movlenebi.
bgeris tonis simaRle
bgeris tonis simaRle ganisazRvreba bgeriTi
talRis rxevis sixSiriT. maRali sixSireebi
warmoqmnian maRal tonebs, dabali sixSireebi
ki _ dabal tonebs. sufTa2 tonebis mimarT
adamianis mgrZnobiaroba 20 hercis sixSiridan
20 000 hercis sixSiremde diapazonSi
cvalebadobs. 20 hercze dabali sixSireebi
adamianma SeiZleba vibraciis saxiT SeigrZnos
ufro Sexebis, vidre bgeris saSualebiT. Tqven
advilad warmoidgenT, Tu ramdenad didia es
diapazoni, Tuki gaiTvaliswinebT, rom
fortepianos 88 klaviSi mxolod 30 hercidan
4000 hercamde sixSiris diapazons faravs.
rogorc fsiqofizikidan gaxsovT, kavSiri
sixSiresa (fizikur realobas) da bgeriT tons
(fsiqologiur efeqts) Soris ar aris wrfivi.
sixSiris skalis dabali maCveneblebisas six-
Siris zrda mxolod ramdenime herciT iwvevs
bgeriTi tonis SesamCnev cvlilebas, xolo
sixSiris skalis maRali maCveneblebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tqven gacilebiT metad unda gazardoT
sixSire, raTa SeamCnioT gansxvaveba sixSireSi.
magaliTad, fortepianos ori yvelaze dabali
noti erTmaneTisagan mxolod 1.6 herciT gan-
sxvavdeba maSin, roca ori yvelaze maRali noti
gansxvavdeba 235 herciT. es aris odnav SesamCnevi
sxvaobis kidev erTi magaliTi fsiqofizikaSi.
bgeris siZliere
bgeris siZliere anu fizikuri intensivoba
misi amplitudiT ganisazRvreba. didi ampli-
tudis bgeriTi talRebi ganicdeba, rogorc
xmamaRali, mcire amplitudisa ki _ rogorc
xmadabali. adamianis smeniTi sistema mgrZno-
biarea fizikuri intensivobebis uzarmazari
diapazonis mimarT.
majis saaTis wikwikis xma, romelic daaxlo-
ebiT 6 metris manZilidan gvesmis, intensivobis
qveda zRvarze mdebareobs. es aris sistemis
absoluturi zRurbli. Tuki is ufro mgrZno-
biarea, SeiZleba gaigonoT sisxlis moZraobis
xmac Tqvens yurebSi. intensivobis zeda zRvarze
mdebared ki SeiZleba ganvixiloT reaqtiuli
TviTmfrinavis xma, romelic daaxloebiT 90
metris simaRleze mifrinavs. es xma imdenad
Zlieri iqneba, rom tkivilsac ki gamoiwvevs
yurebSi. bgeris wnevis fizikuri erTeulebis
terminebiT, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi warmoqmnis
bgeriT talRas, romelic miliardjer ufro
Zlieria, vidre saaTis wikwiki.
radgan smeniTi diapazoni Zalian didia, bge-
ris fizikuri intensivobis diapazoni, Cveu-
lebriv, ufro SefardebiTi, vidre absoluturi
odenobis erTeulebiT gamoixateba. bgeris wneva
bgeris tonis simaRle (pitch) _ Tviseba, romelic,
ZiriTadad, bgeriTi talRis rxevis sixSiriT
ganisazRvreba.
bgeris siZliere (loudness) _ bgeris perceptuli
Tviseba, romelic gamoxatavs bgeriTi talRis
amplitudas; didi amplitudis bgeriTi talRa
saerTod ganicdeba rogorc xmamaRali, xolo
mcire amplitudis bgeriTi talRa _ rogorc
xmadabali.
1 Tvisebas (mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
2 sufTa tonebs, agreTve, martiv tonebs, an wminda
tonebs uwodeben (mTargmnelis SeniSvna).
suraTi 4.13
sinusoiduri talRis warmodgena
sinusoiduri talRis ori ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
sixSire _ rxevaTa raodenoba drois fiqsirebul
erTeulSi da misi amplituda _ rxevis vertikaluri
diapazoni.
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_ misi amplitudis donis maCvenebeli, rac iwvevs
xmamaRlobis gancdas _ izomeba erTeuliT,
romelsac decibali (db) ewodeba. suraTze 4.14naCvenebia zogierTi tipuri bunebrivi bgeris
intensivobis sidide decibalebiT da bgeris
wnevis Sesatyvisi erTeulebiT (dini/sm2) Seda-
rebisaTvis.
rogorc xedavT, or bgeras, romelic 20 de-
cibaliT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, aqvT
bgeris wnevis Sefardeba 10/1 proporciiT. aRsa-niSnavia, rom 90 decibalze xmamaRalma bgerebma
SeiZleba smenis dakargva gamoiwvios. es maTi
eqspoziciis xangrZlivobazea damokidebuli.
tembri
bgeris tembri rTuli bgeris talRis kom-
ponentebs asaxavs. tembri aris is, rac gana-
sxvavebs, magaliTad, fortepianos xmas fleitis
xmisagan. fizikuri stimulebis mcire raodenoba,
magaliTad, kamertoni gamoscems sufTa tons,
romelic erTi sinusoiduri talRisgan Sedgeba.
sufTa tons mxolod erTi sixSire da erTi
amplituda aqvs. bgeraTa umetesoba realur
cxovrebaSi ar aris sufTa toni. isini kompleq-
suri talRebia, romlebic sixSirisa da ampli-
tudis garkveul kombinacias Seicaven. suraTze
4.15 naCvenebia rTuli talRebis formebi,
romelic ramdenime nacnob bgeras Seesatyviseba.
4.15 suraTze mocemuli grafiki gviCvenebs
bgeraTa speqtrs fortepianos noti „mi~-sTvis
suraTi 4.14
nacnobi bgerebis doneebi decibalebSi
naxazze naCvenebia bgeraTa diapazoni decba-
lebSi, romelzedac reagirebs adamianis
smeniTi aparati absoluturi zRurblidan
raketis gafrenis xmamde . decibalebi
gamoTvlilia bgeris wnevis saSualebiT,
romelic aris bgeriTi talRis amplitudis
donis maCvenebeli da zogadad Seesatyviseba
imas, rasac adamiani ganicdis, rogorc bgeris
xmamaRlobas.
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(pirveli oqtava); yvela sixSires, romelic
realurad warmodgenilia am notSi da maT
amplitudebs.
kompleqsur tonSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
noti „mi~, yvelaze dabali sixSire (daaxloebiT
256 hc) pasuxismgebelia im tonze, romelic Tqven
gesmiT. mas ZiriTad tons uwodeben, ufro maRali
sixSiris tonebs ki _ harmonikebs, an obertonebs;
maTi sixSire ramdenjerme aRemateba ZiriTadi
rxevis sixSires. sruli bgera, romelic Tqven
gesmiT, ZiriTadi bgerebisa da harmonikebis
erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba,
rogorc naCvenebia speqtrSi. Tuki am sixSiris
sufTa tonebi da intensivobebi erTmaneTs
daemateba, amis Sedegad Tqven gaigonebT bgeras,
romelic JRers ise, rogorc noti „mi~ forte-
pianoze.
bgerebs, romelTac Tqven xmaurs uwodebT,
ar aqvT ZiriTadi sixSireebisa da harmonikebis
naTeli, martivi struqtura. xmauri Seicavs
mraval sixSires, romelic ar aris sistematurad
dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, stacio-
naruli xmauri, romelic Tqven radiosadgurebs
Soris gesmiT, Seicavs yvela smenadi sixSiris
energias; Tqven mas aRiqvamT ise, TiTqos ar
hqondes simaRle, radgan mas ar aqvs ZiriTadi
sixSire.
smenis fiziologia
axla Tqven ukve gaqvT garkveuli informacia
bgeraTa fsiqologiuri gancdebis fizikuri
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT, Tu
tembri (timbre) _ smeniTi SegrZnebis Tviseba,
romelic asaxavs bgeriTi talRis sirTules.
nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebi
es naxazi gviCvenebs nacnobi bgerebis talRis formebsa da bgeris speqtrs pianinos noti `mi~-saTvis.
ZiriTadi talRis sigrZe aris nawarmoebi ZiriTadi sixSirisagan, am SemTxvevaSi 256 herci, magram pianinos
simebi, agreTve, vibrirebs ufro maRal sixSireebzec (romelic cnobilia, rogorc obertonebi anu harmonikebi).
isini qmnian kbilanebs talRis nimuSze. es damatebiTi sixsireebi identificirebulia bgeriT speqtrSi.
suraTi
4.15
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rogor aRmocendeba es gancdebi smeniTi sistemis
fiziologiuri aqtivobisagan. pirvel rigSi,
vnaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs yuri. Semdeg ganvi-
xilavT zogierT Teorias smeniT sistemaSi bge-
riTi tonis simaRlis kodirebisa da bgerebis
lokalizaciis Sesaxeb.
smenis sistema
Tqven ukve iciT, rom sensoruli procesebi
axdens eqsternaluri energiis formebis gar-
daqmnas nervul impulsebad. imisaTvis, rom
gaigonoT, unda moxdes ZiriTadi energiis oTxi
transformacia (ix. sur. 4.16): (1) haerSi gavrce-lebuli talRebi unda gardaiqmnas siTxis tal-
Rebad, romelic moTavsebulia yuris lo-
kokinaSi; (2) siTxis talRebi Semdeg iwveven
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikur rxevas; (3) es
rxevebi gardaiqmneba eleqtrul impulsebad da
(4) impulsebi gadaigzavneba smeniT qerqSi. TiTo-
euli es transformacia ufro detalurad ganvi-
xiloT.
pirveli transformaciisas haeris rxevadi
molekulebi Sedian yurebSi (ix. suraTi 4.16).zogierTi bgera Sedis pirdapir yuris gareTa
sasmen milSi da zogi ki _ gareTa yuridan anu
niJaridan arekvlis Semdeg. bgeriTi talRa
mogzaurobs sasmeni milis gaswvriv gareTa yuris
gavliT, sanam ar miaRwevs milis bolos. aq is
ejaxeba Txel membranas, romelsac dafis apks
uwodeben. bgeriTi talRis wnevis cvlilebebs
dafis apki moZraobaSi mohyavs. dafis apki
gadascems rxevas gare yuridan Sua yurSi, RruSi,
romelic Seicavs sam umciresi zomis Zvals
suraTi 4.16
adamianis yuris agebuleba
bgeriTi talRebi miemarTeba gareTa yuris, anu niJaris saSualebiT, gareTa
sasmeni milis gavliT da iwvevs dafis apkis rxevas, am rxevas moqmedebaSi
mohyavs Sua yuris patara Zvlebi _ CaquCi, grdemli da uzangi. meqanikuri
rxevebi gadaecema ovaluri sarkmlis saSualebiT lokokinas. maT
moZraobaSi mohyavT mis RruSi arsebuli siTxe.patara bewviani ujredebi
ganlagebuli arian ZiriTadi membranis gaswvriv lokokinaSi da irxevian
siTxis moZraobaze, riTac axdenen maTTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
nervuli daboloebebis stimulirebas. amis Semdeg meqanikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul energiaSi da egzavneba tvins smeniTi nervis
saSualebiT.
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adamianis sxeulSi: CaquCs, grdemls da uzangs.
es Zvlebi ayalibeben meqanikur jaWvs, romelic
gadascems rxevas da axdens mis koncentrirebas
dafis apkidan smenis ZiriTadi organosaken _
lokokinisaken, romelic moTavsebulia Sida
yurSi.
meore transformaciisas, romelic loko-
kinaSi xdeba, haerSi gavrcelebuli talRebi
gadaiqceva „zRvis talRebad~. lokokina siTxiT
gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli milia. mas aqvs
membrana, romelic cnobilia ZiriTadi membranis
saxeliT. is ganTavsebulia mis Sua nawilSi
mTeli sigrZis gaswvriv. roca irxeva uzangi,
romelic mdebareobs ovalur sarkmelTan, lo-
kokinas fuZesTan axlos, lokokinaSi mdebare
siTxe iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis talRisebr
moZraobas (rogorc zemoT iyo naxsenebi, „zRvis
talRebs~).
energiis mesame gardaqmnisas ZiriTadi membra-
nis talRisebri moZraoba arxevs masTan dakav-
Sirebul patara bewvian ujredebs. bewviani
ujredebi smeniTi sistemis receptoruli uj-
redebia. bewviani ujredebis rxeva nervuli
daboloebebis stimulirebas iwvevs da axdens
ZiriTadi membranis meqanikuri rxevebis gardaq-
mnas nervul aqtivobaSi.
sabolood, energiis meoTxe gardaqmnisas,
boWkoebis konaSi gamavali nervuli impulsebi
toveben lokokinas. es boWkoebi warmoadgenen
smenis nervs. isini xvdebian Tavis tvinis fuZeSi
mdebare lokokinas birTvebs. vizualur sis-
temaSi nervebis gadakveTis msgavsad, erTi
yuridan momavali gaRizianeba gadaecema Tavis
tvinis orive nawils. smeniTi signalebi gaiv-
lian sxva birTvebis mTel rigs da miaRweven
smeniT qerqs, romelic Tavis tvinis naxevar-
sferoebis safeTqlis wilSi mdebareobs. am
signalebis maRali donis gadamuSaveba smeniT
qerqSi iwyeba (rogorc Semdeg naxavT, yuris sxva
nawilebi, romelic gamosaxulia suraTze 4.16,
sxva SegrZnebebis aRmocenebaSi monawileoben).
es oTxi gardaqmna srulyofilad momuSave
smeniT sistemaSi xdeba. milionobiT adamians
aqvs darRvevebi smeniTi sistemaSi. arsebobs
smeniTi darRvevebis ori zogadi tipi, TiToeuli
gamowveulia smeniTi sistemis erTi an meti
komponentis defeqtiT. naklebad seriozuli
dazianebaa siyrue, romelic dakavSirebulia
lokokinisaken haeris rxevebis gamtarobasTan.
am tipis dazianebis dros xSirad Sua yuris
Zvlebi ar funqcionirebs Sesabamisad. am de-
feqtis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia mikroqirur-
giuli gziT xelovnuri grdemlisa da uzangis
CasmiT. ufro seriozuli tipis dazianebaa ner-
vuli siyrue, anu defeqti im nervul meqaniz-
mebSi, romelic warmoqmnis nervul impulsebs
yurSi an gadaaqvs isini smeniT qerqSi. smeniTi
qerqis dazianeba, agreTve, warmoqmnis nervul
siyrues.
lokokina (cochlea) _ smenis ZiriTadi organo;siTxiT gavsebuli spiralurad daxveuli mili,
romelic moTavsebulia Sida yurSi.
ZiriTadi membrana (basilar membrane) _ mdebareobslokokinaSi, roca is modis moZraobaSi, iwvevs
bewviani ujredebis stimulirebas (aRizinaebs
maT), romlebic warmoqmnian smeniTi gaRiziane-
bis nervul efeqtebs.
smenis nervi (auditory nerve) _ atarebs impulss
lokokinidan tvinSi mdebare lokokinis bir-
TvebSi.
smeniTi qerqi (auditory cortex) _ safeTqlis wilis
are, romelic iRebs da amuSavebs smeniT infor-
macias.
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bgeriTi tonis aRqmis Teoriebi
arsebobs ori gansxvavebuli Teoria, romelic
xsnis, Tu rogor xdeba smeniT sistemaSi bgeriTi
talRis gardaqmna bgeriTi tonis SegrZnebad:
adgilis Teoria da sixSiris Teoria.
adgilis Teoria Tavidan SemoTavazebuli iyo
fon herman helmholcis (Hermann von Helmholtz)mier 1800 wels da Semdeg georg von bekesis
(Georg von Bekesy) mier iqna modificirebuli,
gadamuSavebuli da Semowmebuli. man am
kvlevisaTvis 1961 wels nobelis premia aiRo.
adgilis Teoria efuZneba im faqts, rom ZiriTadi
membrana moZraobs, roca bgeriTi talRa Semodis
Sida yurSi. sxvadasxva sixSire ZiriTadi mem-
branis gaswvriv garkveuli adgilis amoZravebas
iwvevs. maRali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze did
talRur moZraobas iwveven lokokinis fuZesTan,
sadac ovaluri da mrgvali sarkmlebi arian
ganlagebulni. dabali sixSiris tonebi yvelaze
did talRur moZraobas iwveven ZiriTadi
membranis mopirdapire boloSi. amrigad, adgi-
lis Teoria amtikicebs, rom bgeriTi tonis simaR-
lis aRqma damokidebulia ZiriTadi membranis
im garkveul adgilze, romelic yvelaze metad
Riziandeba.
meore, sixSiris Teoria, bgeriTi tonis simaR-
les ZiriTadi membranis rxevis siswrafiT xsnis.
es Teoria varaudobs, rom 100 hercis sixSiris
bgeriTi talRa iwvevs ZiriTadi membranis rxevas
100-jer wamSi. sixSiris Teoria, agreTve, am-
tkicebs, rom ZiriTadi membranis rxevebi iwveven
neironebis ganmuxtvas imave siCqariT, ase rom,
ganmuxtvis siCqare bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
nervuli kodia. erTi problema, romelic am dros
Cndeba, isaa, rom individualur neironebs ar
SeuZliaT im siswrafiT ganmuxtva, rom maRali
bgerebi warmoadginon, radgan arc erT maTgans
ar SeuZlia ganmuxtva ufro meti siCqariT, vidre
1000-jer wamSi. amis gamo, erT neirons ar SeuZlia
ganasxvavos 1000 hercze meti sixSiris bgerebi,
rasac Cveni smeniTi sistema sakmaod kargad
axerxebs. es SezRudva SeiZleba daiZlios e.w.
zalpis principiT, romelic xsnis imas, Tu ra
xdeba maRal sixSireebze. rogorc naCvenebia
suraTze 4.17, ramdenime neirons kombinirebuli
moqmedebiT, anu zalpSi, SeuZlia ganimuxtos im
sixSireze, romelic Seesabameba 2000 hc, 3000 hc
da a.S. sixSiris tonebs (Wever, 1949).
rogorc ferTa SegrZnebis triqromatuli da
sawinaaRmdego procesebis Teoriebi, ise, adgi-
lisa da sixSiris Teoriebi sargeblobs warma-
tebiT mxolod bgeraTa tonis simaRlis gancdis
sxvadasxva aspeqtebisaTvis. iTvleba, rom
sixSiris Teoria kargad xsnis 5000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebis kodirebas. ufro maRali
sixSireebisaTvis neironebs ar SeuZliaT ise
swrafad da zustad ganmuxtva, rom adekvaturad
moaxerxon signalis kodireba, zalpSic ki.
adgilis Teoria (place theory) _ sxvadasxva
sixSiris toni qmnis aqtivaciis maqsimums Ziri-
Tadi membranis sxvadasxva adgilebSi, ris Se-
degad bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba kodire-
buli iyos im adgilis mixedviT, romlis aqti-
vaciac moxda.
sixSiris Teoria (frequency theory) _ toni war-
moqmnis im siCqaris rxevas ZiriTad membranaSi,
romelic ekvivalenturia misi sixSirisa, ris
Sedegad, bgeriTi tonis simaRle SeiZleba
kodirebuli iyos nervuli reaqciis sixSiriT.
suraTi 4.17
zalpis principi
smeniTi nervuli ujredebis jamur koleqtiur
aqtivobas aqvs igive struqtura, rac Semosul bgeriT
talRas, maSinac ki, roca TiToeul calkeul boWkos
SeiZleba ar hqondes sakmarisad swrafi ganmuxtva,
rom Tan axldes bgeriTi talRis struqturas.
zalpis principi (volley principle) _ esaa sixSirisTeoriis ganvrcoba, romelic amtkicebs, rom,
roca bgeriTi talRis sixSire aRemateba im six-
Sires, romliTac calkeul neirons SeuZlia
ganmuxtva, ramdenime neironi ganimuxteba erTad,
rogorc jgufi, Semosuli bgeris tonis simaR-
lis Sesatyvisi sixSiriT.
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adgilis Teoria ufro warmatebulad xsnis
bgeriTi tonis simaRlis aRqmas 1000 hercze ufro
maRali sixSireebisaTvis. 1000 hercze ufro
dabali sixSireebisaTvis ZiriTadi membrana
imdenad farTod irxeva, rom mas ar SeuZlia
uzrunvelyos signalis gansxvaveba nervuli
receptorebisaTvis, romelTaTvis ZiriTadi
membranis rxeva bgeriTi tonis simaRlis
gansxvavebis saSualebaa. 1000 hercidan 5000
hercamde sixSiris diapazonSi orive meqanizmi
muSaobs. rTuli sensoruli amocana or sistemas
Soris iyofa; isini erTad gvTavazoben ufro
maRal sensorul sizustes, vidre es SeeZlo
uzrunveleyo mxolod erT sistemas. Cven Semdeg
davinaxavT, rom adamiani flobs, agreTve, or
SeTanxmebul nervul sistemas, romelic mas
garemoSi bgeraTa lokalizaciis amocanis
gadawyvetaSi exmareba.
bgeraTa lokalizacia
delfinebi da Ramurebi ar iyeneben mxed-
velobas obieqtTa adgilmdebareobis gan-
sazRvrisas Rrma wylis Tu mRvimis sibneleSi.
amis nacvlad, isini sargebloben eqolokaciiT
_ agzavnian maRali sixSiris bgerebs, romlebic
aireklebian obieqtebis mier, riTac qmnian
ukukavSirs da iZlevian informacias obieq-
tebamde manZilis, maTi adgilmdebareobis,
zomebis, teqsturis da moZraobis Sesaxeb. erT-
erTi saxeobis Ramuras SeuZlia eqolokaciis
saSualebiT ganasxvavos obieqtebi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan mxolod 0.3 milimetriT arian
daSorebulni (Simmons et al., 1998). miuxedavad imisa,rom adamians ar gaaCnia es specialuri unari,
is mainc iyenebs bgerebs obieqtebis adgilmde-
bareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi, gansakuT-
rebiT maSin, roca maTi danaxva gaZnelebulia.
es ori meqanizmis gamoyenebiT xerxdeba: im drois
SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romelic saWiroa bgeris
misaRwevad TiToeul yurTan da im bgerebis
intensivobis SedarebiTi SefasebiT, romlebic
aRweven TiToeul yurTan (Middlebrooks &Green, 1991;Phillips, 1993).
pirveli meqanizmi Seicavs neironebs, rom-
lebic adareben im droebs erTmaneTs, rac
sWirdeba Semomaval bgeriT signals TiToeul
yurTan misaRwevad. magaliTad, bgera, romelic
lokalizdeba marjvena mxares, marjvena yurs
ufro adre miaRwevs, vidre _ marcxenas (ix. wer-
tili B suraTze 4.18). smeniTi sistemis neironebi
specializebulni arian am gansxvavebis Sem-
Cnevaze. Tavis tvini iyenebs am gansxvavebas droSi,
raTa gaakeTos sivrceSi bgeris SesaZlo
lokalizaciis zusti Sefaseba.
meore meqanizmi efuZneba im princips, rom
bgeras aqvs odnav ufro didi intensivoba im
yurSi, romelsac is pirvelad miaRwevs, radgan
adamianis Tavi TviTon qmnis bgeriT Crdils,
romelic asustebs signals. intensivobis es
gansxvaveba damokidebulia im bgeriTi tonis
talRis sigrZis SedarebiT zomaze, romelic
aRwevs adamianis Tavamde. grZeli talRebi, anu
dabali sixSiris tonebi, faqtobrivad, inten-
sivobis araviTar gansxvavebas ar gviCveneben
maSin, roca mokle talRebis, maRali sixSiris
tonebis intensivobebis gansxvaveba savsebiT
gazomvadia. adamianis tvinSi aris ujredebi,
romlebic specializdebian im signalebis inten-
sivobebis gansxvavebis SemCnevaze, romelic or
yurSi aRmocendeba.
magram ra xdeba maSin, roca bgeris wyaro
Tanabrad aris daSorebuli orive yuridan, maSin
xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes arc droSi da arc
intensivobaSi gansxvaveba? swored aseTi situa-
ciaa gamosaxuli suraTze 4.18. bgera, romelic
A wertilidan vrceldeba, Tanabrad aris daSo-
rebuli orive yuridan. daxuWuli TvalebiT
SeuZlebeli iqneba misi lokalizaciis zusti
suraTi 4.18
droiTi Seusabamoba da bgeris
lokalizacia
bgeraTa sivrceSi lokalizaciis gansazRvris
mizniT Tavis tvini iyenebs gansxvavebas droSi,
sm
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gansazRvra. ase rom, Tqven unda SemoabrunoT
Tavi da yurebis mdebareoba SecvaloT ise, rom
daarRvioT simetria, es SesaZlebels gaxdis
miiRoT bgeris lokalizaciis gansazRvrisaTvis
aucilebeli informacia.
Sejameba
bgeriTi talRis sixSirisa da amplitudis
kombinacia dasabams aZlevs bgeriTi tonis
simaRlis, siZlierisa da tembris aRqmas. smeniTi
informacia ramdenime transformacias ganicdis
yuridan Tavis tvinisaken mimaval gzaze _
bgeriTi talRa gardaiqmneba siTxis talRebad,
romlebic warmoqmnian nervul reaqcias. bgeriTi
tonis simaRlis aRqma axsnilia ori meqanizmis
kombinaciiT. adgilis Teoria amtkicebs, rom
sxvadasxva simaRlis mqone bgera warmoSobs
ZiriTadi membranis gansxvavebuli adgilebis
moZraobas; sixSiris Teoria amtkicebs, rom bge-
riTi tonis sxvadasxva simaRle iwvevs ZiriTadi
membranis misTvis Sesatyvisi siCqariT rxevas.
bgeris lokalizaciac moicavs, sul mcire, or
gansxvavebul process: Tavis tvinSi aris uj-
redebi, romlebic amCneven gansxvavebas droSi,
rac sWirdeba bgeras TiToeul yurTan misaRwevad
da gansxvavebas intensivobaSi, romelsac aRiqvams
TiToeuli yuri.
sxva SegrZnebebi
Cven yvelaze didi dro davuTmeT mxed-
velobisa da smeniTi procesebis ganxilvas, rad-
gan es sakiTxebi yvelaze ukeT aris Seswavlili
mecnierTa mier, magram sxva SegrZnebebic
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben adamianis TviT-
gadarCenis da, aseve, garemos dauflebis unarSi.
Cven mokled ganvixilavT sxva SegrZnebebs.
ynosva
Tqven, albaT, SegiZliaT warmoidginoT si-
tuacia, roca bednieri iqnebodiT ynosvis Segr-
Znebis dakargviT: gyoliaT rodisme ZaRli,
romelsac waugia skunsTan brZola? magram Tavi-
dan rom aviciloT skunsis sunis gancda, Cven,
agreTve, unda davkargoT vardis surnelis,
cxeli popkornis, zRvidan momavali sunis
SegrZnebis unari. suni _ kargi Tu cudi _
pirvelad Tavis arsebobas receptoris cilebTan
urTierTqmedebisas gvatyobinebs, romelic
ynosvis bususebis membranaze mdebareobs (ix.
sur. 4.19). mas SeuZlia miiRos nivTierebis
mxolod rva molekula, raTa dasabami misces
erT-erTs am nervuli impulsebidan, magram, sul
mcire, 40 nervuli daboloeba unda iyos
stimulirebuli, raTa SeigrZnoT nivTierebis
suni. es nervuli impulsebi sunis Sesaxeb
informacias ynosvis bolqvSi agzavnian, romelic
ganlagebulia receptorebis zemoT da Sublis
wilis qvemoT. ynosviTi procesi iwyeba qimiuri
nivTierebis SesvliT ynosviTi neironebis ionur
arxebSi, es ki, rogorc naxsenebi iyo mesame TavSi,
ynosvis bolqvi (olfactory bulb) _ centri, sadacynosvis receptorebi agzavnian TavianT signa-
lebs, romelic ganlagebulia zustad Tavis
tvinis qerqis Sublis wilis qveviT.
feromenebi (pheromones) _ qimiuri signalebi,
romelsac gamoyofen organizmebi mocemuli sa-
xeobis sxva wevrebTan urTierTobis dasamyareb-
lad; xSirad funqcionireben, rogorc distan-
turi seqsualuri mimzidvelebi.
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iwvevs moqmedi potencialis aRmocenebas (Restrepo
et al., 1990).
ynosvis SegrZneba erT-erTi im mcire funqcia-
Tagania nervul sistemaSi, romelic aris TviT-
ganaxlebadi: roca Tqveni ynosvis receptorebi
daberdebian da mokvdebian, maT axali ujredebi
cvlis, romelic axal kavSirebs ayalibebs
ynosvis bolqvTan (Farman, 1992).
ynosva, rogorc Cans, ganviTarda, rogorc
sistema, romelic emsaxureboda sakvebis aRmo-
Cenasa da adgilmdebareobis gansazRvras (Mon-
crieff, 1951). Zalian bevri saxeobisaTvis ynosva,
agreTve, gamoiyeneboda safrTxis potenciuri
wyaros aRmosaCenad. is am funqcias kargad
asrulebda, radgan organizmebi ar unda Sesu-
liyvnen pirdapir kontaqtSi sxva organizmebTan,
raTa daeynosaT isini. garda amisa, ynosva SeiZ-
leba aqtiuri komunikaciis mZlavri forma iyos.
zogierTi saxeobis cxovelebi erTmaneTTan
qimiuri signalebis gamoyofiTa da aRmoCeniT
Sedian kontaqtSi. am qimiur signalebs fero-
menebs uwodeben. feromenebi qimiuri nivTiere-
bebia, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTi saxeobis far-
glebSi, rogorc seqsualuri mgrZnobelobis,
safrTxis, teritoriuli sazRvrebisa da sakvebi
wyaros signalebi. magaliTad, sxvadasxva saxe-
obis mwerebis mamri gamoyofs feromenebs, riTac
atyobinebs mdedrebs, rom is mzadaa Sewyvile-
bisaTvis (Farine et al., 1996; Minckley et al., 1991).
ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvneloba icvleba
saxeobaTa Soris. ZaRlebs, virTxebs, mwerebsa
da sxva bevr cocxal arsebas, visTvisac ynosva
umniSvnelovanesia TviTgadarCenisaTvis, gaci-
lebiT maxvili ynosva aqvs, vidre adamians. maTi
Tavis tvinis SedarebiT didi nawili emsaxureba
ynosvis SegrZnebas. adamianebi ynosvas, rogorc
Cans, ZiriTadad, gemosTan kavSirSi iyeneben, raTa
ipovon da airCion sakvebi, magram arsebobs iseTi
faqtebic, rom adamianebic gamoyofen da
SeigrZnoben feromenebis msgavs nivTierebebs
(Jacob & McClintock, 2000). amas gvafiqrebinebs,
magaliTad, is faqti, rom, droTa ganmavlobaSi
axlo megobrebis menstrualuri cikli qalTa
saerTo sacxovrebelSi sinqronizacias iwyebs
(McClintock, 1971; Stern & McClintock, 1998). es
sinqronizacia qimiuri signalebiT aixsneba,
romlis SegrZnebac xdeba ynosvis saSualebiT
(Cutler et al., 1986; Preti et al., 1986). mecnierebi, agreTve,
suraTi 4.19
ynosvis receptorebi
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amtkiceben, rom ynosva SeiZleba garkveul rols
TamaSobdes seqsualuri aqtivobisadmi adamianis
mzaobaSi.
saidan
viciT
asrulebs Tu ara ynosva raime rols
adamianis seqsualur aqtivobaSi
kvlevaSi 289 qali monawileobda. maT
unda SeefasebinaT androstenonis, mama-
kacis oflis ZiriTadi komponentis suni.
qalebis umetesoba suns afasebda, rogorc
„arasasiamovnos~ an „aramimzidvels~. am
zogadi kanonzomierebidan gamonaklisi
iyvnen is qalebi, romelTac ovulacia
hqondaT. sunis maTeuli Sefasebebi ufro
neitralur iyo. ra daskvna SeiZleba
gavakeToT? mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
qalebi, romelTac ovulacia da, Sesa-
bamisad, dafexmZimebis ufro didi Sansi
hqondaT, naklebad savaraudoa, rom winaaR-
mdegobas gauweven mamakacTa seqsualur
iniciativas mxolod maTi arasasiamovno
bunebrivi sunis gamo (Grammer, 1993).
albaT, gagaocaT ynosvis SegrZnebis mniSvne-
lobam adamianis seqsualur cxovrebaSi.
gemos SegrZneba
sakvebisa da Rvinis gurmanebs aqvT kargad
ganviTarebuli unari, SeamCnion odnavi gan-
sxvaveba gemoSi, Tumca, maTi umetesoba amisaTvis
realurad ynosvas iyenebs da ara _ gemos Segr-
Znebas. roca Tqven WamT, ynosvisa da gemos Segr-
Znebebi mWidrod TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan.
roca gaciebuli xarT, sakvebi ugemuri geCvenebaT,
radgan Tqveni cxviris Sesasvlelebi bloki-
rebulia da dakarguli gaqvT ynosva. Tavad
SegiZliaT darwmundeT amaSi: cxvirze xelwa-
Werilma SeecadeT ipovoT gansxvaveba erTnairi
teqsturis, magram gansxvavebuli sunis mqone
sakvebs Soris, magaliTad, vaSlisa da karto-
filis um naWrebs Soris. im saerTo sacxovrebel-
Si mcxovrebi zogierTi studentis azriT, rome-
lic saxelganTqmuli iyo Tavisi cudi sakvebiT,
cxvirsacobis gakeTeba Wamis dros saWmels ukar-
gavs gemos, ris Sedegadac yvela kerZs erTnairi
gemo aqvs, rac bevrad ukeTesia, vidre maTi
sakuTari gemo!
Tqveni enis zedapiri dafarulia gemos dvri-
lebiT, romelic mas uswormasworo iers aZlevs.
am dvrilebis didi nawili gemos receptoruli
ujredebis jgufebs Seicavs, romelsac gemos
bolqvebs uwodeben (ix. sur. 4.20). gemos recep-
toris erTi ujredis Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom
individualuri receptoruli ujredebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben gemos oTxi Tvisebidan erT-
erTze: tkbilze, mJaveze, mwaresa an mlaSeze
(Frank & Nowlis, 1989). gasul wlebSi mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines gemos mexuTe, ZiriTadi Tvisebis
receptorebi _ umami (umami) (Chaudhari et al., 2000).umami natriumis glutamatia (MGS), romelsac
xSirad umateben aziur saWmelebs da bunebrivad
gvxvdeba cilebiT mdidar sakvebSi, rogoricaa
xorci, zRvis produqtebi da Zveli yveli. Tumca,
am xuTi Tvisebis receptoruli ujredebi mci-
rediT sxva gemozec reagireben, „saukeTeso~ reaq-
cia yvelaze sworad asaxavs Tvisebas. rogorc
Cans, gemos am ZiriTadi klasebisTvis gardaqmnis
sistemebi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad arse-
bobs (Bartoshuk &Beauchamp, 1994).
gemos SegrZnebis receptorebi SeiZleba da-
ziandnen alkoholis, sigaretis bolis, mJavis
Sedegad. sabednierod, gemos SegrZnebis recep-
torebi ramdenime dReSi erTxel icvleba _ ufro
xSirad, vidre ynosvis receptorebi. marTlac,
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gemos SegrZnebis sistema dazianebis mimarT
yvelaze didi winaaRmdegobis unarianobiT
gamoirCeva, sxva SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT. Zalian
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom vinmem srulebiT, samu-
damod dakargos gemos SegrZneba (Bartoshuk, 1990).
Sexebisa da kanis SegrZnebebi
kani SesaniSnavad adaptirebadi organoa.
garda imisa, rom is gicavT zedapiris
dazianebisagan, gamoSrobisagan, gexmarebaT
temperaturis regulaciaSi. is Seicavs nervul
daboloebebs, romlebic warmoSoben wnevis,
siTbosa da sicivis SegZnebebs. am SegrZnebebs
kanis SegrZnebebi ewodebaT.
radganac Tqven didi raodenobiT sensorul
informacias iRebT kanis saSualebiT, sxeulis
zedapirTan axlos gansxvavebuli tipis mravali
receptoruli ujredi funqcionirebs (ix. sur.
4.21). naxatze gamosaxuli TiToeuli tipis recep-
tori kanTan sxvadasxva tipis kontaqtze rea-
girebs (Sekular & Blake, 1994). meisneris sxeulebi
yvelaze kargad reagireben maSin, roca raime
exaxuneba kans, xolo merkelis diskebi yvelaze
metad maSin arian aqtiurebi, roca raime patara
obieqti awveba kans. Tqven, albaT, gagikvirdebaT,
roca gaigebT, rom siTbosa da sicivis SegrZne-
bebisaTvis gansxvavebuli receptorebi arsebobs.
Tqven ar gaqvT erTi receptori, romelic
moqmedebs Termometris msgavsad. Tqveni Tavis
tvini siTbosa da sicivis calkeuli signalebis
integrirebas axdens, raTa akontrolos garemos
temperaturuli cvlilebebi.
kanis mgrZnobiaroba wnevisadmi Zalian farTo
diapazonSi icvleba sxeulis sxvadasxva ubanze.
magaliTad, Tqven 10-jer ufro zustad gan-
sazRvravT stimulis lokalizacias TiTebis
wverebze, vidre _ zurgze. sxeulis sxvadasxva
nawilis mgrZnobiarobis gansxvavebuloba gan-
pirobebulia nervuli daboloebebis simWid-
roviT garkveul ubnebSi da, agreTve, sensoruli
qerqis didi farTobiT, romelic maT See-
satyviseba. mesame TavSi naxeT, rom mgrZno-
biaroba udidesia iq, sadac es yvelaze metad
gWirdebaT _ saxeze, enasa da xelebze. zusti
sensoruli ukukavSiri sxeulis am nawilebidan
uzrunvelyofs Wamis, laparakis da aRqmis
procesebis efeqtur mimdinareobas.
suraTi 4.20
gemos receptorebi
nawili A gviCvenebs dvrilebis ganawilebas enis zeda mxareze.
nawili B gviCvenebs erT dvrils, romelic naxatze gadidebulia, raTa gamoCndes calkeuli gemos bolqvebi.
nawili C gviCvenebs gadidebulad erT-erT gemos bolqvs.
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kanis mgrZnobelobis erTi aspeqti centralur
rols adamianur urTierTobebSi asrulebs: esaa
Sexeba. Sexebis saSualebiT Tqven gadascemT
sxvebs Tqvens survils, miiRoT an gasceT sim-
Svide, mxardaWera, siyvaruli da vneba. Sexebis
adgils didi mniSvneloba aqvs erotiuli an
seqsualuri SegrZnebis aRmocenebaSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare adgilebs
erogenuli zonebi ewodeba. sxva mgrZnobiare
erotiuli adgilebis aRgznebis potenciali
interindividualuri gansxvavebulobiT xasiaT-
deba. is damokidebulia daswavlil asociaciebsa
da sensoruli receptorebis koncentraciaze
mocemul adgilze.
Sexeba SeiZleba garkveul rols TamaSobdes
TviTgadarCenis procesSi. magaliTad, naadrevad
dabadebuli bavSvebi, romelTac saavadmyofoSi
45 wuTis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiuri masaJi
utardebodaT, fizikurad da gonebrivad gaci-
lebiT ufro swrafad izrdebodnen da viTarde-
bodnen im TanatolebTan SedarebiT, romelTac
ar utardebodaT masaJi (Field & Schanberg, 1990).
virTxebze Catarebuli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom
energiuli stimulacia aTavisuflebs zrdis
hormonebs da aaqtiurebs zrdis ferments _
dekarboqsilazas (ODC - onithine decarboxylase) Tavistvinsa da sxva sasicocxlo organoebSi. is naSi-
erebi, romlebic sicocxlis pirvel wlebSi
xSirad ayavdaT xelSi, ufro janmrTelebi arian
kanis SegrZnebebi (cutaneous senses) _ wnevis, siT-bosa da sicivis SegrZnebebi.
erogenuli zonebi (erogeneous zones) _ kanis zeda-piris adgilebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mgrZno-
biareni arian gaRizianebisadmi da warmoSoben
erotiul da seqsualur SegrZnebebs.
suraTi 4.21
kanis SegrZnebaTa
receptorebi
ramdenime sxvadasxva tipis
receptori aris pasuxismgebeli
kanis SegrZnebaTa gancdaze,
rogorica Sexebis, siTbosa da
sicivis SegrZnebebi. magaliTad,
meisneris sxeulebi yvelaze
kargad reagireben raime
obieqtis gaxaxunebaze kanis
mimarT, merkelis diskebi
yvelaze aqtiurni arian patara
obieqtebis kanze dawolis
mimarT.
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mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. sakontrolo jgufis
cxovelebTan SedarebiT, stimulirebuli naSi-
erebi gamoirCeodnen stresisadmi ufro meti
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unariT, ufro nela ber-
debodnen, maTi Tavis tvinis ujredebi ki ufro
didxans inarCunebdnen sicocxlisunarianobas
da ukeTesi mexsiereba hqondaT (Meany et al., 1998).aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikuli rekomendacia
aseTia: SeexeT xSirad imaT, viszedac zrunavT
da sxvebic waaxaliseT, rom Tqvenc Segexon
xSirad – es ara marto siamovnebas moggvriT,
aramed gaaumjobesebs rogorc Tqvens, agreTve,
maT janmrTelobasac (Montague, 1986).
wonasworobisa da kinesteTikuri
SegrZnebebi
wonasworobis da kinesTetikuri SegrZnebebi
TqvenTvis SeiZleba ucnobic ki iyos, radganc
maT ara aqvT receptorebi, romelTa danaxva
SeiZleba, rogorc magaliTad, Tvalebis, yurebis
an cxviris. wonasworobis SegrZneba sivrceSi
Cveni sxeulis, gansakuTrebiT, Tavis orientaciis
SegrZnebas gvaZlevs. am informacias gvawvdian
receptorebi, patara bususebi, romelnic Sida
yurSi _ siTxiT savse parkuWebsa da arxebSi
mdebareoben. es bususebi ixreba, roca siTxe
moZraobs da awveba maT, es ki maSin xdeba, roca
Tavs swrafad amoZravebT. parkuWi da tiki
gatyobinebT informacias sworxazovani moZra-
obis aCqarebisa da Senelebis Sesaxeb (ix. sur.
4.16). sami arxi, romelTac naxevarrkalovan
arxebs uwodeben, erTmaneTis mimarT marTi
kuTxiTaa ganlagebulni, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs miviRoT informacia nebismieri
mimarTulebiT moZraobis Sesaxeb _ Tu rogor
moZraobs Tavi, roca vtrialdebiT, roca vaqnevT
mas, an gverdze gadavxriT.
adamianebi, romlebmac ubeduri SemTxvevebisa
Tu avadmyofobis gamo dakarges wonasworobis
SegrZneba, sakmod dezorientirebulni arian,
xSirad ecemian, axasiaTebT Tavbruxveva. miuxeda-
vad amisa, aseTi adamianebis umravlesoba, bolos
da bolos, mainc axerxebs am naklis kompensi-
rebas imiT, rom ufro metad eyrdnoba vizualur
informacias. gulisreva moZraobisas maSin aRmo-
cendeba, rodesac vizualuri sistemidan moma-
vali signalebi konfliqtSi Sedis vestibula-
ruli aparatidan wamosul signalebTan. moZrav
transportSi kiTxvisas adamianebs xSirad uCn-
debaT gulisrevis SegrZneba. amis mizezi isaa,
rom vizualuri signalebi uZravi obieqtidan
modis, xolo vestibularuli SegrZnebebi _
moZravi obieqtidan. mZRolebs iSviaTad emar-
TebaT es avadmyofoba, radgan isini xedaven da
grZnoben kidec moZraobas.
rasac ar unda akeTebdeT, idgeT verti-
kalurad, xatavdeT Tu varjiSobdeT, Tqvens tvins
sWirdeba zusti informacia Tqveni sxeulis
poziciisa Tu misi nawilebis sivrciTi mimar-
Tebisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb. kinesTetikuri
SegrZneba uzrunvelyofs mudmiv sensorul uku-
kavSirs sxeulis motoruli aqtivobis Sesaxeb.
amis gareSe Tqven ver SeZlebdiT nebismieri moZ-
raobebis didi nawilis koordinirebas.
Tqven gaqvT kinesTetikuri informaciis ori
wyaro: receptorebi, romlebic mdebareoben
saxsrebSi da receptorebi, romlebic mdeba-
reoben kunTebsa da myesebSi. saxsrebSi mdebare
receptorebi reagireben im daWimulobaze,
romelic Tan axlavs kidurebis sxvadasxva po-
zicias da daWimulobis cvlilebebze, rasac
wonasworobis SegrZneba (vestibular sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulis orientaciis
Sesaxeb sivrceSi.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba (kinesthetic sense) _ in-
formacias gvawvdis Cveni sxeulisa da misi na-
wilebis moZraobisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
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iwvevs saxsrebis moZraobebi. kunTebsa da myesebSi
mdebare receptorebi reagireben im daZabulobis
cvlilebebze, romelic Tan axlavs kunTebis
SekumSvasa da gafarToebas.
Tavis tvini xSirad axdens kinesTetikuri
SegrZnebebidan miRebuli informaciis integ-
rirebas Sexebis SegrZnebidan miRebul infor-
maciasTan. Tavis tvins ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
im signalebis srulyofili gaazreba, romelic
TiToeuli TiTidan modis, Tuki mas zustad ar
ecodineba TiTebis mdebareoba erTmaneTis mimarT.
warmoidgineT, rom, raRac sagnebs daxuWuli
TvalebiT agrovebT. Sexebis SegrZneba gaZlevT
saSualebas, mixvdeT, aris Tu ara aRebuli
obieqti qva, magram kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
giqmniT warmodgenas mis sidideze.
tkivili
zemoT Sexebis SegrZnebis garkveuli aspeqtebi
ganvixileT. Tqven iciT, rom fizikuri kontaqtis
garkveuli formebi tkivils iwveven. tkivili
aris organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone
gamRizianeblebiT stimulaciaze, romelic
sakmaod intensiuria, raTa qsovilis dazianeba
gamoiwvios an mas safrTxe Seuqmnas. xarT Tu
ara srulebiT kmayofili aseTi kargad gan-
viTarebuli tkivilis SegrZnebiT? Tqveni pasuxi,
albaT, orive iqneba _ „ki~-c da „ara~-c. „ki~-s
SemTxvevaSi tkivilis SegrZneba mniSvnelovania
Tqveni gadarCenisTvis. adamianebi, romelTac
dabadebidan dakarguli aqvT tkivilis Segr-
Znebis unari, xSirad iReben sxeulis sxvadasxva
dazianebebs, romelTa Tavidan acileba SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda, Tuki Tavis tvini SeZlebda
maT gafrTxilebas mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb (Larner et al., 1994). maTi magaliTi gasagebs
xdis tkivilis SegrZnebis, rogorc dacvis
signalis mniSvnelobas _ is gafrTxilebT
potenciuri zianis Sesaxeb. „aras~ upasuxebT,
radgan zogjer aris momentebi, roca Tqven
bednieri iqnebodiT, rom SegZlebodaT tkivilis
SegrZnebis gamorTva. 50 milionze meti adamiani
aSS-Si itanjeba mudmivi, qronikuli tkiviliT.
samedicino xarjebi tkivilis gasayuCeblad
da dakarguli samuSao dReebi weliwadSi 70
miliard dolaradaa Sefasebuli (Turk, 1994).
rogorc Cans, uwyveti, qronikuli tkivili
xSirad iwvevs mwvave depresias da mizezia imisa,
rom aseTi tkivilebis mqone adamianebi uar-
yofiTad afaseben TavianT cxovrebas (Banks &Kerns, 1996). gasagebia, rom mecnierebs ainteresebT
tkivilis SegrZnebis gamomwvevi meqanizmebis
Seswavla, raTa daeuflon misi Semcirebis
teqnikas.
tkivilis meqanizmebi
TiTqmis yvela cxoveli ibadeba ama Tu im
tipis tkivilis dacviTi sistemiT, romelic
iwvevs avtomaturad garkveuli stimulebisagan
gaqcevis refleqss. roca stimulis intensivoba
zeda zRurbls miaRwevs, organizmi gaqceviT
pasuxobs, ra Tqma unda, Tuki SeuZlia es. garda
amisa, is swrafad swavlobs tkivilis gamomwvevi
tkivili (pain) _ organizmis reaqcia mavne zemoq-medebis mqone gamRizianeblebis stimulaciaze,
romelic aris sakmaod intensiuri, raTa gamoiw-
vios qsovilis dazianeba an Seuqmnas mas safr-
Txe.
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stimulebis identificirebas da SeZlebisada-
gvarad Tavidan icilebs maT.
arsebobs ori saxis tkivilis SegrZneba:
nocicepturi da nevropaTiuri. nocicepturi
tkivili aris uaryofiTi SegrZneba, romelsac
mavne zemoqmedebis mqone gamRizianebeli iwvevs.
magaliTad, es aris SegrZneba, romelic gagiC-
ndebaT cxel qurasTan Sexebisas. kanSi mdebare
specialuri nervuli daboloeba agzavnis tki-
vilis Setyobinebas Tqveni xelidan zeviT,
zurgis tvinis gavliT Tavis tvinisaken. xelis
ukan gamoweviT SegiZliaT am tipis tkivilis
Sewyveta. nevropaTiuri tkivili gamowveulia
nervebis aranormaluri gadaWarbebuli funqcio-
nirebiT. is aRmocendeba dazianebuli an daava-
debuli nervebidan, risi mizezicaa, magaliTad,
ubeduri SemTxveva an kibo. medikamentebs da
mkurnalobis sxva saSualebebs, romlebic awyna-
reben nervebs, aseTi tipis tkivilebis Semsubu-
qeba SeuZliaT.
mecnierebma im specifikuri receptorebis
gansazRvra daiwyes, romlebic reagireben
tkivilis gamomwvev stimulebze. maT aRmoaCines,
rom zogierTi receptori mxolod
temperaturaze reagirebs, zogierTi _ qimiur
nivTierebebze, sxvebi ki _ meqanikur stimulebze.
arsebobs receptorebi, romlebic tkivilis
gamomwvevi stimulebis kombinaciaze reagireben.
tkivilis boWkoebis qseli qmnis SesaniSnav bades,
romelic mTel sxeuls faravs. periferiuli
nervuli boWkoebi tkivilis signalebs centra-
lur nervul sistemaSi ori gziT agzavnian:
swrafi gamtarunarianobis nervuli boWkoebiT,
romlebic dafarulni arian mieliniT da neli,
ufro patara nervuli boWkoebiT, mielinis
safarvelis gareSe. zurgis tvinTan dawyebuli
impulsebi gadaecema Talamuss da Semdeg _ Tavis
tvinis qerqs, sadac xdeba tkivilis lokali-
zaciisa da intensivobis gansazRvra, dazianebis
mniSvnelovnebis Sefaseba da samoqmedo gegmis
dasaxva.
tkivilis fsiqologia
emociuri reaqciebi, konteqstualuri faqto-
rebi da situaciis interpretacia SeiZleba
iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdes tki-
vilis gancdaSi, rogorc realuri fizikuri
stimuli (Price, 2000; Turk, 1994). fsiqologiuri
procesebis mniSvnelobas tkivilis gancdaSi
naTlad gviCvenebs Semdegi ori ukiduresi Sem-
Txveva: erTi, roca aris tkivili, magram ar ar-
sebobs misi gamomwvevi fizikuri stimuli da
meore, roca ar aris tkivili, miuxedavad didi
intensivobis tkivilis gamomwvevi stimulis
arsebobisa. magaliTad, im adamianTa 10%-ze meti,
romelTac amputirebuli aqvT kidurebi, uCivian
mwvave da qronikul tkivilebs im kidurSi,
romelic maT aRar aqvT. amas fantomuri kiduris
fenomeni ewodeba (Melzack, 1992). amis sapiris-
pirod, zogierT individs, romelic monawi-
leobs religiur ritualebSi, SeuZlia tkivi-
lis SegrZnebis blokireba tkivilis gamom-
nocicefturi tkivili (nociceptive pain) _ gamowve-ulia mavne zemoqmedebis mqone eqsternaluri
stimuliT; kanSi arsebuli specializebuli
nervuli daboloebebi agzavnian tkivilis
Sesaxeb Setyobinebas kanidan zurgis tvinis
gavliT Tavis tvinSi.
nevropaTiuri tkivili (neuropathic pain) _gamowve-ulia nervebis aranormaluri an zedmetad
aqtiuri funqcionirebiT; is nervebis dazianebis
an daavadebis mizezia.
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni (phantom limb phenom-enon) _ mwvave da qronikuli tkivilis SegrZneba
amputirebul kidurSi.
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gqoniaT odesme aseTi gamoc-
dileba? Tqven miirTmevT ro-
melime Zalian cxare kerZs Ci-
nur an tailandur restoranSi
da SemTxveviT CakbiCeT Zalze
cxare wiwaka. am momentSi is
siamovneba, romelsac sakvebi-
sgan iRebT, Zlier tkivilad
gadaiqceva. Tuki aseT ram
odesme SegmTxveviaT, Tqven
iciT, rom gemos sferoSi ar-
sebobs kavSiri maT Soris, rac
ganiWebT siamovnebas da tki-
vils. ganvixiloT es damoki-
debuleba.
fiziologiurad advilia
imis axsna, Tu ratom iwvevs cxa-
re wiwaka tkivils. Tqvens enaze
arsebuli gemos bolqvebi
dakavSirebulia nocicepturi
tkivilis boWkoebTan (Bartoshuk,1993). amrigad, erTi da igiveqimiurma nivTierebam SeiZleba
gaaRizianos rogorc gemos
bolqvebSi mdebare recep-
torebi, ise, masTan Zalian
axlos mdebare tkivilis boW-
koebi (Caterina et al., 2000). cxarewiwakis SemTxvevaSi, es nivTie-
rebaa kafsacini. Tuki Tqven
gsurT isiamovnoT cxare sakve-
biT, unda SeecadoT sakvebSi
SeinarCunoT am nivTierebis
saWiro koncentracia ise, rom
man ufro metad gaaRizianos
Tqveni gemos receptorebi,
vidre tkivilis receptorebi.
albaT gainteresebT, ratom
gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTma-
neTisagan cxare sakvebis mimarT
damokidebulebis mixedviT? maT
ukvirT xolme, roca maT
megobrebs SeuZliaT an ar
SeuZliaT cxare sakvebis Wama.
am gansxvavebis asaxsnelad
kvlav fiziologias mivmarToT.
rac ufro metia gemos bol-
qvebi, miT ufro metia tkivilis
receptorebic. amitom ufro
didia imis albaToba, rom is
adamianebi, romelTac bevri
gemos bolqvebi aqvT, ufro
Zlier tkivils ganicdian kafsa-
cinisagan. im individebs, romel-
Tac bevri gemos bolqvebi aqvT,
superdegustatorebi daarqves
(Bartoshuk, 1993), xolo maT, visac
ufro mcire raodenebiT aqvT es
receptorebi _ nondegustato-
rebi. individTa es ori jgufi
ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
mravali gemos SegrZnebebis
mixedviT _ Tqven SeiZleba arc
icodeT superdegustatori
xarT, nondegustatori Tu raRac
Sualeduri. gansxvaveba mxolod
garkveuli qimiuri nivTiere-
bebis, magaliTad, kafsacinis
mimarT mgrZnobiarobaSi vlin-
deba.
gemos bolqvebis simWidrovis
mixedviT interindividualuri
sxvaoba genetikuri aRmoCnda
(Bartoshuk et al., 1994). qalebi ufro
xSirad arian superdegusta-
torebi, vidre kacebi. super-
degustatorebi, saerTod, ufro
mgrZnobiareni arian mware qimi-
uri nivTierebebis mimarT (sim-
ware damaxasiaTebelia sawam-
lavTa didi umravlesobisaTvis).
radganac qals yovelTvis ufro
meti pasuxismgebloba ekisre-
boda STamomavlobis gazrdasa
da kvebaSi evoluciis manZilze,
im qalebis bavSvebs, romlebsac
meti gemos mgrZnobiaroba axa-
siaTebdaT, gadarCenis ufro
meti Sansi hqondaT. radganac
degustatoris statusi gene-
tikuria, am aspeqtSi gansxva-
veba ukve patara bavSvebSic
SeimCneva (Anliken et al., 1991).
xuTidan Svid wlamde super-
degustatori bavSvebi upira-
tesobas aniWeben rZes yvelTan
SedarebiT da piriqiT _
nondegustatorebi _ yvels
rZesTan SedarebiT. ratom?
superdegustatorebi rZes
aRiqvamen, rogorc ufro
Tbils da yvels _ rogorc
ufro mwares, vidre nonde-
gustatorebi. amrigad, gene-
tikuri gansxvavebebi gvexma-
reba avxsnaT, Tu ratom aqvs
zogierT bavSvs ase gamo-
xatuli gemos Taviseburebani.
magram, modiT davubrundeT
restornis kerZs, romelmac
tkivilis SegrZneba gamoiwvia.
albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom
tkivilis SegrZneba TandaTan
qreba. am mxriv, pirSi ganla-
gebuli tkivilis receptorebi
moqmedebs sxva sensoruli
receptorebis msgavsad: droTa
ganmavlobaSi Tqven adap-
tirdebiT mudmivi stimu-
laciis mimarT. albaT Zalian
kargia, rom sensorul proce-
sebs tkivilis Semsubuqebis
funqciac aqvT da mas saWiro
momentSi gvTavazoben xolme.
ratom iwvevs cxare saWmeli tkivils?
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
(a) (b)
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wvevi intensiuri stimulaciis pirobebSic,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, cxel nakverCxlebze
siaruli an nemsiT sxeulis gaxvreta.
saerTod, tkivilis SegrZnebaze did gavlenas
axdens konteqsti da reagirebis SeZenili Cvevebi.
vinaidan tkivili fsiqologiuri reaqciebis erT-
erTi saxea, is SeiZleba Seicvalos iseTi
mkurnalobis Sedegad, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesebze iseTi zemoqmedebas iyenebs, rogoricaa
hipnozi, Rrma relaqsacia, yuradRebis gadatana.
magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe mSobiarobis mo-
samzadebeli lamazes (Lamaze) meTodiT samSobiaro
tkivilebis Semcirebas ramdenime aseTi meTodis
kombinaciiT cdiloben. lamazes sunTqviTi
varjiSebi mSobiares relaqsaciaSi exmareba da
yuradReba gadaaqvs tkivilis adgilidan.
yuradRebis gadatanis, sasiamovno warmodgenebis,
Setyobinebebis gamoyeneba qmnis rbil, sasargeblo
Semxvedr stimulacias da meuRlisa Tu megobris
socialuri mxardaWera _ yvelaferi erTad momaval
dedas am mtkivneul situaciaze kontrolis Zlier
gancdas aZlevs.
ra gavlenas axdens tkivilis SegrZnebaze
fsiqologiuri konteqstSi? erT-erTi Teoria,
romelic tkivilis Semcirebis gzebs exeba, cno-
bilia karibWis kontrolis Teoriis saxeliT
(Ronald Mezlack, 1973, 1980). am Teoriis mixedviT,zurgis tvinis ujredebi moqmedeben rogorc nev-
rologiuri kari, romelic xels uSlis
tkivilis zogierTi signalis Tavis tvinSi
SeRwevas da mis blokirebas axdens, zogierTs
ki _ atarebs. Tavis tvini da kanis receptorebi
signals zurgis tvinisken agzavnian, raTa man
gaaRos an daketos es kari. Tavis tvinidan
swored es daRmavali signali uzrunvelyofs
fsiqologiur konteqsts, romelic axlavs Tan
tkivils. gasul wlebSi melzakma (Melzack, 1999)
warmoadgina ganaxlebuli Teoria _ tkivilis
neiromatriculi Teoria, romelic xsnis im faq-
tebs, rom adamianebi xSirad ganicdian tkivils
Zalian mcire intensivobis an ararsebuli fi-
zikuri gamRizianeblis pirobebSi: am SemTxv-
evaSi tkivilis gancda mxolod tvinSia aRmo-
cenebuli.
is, Tu rogor aRiqvamT tkivils, ras eubnebiT
mis Sesaxeb sxvebs da rogor reagirebT tkivil-
gamayuCeblebze, Tqven fsiqologiur mdgo-
mareobas ufro asaxavs, vidre tkivilis
gamomwvevi gamRizianeblis intensivobas. is,
rasac Tqven aRiqvamT, SeiZleba iyos sakmaod
gansxvavebuli da zogjer srulebiTac
damoukidebeli imasagan, Tu ras SeigrZnobT,
rogorc amis Sesaxeb mexuTe TavSi visaubrebT,
romelic aRqmis fsiqologias eZRvneba.
Sejameba
ynosvis SegrZnebis nervuli impulsebi aRmo-
cendeba maSin, roca haerSi arsebuli qimiuri
nivTiereba kontaqtSi Seva ynosvis bususebTan.
ynosva did rols asrulebs seqsualuri qcevis
regulaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovani funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi. ynosvisa da gemos sistemebi
SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs sakvebi produqtebis
umravlesobis SegrZnebisas. gemo warmoadgens
Sesatyvisi gemos bolqvebis reaqciebis nazavs
sitkboze, simJaveze, simwaresa da simlaSeze.
Tqven SegiZliaT ganicadoT wnevis, siTbosa
da sicivis SegrZnebebi kanSi moTavsebuli
receptoruli ujredebis saSualebiT. Sexeba
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs komunikaciasa da
gadarCenis procesSi. wonasworobis SegrZneba
uzrunvelyofs Tqveni Tavisa da sxeulis orien-
tacias sivrceSi. kinesTetikuri SegrZneba pa-
suxismgebelia sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilebis
poziciaze da gexmarebaT nebismieri moZraobebis
koordinirebaSi.
Tqven ganicdiT nociceptur tkivils mavne
stimulis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi da nevro-
paTiur tkivils _ nervebis aranormaluri fun-
qcionirebis dros. fsiqologiuri konteqsti,
nawilobriv, gansazRvravs tkivilis gancdis in-
tensivobas.
karibWis kontrolis Teoria (gate-control theory)_ exeba tkivilis Semcirebas, romelic xdeba
maSin, roca zurgis tvinis garkveuli ujredebi
moqmedebs rogorc kari, uSlis xels tkivilis
gavrcelebas da misi zogierTi signalis blok-
irebas axdens, zogierTs ki agzavnis Tavis tvin-
Si.
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sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
samyaros sensoruli
Semecneba
imis gamo, rom sensoruli
procesebi mniSvnelovan
rols asruleben Cven mier
samyaros SemecnebaSi, mec-
nierebi fsiqologiis gan-
viTarebis adreul etapebzec
swavlobdnen SegrZnebebs.
fsiqofizika swavlobs fi-
zikur gamRizianebelze fsi-
qologiur reaqcias. mec-
nierebi zomaven absolu-
tursa da sxvaobis zRur-
blebs.
signalis aRmoCena saSuale-
bas aZlevs mkvlevrebs gamo-
yon erTmaneTisagan SegrZne-
bis simaxvile da pasuxis
sistematuri Secdoma.
fsiqofizikis mkvlevrebma
gansazRvres kavSiri gamRi-
zianeblis fizikur inten-
sivobasa da fsiqologiur
efeqts Soris maTematikuri
funqciis saSualebiT.
SegrZneba gamRizianeblis fi-
zikur energias nervul ko-
dad gardaqmnis.
mecnierebi cdiloben Seiswav-
lon informaciis dinebis
procesi sensoruli recepto-
rebidan Tavis tvinis
qerqisaken.
mxedvelobiTi sistema
baduraze mdebare fotore-
ceptorebi, romelTac kol-
bebsa da Cxirebs uwodeben,
sinaTlis energias nervul
impulsad gardaqmnian.
baduras gangliozuri uj-
redebi axdenen recepto-
rebidan da bipolaruli uj-
redebidan momavali signalis
integrirebas. maTi aqsonebi
warmoqmnian optikur nervebs,
romlebic mxedvelobis
jvaredinTan xvdebian
erTmaneTs.
vizualuri informacia gana-
wilebulia tvinis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi, sadac muSavdeba
vizualuri garemos
sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, rogo-
ricaa sagnebis garegnuli
saxe da maTi mdebareoba.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZe war-
moadgens gamRizianebels
ferTa SegrZnebisaTvis.
feris SegrZnebebi gansxvavdebatoniT, simaZRriTa da
sikaSkaSiT.
ferTa SegrZnebis Teoriebi
aerTianebs sami feris Sem-
grZnebi receptoris triqro-
matul Teorias da sawinaaR-
mdego procesebis Teorias,
romelic sawinaaRmdego ele-
mentebis kompoziciis ideas
eyrdnoba.
gamRizianeblis TvisebaTa aR-
moCena baduris ujredebisa
da ufro maRali donis vi-
zualuri centrebis moqmede-
biT xdeba.
smena
smenis SegrZneba warmoiqmnebabgeriTi talRiT, romelsac
gaaCna sixSire, amplituda da
sirTule.
lokokinaSi bgeriTi talRebi
transformirdebian siTxis
moZraobad, romelic amoZ-
ravebs ZiriTad membranas. Zi-
riTadi membranis bewvebi ner-
vul impulsebs gadascemen
smeniT qerqs.
adgilis Teoria saukeTesod
xsnis maRali sixSireebis ko-
direbas, sixSiris Teoria ki
_ dabali sixSireebis kodi-
rebas.
bgeris warmoSobis mimarTu-
lebis gansazRvrisaTvis moq-
medebs ori tipis nervuli
meqanizmi _ bgeraTa intensi-
vobisa da im drois Sedareba,
romelic bgeriT signals Ti-
Toeul yurTan misaRwevad
sWirdeba.
sxva SegrZnebebi
ynosvisa da gemos SegrZnebebinivTierebaTa qimiur Tvisebeb-
ze reagireben da erTad
moqmedeben, roca adamiani
eZebs da irCevs sakvebs.
ynosva cxviris RruSi ganla-
gebuli, sunisadmi mgrZno-
biare ujredebiT xorciel-
deba.
gemos receptorebi gemos
bolqvebia, romlebic mo-
Tavsebulni arian gemos
dvrilebSi, ZiriTadad, ena-
ze.
Sexebis SegrZneba gulis-
xmobs dawolisa da tem-
peraturul SegrZnebebs.
wonasworobis SegrZneba gaZ-levT informacias sxeulis
moZraobis mimarTulebisa da
siswrafis Sesaxeb.
kinesTetikuri SegrZneba gaZ-levT informacias sxeulis
nawilebis mdebareobis Se-
saxeb da gexmarebaT moZ-
raobis koordinirebaSi.
tkivili aris organizmis
dacviTi reaqcia poten-
ciurad mavne zemoqmedebis
mqone gamRizianebelze.
tkivilis fiziologiuri
reaqcia moicavs sensorul
reaqcias tkivilis gamom-
wvevi gamRizianeblis mxares
da nervul impulsebs,
romlebic moZraoben Tavis
tvinsa da zurgis tvins
Soris.
tkivili aris nawilobriv
fsiqologiuri reaqciac. is
SeiZleba Seicvalos mkur-
nalobiT, romelic aqcents
akeTebs fsiqikur procesebze
da gadaaqvs yuradReba.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
absoluturi zRurbli
akomodacia
amakrinuli ujredebi
adgilis Teoria
badura
bgeris siZliere
bgeris tonis simaRle
bipolaruli ujredebi
gangliozuri ujredebi
erogenuli zonebi
absoluturi zRurbli
veberis kanoni
zalpis principi
kanis SegrZnebebi
karibWis kontrolis Teoria
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kinesTetikuri SegrZneba
kolbebi
lokokina
mxedvelobis qerqi
nevropaTiuri tkivili
nocicefTuri tkivili
odnav SesamCnevi sxvaoba
optikuri nervi
pasuxis sistematuri Secdoma
receptoruli veli
sawinaaRmdego procesebis
Teoria
sensoruli adaptacia
sensoruli receptorebi
sensoruli fiziologia
sibnelisadmi adaptacia
signalis SemCnevis Teoria
sikaSkaSe
feris toni
sixSiris Teoria
smeniTi nervi
smeniTi qerqi
sxvaobis zRurbli
tembri
tkivili
transformacia
triqromatuli Teoria
fantomuri kiduris fenomeni
feris simaZRre
feromonebi
fovea
fotoreceptorebi
fsiqometruli funqcia
fsiqofizika
ynosvis bolqvi
SegrZneba
Semavsebeli ferebi
Cxirebi
ZiriTadi membrana
wonasworobis SegrZneba
sa
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an
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a R q m aa R q m aa R q m aa R q m aa R q m a
5 SegrZneba, organizeba,
identifikacia da cnoba
••••• proqsimaluri da
distaluri stimulebi
••••• realoba, orazrov-
neba da iluziebi •••••aRqmis Semswavleli
midgomebi
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: virtualuri
realoba
yuradRebis procesebi
••••• seleqciuri (SerCe-
viTi) yuradReba
••••• yuradReba da sagnebigaremoSi
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
••••• figura, foni dadasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)••••• perceptuli dajgu-
febis principebi
••••• sivrciTi da droiTi
integracia
••••• moZraobis aRqma••••• siRrmis aRqma••••• aRqmis konstantoba
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rogor
iWerT mfrinav burTs
identifikacia da cnoba
••••• aRmavali da daRmava-
li procesebi
••••• sagnebis cnoba••••• molodinis da kon-
teqstis gavlena
••••• bolo gakveTili
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
••••• ZiriTadi cnebebi
143
me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, rom garemo savsea sinaTlisa
da bgeris talRebiT. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa,
maTi saxiT mainc ar ganicdiT samyaros. Tqven
sinaTlis talRas ki ar `xedavT~, aramed _
plakats kedelze, bgeris talRa ki ar ̀ gesmiT~,
aramed musika iqve myofi radiodan. SegrZnebiT
iwyeba sinamdvilis uSualo asaxva, magram kidev
meti raRac sxvaa saWiro, rom stimuli azriani
da saintereso gaxdes da, rac mTavaria, sa-
Sualeba mogeceT, efeqturad upasuxoT mas. aRqma
aris im procesebis erToblioba, romlebic
sensorul xatSi awesrigeben informacias da
am informaciis, rogorc gare sinamdviliT
warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen. es
procesebi interpretaciis umaRles dones
uzrunvelyofs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs,
warmatebiT gaverkveT garemoSi.
SegrZnebasa da aRqmas Soris kavSiris ukeT
gagebis mizniT gTavazobT martiv, TvalsaCino
magaliTs. daiWireT xeli saxis win, rac SeiZ-
leba Sors. Semdeg is nela miuaxloveT saxes.
saxesTan miaxloebisas xeli sul ufro da ufro
met vizualur vels faravs. Sedegad, SeiZleba
veRar dainaxoT plakati xelis ukan, kedelze.
rogor faravs xeli plakats? xeli gadidda
aRqma (Perception) _ procesebi, romlebic sensorul
xatSi awesrigeben informacias da am informa-
ciis, rogorc samganzomilebiani garesinam-
dviliT warmoqmnilis, gancdas uzrunvelyofen.
anvixiloT kengis SemTxveva, ro-
melic ekvatoruli afrikis fij-
mis kulturidan iyo. kengs mTeli
cxovreba xSir tropikul tyeebSi
hqonda gatarebuli. erT dRes mas SesaZlebloba
mieca, pirvelad emogzaura manqaniT gaSlil
velze anTropolog kolin tarnbulTan (Colin
Turnbull) erTad. mogvianebiT tarnbulma aRwera
kengis reaqciebi:
kengma gadaxeda velebs da im adgils, sadac
ramdenime milis moSorebiT asiode bizoni Zovda.
man mkiTxa, ra mwerebi iyvnen isini, razedac
vupasuxe, rom isini bizonebi iyvnen, Tanac misTvis
cnobil tyis bizonebze orjer ufro didebi.
kengma xmamaRla gaicina da miTxra, rom es si-
sulele aRar meTqva da kvlav igive kiTxva da-
misva. mere, radgan sakmaod Wkvian kompanionad
ar mimiCnia, TavisTvis laparakobda da cdi-
lobda, bizonebi sxvadasxva WianWvelebisa da
xoWoebisaTvis miemsgavsebina, romlebic mas
manamde enaxa.
amasobaSi manqanaSi CavsxediT da im adgili-
saken daveSviT, sadac cxovelebi Zovdnen. kengi
akvirdeboda, ufro da ufro rogor diddebodnen
isini da, Tumca, yvela fijmelis msgavsad,
Tavadac guladi iyo, mainc CemTan axlos
gadmojda da Caibutbuta, rom es raRac
jadoqroba iyo... bolos, roca kengi mixvda, rom
cxovelebi marTla bizonebi iynen, ukve aRar
eSinoda, Tumca, kvlav afiqrebda, ratom iyvnen
isini ase patarebi, an marTla patarebi iyvnen
da uceb gaizardnen, Tu es yvelaferi raRac
oini iyo (Turnbull 1961, gv. 305).
kengis ambavi sakmaod naTlad gviCvenebs
gamocdilebis gavlenas aRqmaze. radgan kengma
cxovreba tropikul tyeebSi gaatara, mas ar
hqonda saTanado codna, raTa dauyovnebliv moex-
dina sensoruli informaciis _ Sori manZiliT
daSorebuli obieqtebidan TvalebSi areklili
sinaTlis _ interpretacia. am TavSi SeiswavliT,
rogor moqmedebs codna adamianis SesaZleb-
lobebsa da aRqmaze.
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Tu plakati dapataravda? Tqveni pasuxi iqneba:
`ra Tqma unda, ara!~ es magaliTi gviCvenebs
SegrZnebebs da aRqmas Soris gansxvavebas. xeli
imitom faravs plakats, rom saxesTan miaxlo-
ebisas is SedarebiT did gamosaxulebas qmnis
baduraze. es aRqmis procesebia, romlebic, ba-
duraze miRebuli gamosaxulebis zomebis cvli-
lebis miuxedavad, saSualebas gaZlevT gaigoT,
rom xelis da plakatis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRqma SegrZnebas aZlevs
azrs. perceptuli procesebi mniSvnelobas iReben
mudmivad cvalebadi, xSirad qaoturi Semavali
sensoruli informaciidan (input) da mas sta-
biluri, mowesrigebuli perceptuli xatebis
saxiT awesrigeben. perceptuli xati aris is, rac
aRqmulia (fenomenologiuri an gancdiTi), aRqmis
procesis Sedegi. is fizikuri sagani an recep-
torSi sagnis xati ki ar aris, aramed perceptuli
aqtivobis fsiqologiuri Sedegia. amrigad, xelis
aRqma, retinaluri gamosaxulebis zomebis
cvlilebis miuxedavad, ucvleli rCeba, radgan
interpretacia ucvleli perceptuli aqtivobiT
mimdinareobs. umetesad, aRqma da SegrZneba imdenad
Zaldautaneblad, uwyvetad da avtomaturad xdeba,
rom mas TavisTavad procesad miviCnevT. Cveni
mizania, am TavSi gagacnoT procesebi, romlebic
saSualebas gvaZleven, saTanadod avxsnaT samyaro
aseTi aSkara ZaldautaneblobiT. Tavdapirvelad
vizualur sferoSi mimdinare perceptul pro-
cesebs ganvixilavT.
SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da cnoba
termini aRqma, misi farTo mniSvnelobiT,
niSnavs garemoSi sagnebis da movlenebis wvdomis
zogad process, raTa SevigrZnoT isini, gavigoT,
movaxdinoT identifikacia, mivakuTvnoT raime
kategorias da movemzadoT maTze reagirebi-
saTvis. aRqmis procesebis ukeT gagebis mizniT
maT sam safexurad yofen: SegrZneba, perceptuli
organizacia da identifikacia/sagnebis cnoba.
rogorc me-4 TavSi vnaxeT, SegrZneba niSnavs
nervul kodebSi fizikuri energiis gardaqmnas,
romelsac tvini acnobierebs. magaliTad, Segr-
ZnebiT viRebT vizualuri velis Sesaxeb bazisur
monacemebs. baduris ujredebi imgvarad arian
mowyobilni, rom gaarCion sagnis konturebi da
kontrastebi, Tumca, mxolod sustad reagireben
ucvlel, mudmiv stimulirebaze (gaRizianebaze).
tvinis qerqis ujredebi sawyis niSnebs retinis
Semavali informaciidan iReben.
perceptuli organizacia Semdegi safexuria,
rodesac sagnis Sinagani gamosaxuleba formir-
deba da garegani stimulis aRqma yalibdeba.
Sinagani gamosaxuleba gvawvdis samyaros
zedapirul monaxazs. mxedvelobis SemTxvevaSi
perceptuli procesebiT xdeba obieqtis sava-
raudo zomis, formis, moZraobis, daSorebis da
orientaciis Sefaseba. es Sefasebebi efuZneba
goniT gaTvlas, romelic adamianis warsul
codnas mocemul grZnobad realobasa da
stimulTan aerTianebs, misi (stimulis) per-
ceptuli Sinaarsis farglebSi. aRqmisas xdeba
sagnis perceptSi iseTi martivi sensoruli
niSnebis sinTezi (integracia da kombinacia),
rogoricaa sagnis feri, konturebi da xazebi.
sagnis amocnoba Semdgom xdeba. es fsiqikuri
aqtivobebi swrafad da mizanmimarTulad,
gacnobierebis gareSe xorcieldeba.
Aam or safexurs Soris gansxvavebis ufro
naTlad gasagebad ganvixiloT doqtor riCar-
dsis avadmyofobis SemTxveva, romlis tvinis
dazianebam perceptuli procesebi daamaxinja,
Tumca SegrZneba ucvleli darCa.
saidan
viciT
SegrZnebis da perceptuli organizaciis
darRveva
doqtori riCardsi iyo ganaTlebuli
da didi gamocdilebis mqone fsiqologi.
samwuxarod, mas tvinis dazianeba hqonda,
romelmac vizualuri gancdis Secvla
gamoiwvia. rogorc Cans, ar dazianda tvinis
metyvelebis centrebi, ase rom, mas SeeZlo
sakmaod naTlad aRewera Tavisi sakmaod
perceptuli organizacia (Perceptual organization) _procesebi, romlebic sensorul informacias aer-
Tianeben, raTa aRqmas miscen TvalsaCino saxe vi-
zualur velSi.
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uCveulo vizualuri gamocdileba. mokled
rom vTqvaT, tvinis dazianebam imoqmeda
sensoruli monacemebis sworad gaerTi-
anebis unarze. magaliTad, doqtor ri-
Cardsi aRwerda, rom, Tu igi xedavda rTul
(kompleqsur) obieqts, rogoricaa adamiani
da mis vizualur velSi axlomaxlo kidev
ramdenime adamiani iyo, igi zogjer ada-
mianis nawilebs gancalkevebulad xedavda,
romlebic ar erTiandebodnen erT gamo-
saxulebaSi. mas, aseve, uWirda erTi da
imave movlenis xmisa da gamosaxulebis
gaerTianeba. rodesac vinme mReroda, mas
SeeZlo daenaxa piris moZraoba da gaegona
xma, magram ise, TiTqos xma dublirdeboda
araswori CanaweriT, raime ucxo filmSi.
movlenis nawilebi rom erTianobaSi dae-
naxa, doqtor riCardss sWirdeboda raime
Cveulebrivi faqtori, romelic `webos~
msgavsad imoqmedebda. magaliTad, Tu da-
nawevrebuli adamianis yvela nawili erTi
mimarTulebiT imoZravebda, riCardsi nawi-
lebs kvlav gaerTianebulad, dasru-
lebuli adamianis saxiT aRiqvamda. Tumca,
perceptul ̀ webos~ zogjer SeiZleba raime
absurduli konfiguracia Seeqmna. doqtor
riCardsi erTnairi feris obieqtebs, ro-
goricaa, magaliTad, banani, limoni, kanaris
Citi, gaerTianebulad dainaxavda maSinac
ki, Tu isini sivrceSi gancalkevebulni
iqnebodnen. brboSi adamianebi Serwymulad
moeCveneboda, Tu isini erTnairi feris tan-
sacmelSi iqnebodnen gamowyobilni. doq-
tor riCardsi garemos danawevrebulad,
fragmentulad da ucnaurad ganicdida,
rac absoluturad gansxvavdeboda norma-
luri gancdisagan (Marcel, 1983).
problema doqtor riCardsis TvalebSi ar
iyo, arc stimulis niSnebis analizis unarSi –
igi zustad xedavda sagnis nawilebs da Tvi-
sebebs. misi problema sinTezSi iyo, anu mas ar
SeeZlo sensoruli informaciis nawilebis ise
gaerTianeba, rom mxedvelobis velSi calkeuli
movlena erTianad, TvalsaCinod aReqva. doqtor
riCardsis SemTxveva naTels xdis aRqmasa da
SegrZnebis procesebs Soris gansxvavebas. is,
aseve, giCvenebT, rom sensoruli analizi da
perceptuli organizacia uwyvetad mimdinareobs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom ver acnobierebT maT
moqmedebas.
identifikacia da cnoba am klasifikaciaSi
mesame safexuria, rodesac perceptul xats
mniSvneloba eZleva. mrgvali sagnebi burTebad,
monetebad, saaTebad, forToxlebad an mTvareebad
`gadaiqceva~. adamianebi SeiZleba identifi-
cirdnen qalad an kacad, megobrad an mtrad,
naTesavad an rok-varskvlavad. am etapze per-
ceptuli SekiTxva: ̀ ras hgavs es sagani?~ icvleba
identifikaciis SekiTxviT: `ra aris sagani?~
dabolos, cnobis SekiTxviT: _ `ra aris sagnis
funqcia?~ imisTvis, rom raimes identifikacia
movaxdinoT, vicnoT da gavarkvioT, ra ewodeba
mas, anda rogor SeiZleba vireagiroT masze,
maRali donis kognituri procesebia saWiro,
romlis mimdinareobaze gavlenas axdens Cveni
Teoriebi, mexsiereba, Rirebulebebi, rwmenebi,
obieqtTan dakavSirebuli atitudebi.
amrigad, mokled mimovixileT informaciis
gadamuSavebis safexurebi, romlebic perceptuli
samyaros azriani gagebis saSualebas gvaZleven.
radgan me-4 Tavi SegrZnebebs Seexeboda, am TavSi
met yuradRebas davuTmobT aRqmis aspeqtebs
fizikuri energiis sawyisi transformaciis Sem-
deg. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRqma sruliad
Zaldautaneblad mimdinareobs. Semdegi qveTavis
dasawyisSi SevecdebiT, dagarwmunoT, rom rea-
lurad sakmaod daxvewil informaciis gadamu-
Savebas, did gonebriv samuSaos asrulebT, raTa
sabolood ̀ siadvilis~ am iluziamde mixvideT.
proqsimaluri da distaluri
stimulebi
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT 5.1.A suraTze
gamosaxuli pirovneba, romelic oTaxs moxer-
xebuli skamidan akvirdeba. oTaxSi moTavsebuli
sagnebidan areklili sinaTlis nawili Tva-
lebamde aRwevs da Tvalis baduraze qmnis gamo-
saxulebebs. suraTi 5.1.B gviCvenebs, Tu ras davi-
naxavdiT oTaxSi yofnisas marcxena TvaliT
(marjvniv CanaWdevi aris Tqveni cxviri, qvemo
identifikacia da cnoba (Identification and recognition)_ perceptuli xatisaTvis azris micemis gzebi.
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kideze ki _ xeli da muxli). ramdenad Seesabameba
retinaluri gamosaxuleba garemos, romelmac
is Seqmna?
erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maT
Soris isaa, rom baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
leba organzomilebiania maSin, roca Tavad
garemo samganzomilebiania. am gansxvavebas bevri
Sedegi mohyveba. magaliTad, SevadaroT sur. 5.1.A-
ze mocemuli obieqtebis formebi baduraze
miRebuli gamosaxulebebis formebs (sur. 5.1.C).magidas, noxs, fanjaras da suraTs realur
samyaroSi marTkuTxa forma aqvs, magram
retinaluri gamosaxulebebidan mxolod
fanjras aqvs aseTi forma. suraTis xati aris
trapecia, magidis Tavis xati _ arawesieri
oTxkuTxa figura da xaliCis xati, faqtobrivad
_ sami gancalkevebuli regioni ocze meti
gansxvavebuli aspeqtiT! da, kvlav, Cveni
Tavdapirveli perceptuli Tavsatexi _ rogor
aRviqvamT yvela am obieqts, rogorc erTian,
standartul marTkuTxa formis sagnebs?
situacia aq cota ufro rTulia. Tqven, albaT,
SeniSnavT, rom bevri ram, rasac oTaxSi aRiqvamT,
ar aris mocemuli retinalur gamosaxulebebSi.
magaliTad, Tqven aRiqvamT vertikalur zRvars
or kedels Soris, romelic mTel iataks mihyveba,
magram zRvris retinaluri gamosaxuleba magidis
TavTan wydeba; aseve, retinalur gamosaxulebaze
noxis nawilebi magidiTaa dafaruli, Tumca,
miuxedavad amisa, Tqven noxs aRiqvamT, rogorc
erTian, daunawevrebel marTkuTxeds. faqtob-
rivad, rodesac ganixilavT yvela gansxvavebas
garemos obieqtebsa da baduraze maT Sesabamis
gamosaxulebebs Soris, SeiZleba gagikvirdeT,
rom Tqven samyaros amdagvarad aRiqvamT.
samyaroSi fizikur sagansa da baduraze mis
optikur gamosaxulebas Soris gansxvaveba im-
denad didia da mniSvnelovani, rom fsiqologebi
maT aRqmis or gansxvavebul stimulad miiCneven.
rogorc es sur. 5.2-zea mocemuli, garemoSi mo-
cemul fizikur sagans ewodeba distaluri sti-
muli (damkvirveblidan daSorebuli), xolo
baduraze mis optikur gamosaxulebas _ proqsima-
luri stimuli (damkvirvebelTan axlos).
Cveni msjelobis ZiriTadi azri ufro mka-
fiod SeiZleba Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: risi
aRqmac gvsurs, aris distaluri stimuli –
garemoSi mocemuli `realuri~ sagani, xolo
stimuli, romlidanac informacia unda miviRoT,
aris proqsimaluri stimuli – baduraze miRe-
buli sagnis gamosaxuleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa proqsimalur stimulSi
mocemuli informaciidan distaluri stimulis
gansazRvra. es exeba aRqmis sxvadasxva mo-
dalobas. _ smenas, Sexebas, gemos da a.S. aRqma
moicavs procesebs, romlebic iyeneben proqsi-
maluri stimulebis informacias, raTa mogvawo-
don informacia distaluri stimulis Tvise-
bebze.
rom vnaxoT, distaluri da proqsimaluri
stimulebi rogor ergebian aRqmis me-3 safexurs,
ganvixiloT sur. 5.1-ze gamosaxuli erT-erTi
obieqti, kedelze dakidebuli suraTi. sensorul
safexurze es suraTi Seesabameba baduras
gamosaxulebaze organzomilebian trapecias;
misi zeda da qveda kideebi marjvniv erTmaneTs
uaxlovdebian da marjvena da marcxena kideebi
sxvadasxva sigrZisaa. es proqsimaluri stimulia.
perceptuli organizaciis safexurze am tra-
pecias xedavT, rogorc samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi gadaxril marTkuTxeds. mis zeda da qveda
kideebs aRiqvamT, rogorc paralelurs, rom-
lebic marjvna mxares daxrilebi arian, marjvena
distaluri stimuli (Distal stimulus) _ proqsimaluri
stimulisagan, anu baduraze optikuri gamo-
saxulebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRqmis procesSi
samyaroSi mocemuli fizikuri sagani.
proqsimaluri stimuli (Proximal stimulus) _ dis-taluri stimulisagan, anu samyaroSi fizikuri
sagnisagan gansxvavebiT, baduraze miRebuli op-
tikuri gamosaxuleba.
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da marcxena kideebs ki _ tolad. perceptuli
procesebi qmnis hipoTezebs distaluri stimulis
fizikuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg ukve saWiroa
stimulis identifikacia. cnobis etapze am
marTkuTxa obieqtSi amoicnobT suraTs. 5.3suraTze mocemulia blok-sqema, romelic am
movlenebis Tanmimdevrobas gviCvenebs. procesebi,
romelTac informacia erTi safexuridan
meoreze gadaaqvT, blokebs Soris isrebiTaa
gamosaxuli. am TavSi ganvixilavT yvela
interaqcias, romelic naxazzea mocemuli.
realoba, orazrovneba da
iluziebi
aRqmis funqcia ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimulis
identifikacia. am funqciis Sesabamisi percep-
tuli meqanizmebis gacnobamde ganvixiloT
garemoSi mocemuli stimulebis is aspeqtebi,
romlebic aRqmas kompleqsurs xdian. esenia:
orazrovani stimulebi da iluziebi.
orazrovneba
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocana samyaroze zusti
warmodgenis Seqmnaa. swori reaqcia garemoSi
sagnebisa da movlebis zust aRqmazea damo-
suraTi 5.1
retinaluri gamosaxulebebis interpretacia
vizualuri aRqmis mTavari amocanaa proqsimaluri stimulidan
(sagnisagan Seqmnili retinaluri gamosaxuleba) moaxdinos
distaluri stimulis (garemoSi arsebuli realuri sagani)
interpretacia da identifikacia.
suraTi 5.2
distaluri da proqsimaluri stimulebi
distaluri stimuli aris garemoSi arsebuli
fizikuri stimuli, proqsimaluri ki _ sensoruli
aqtivobis forma, romelic distaluri stimuliTaa
gansazRvruli, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi, proqsi-
maluri stimuli SeiZleba hgavdes distalur stimuls,
magram isini gansxvavebuli movlenebi arian.
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kidebuli. magaliTad, xeze moZravi arseba
vefxvia? es yovelTvis advili gasarkvevi ar
aris. daakvirdiT TeTr da Sav laqebs 5.4suraTze. ra figuraa es? SeecadeT stimuli
figura gamoyoT fonidan da dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli. ZaRli Zneli dasanaxia, radgan
is ereva fons da konturebic gamokveTili ar
aris (SeniSvna: ZaRli naxatis marjvniv aris, Tavi
centrisaken aqvs mimarTuli). es stimuli
orazrovania, radgan kritikuli informacia
aklia, misi nawilebi uCveulodaa ganlagebuli
da Cveuli struqtura ar Cans. orazrovneba
aRqmis gagebisTvis mniSvnelovani cnebaa. is
gviCvenebs, rom sensorul safexurze mocemuli
calkeuli xati SeiZleba mravalnairad inter-
pretirdes aRqmisa da identifikaciis safe-
xurebze.
5.5 suraTze mocemulia orazrovani figurebis
sami magaliTi. TiToeuli maTganis ornairad
interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. daakvirdiT
TiToeul gamosaxulebas, sanam ar dainaxavT or
alternatiul figuras. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom
mas Semdeg, rac orive figuras dainaxavT,
orazrovani figuris yurebisas am alternativebs
SenacvlebiT (xan erTs, xan meores) aRiqvamT.
orazrovani figurebis es perceptuli labiloba
suraTi 5.3
SegrZnebis, perceptuli
organizaciis da
identifikacia/cnobis
safexurebi
diagrama gviCvenebs procesebs,
romlebic Semosuli informa-
ciis transformacias axdenen
SegrZnebis, perceptuli orga-
nizaciis da identifikacia/cno-
bis safexurebze. aRqmis aRma-
vali procesebi (qvemodan zem-
oT) maSin erTvebian, rodesac
Semosuli sensoruli infor-
maciidan perceptuli gamosa-
xuleba yalibdeba; daRmavali
procesebi (zemodan qvemoT) im
SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben, rodesac
perceptul gamosaxulebaze gav-
lenas axdens warsuli codna,
motivacia da fsiqikuri fun-
qcionirebis sxva aspeqtebi.
orazrovani gamosaxuleba (Ambiguity) _ perceptu-li obieqti, romelsac SeiZleba erTze meti
interpretacia hqondes.
suraTi 5.4
orazrovani suraTi
ras xedavT suraTze? SeecadeT, dainaxoT mimavali
dalmatineli.
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(arastabiloba) maTi erT-erTi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
larkani/profilebi da nekeris kubi oraz-
rovani figurebis nimuSebia perceptuli orga-
nizaciis safexurze. am erTi da igive figurebs
Tqven orgvarad aRiqvamT. larkani/profilebi
SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc Savi fonis centrSi
moTavsebuli TeTri sagani, an ori Savi sagani
maT Soris gamyofi TeTri sivrciT. nekeris
kubi SeiZleba dainaxoT, rogorc samganzomi-
lebiani carieli kubi an Tqvengan qvemoT da
marcxniv kuTxiT an Tqvengan zemoT marjvniv
kuTxiT. cxadia, kubisa da larnaki/profilebis
orazrovani alternativebi erTi da imave sti-
muli xatiT arian gamowveulni, Tumca sti-
mulebis orazrovnebas samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi figurebis specifikuri wyoba ganapirobebs.
kurdReli/ixvi figura orazrovnebis nimuSia
cnobis etapze. orive SemTxvevaSi is erTi da
igive fizikur figurad aRiqmeba. Tumca, vinaidan
figura Sereuli tipis informacias moicavs,
SesaZlo alternativebis gamoyofa da klasi-
fikacia mis orazrovnebas iwvevs.
bevrma gamoCenilma mxatvarma gamoiyena aRqmis
orazrovneba, rogorc mniSvnelovani Semoq-
medebiTi saSualeba Tavis namuSevrebSi. maga-
liTad, salvador dalis monaTa bazari vol-
teris uCinari biustiT (ix. sur. 5.6). es namuSevari
kompleqsur orazrovnebas gviCvenebs. suraTis
mTeli nawili radikalurad gansxavevebulad
unda interpretirdes, raTa davinaxoT frangi
filosofosis volteris `dafaruli~ biusti.
TeTri ca qveda TaRis qveS volteris Subli da
Tmaa. ori qalbatonis kabis TeTri nawili _
misi loyebi, cxviri da nikapia. rogorc ki
dainaxavT volteris biusts dalis am suraTze,
gagiCndebaT survili imis codnisa, Tu sadaa
frangi filosofosis figura damaluli.
normaluri aRqmis erT-erTi yvelaze funda-
menturi Tvisebaa garemos orazrovnebis da
gaurkvevlobis naTeli interpretaciiT Secvla,
raTa Tavdajerebuli moqmedeba SevZloT. cvli-
lebebiTa da aramdgradobiT savse samyaroSi
perceptuli sistema unda akmayofilebdes
mdgradobis da stabilobis miRwevis moTxov-
nilebas.
suraTi 5.5
perceptuli orazrovneba
TiToeuli nimuSis orgvari interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli, magram orives erTdroulad gancda ar
SegiZliaT. amCnevT, rogor enacvlebian es SesaZleblobebi erTmaneTs?
suraTi 5.6
orazrovneba mxatvrobaSi
salvador dalis am naxats ewodeba `monaTa bazari
volteris uCinari biustiT~. xedavT volters? dali
erT-erTi im Tanamedrove mxatvarTagania, romlebmac
Tavis namuSevrebSi orazrovneba gamoiyenes.
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iluziebi
orazrovani stimulebi perceptul sistemebs
rTul amocanas uyeneben _ ramdenime SesaZleb-
lobidan amoicnon erTi unikaluri figura.
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciis siswore
an simcdare, Ceveulebriv, konteqstzea damo-
kidebuli. rodesac perceptuli sistema sti-
mulis struqturas mkveTrad amaxinjebs da
cvlis, Tqven iluzias ganicdiT.
sityva `iluzia~-s igive fuZe aqvs, rac `Seu-
sabamo~-s, ̀ uazro~-s, ̀ sasacilo~-s (ludicrous). ori-
ve warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan illudere, rac
naSnavs dacinvas, masxrad agdebas. erTnair
iluziebs ganicdis adamianTa umetesoba erTsa
da imave perceptul situaciaSi, sensoruli
sistemis msgavsi fiziologiis da samyaroSi
sagnebis msgavsad gancdis gamo (rogorc me-6
TavSi vnaxavT, iluziebi gansxvavdeba haluci-
naciebisagan halucinacia aris aragavrcelebuli
suraTi 5.7
xuTi iluzia gonebis savarjiSo
TiToeuli nimuSi gviCvenebs aRqmis iluziebis gamomwvev pirobebs. mkvlevrebi xSirad iyeneben iluziebs
TavianTi Teoriebis Sesamowmeblad. es Teoriebi xsnian, perceptul sistemebSi, romlebic, Cveulebriv, sakmaod
zustad muSaoben, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi rogor warmoiqmneba iluziebi.
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perceptuli damaxinjeba, rac adamianis uCveulo
fizikuri an fsiqikuri mdgomareobiTaa gamowve-
uli). ganvixiloT 5.7 suraTze warmodgenili
klasikuri iluziebi, Tumca, CvenTvis ufro ad-
vilia, vizualuri iluziebis ganxilva. iluzi-
ebi arsebobs sxva iseT sensorul modalobebSic,
rogoricaa smena (Bregman 1981; Saberi 1966; Shepard
& Jordan,1984) da gemo (Todrank & Bartoslu, 1991).
mas Semdeg, rac 1854-55 wels j. opelma (J.J.Oppel)iluziebis pirveli mecnieruli analizi gamo-
aqveyna, aTasobiT statia daiwera iluziebze
bunebaSi, SegrZnebebSi, aRqmasa da xelovnebaSi.
opelis mokrZalebuli wvlili iluziebis Ses-
wavlaSi iyo xazebis ubralo rigi, romelic
ufro grZeli Canda, roca segmentebad iyo da-
yofili (varianti a), vidre maSin, roca mxolod
bolo xazebi iyo mocemuli (varianti b).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (a)
| | (b)
opelma Tavis naSroms geometriuli optikuri
iluziebis Seswavla uwoda. iluziebi miuTiTebs
perceptul xatsa da realobas Soris gan-
sxvavebaze. maT SeiZleba gviCvenon abstraqtuli
konceptualuri gansxvaveba SegrZnebebs, per
ceptul organizacias da identifikacias Soris
da dagvexmaron aRqmis garkveuli fundamenturi
Tvisebebis gagebaSi.
mkvlevrebi xSirad igoneben axal iluziebs
an iyeneben Zvels, raTa perceptuli gadamuSavebis
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi gviCvenon. ganvi-
xiloT miuler-laieris iluziis sxvadasxva
versia, romelic 5.8 suraTzea mocemuli. versia
A pirvelad franc miuler-laierma (Muller-Lyer)
1889 wels ganixila naSromSi optikuri ilu-
ziebis Sesaxeb. Semdegi versiebi miulerma da
misma kolegebma 1900 wlamde Seqmnes. TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi monakveTebis sigrZe (an B versiaSikuTxeebis wveroebs Soris manZili) Tanabaria.
adamianebs xSirad ukvirT es faqti, Tqven ki
gadasamowmeblad SegiZliaT gazomoT. imis miu-
xedavad, rom es iluzia sakmaod didi xnis
winaa aRmoCenili da mkvlevrebmac mravaljer
suraTi 5.8
miuler-laieris iluziis variaciebi
miuler-laieris iluziis yvela mocemuli variacia 1900 wlamde Seiqmna. aRiqvamT
sigrZeebs Soris gansxvavebas TiToeul SemTxvevaSi? aRqmis mkvlevrebma iluziebis
axsna Teoriebis SeqmniT scades.
iluzia (Illusion) _ stimulis paternis gancda,
romelic aSkarad mcdaria, Tumca, igives ganic-
dian sxva adamianebic igive perceptul gare-
moSi.
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scades axsna, misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb Teoriebi
icvleba (Green & Nelson, 1997). misi simtkice, racufro didi sigrZis iluziis advilad SeqmnaSi
gamoixateba, vizualuri gadamuSavebis sferoSi
Teoretikosebs axal problemebs uqmnis. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom iluziebi ubralod
ucnauroba ar aris. isini fsiqologiuri Teo-
riebisaTvis mniSvnelovan monacemebs iZlevian.
amrigad, mkvlevrebs mxolod iluziebi ki ar
ainteresebT, aramed im garemoebebis Seswavlac,
romlebSic aRqma samyaroze zust informacias
iZleva.
ai, saukunis dasawyisis te-
leSouebisa da filmebisTvis
tipuri siuJeti: qali da mama-
kaci personaJebi xvdebian ko-
mpiuteriT Seqmnil virtualur
samyaroSi, rasac dramatuli
Sedegebi mosdevs. magaliTad,
`matricaSi~ (Tu filmi ar
gaqvT nanaxi, azri ara aqvs
Semdegi winadadebis wakiTxvas)
mTavari personaJi aRmoaCens,
rom yvelaferi , rac
`realurad~ miaCnia, sinam-
dvileSi superkompiuterebis
mier Seqmnili detalurad
damuSavebuli virtualuri
realobaa da es superkompiu-
terebi akontroleben pla-
netas. sabednierod, CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi virtualuri
realobis versiebi jerjero-
biT sakmaod uwyinaria _ Cven
sakmaod iolad SegviZlia vir-
tualuri garemosgan Tavis
daRweva atraqcionebsa da ga-
sarTob centrebSi. virtua-
luri realobis gancdis xa-
risxis gaumjobeseba xSirad
damokidebulia mkvlevrebis
unarze, Seqmnan perceptuli
sistemis SecdomaSi Sesayvani
axali saSualebebi. virtua-
luri realobis Semqmnelebi
cdiloben, perceptuli pro-
cesebis mniSvnelovani kvleve-
bidan miRebuli codna sru-
liad axali samyaros cxovel
gancdebSi gadmoitanon.
mravali virtualuri rea-
lobis sistemis mizani monawi-
leTaTvis virtualur samya-
roSi yofnis gancdis Seqmnaa.
yofna ramdenime ganzomilebaze
ganisazRvreba, maT Soris aris
monawilis CarTva socialurad
mdidar an interaqciul ambavSi
(Lombard & Ditton, 1997), Tumca,
aRqmis TvalsazrisiT, vir-
tualur samyaroSi yofnis
SegrZneba, rogorc wesi, damo-
kidebulia virtualur sam-
yaroSi CaZirvaze, rac percep-
tulad realurad aRiqmeba.
bolo wlebSi mkvlevrebma
daiwyes im perceptuli infor-
maciis sistematuri Seswavla,
romelic saWiroa virtualur
samyaroSi TiTqmis srulyo-
filad yofnis uzrunvelsa-
yofad. yofnis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi xSirad zomaven, ram-
denad kargad SeuZlia adamians
amocanis Sesruleba sxvadasxva
perceptuli konfiguraciis mqo-
ne virtualur samyaroSi (Nashet al., 2000; Nichols et al., 2000).
ganvixiloT proeqti, romel-
Sic ikvlies vizualuri gamosa-
xulebis zemoqmedeba simula-
torSi manqanis marTvis unarze.
am amocanas mkvlevrebma gzis sa-
vali nawilis SenarCuneba (lanekeeping ) uwodes (Kappe et al., 1999).monawileebi ukeT inarCunebdnen
gzis saval nawils, rodesac
ekrani perceptuli gada-
muSavebisaTvis saintereso
realur samyaroseul monacemebs
iZleoda. gavixsenoT, rom
realuri samyaros gancdisas
informacias iRebT rogorc
yuradRebis centridan, ise _
periferiidan. sainteresoa,
rogor xdeba es virtualur
samyaroSi? mkvlevrebma aRmoa-
Cines, rom monawileebi ukeT
inarCunebdnen gzis saval na-
wils, rodesac ekrani perife-
riul informacias iZleoda,
Tumca, ar iyo saWiro, rom es
periferiuli informacia, rea-
luri samyaros gancdis analo-
giurad, Zalze detaluri
yofiliyo. es aRmoCenebi
vizualuri ekranebis
dizainisTvis mniSvnelovan
informacias iZleva. am tipis
eqsperimenti gvarwmunebs, rom
mxolod vizualuri velis
centri saWiroebs Zlier deta-
lizacias. periferiuli in-
formacia mniSvnelovania, mag-
ram misi Sevseba SeiZleba glo-
baluri vizualuri struq-
turiT.
ueWvelia, rom ramdenime we-
liwadSi virtualuri samyaro
kidev ufro mimzidveli gax-
deba _ mkvlevrebsa da gamom-
goneblebs ukeT ecodinebaT,
rogor daarwmunon Tqveni
perceptuli sistemebi
kompiuteriT Seqmnili samya-
ros `realurobaSi~.
Web siteswww.hitl.washington.ed/
projects/knowlege-base/onthenet. html,(veb-gverdi, romelic vir-
tualur realobaze moicavs
monacemebs)
www.vrs.org.uk (virtualu-
ri sazogadoebis veb-gverdi)
virtualuri realoba
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
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iluziebi yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawilia.
ganvixiloT Cveni planeta `dedamiwis~ yovel-
dRiuri gamocdileba~ . Tqven xedavT
mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~, Tumca iciT, rom
mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTav-
sebuli. albaT, gasagebia, ratom iyo udidesi
simamacis gamovlena qristefore kolumbis da
sxva zRvaosnebis mxridan, rom uareyoT
dedamiwis sibrtyelis aSkara iluzia da misi
erT-erTi kidisaken gaecuraT. aseve, roca savse
mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda
waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT, Tumca, iciT, rom es
ase ara aris. esec iluziaa, romlsac Tqven
Tvalebsa da mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi
manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis
mimarTulebis mimarT ZiriTadad paraleluri
da perpendikularuli rCeba, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs, Tu sad midixarT.
adamianebs SeuZliaT iluziebis kontroli
sasurveli efeqtebis misaRwevad. arqiteqtorebi
da interieris dizainrebi aRqmis principebs
iyeneben sivrceSi sagnebis Sesaqmnelad, rom-
lebic maT realur zomebze ufro didad an
mcired gamoiyurebian. mcire zomis bina ufro
farTod gamoCndeba, Tu mas naTeli ferebiT
SeRebaven, avejiT ar gadatvirTaven da patara
dabal taxtebs, skamebs da magidebs kedlis
gaswvriv ki ar ganalageben, aramed _ oTaxis
centrSi. nasaSi (NASA) sivrciT programebSi
momuSave fsiqologebma aRqmaze garemos gavlena
gamoikvlies, raTa kosmosuri xomaldis Sida
sivrce ise moewyoT, rom mas sasiamovno
sensoruli Tvisebebi hqonoda. dekoraciebisa
da ganaTebis reJisorebi kinosa da Teatralur
xelovnebaSi ganzrax qmnian iluziebs filmebsa
da scenaze. am iluziebidan zogi ufro sasur-
velia, vidre sxvebi. Cven, Cveulebriv, mogvwons
kargad mowyobili garemo. mkvlevrebi swored
imitom ikvleven iluziebs, rom ukeT axsnan
aRqmis moqmedebis kanonzomiereba. iluziebi ki,
Tavis mxriv, gvarwmuneben, rom perceptuli
sistemebiT yovelTvis srulyofilad ver miiReba
proqsimaluri stimulidan distaluri stimuli.
aRqmis Semswavleli midgomebi
Tqven ukve gaecaniT aRqmis ramdenime arsebiT
kiTxvas: rogor aRadgens perceptuli sistema
informacias garemos struqturis Sesaxeb?
rogor xdeba perceptuli orazrovnebis
problemis gadaWra? ratom Cndeba iluziebi? am
kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemamde, saWiroa ukeT
gaverkveT im TeoriebSi, romelTac mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT aRqmis kvlevaSi.
am Teoriebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis
danaxva SesaZlebelia me-3 TavSi, sadac saubaria
Tandayolilis (nativizmis) da SeZenilis
(empirizmis) urTierTgamijvnaze. sakiTxi ase dgas:
ra raodenobis sawyisi SesaZleblobebis
matarebelia Tqveni genotipi. rogorc nativistma
SeiZleba amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi garkveuli
tipis Sinagani codniT an tvinis struqturebiT
SedixarT, romelic samyaros interpretaciaSi
gexmarebaT; an, rogorc empiristma, SeiZleba
amtkicoT, rom samyaroSi SedixarT, rogorc
sufTa dafa, mzad imisaTvis rom SeiswavloT
perceptuli samyaro. Tanamedrove Teoritikosebis
umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom samyaros
gancdisTvis mniSvnelovania Tandayolilisa da
SeZenilis kombinacia, Tumca, vnaxavT, rom isini
ver Tanxmdebian am kombinaciis balansze.
helmholcis klasikuri Teoria
1866 wels herman fon helmholci (Hermann von
Helmholtz) aRqmaSi gamocdilebis, anu SeZenilis
mniSvnelovnebis pozicias icavda. misi Teoriis
mixedviT, nervul sistemaze moqmedi, xSirad
orazrovani stimulebis interpretaciisas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba fsiqikur procesebs
eniWeba. garemos Sesaxeb warsulSi miRebuli
codnis safuZvelze damkvirvebeli qmnis hipo-
Tezebs, anu varaudebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogoria
esa Tu is sagani sinamdvileSi. magaliTad, tyeSi
moulodnelad danaxul oTxfexa arsebas, albaT,
ZaRlad ufro miiCnevT, vidre _ mglad. amdenad,
aRqma induqciuri procesia – konkretuli, sava-
raudo kerZo xatidan daskvnis gakeTeba sagnebis
an movlenebis zogad klasze xdeba, romelsac
SeiZleba es konkretuli xati miekuTvnebodes.
radgan es procesi cnobierebis monawileobis
gareSe mimdinareobs, helmholcma mas aracno-
bieri daskvna (unconscious inference) uwoda. es
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daskvniTi procesi, Cveulebriv, zustad
muSaobs, Tumca, SeiZleba perceptuli iluziebi
warmoiqmnas, rodesac uCveulo garemoeba erTi
da igive stimulis mravalnairi interpretaciis
saSualebas iZleva, an, rodesac axlis nacvlad
Zveli da nacnobi gziT xdeba interpretacia.
helmholcis Teoria aRqmas or etapad yofs.
pirvel, analitikur etapze grZnobis organoebi
fundamenturi SegrZnebebis doneze axdenen
samyaros analizs; meore, sinTezis, safexurze
xdeba am sensoruli elementebis gaerTianeba
da sinTezireba obieqtebis da maTi Tvisebebis
aRqmis saxiT. helmholcis Teoriis mixedviT,
Cven SegrZnebebis interpretacias garemodan
miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze vaxdenT.
Cveni interpretaciebi, faqtobrivad, Cveni
percepciis (aRqmis) Sesaxeb informirebul vara-
udebs warmoadgens.
geStaltmidgoma
geStaltfsiqologia, romelic XX saukunis
II naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda, did
yuradRebas uTmobda perceptul gamocdilebaSi
Tandayolili struqturebis rols. geStalt-
fsiqologiis gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi:
kurt kofka (Kurt Koffka, 1935), volfgang keleri
(Wolfgang Kohler, 1947) da maqs verThaimeri (Max
Wertheimer, 1923) amtkicebdnen, rom fsiqologiuri
fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris SesaZle-
beli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT
primitiul, martiv perceptul elementebad.
germanuli termini geStalti miaxloebiT
`formas~, ̀ mTlians~, ̀ konfiguracias~ an ̀ arss~
niSnavs. geStaltistebma uaryves fsiqologiaSi
arsebuli atomisturi Tvalsazrisi. isini amtki-
cebdnen, rom mTeli gacilebiT metia, vidre
misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri jami. magali-
Tad, roca musikas vusmenT, mTlian melodias
aRviqvamT, miuxedavad imisa, rom is calkeuli
bgerebisagan Sedgeba. geStaltfsiqologiis
mixedviT, samyaros holsturi aRqmis Camoya-
libeba ganpirobebulia Tavis tvinis qerqis
(korteqsis) funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT. Cven
CvenTvis Cveuli gziT imitom vawesrigebT sen-
sorul informacias, rom es Semomavali
sensoruli informaciis organizebis umar-
tivesi da yvelaze ekonomiuri gzaa, tvinis
struqturidan da fiziologiidan gamomdinare
(Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT geStaltistebis
mier SemoTavazebul, perceptuli organizaciis
magaliTebs).
gibsonis ekologiuri optika
jeims gibsonma (James Gibson, 1966, 1979) da
elinor gibsonma (Eleanor Gibson) aRqmisadmi
Zalze mniSvnelovani midgoma SemogvTavazes.
gibsoni aRqmas organizmis struqturis Sedegad
ki ar miiCnevda, aramed fiqrobda, rom misi
ukeT gageba uSualo garemos (anu misi ekolo-
giis) analiziT iyo SesaZlebeli. erT-erTi
avtoris TqmiT, gibsonis midgoma aseTi iyo:
`ar ikiTxoT, ra aris Tqvens TavSi, ikiTxeT _
ris SigniTaa Tqveni Tavi~ (Mace, 1977). gibsonis
ekologiuri optikis Teoria garegani stimu-
lebis Tvisebebs ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda,
vidre im meqanizmebs, romliTac am stimulebis
aRqma xdeba. es midgoma radikalurad gan-
sxvavdeboda manamde arsebuli yvela Teo-
riisgan. gibsonis koncefciaSi aRqma gagebulia,
rogorc garemos aqtiuri gamokvleva. rodesac
damkvirvebeli garemoSi moZraobs, baduraze
stimulaciis paterni mudmivad icvleba drosa
da sivrceSi. ekologiuri optikis Teoria
cdilobda, ganesazRvra garemos Sesaxeb is
informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneboda
moZravi damkvirveblis TvalisaTvis. gibsonis
mimdevari Teoritikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom
perceptuli sistemebi ganuviTardaT organiz-
mebs, romlebic rTul da cvalebad garemoSi
aqtiurebi iyvnen _ moipovebdnen sakvebs, wyals,
aracnobieri daskvna (Unconscious inference) _ helm-
holcis termini, romelic gacnobierebis gareSe
mimdinare aRqmas aRniSnavs.
geStaltfsiqologia (Gestalt psychology) _ fsiqo-logiuri skola, romelic amtkicebs, rom fsiqo-
logiuri fenomenis gageba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, Tu mas organizebul, struqturul
mTlianobad miviCnevT da ar davanawevrebT pro-
mitiul, martiv, perceptul elementebad.
ekologiuri optikis Teoria (Theory of ecologicaloptics) _ aRqmis Teoria, romelic xazs usvams
sastimulo informaciis mravalferovnebas da
aRqmas garemos aqtiur gamokvlevad miiCnevs.
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mewyvilesa da TavSesafars (Gibson, 1979; Greeno,1994; Nakayama, 1994).
gibsonis mixedviT, kiTxvaze _ `rogor swav-
lob garemos?~ pasuxi sakmaod advilia. Tqven
garemodan pirdapir iRebT informacias senso-
ruli informaciis invariantuli anu stabi-
luri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi araa
saWiro perceptuli daskvnis maRali donis
sistemebis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna _
aRqma pirdapir, uSualod xdeba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom garemoSi arsebuli TiToeuli sagnis
retinaluri zoma da forma icvleba damkvir-
veblidan sagnis daSorebulobisa da xedvis
kuTxis mixedviT, cvlilebebi SemTxveviTi ar
aris. metic, es cvlilebebi sistematuria da
sagnidan areklili sinaTlis ZiriTadi Tvi-
sebebi ar icvleba (invariantulia) aRqmis
kuTxisa da daSorebis aseTi cvlilebis piro-
bebSic ki. vizualuri sistema isea mowyobili,
rom amCnevs am invariantulobas. adamianebi iseT
garemoSi viTardebodnen, sadac swored inva-
riantobis aRqmas hqonda sasicocxlo mniS-
vneloba.
amrigad, Tqven ukve gaecaniT im Teoriebs,
romlebic mkvlevrebma perceptuli procesebis
asaxsnelad Seqmnes. am procesebis gacnobamde
ganvixiloT, rogor xdeba samyaroSi xel-
misawvdomi informaciis mcire nawilis SerCeva
da misTvis yuradRebis mipyroba.
Sejameba
aRqmis mTliani procesi SeiZleba sam safe-
xurad daiyos: SegrZneba, perceptuli organi-
zacia da identifikacia/cnoba. vizualuri
aRqmis ZiriTadi amocanaa distaluri stimulis
(garemoSi arsebuli realuri obieqtis) identi-
fikacia da interpretacia, proqsimaluri
stimulidan (obieqtis retinaluri gamosaxule-
bidan) miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze.
orazrovan figurebs mxolod erTi interpre-
tacia aqvs sensorul doneze, mravali SesaZlo
interpretacia ki _ organizaciis da identifi-
kaciis doneze. iluziebi SezRudvebs uqmnian
perceptuli procesebis Sesaxeb Teoriebs.
aRqmis Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, Tanxmdebian
imaze, rom perceptuli unari Tandayolili da
SeZenili procesebis Sedegia, Tumca, ver Tan-
xmdebian maT Soris balansze. helmholci xazs
usvamda gamocdilebis mniSvnelovnebas da
varaudobda, rom aRqmis didi nawili ara-
cnobier daskvnas efuZneboda. geStalt-midgoma
aRniSnavda, rom perceptuli gamocdileba
ganxilul unda yofiliyo, rogorc mTeli da
aRqmaSi Tandayolili procesebis rols uWerda
mxars; jeims gibsoniseuli midgoma ki xazs
usvamda damkvirveblis, rogorc aqtiuri
subieqtis rols da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
garemodan wamosul invariantul informacias.
yuradRebis procesebi
SeecadeT, Tqvens irgvliv aRmoaCinoT aTi
ram, romelic am momentamde ar SegimCneviaT.
SeamCnieT laqa kedelze? saaTis wikwiki? Tu
garemos Zalze yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT,
aRmovaCenT, rom aTasobiT sagania irgvliv,
romlisTvisac yuradRebis miqceva SeiZleboda.
zogadad, rac metad mivaqcevT yuradRebas sagns
Tu movlenas, metis aRqmasa da gagebas SevZlebT
masze. amitom aris yuradReba aRmis Seswav-
lisas mniSvnelovani Tema. yuradRebis fokusi
gansazRvravs, ra tipis informacia iqneba yve-
laze xelmisawvdomi perceptuli procese-
yuradReba (Attention) _ xelmisawvdomi perceptuli
informaciis romelime nawilze cnobierebis
fokusireba.
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bisaTvis. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mkvlevrebi
Seecadnen gaerkviaT, Tu garemodan momdinare
ra tipis stimulebs eqceva Cveni yuradReba
da ra wvlili Seaqvs yuradRebas stimulebis
gancdaSi. Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT, rogor
funqcionirebs yuradReba seleqciurad, raTa
garemoSi garkveul sagnebsa da movlenebs meti
mniSvnelovneba mianiWos.
seleqciuri (SerCeviTi) yuradReba
am qveTavis dasawyisSi gTxoveT, yuradReba
migeqciaT ramdenime sagnisaTvis, romlebic
manamde ar SegimCneviaT. es eqsperimenti gviCve-
nebs yuradRebis mniSvnelovan funqcias, rac
Semavali sensoruli masalis garkveuli nawilis
SerCevaSi gamoixateba. es nawili Semdeg gada-
muSavdeba. vnaxoT, rogor virCevT, samyaros ro-
mel nawils (subset) mivaqcioT yuradReba da raSedegi mosdevs am gadawyvetilebas CvenTvis io-
lad xelmisawvdomi informaciis TvalsazrisiT.
yuradRebis faqtorebi
rogor virCevT sagnebs, romlebic Cveni
yuradRebis centrSi eqcevian? am kiTxvaze pasuxs
ori komponenti aqvs. maT mizniT marTul seleq-
cias (goal-derected) da stimuliT gamowveul
yuradRebis mipyrobas (stimulus-driven capture)uwodeben1 (Jantis, 1993). mizniT marTuli SerCevi-
sas Tqveni miznebidan gamomdinare irCevT, Tu
romel obieqts miaqcioT yuradReba. cxadia, rom
SegiZliaT eqspliciturad airCioT calkeuli
obieqtebi Sesaswavlad. stimuliT gamowveuli
SerCeva maSin xdeba, rodesac stimulis _
garemoSi arsebuli obieqtebis _ maxasiaTeblebi
TavisTavad, avtomaturad iqceven yuradRebas,
Tqveni, rogorc damkvirveblis, miznebisagan
damoukideblad. stimuliT gamowveuli SerCeva
iqneba, magaliTad, Tu saWesTan mjdomi SuqniSanze
gaCerdebiT da ocnebebSi waxvalT; SuqniSnis
moulodneli cvlileba _ wiTeli Suqidan
mwvaneze _ gansakuTrebuli koncentraciis
gareSec miiqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas.
sainteresoa, ra kavSiria am or process
Soris. kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom garkveul pi-
robebSi mainc, stimuliT gamowveuli yuradReba
Warbobs mizniT marTul seleqcias.
saidan
viciT
konkurencia procesebs Soris, romlebic
yuradRebis fokusirebasac gansazRvraven
mkvlevrebma Seqmnes vizualuri ekranebi,
romlebic mizniT marTul SerCevasa da
stimuliT gamowveul yuradRebas konku-
renciul pirobebSi ayenebdnen (Theeuwes et
al., 1998). rogorc 5.9 suraTis A nawilzea
mocemuli, eqsperimentis TiToeuli sinjis
dasawyisSi cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen vi-
zualur ekrans, romelzedac mocemuli
iyo 6 nacrisferi wre SigniT Cawerili
cifriT 8. erTi wamis Semdeg ekrani icv-
leboda. seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc
B nawilzea mocemuli, erTi wris garda
yvela wre wiTeli feris gaxda. cdis
pirebis amocana iyo, SeexedaT darCenili
nacrisferi wrisTvis da eTqvaT, masSi
Cveulebrivi C ewera, Tu Sebrunebuli. cdis
pirebi am amocanis Sesrulebisas mizniT
marTul SerCevas iyenebdnen. maT ganzrax,
mizanmimarTulad gadahqondaT yuradReba
darCenil nacrisfer wreze. axla ganvixi-
loT 5.9 suraTis C nawili. am SemTxvevaSi,
romelic cdebis meore naxevars war-
moadgens, vizualur mwkrivs axali ele-
menti daemata _ wiTeli wre. axali
obieqtebi im saxis stimulebs miekuTvneba,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, stimuliT gamow-
1 qarTul fsiqologiaSi: aRqmis subieqturi da
obieqturi faqtorebi (redaqtoris SeniSvna).
mizniT marTuli seleqcia (Goal-directed selection)_ gansazRvravs imas, Tu adamianebi ratom ir-
Ceven Semomavali sensoruli informaciis raRac
nawils Semdegi gadamuSavebisaTvis. SerCeva
adamianis miznebidan gamomdinare xdeba.
stimuliT gamowveuli yuradRebis mipyroba
(Stimulus-driven capture) _ gansazRvravs imas, Tu
adamianebi ratom irCeven sensoruli Semomavali
informaciis raRac nawils Semdegi gadamuSa-
vebisaTvis; xdeba maSin, rodesac stimulebis
niSnebi (sagnebi garemoSi) avtomaturad ipyroben
yuradRebas, adamianis kerZo miznebisgan damou-
kideblad.
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veul SerCevas iwveven. Cveulebriv piro-
bebSi mosalodneli iqneboda, rom cdis
pirebi mzeras am axal obieqtze gadai-
tandnen, Tumca, am konkretul eqsperimentSi
maT es ar moeTxovebodaT. maT isev
sTxovdnen, daefiqsirebinaT mxolod erTi
nacrisferi wris Sinaarsi. Dda ra xde-
boda? cdis pirebi ar aqcevdnen yuradRebas
wiTel wres? faqtobrivad, umetes Sem-
TxvevaSi axali obieqti avtomaturad
iqcevda cdis pirTa yuradRebas, miuxedavad
imisa, rom is sruliad ar Seesabameboda
eqsperimentatoris mier maTTvis dasaxul
mizans.
es fenomeni SeiZleba stimuliT gamowveul
SerCevad miviCnioT, radgan is aRmqmelis miznebis
sapirispirod moqmedebs. cxadia, monawileebi
ukeT Seasrulebdnen amocanas, Tu yuradRebas
ar miaqcevdnen wiTel wres, magram maTi ig-
norireba SeuZlebelia (miuxedavad imisa, rom
monawileebs TiTqmis yovelTvis urCevniaT, rac
SeiZleba kargad Seasrulon mkvlevris mier
dasaxuli amocana). mniSvnelovani zogadi daskvna
isaa, rom Cveni perceptuli sistema isea
mowyobili, rom yuradReba avtomaturad eqceva
garemoSi gamoCenil axal sagnebs (Yantis & Jonides,
1996).
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
Tu Tqven SerCeviTad miaqcieT yuradReba
perceptuli ekranis romelime nawils, sakuTari
miznebidan an stimulis Tvisebebidan gamom-
dinare, ra bedi eweva yuradRebis miRma darCenil
informacias? warmoidgineT, rom usmenT leqcias,
Tqvengan orive mxares ki adamianebi saubroben.
rogor SeZlebT mihyveT leqciis Sinaarss? ra
gesmiT saubridan? SeiZleba rame iseTs mokraT
yuri romelime saubris SinaarsSi, rac leq-
ciidan Tqveni yuradRebis gadanacvlebas
gamoiwvevs?
am kiTxvebiT pirvelad ronald broudbenTi
(Ronald Brodbent, 1958) dainteresda. igi tvins sako-munikacio arxs _ telefonis xazs an kompiuteris
kavSirebs _ adarebda, romelic aqtiurad
gadaamuSavebs da gadascems informacias. broud-
benTis Teoriis mixedviT, tvins, rogorc sako-
munikacio arxs, informaciis sruli gadamuSa-
vebis SezRuduli SesaZlebloba aqvs. amis gamo
saWiroa, rom yuradRebam mkacrad daareguliros
Semavali sensoruli informaciis cnobierebaSi
gadasvla. yuradReba aviwroebs kognitur sis-
temaSi Semavali informaciis nakads, filtravs
garkveul nawils da danarCen informacias
Semdeg safexurze uSvebs. yuradRebis filtris
Teoria (filter theory) amtkicebs, rom Semomavali
informaciis seleqcia misi mniSvnelobis wvdo-
mamde xdeba.
filtris Teoriis Sesamowmeblad mkvlev-
rebma laboratoriaSi Seqmnes realuri cxov-
rebiseuli situacia, sadac Semomavali infor-
maciis mravali wyaro gvaqvs. amisaTvis maT
gamoiyenes dixotomiuri mosmenis meTodi. am
eqsperimentSi monawileebs ukeTiaT yursas-
suraTi 5.9
yuradRebis gamomwvevi procesebi
am eqsperimentis TiToeuli seriis dasawyisSi, cdis
pirebi uyurebdnen ekrans, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo
eqvsi nacrisferi wre (nawili A). rodesac ekrani
icvleboda, cdis pirebis amocana iyo, eTqvaT, darCenil
nacrisfer wreSi rogori C iyo Cawerili. seriis
naxevarSi ekranze ar iyo axali obieqtebi (nawili B),meore naxevarSi ki _ iyo (nawili C). miuxedavad imisa,rom cdis pirebis amocana iyo erTi nacrisferi wrisTvis
yuradRebis miqceva, axali obieqti gamoCenisTanave
avtomaturad ipyrobda maT yuradRebas.
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menebi, romelSic erTdroulad usmenen or
Caweril informacias. TiToeul yurSi
gansxvavebuli informacia miewodebaT.
monawileebs eZlevaT instruqcia,
eqsperimentators gadascen mxolod erT-erTi
Setyobineba da ar mousminon meore yurSi
miwodebul informacias. am proceduras
uwodeben yuradRebamiqceuli informaciis
daCrdilvas (ix. sur. 5.10).
filtris Teoriis mosazreba eWvqveS dadga,
rodesac aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi msmeneli
ixsenebda iseT momentebs, romelTa gaxsenebasac
ver SeZlebda, yuradRebas mTlianad rom
gaefiltra ignorirebuli masala (Cherry, 1953).
sanimuSod ganvixiloT sakuTari saxelis maga-
liTi. adamianebi xSirad amboben, rom yuri mok-
res sakuTar saxels xmaurian oTaxSi maSinac
ki, roca isini sxva saubarSi iyvnen CarTulni.
amas koqteilis wveulebis fenomens (cocktail partyphenomenon) uwodeben.
saidan
viciT
gvWirdeba Tu ara yuradReba sakuTari
saxelis gasagonad?
cdis pirebi erTdroulad ismendnen ori
adamianis xmas, romlebic erTmarcvliani
sityvebis mwkrivs kiTxulobdnen. maT
sTxovdnen, yuradReba mieqciaT mxolod
marjvena yurSi miwodebuli infor-
maciisaTvis da sityvebi maqsimalurad
zustad gaemeorebinaT. eqsperimentis mim-
dinareobis garkveul momentSi TiToeul
monawiles (sakontrolo jgufis garda)
sxva sityvebTan erTad asmeninebdnen sa-
kuTar saxels im yurSi, romelSic mowo-
debuli informaciisTvis yuradReba ar
unda mieqciaT. sainteresoa, gaigones Tu
ar maT sakuTari saxelebi? cdis pirTa
daaxloebiT 1/3-ma (34%-ma), romelsac
saxels ukiTxavdnen, gaigona sakuTari
saxeli, Tumca maT ver gaigones verc erTi
sxva saxeli iseve, rogorc sakontrolo
jgufis cdis pirebma (romelTac saxelebs
ar ukiTxavdnen). garda amisa, damCrdilavi
qmedebis (shadowing performance) gamo, mona-
wileebi, romlebmac sakuTari saxeli gai-
gones (da mxolod es jgufi), saxelis ga-
gonebis Semdeg maSinve ferxdebodnen (Wood& Cowan, 1995a).
es Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sakuTari saxeli
aucileblobiT ar iqcevs yuradRebas, vinaidan
msmenelTa 2/3-ma ver gaigona is. miuxedevad amisa,
Sedegebi naTlad gviCvenebs, rom mainc xdeba
ignorirebuli arxis garkveulwilad gaazre-
buli analizi – sxva SemTxvevaSi msmenelTa 1/3
verasodes miaqcevda yuradRebas sakuTar saxels.
aseTi tipis eqsperimentis safuZvelze mkvlev-
rebi varaudoben, rom yuradRebis miRma darCeni-
li informacia garkveulwilad mainc gadamuSav-
deba, magram imdenad ara, rom cnobierebis
sazRvrebs miaRwios (Woods & Cowan, 1995). infor-
macia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiqcevs yurad-
suraTi 5.10
diqotomiuri mosmenis amocana
cdis piri erTdroulad ismens sxvadasxva cifrebs
TiToeul yurSi: 2 (marcxena), 7 (marjvena), 6 (marcxena),
9 (marjvena), 1 (marcxena), 5 (marjvena). igi mosmenils
ambobs swor rigad _ 261 da 795. xolo, rodesac sTxoven,
mousminos mxolod marjvena yurSi miwodebul masalas,
cdis piri ambobs mxolod 795-s.
diqotomiuri mosmena (Dichotic listening) _ eqsperi-mentuli meTodi, rodesac gansxvavebuli audia-
luri stimuli miewodeba TiToeul yurs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba (Preattentive process-ing) _ sensoruli informaciis gadamuSaveba,
romelic yuradRebas specifikur obieqtze
mimarTavs.
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Rebas, Tu yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
maciis maxasiaTeblebi sakmarisad gamodiferen-
cirebuli iqneba, magaliTad, Tu es iqneba msme-
nelis saxeli (yuradRebasa da cnobierebas
Soris kavSirs me-6 TavSi davubrundebiT). zogadi
principi isaa, rom yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informaciis arsebobis Sesaxeb araferi viciT.
amrigad, gasagebia, ratomaa saxifaTo yuradRebis
gadanacvleba mocemul momentSi aqtualuri
amocanidan, an miznidan. Tu yuradRebas ver
miaqcevT garkveul informacias, magaliTad,
profesoris leqcias, masala TavisTvis darCeba
da Tqven ver moismenT mas!
axla vnaxoT, ra roli ekisreba yuradRebas
garemoSi sagnebis moZebnasa da maT sworad
identificirebaSi.
yuradReba da sagnebi garemoSi
yuradRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa xma-
urian vizualur garemoSi konkretuli obieq-
tebis moZebna. am meqanizmis sanaxavad sakmaod
martivi eqsperimentis Catareba SeiZleba. dadeT
wigni erTi wuTiT da SeecadeT:
moZebnoT rame wiTeli. axla scadeT, ipovoT
rame alisferi;
moZebnoT rame oTxkuTxedi. axla scadeT,
ipovoT rame mrgvali;
moZebnoT rame lurji, Semdeg scadeT, ipo-
voT rame, rac mrgvalic iqneba da lurjic.
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi risi povna ufro gagiZ-
neldaT? mkvlevrebi irwmunebian, rom alisfris
povna ufro advilia, vidre wiTlis (Treisman &Gormican, 1988); oTxkuTxedis ufro advilia,
vidre _ mrgvalis (Kim & Cave, 1995) da rame erTi
niSniT gansazRvruli ufro advilia, vidre ori
_ niSniT gansazRvrulis (Treisman & Sato, 1990). ro-
gor fiqrobT, ratom aris ase? Tqven es-esaa
gaecaniT yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis (preatten-tive processing) zogierT maxasiaTebels, rac gan-
sxvavdeba gadamuSavebis im procesebisagan, rom-
lebic yuradRebas saWiroeben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobieri mexsiereba
da sagnebis cnoba yuradRebas saWiroebs, infor-
maciis sakmaod rTuli gadamuSaveba yuradRebisa
da cnobierebis gareSec xdeba (Kubovy et al., 1999).
gadamuSavebis am adreul etaps yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba ewodeba, radgan is Semomaval
suraTi 5.11
yuradReba da vizualuri
Zebna
(A) ipoveT erTi gamorCeuli niS-
niT gansxvavebuli sagani, SegiZ-
liaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri Zeb-
na (gadasinjva).
(B) ipoveT sagani niSnebis erTob-liobis mixedviT, unda gamoiyenoT
seriuli Zebna.
(C) vinaidan paraleluri Zebna
gamoiyeneba, moZebnas erTnairi dro
sWirdeba yuradRebis gamfantvelis
raodenobis miuxedavad.
(D) seriul Zebnaze yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis raodenoba axdens
gavlenas. D nawilSi Zebna ufro
swrafad xdeba, vidre B-Si.
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160
sensorul masalaze yuradRebis miqcevamde,
sensoruli receptorebidan tvinSi Sesvlis-
Tanave, moqmedebs.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSavebis saSualebiT
advilad vpoulobT mxolod erTi niSniT
gamorCeul sagnebs (Treisman & Sato, 1990; Wolfe, 1992).SexedeT 5.11 suraTis A nawils. SegiZliaT,
ipovoT TeTri T? es aris oTaxSi, Tqvens irgvliv,
lurji obieqtebis povnis msgavsi amocana.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZ-
levT, paralelurad gadasinjoT garemo erTi
calkeuli gamorCeuli niSnis mixedviT. es
niSnavs, rom Tqven SegiZliaT erTdroulad gada-
sinjoT ekranis mTeli zedapiri. am paraleluri
gadasinjvis Sedegad yuradReba erT saTanado
obieqtze koncentrirdeba, Tumca, yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom yvela calkeuli niSani Tanabrad
gamorCeuli ar aris. bevri adamianisaTvis kvad-
ratis povna ufro advilia, vidre _ wris, albaT
imitom, rom marTkuTxedis kuTxeebi gamokve-
Tilia (Kim & Cave, 1995). adamianebis umetesobaufro advilad poulobs ZiriTadi ferisgan
gansxvavebul fers, rogorc, magaliTad, alis-
feri gansxvavdeba wiTlisagan, albaT imitom,
rom aseTi feri gansxvavebulia garemos nor-
misagan (Treisman & Gormican, 1988 ).
calkeul niSnebs Soris aSkara gansxvavebis
miuxedavad, mainc gagiWirdebaT maTi kombina-
ciebis aRmoCena. ganvixiloT 5.11 suraTis Bnawili. kidev erTxel scadeT TeTri T-s povna.ar geCvenebaT, rom es ufro Znelia? am
SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis sistema ar aris aRWur-
vili imisaTvis, rom paraleluri gadasinjvisas
(Zebnisas) TeTri T TeTri L-gan gamoyos. Tqvenkvlav SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT paraleluri
gadasinjvis SesaZlebloba da ugulvelyoT
yvela Savi T, magram Semdeg mogiwevT yvela TeTri
simbolos saTiTaod an seriulad gadasinjva.
es gamocdileba gansxvavdeba garemoSi erT-
droulad wiTeli da wriuli sagnis povnis
gamocdilebisgan. yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
saSualebas gaZlevT, swrafad ipovoT wiTeli
feris an mrgvali formis sagnebi; igi garemos
marTuli gadasinjvis saSualebas iZleva (Wolfe,
1994; Wolfe & Gancarz, 1996). am TvalsazrisiT, Tqven
mainc gWirdebaT TiToeul saganze indi-
vidualurad yuradRebis miqceva, raTa gansazR-
vroT, Seesabameba Tu ara is ori niSnis kom-
binacias _ wiTelsa da mrgvals.
mkvlevrebi ganasxvaveben paralelur da
seriul Zebnas imis gansazRvriT, Tu ramdenad
Znelia samiznes povna, romelic yuradRebis
gamfantvelebis (distractors) raodenobis funqcias
warmoadgens. davuSvaT, gTxovT, moZebnoT ekranze
TeTr T xuTi Savi T-s garemocvaSi (rogorc 5.11suraTis C nawilSia) da 34 Savi T-s garemocvaSi(rogorc A nawilSia). radgan Tqven am ori
amocanis Sesruleba paralelulad SegiZliaT,
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi TeTri T-s povnas daax-
loebiT erTnairi dro dasWirdeba. meore mxriv,
rodesac am suraTze B nawilidan D nawilze
suraTi 5.12
orferiani sagnis moZebna
(A) moZebneT yviTeli da lurji sagani.
(B) moZebneT yviTeli saxli lurji
fanjrebiT.
(A) moZebna Zalian mouxerxebelia,
rodesac sagnis ori nawilis ori feris
erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
(B) moZebna ufro advilia, rodesac
mTeli sagnis feris da misi erT-erTi
nawilis feris erTobliobaa mosaZebni.
marTuli gadasinjva (Guided search) _
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gadaxvalT, igrZnobT, rom D nawilSi ufro
advilad poulobT TeTr T-s. Tqven TiToeuli
TeTri elementisaTvis seriulad yuradRebis
miqceva giwevT, ase rom, TiToeuli TeTri
elementi, romelsac uyurebT (sanam sasurvels
ipoviT) damatebiT dros garTmevT.
mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT am logikis gamoyeneba
perceptuli samyaros sxva iseTi aspeqtebis
aRmosaCenad, romlebic SeiZleba yuradRebamdel
gadamuSavebas saWiroebdnen. ganvixiloT 5.12
suraTis A nawili: SeecadeT, ipovoT yviTeli
da Savi sagnebi. B nawilSi SeecadeT, ipovoT
yviTeli saxli lurji fanjrebiT. meore amocana
ufro advili ar iyo vidre pirveli? davalebis
Sesrulebze nakleb gavlenas axdenen yuradRebis
damatebiTi gamfantvelebi (extre distractors),
rodesac ori feri CarTulia sagnis nawilebsa
da mTlianSi (Wolfe et al., 1994). am saxis magaliTebi
gvarwmunebs, rom yuradRebamdeli gadamuSaveba
garemoSi sagnebis sapovnelad SedarebiT daxve-
wil (kargad damuSavebuli meqanizmis mqone)
daxmarebas gvTavazobs.
axla ukve SegviZlia martivi niSnebis gadamu-
Savebidan mTliani sagnebisa da garemos aRqmis
ganxilvaze gadavideT.
Sejameba
garemoSi stimulebs SerCeviTad (seleqci-
urad) aqcevT yuradRebas mizniT marTuli
seleqciis gamo an imitom, rom stimulebidan
raRac iqcevs Tqvens yuradRebas, esaa stimuliT
gamowveuli SerCeva. yuradRebis filtris Teo-
riis mixedviT, tvins SezRuduli SesaZleblo-
bebi aqvs. yuradRebis miRma darCenili infor-
macia iSviaTad cnobierdeba. yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba saSualebas gaZlevT, garemoSi
ipovoT sagnebi, romlebic SeiZleba erTi gamor-
Ceuli niSniT identificirdnen.
aRqmis organizaciis
procesebi
warmoidgineT ramdenad uwesrigo iqneboda
samyaro, rom ar SegvZleboda milioni retina-
luri receptoridan miRebuli informaciis
Tavmoyra da organizeba. TvalebTan moZravi da
mbrunavi ferebis daukavSirebeli nawilebis
kaleidoskopi geqnebodaT. procesebs, romlebic
sensorul informacias aerTianebs Tanmimdev-
ruli aRqmis misaRebad, perceptuli organiza-
ciis procesebi ewodeba. Cven ukve viciT, rom,
rasac adamiani aseTi perceptuli gadamuSavebis
Sedegad ganicdis, percepti (aRqmis xati)
ewodeba.
magaliTad, 5.13 suraTze mocemuli organzomi-
lebiani geometriuli kompoziciis perceptuli
suraTi 5.13
organzomilebiani geometriuli
figuris percepti
rogoria am geometriuli figuris Tqveni
percepti?
162
xati, albaT, sam diagonalur rigad ganlagebuli
figurebia, romelTagan I rigi kvadratebisgan
Sedgeba, II – isrebisgan da III– rombebisgan. amaSi
TiTqos araferia ucnauri, Tumca, rogorc wina
TavSi aRvniSneT, aRqmis yvela es, erTi SexedviT,
TavisTavadi procesi daxvewili, natifi
gadamuSavebiT aris gaadvilebuli. mravali
organizaciuli procesi, romelsac am qveTavSi
ganvixilavT, pirvelad geStaltistebma aRweres.
isini amtkicebdnen, rom aRqma damokidebulia
organizaciis kanonebze, anu im martiv princi-
pebze, romelTa saSualebiTac sagnis formebs
an gamosaxulebebs aRviqvamT.
figura, foni da
dasrulebuloba (Sevsebuloba)
ratom aRviqvamT 5.13 suraTs CvenTvis Cveuli
gziT? am gamosaxulebis aRqmisas organizaciuli
procesi mas figurad da fonad yofs. figura
Cans, rogorc sagnismagvari win wamoweuli are,
xolo foni _ rogorc sivrce, romelzec figura
devs. 5.13 suraTze muq adgilebs, albaT, figurad
aRiqvamT, naTel adgils _ fonad. Tumca, es
stimuli SeiZleba sxvagvaradac dainaxoT
figurisa da fonis SenacvlebiT, rogorc amas
orazrovani larnaki/profilebis SemTxvevaSi
akeTebdiT. amisaTvis, SeecadeT, dainaxoT TeTri
sivrce, rogorc didi TeTri furceli, romel-
zedac ganlagebuli 9 amoWrili figuridan Savi
foni moCans.
figuris fonidan win wamoweulad danaxvis
tendencia Zalze Zlieria. faqtobrivad, es
maSinac xdeba, rodesac figura realurad ar
arsebobs. 5.14 suraTis pirvel gamosaxulebaSi
Tqven, albaT, xedavT naZvis xes fonze, romelic
TeTr zedapirze mocemul ramdenime Sav wres
warmoadgens. Tumca, SevniSnavT, rom aq aranairi
naZvis xe ar arsebobs. figura Sedgeba mxolod
3 gancalkevebuli Savi figurisa da xazebisagan.
Tqven iluzorulad xedavT win wamoweul TeTr
samkuTxeds, radgan Savi gamosaxulebebis kideebi
isea ganlagebuli, rom mTliani TeTri sam-
kuTxedi geCvenebaT. 5.14 suraTis meore gamosa-
xuleba qmnis erTi dasrulebuli samkuTxedis
iluzias, romelic meores adevs, Tumca, realu-
rad arc erTi arsebobs.
am magaliTSi, rogorc Cans, figura-fonis
organizaciis sami donea: TeTri naZvis xe, Savi
wreebi da ufro farTo TeTri zedapiri am
yvelafris ukan. aRvniSnavT, rom stimulSi TeTr
ares Tqven perceptulad yofT or gansxvavebul
regionad: TeTr samkuTxedad da TeTr fonad. am
gayofis adgilze aRiqvamT iluzorul kon-
turebs. isini realurad arseboben ara dis-
talur stimulSi, aramed _ mxolod Tqvens
subieqtur gamocdilebaSi. iluzoruli
konturebi pirvelad 1900 wels aRweres, magram
yvela saidumlo jer mainc ar aris amoxsnili
(Lesher, 1995).am suraTebze TeTri samkuTxedis aRqma kidev
erT mZlavr organizaciul process – dasru-
lebulobas (Sevsebulobas) _ gviCvenebs. dasru-
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi 5.14
subieqturi konturebi,
romlebic kuTxeebs avseben
xedavT am suraTze gamosaxul
naZvis xes da or, erTmaneTze
dadebul samkuTxeds?
samkuTxedebi rom ararealuria
amaSi darwmunebiT, Tu or kuTxes
cera TiTebiT dafaravT.
subieqturi konturebis SeqmniT,
perceptuli organizebis procesebi
stimulSi figurasa da fons
gamoyofs.
iluziuri konturebi ( ) _
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lebuloba (Sevsebuloba) daumTavrebel figu-
rebs damTavrebulad, dasrulebulad (Sevse-
bulad) gvanaxebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sti-
mulSi mxolod kuTxeebia mocemuli, Cveni
perceptuli sistema avsebs kuTxeebs Soris
arsebul sivrces (qmnis konturebs), rac figuras
dasrulebul naZvis xed aqcevs. dasrulebu-
lobis procesis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia
stimulebis dasrulebulad, balansirebulad
da simetriulad aRqma, maSinac ki, rodesac
saxezea gansvla, disbalansi da asimetria.
perceptuli dajgufebis
principebi
5.13 suraTze mocemuli gamosaxuleba Tqven
aRiqviT 9 figurad, romlebic rigebadaa
dajgufebuli. TiToeuli maTgani agebulia
diagonaluri xazebis gaswvriv ganlagebuli 3
identuri gamosaxulebisagan. rogor ajgufebs
vizualuri sistema am obieqtebs da ra faqtorebi
gansazRvraven mas?
dajgufebis sakiTxi pirvelad farTod
geStaltfsiqologma maqs verThaimerma (1923)
Seiswavla. verThaimeri damkvirveblebs uCvenebda
martivi geometriuli figurebis wyebas. cvlida
ra calkeul faqtors da akvirdeboda, rogor
moqmedebda is figuraTa struqturis aRqmaze,
verThaimerma SeZlo dajgufebis wesebis
Camoayalibeba. 5.15 suraTze mocemulia ramdenime
wesis ilustracia. A nawilSi mocemulia Tanab-
rad daSorebuli wreebis mwkrivebi, romlebic
SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad dajgufdes. Tqven
SeiZleba erTnairi warmatebiT dainaxoT am
wreebis svetebi an rigebi. Tumca, rodesac
intervali mcirediT icvleba ise, rom wreebs
Soris horizontaluri intervali vertikalur
intervalze naklebia (rogorc es B nawilzea
mocemuli), Tqven erTmniSvnelovnad horizon-
talur mwkrivebad organizebul wreebs xedavT.
rodesac intervalebis cvlilebisas vertika-
luri intervali ufro naklebia (rogorc Cnawilzea mocemuli), Tqven wreebs vertikalur
svetebad ganlagebulad aRiqvamT. es 3 saxis
dajgufeba verThaimeris siaxlovis kanonis
ilustracias warmoadgens. rodesac sxva
danarCeni pirobebi ucvlelia, erTmaneTTan
yvelaze axlos ganlagebuli elementebi
(yvelaze proqsimalurebi) erTad jgufdeba.
geStaltistebma aseTi Sedegebi imiT axsnes,
rom mTliani stimulis paterni garkveulad
gansazRvravs misi nawilebis ganlagebas. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mTliani percepti
gansxvavdeba misi nawilebis ubralo meqanikuri
jamisgan.
5.15 suraTis D nawilSi, intervalis nacvlad
feri icvleboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wreebs
Soris intervali Tanabaria, vizualuri sistema
figura (Figure) _ fonisagan gansxvavebuli, sag-
nismagvari win wamoweuli are vizualur velSi.
foni (Ground) _ sivrce vizualur velSi, ro-
melzec figura devs
suraTi 5.15
dajgufebis fenomeni
TiToeul mwkrivs, B nawilidan
G-mde, garkveuli saxiT daj-
gufebulad aRviqvamT,
geStaltis dajgufebis
sxvadasxva principebidan
gamomdinare.
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avtomaturad ganalagebs stimuls rigebad, fe-
rebis msgavsebis gamo. E nawilSi wreebs svetebad
ganlagebuls xedavT, msgavsi zomebis gamo, FnawilSi ki _ rigebad ganlagebuls, formisa
da orientaciis msgavsebis gamo. dajgufebis es
efeqtebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes msgavsebis ka-
noniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, msgavsi elementebi erTad jgufdeba.
rodesac vizualur velSi elementebi
moZraoben, erTnairi mimarTulebiT moZraoba
elementebis dajgufebas iwvevs. saerTo bedis
kanonis mixedviT, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
erTnairi mimarTulebiTa da tempiT moZravi ele-
mentebi erTad jgufdeba. Tu G nawilSi yvela
svetis wertili zeviT imoZravebda, gamosa-
xulebebs Tqven svetebad daajgufebdiT, moZ-
raobis mimarTulebis msgavsebis gamo. igive
efeqtia baletis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ramdenime
mocekvave sxvebisagan gansxvavebulad moZraobs.
gavixsenoT doqtor riCardsis SemTxveva _ sagani
mis vizualur velSi sworad organizdeboda,
rodesac igi moZraobda, rogorc erTi mTliani.
misi SemTxveva naTels xdis saerTo bedis mZlavr
organizaciul gavlenas.
sivrciTi da droiTi integracia
geStaltis yvela wesi, romelic aqamde gan-
vixileT, dagarwmunebdaT, rom aRqma, umetes-
wilad, warmoadgens samyaros `sworad~
gaerTianebul nawilebs, Tumca, xSirad Tqven
ar SegiZliaT aRiqvaT mTliani movlena Tvalis
erTi SevlebiT an fiqsaciiT (gaixseneT saubari
yuradRebis Sesaxeb). rasac mocemul momentSi
aRiqvamT, xSirad yvela mimarTulebiT ganvr-
cobili, Tvaluwvdeneli vizualuri samyarodan
miRebuli SezRuduli, SemWidroebuli STa-
beWdilebaa. garemoze sruli warmodgenis Sesaq-
mnelad, sivrciTi da droiTi integraciaa sa-
Wiro, anu Tqven unda SekriboT sivrcis sxva-
dasxva adgilidan fiqsirebuli informacia
drois sxvadasxva momentSi.
SeiZleba gagikvirdeT, magram vizualuri
sistema ar qmnis (`Tavs ar iwuxebs~) TiToeuli
momentis zustad amsaxvel, Tanamimdevrul,
integrirebul suraTs. mkvlevrebi irwmunebian,
rom garemoze TiToeuli fiqsaciiT vizualur
mexsierebaSi ar inaxeba zusti, mciredi deta-
lebi (Carlson-Radvansky & Irwin, 1995; Irwin, 1991,Simons, 2000). faqtobrivad, damkvirveblebi
xandaxan ver afiqsireben, rodis icvleba
mTliani obieqti erTi fiqsaciidan meore
fiqsaciaze.
saidan
viciT
ra dainaxeT axlaxan
eqsperimentis erT-erT seriaSi cdis
pirebi ori wamis ganmavlobaSi uyurebdnen
suraTze 5 nacnobi obieqtis mwkrivs.
daaxloebiT 4 wm-is Semdeg isini uyu-
rebdnen meore mwkrivs. seriebis naxevarSi
meore mwkrivi pirvelis identuri iyo.
seriebis meore naxevarSi, rogorc es 5.16
suraTis A nawilzea mocemuli, meore rigi
pirvelisgan sami variantidan erT-erTi
saxiT gansxvavdeboda: erTi sagani Tvi-
sobrivad icvleboda (magaliTad, pirvel
mwkrivSi stepleri Seicvala gasaRebiT),
orma saganma Seicvala mdebareoba da
sagnebis mTeli wyeba axali konfiguraciiT
ganlagda. cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT, rigebi
iseTive iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. Tqven
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ioli amocanaa.
rogor SeiZleba ver SeniSnoT, rom step-
leri gasaxsneliT Seicvala? miuxedavad
amisa, rogorc naCvenebia 5.16 suraTis Bnawilze, aRmoCnda, rom identurobisa da
gadanacvlebis cvlilebebis SemTxvevaSi
amocnobis maCvenebeli Zalze dabali iyo.
cdis pirebi ver `xedavdnen~ mTel rig
Zalze aSkara cvlilebebs (Simons, 1996).
bevr adamians aocebs aseTi Sedegi. warmoud-
genelia, rom Cven informaciis gadamuSavebis
imdenad mwir resurss vflobT situaciis deta-
lebis Sesanaxad, rom verc ki SevniSneT, rogor
Seicvala stepleri gasaxsneliT. pasuxi, nawi-
lobriv, SeiZleba is iyos, rom samyaro Tavad
aris, zogadad, informaciis mudmivi, stabiluri
wyaro (O’Regan, 1992). ubralod, ar aris saWiro
iseTi informaciis damaxsovreba, romelic mud-
mivad xelmisawvdomia garemoSi; amitom arc
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mogvepoveba procesebi, romelebic, Cveulebriv,
amis saSualebas mogvcemda.
erT-erTi saintereso Sedegi, romelic sxvada-
sxva fiqsaciidan miRebul informacias SeiZleba
mohyves, iluziebia, romelTac `SeuZlebel~
sagnebs uwodeben (5.17 suraTze mocemuli obieq-
tebi). magaliTad, sagnis kuTxeebisa da gverdebis
TiToeuli fiqsacia samganzomilebiani samkuTxe-
dis interpretacias iwvevs (gamosaxuleba A),
Tumca, rodesac cdilobT mis erT mTlianobaSi
gaerTianebas, nawilebi kargad ver ergeba
erTmaneTs (gamosaxuleba B). C gamosaxulebas
ori ganStoeba aqvs, romelic, sanam kargad ar
daakvirdebiT, rogorRac gadaiqceva samkbilad;
D gamosaxulebaze perceptuli kibe dausru-
leblad adis da Camodis.
moZraobis aRqma
aRqmis erT-erTi saxeoba, romelic samyarodan
miRebuli sxvadasxva, swrafad cvalebadi STabeW-
dilebebis urTierTSedarebas saWiroebs, moZra-
obis aRqmaa. ganvixiloT 5.18 suraTze mocemuli
ori gamosaxuleba. davuSvaT, es individi idga,
sanam Tqven uaxlovdebodiT mas. Tqvens baduraze
miRebuli misi gamosaxulebis zoma miaxlo-
ebasTan erTad izrdeba. retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebis zrdis xarisxi individTan miaxloebis
temps giCvenebT (Gibson, 1979).
axla, davuSvaT, Tqven garda yvela sxva sagani
moZraobs. moZraobis aRqma, formisa da
orientaciis aRqmis msgavsad, xSirad aTvlis
sistemazea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven dajdebiT
Cabnelebul oTaxSi da mzeras daafiqsirebT
sinaTlis umoZrao laqaze, romelic ganaTebul,
win da ukan Zalian nela moZrav oTxkuTxedzea
moTavsebuli, Tqven umoZrao oTxkuTxedze win
da ukan moZrav wertils aRiqvamT. es iluzia,
romelsac moCvenebiTi moZraoba (induced motion)ewodeba, maSinac xdeba, rodesac mzeras
sakmaod uZravad afiqsirebT wertilze.
moZraobis deteqtori ujredebi saerTod ar
aRigzneba uZravi wertiliT, Tumca sakmaod
mZlavrad Riziandeba oTxkuTxedis moZravi
xazebiT. imisaTvis, rom wertili moZravad
suraTi 5.16
cvlilebis SeumCnevloba
(A) eqsperimentis monawileebs ekiTxebodnen, meore gamosaxuleba pirvelis msgavsi iyo Tu gansxvavebuli. (B)roca gamosaxulebaze sagani icvleboda an ori sagani akldeboda, cdis pirebi xSirad ver afiqsirebdnen
cvlilebebs. isini TiTqmis yovelTvis sworad mxolod maSin miuTiTebdnen, roca mTliani konfiguracia icvleboda.
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dainaxoT, saWiroa perceptuli organizaciis
umaRlesi done, romelzec wertili da misi
nagulisxmevi moZraoba oTxkuTxedis aTvlis
sistemaSi aRiqmeba.
rogorc Cans, vizualur sistemas axasiaTebs
Zlieri tendencia, didi, SemosazRvruli
figura aiRos aTvlis sistemad masSi mocemuli
SedarebiT patara figurisaTvis. Tqven, albaT,
codnis gareSec bevrjer geqnebaT gancdili
moCvenebiTi moZraoba. xSirad gveCvenebaT, rom
mTvare (romelic TiTqmis uZravia) moZraobs
RrublebSi maSin, roca, faqtobrivad, Rrub-
lebi moZraoben. mTvaris irgvliv Tavmoyrili
Rrublebi iseve qmnian mTvaris moCvenebiTi
suraTi 5.17
SeuZlebeli figurebi
rodesac am pobieqtebs uyurebT,
TiToeuli calkeuli fiqsacia
garwmunebT, rom is samganzomilebiani
figuraa. mxolod, Tu ecdebiT sxvadasxva
fiqsaciebis gaerTianebas , maSin
aRmoaCenT, rom isini SeuZlebeli
sagnebia.
suraTi 5.18
kaci, romelic
giaxlovdebaT
stimulTan miaxloebisas
erTad izrdeba misi
gamosaxulebis zoma
Tqvens baduraze.
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moZraobis iluzias, rogorc oTxkuTxedi
wertilis moZraobisas (Rock, 1983; 1986). yofil-
xarT odesme matarebelSi, romelic Zalian nela
iwyebs moZraobas? ar mogCvenebiaT, TiTqos
sadguris baqanze filebi an Tqven gverdiT
gaCerebuli matarebeli sawinaaRmdego mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs?
moZraobis kidev erT iluzias, romelic moZ-
raobis aRqmaSi umaRlesi donis organizaciuli
procesebis CarTulobas adasturebs, aSkara/
TvalsaCino moZraobas (apparent motion) uwodeben.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis umartivesi formaa
ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni (phi phenomenon). es fenomeni maSin
SeiniSneba, rodesac vizualuri velis sxvadasxva
adgilze sinaTlis ori uZravi laqa monac-
vleobiT inTeba da qreba daaxloebiT 4-5-jer
wamSi tempiT. igive efeqtia gare sareklamo
niSnebsa da diskoganaTebis ekranebze. sinaTlis
Senacvlebis am SedarebiT dabali tempis
miuxedavad, gveCveneba, rom erTi sinaTle win
da ukan moZraobs or pozicias Soris. traeq-
toria, romelic erT wertils meoresTan aer-
Tebs, SeiZleba mravalgvarad warmovidginoT.
Tumca, adamiani, Cveulebriv, xedavs umartives
traeqtorias _ or wertils Soris swor xazs
(Gutting& Proffitt, 1982; Shepard, 1984). unda aRiniSnos,
rom pirdapiri xazis es principi Tavsmoxveulia,
rodesac damkvirvebels monacvleobiT uCveneben
moZravi adamianis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas;
Semdeg vizualuri sistema Tavad aRadgens
adamianis normaluri biologiuri moZraobis
traeqtorias (Shiffar, 1994; Stevens et al., 2000).
siRrmis aRqma
aqamde mxolod sibrtyeze mocemul organzo-
milebian paternebs ganvixilavdiT, yoveldRiuri
aRqma ki sagnebs samganzomilebian sivrceSi
moicavs. samive sivrciTi ganzomilebis aRqmas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs CvenTvis, raTa
mivuaxlovdeT sasurvel obieqtebs, magaliTad,
saintereso adamianebs an karg sakvebs da Tavi
avaridoT imas, rac saSiSia, magaliTad, manqaniT
swrafad siaruls an waqceul roials. sivrcis
aRqma saWiroebs zust informacias rogorc
siRrmeze (manZili Cvengan obieqtamde), ise _
mimarTulebaze. smena gvexmareba mimarTulebis
gansazRvraSi, magram _ ara siRrmis gansa-
zRvraSi.
siRrmis aRqmis ganxilvisas unda gaviTva-
liswinoT, rom vizualuri sistema iyenebs
retinalur gamosaxulebas, romelsac mxolod
moCvenebiTi moZraoba (Induced motion) _ iluzia, ro-
desac moZrav aTvliT sistemaSi uZravi wertili
moZravad gveCveneba, Tavad aTvlis sistema ki _
uZravad.
aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraoba (Apparent motion) _moZraobis iluzia, rodesac erTi an meti
wertilis uwyveti anTeba-Caqroba erT moZrav
wertilad aRiqmeba. aSkara/TvalsaCino moZraobis
umartivesi formaa ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni.
ΦΦΦΦΦ fenomeni (Phi phenomenon) _ aSkara/TvalsaCino
moZraobis umartivesi forma, moZraobis ilu-
zia, rodesac erTi an meti uZravi sinaTle,
romelic uwyvetad qreba da inTeba, erT moZrav
sinaTled aRiqmeba.
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ori ganzomileba aqvs _ vertikaluri da
horizontaluri. imis saCveneblad, Tu ra
problemas qmnis organzomilebiani badura
samganzomilebiani aRqmisas, ganvixiloT 5.19
suraTi. rodesac sinaTle aRizianebs baduras
a wertilSi, Cven ar viciT, is a1 poziciidan ecema,Tu a
2-dan. faqtobrivad, is SeiZleba dacemuliyo
A wrfeze arsebuli nebismieri wertilidan,
radgan sinaTle am wrfis yvela wertilidan
erTsa da imave retinalur ujredze aisaxeba.
aseve, B wrfis yvela wertili erTsa da imave
retinalur wertilze _ b wertilze _ proeq-
cirdeba. metic, monakveTi, romelic A wrfis
nebismier wertils B wrfis nebismier wertil-
Tan aerTebs (magaliTad, monakveTi a1b2 an a2b1),
baduraze erTi da igive gamosaxulebas Seqmnis.
Sedegad, baduraze miRebuli gamosaxuleba
siRrmis TvalsazrisiT orazrovania: is SeiZleba
warmoqmniliyo sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli
nebismieri obieqtisgan.
5.5 suraTze gamosaxuli nekeris kubis ori
SesaZlo xedi, aseve, siRrmis TvalsazrisiT,
orazrovnebis Sedegia. is faqti, rom garkveulma
pirobebma SeiZleba aRqmis orazrovneba gamo-
iwvion, gviCvenebs, rom siRrmis aRsaqmelad saWi-
roa Semomavali sensoruli masalis inter-
pretacia da rom es interpretacia zogjer
SeiZleba mcdari iyos (TqvenTvis es gasagebi
iqneba, Tu erTxel mainc mogiqneviaT Cogani
burTisTvis da mxolod haerisTvis mogixved-
rebiaT). siRrmis interpretacia manZilis Sesaxeb
informaciis mraval wyaros eyrdnoba (maT
xSirad siRrmis maniSneblebsac uwodeben), ro-
melTa Sorisaa binokularuli maniSneblebi,
moZraobis maniSneblebi da piqtoruli (gamosa-
xulebis) maniSneblebi.
binokularuli da moZraobis
maniSneblebi
odesme dainteresebulxarT, ratom gaqvT ori
Tvali da ara erTi? meore Tvals saTadarigoze
meti funqcia aqvs _ is siRrmis Sesaxeb saukeTeso,
fasdaudebel informacias gvawvdis. binokula-
ruli siRrmis Sesaxeb informacia ori wyarodan
miiReba: retinaluri disparati (disparaty) da
konvergencia.
vinaidan Tvalebi daaxloebiT 5-6 santimetriT
aris erTmaneTisagan horizontalurad daSore-
buli, isini samyaros odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iReben. amaSi dasarwmuneblad, scadeT Semdegi
eqsperimenti. jer daxuWeT marcxena Tvali da
gaaxileT marjvena, raTa ori saCvenebeli TiTi
patara daSorebul sagans gausworoT. erTi TiTi
daikaveT mklavis sigrZeze, meore _ saxesTan
daaxloebiT 30 sm–is daSorebiT; axla daxuWeT
marjvena Tvali da gaaxileT marcxena, Tan
ganagrZeT daSorebul saganze fiqsacia. ra
mouvida TiTebis pozicias? meore TvaliT ver
xedavT TiTebs daSorebul obieqtze gaswo-
rebulad, radgan is odnav gansxvavebul suraTs
iRebs.
Tvalebis baduraze miRebuli gamosaxu-
lebebis horizontalur poziciebs Soris
Seusabamobas retinaluri disparati ewodeba.
is siRrmis Sesaxeb gvawvdis informacias, radgan
Seusabamobis, anu gansxvavebis odenoba Cvensa
da obieqts Soris manZilzea damokidebuli (ix.
sur. 5.20). magaliTad, rodesac Tvali daxuWeT,
ufro axlos myofi TiTi daSorda mklavis
sigrZeze gaCerebul TiTs.
rodesac orive TvaliT iyurebiT, Tqven mier
danaxul saganTa umravlesoba Tvalebis baduras
sxvadasxva adgils aRizianebs. Tu erTi da igive
obieqtis orive baduraze miRebul gamosaxu-
lebebs Soris Seusabamoba sakmaod mcirea,
vizualuri sistema maT erTi obieqtis siRrmiT
aRqmaSi aerTianebs (Tumca, Tu Tvalebis gadak-
veTisas ori gamosaxuleba Zalian gansxvavdeba
suraTi 5.19
siRrmis orazrovneba
A wrfis nebismieri wertili baduraze erTi da igive
a wertilze proeqcirdeba. B wrfis nebismieri wer-tili baduraze b wertils qmnis. aseve, A da B wrfeebisSemaerTebeli nebismieri monakveTi identur gamo-
saxulebas Seqmnis baduraze. am suraTidan SeiZleba
davinaxoT, ratom iqmneba siRrmis orazrovneba: _
sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebi erTnair
retinalur gamosaxulebebs qmnian.
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erTmaneTisgan, realurad gaorebul gamosa-
xulebas dainaxavT). Tu davfiqrdebiT, mivxvdebiT,
rom Cveni vizualuri sistema sruliad gasaocar
rames akeTes: iRebs or gansxvavebul retinalur
gamosaxulebas, adarebs maT erTmaneTs Sesabamisi
nawilebis horizontaluri wanacvlebis dasad-
genad (binokularuli disparati) da qmnis sagnis
erTian percepcias siRrmeSi. faqtobrivad, vi-
zualuri sistema or gamosaxulebas Soris Seu-
sabamobas samganzomilebiani samyaros siRrmed
(mesame ganzomilebad) aRiqvams.
siRrmeze sxva binokularul informacias
konvergencia iZleva. obieqtze fiqsaciisas
Tvalebi, garkveulwilad, SigniT brundeba (ix.
sur. 5.21). rodesac sagans Zalian axlos _
saxesTan ramdenime santimetrze _ vuyurebT,
Tvalebi erTmaneTisken sakmaod unda Sebrundes,
raTa orive TvalSi dafiqsirdes erTi da igive
gamosaxuleba. Tqven realurad SegiZliaT
Tvalebis konvergenciis naxva, Tu daakvirdebiT
megobars, romelic koncentrirdeba jer sakmaod
daSorebul saganze da Semdeg _ ramdenime
santimetriT daSorebulze. Tvalis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias tvini siRrmeze daskvnis
gasakeTeblad iyenebs, Tumca, Tvalebis kunTe-
bidan konvergenciaze miRebuli informacia
siRrmis aRsaqmelad daaxloebiT 3.5 metrzea
mxolod gamosadegi. rodesac ufro did
manZilze daSorebul sagans uWvretT, kuTxuri
gansxvaveba TiTqmis SeumCnevelia, radgan am
dros Tvalebi TiTqmis paralelur mdgomare-
obaSia.
retinaluri disparati (Retinal disparity) - Tvalebis
baduraze gamosaxulebebis horizontalur pozi-
ciebs Soris Seusabamoba.
konvergencia (Convergence) - saganze fiqsaciisasTvalebis SigniT, erTmaneTisken Sebruneba.
suraTi 5.20
retinaluri disparati
retinaluri disparati
or sagans Soris siRrmeSi
daSorebasTan erTad iz-
rdeba.
suraTi 5.21
siRrmis konvergenciuli maniSnebeli
rodesac sagani TqvenTan axlosaa, Tvalebi metad
unda Sebrundes, vidre Zalian daSorebuli sagnis
SemTxvevaSi. tvini iyenebs Tvalebis kunTebidan
miRebul informacias, raTa konvergencia siRrmis
maniSneblad gamoiyenos.
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imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor gvawvdis moZ-
raoba (kidev erTi wyaro) siRrmeze informacias,
vcadoT Semdegi: wina SemTxvevis msgavsad, axlac
daxuWeT erTi Tvali da ori saCvenebeli TiTi
gausworeT daSorebul sagans; Semdeg Tavi
gadaswieT gverdze, amasTan, SeinarCuneT obieq-
tze fiqsacia da TiTebis uZravi pozicia. Tavis
moZraobisas TiTebsac moZravad xedavT, magram
axlos myofi TiTi ufro Sors inacvlebs da
swrafad, vidre _ daSorebuli TiTi. fiqsire-
buli obieqti ki saerTod ar moZraobs. siRrmeze
informaciis am wyaros fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi (relative motion parallax) ewodeba. moZra-obis paralaqsi imitom gvawvdis siRrmeze infor-
macias, rom moZraobisas sagnebis fardobiTi
daSoreba gansazRvravs maTi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimar-
Tulebas. Semdeg, manqaniT mgzavrobisas SegiZ-
liaT fanjridan moZraobis paralaqss daakvir-
deT. moZravi manqanidan daSorebuli sagnebi uf-
ro uZravad mogeCvenebaT, vidre _ SedarebiT
axlos myofni.
piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis)
maniSneblebi
davuSvaT, xedavT mxolod erTi TvaliT.
SeZlebdiT siRrmis aRqmas? faqtobrivad,
siRrmeze informacia erTi TvaliTac miiReba.
am wyaroebs piqtoruli (gamosaxulebis) maniS-
neblebi ewodebaT, radgan isini naxatebSi aRmo-
Cenili siRrmis Sesaxeb informaciis matareblebi
arian. mxatvrebi, romlebic samganzomilebian
gamosaxulebebs qmnian (organzomilebian
qaRaldze an tiloze), daxelovnebulni arian
piqtoruli maniSneblebis gamoyenebaSi.
gadafarva (interposition) an okluzia (occlusion)Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac gaumWvirvale obieqti
faravs meore obieqtis nawils (sur. 5.22). gada-
farviT viRebT informacias, rom gadafaruli
sagani ufro Sorsaa, vidre _ gadamfaravi.
gadamfaravi zedapiri, aseve, axdens sinaTlis
blokirebas da warmoqmnis Crdilebs, rac siRr-
meze informaciis damatebiT wyarod SeiZleba
iqnes gamoyenebuli.
piqtoruli informaciis damatebiTi sami
wyaro ukavSirdeba meTodebs, romliTac sinaTle
samganzomilebiani samyarodan organzomilebiani
baduras zedapirze proecirdeba. esenia: fardo-
biTi sidide, wrfivi perspeqtiva, teqsturis
gradientebi. fardobiTi sidide eyrdnoba sinaT-
lis proeqciis ZiriTad princips _ erTi da
igive zomis, magram sxvadasxva manZiliT daSo-
rebuli sagnebi gansxvavebul gamosaxulebebs
qmnian baduraze. uaxloesi sagani qmnis yvelaze
did gamosaxulebas, yvelaze daSorebuli ki _
yvelaze mcires. am wess sididisa da manZilis
urTierTmimarTebis wesi ewodeba. rogorc 5.23
suraTidan Cans, Tu erTnairi obieqtebis mwkrivs
uyurebT, yvelaze patara obieqtebs yvelaze
daSorebulad aRiqvamT.
wrfivi perspeqtivac siRrmis maniSnebelia,
romelic, aseve, sididisa da manZilis urTierT-
fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi (Relative motionparallax) _ siRrmeze informaciis wyaro, rodesacdamkvirveblidan sagnebis fardobiTi daSoreba
gansazRvravs Sesabamisi retinaluri gamosaxu-
lebebis moZraobis odenobas da mimarTulebas.
suraTi 5.22
siRrmis maniSnebeli
ra vizualuri maniSneblebiT askvniT, rom
es qali gisosebs miRmaa?
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mimarTebazea damokidebuli. rodesac para-
leluri xazebi (gansazRvrebis mixedviT, ragind
grZeli xazebi, romlebic mTel sigrZeze Tana-
brad arian daSorebuli erTmaneTisgan) siRr-
misken midian, retinalur gamosaxulebaSi
horizontis wertilisken ixrebian da erTdebian
(ix. sur. 5.24). am mniSvnelovani faqtis gamoxatvis
meTodi pirvelad, klasikuri epoqis Semdeg,
renesansis epoqis italielma mxatvrebma xel-
axla 1425 wels aRmoaCines, riTac siRrmis
srulad gamoxatva SeZles (Vasari, 1568; 1967). amaRmoCenamde isini iyenebdnen gadafarvas, Crdi-
lebs da fardobiT sidides, magram ar SeeZloT
realisturi scenebis gamoxatva, sadac obieqtebi
sxvadasxva siRrmeSi iqneboda ganlagebulni.
vizualuri sistemis mier konvergirebuli
xazebis interpretacia ponzos iluzias qmnis
(rac, aseve, naCvenebia 5.24 suraTze). zeda xazi
ufro grZeli Cans, vinaidan konvergirebuli
gverdebi, wrfivi perspeqtivis mixedviT, siRrmeSi
gadaxril paralelur xazebad aRiqmeba (inter-
pretirdeba). amitom siRrmeSi mimavali zeda xazi
Tqven ufro daSorebuli geCvenebaT da
Sesabamisad, grZelic. baduraze erTnair gamosa-
xulebebs warmoqmnis ori obieqti, Tu SedarebiT
daSorebuli obieqti ufro didi zomis iqneba,
vidre _ axlos myofi.
teqsturis gradientebic siRrmis maniSneb-
lebs iZleva, radgan zedapiris siRrmeSi
ganvrcobasTan erTad izrdeba teqsturis sim-
kvrivec. 5.25 suraTze gamosaxuli xorblis yana
teqsturis siRrmis maniSneblis magaliTia. es
SeiZleba sididisa da manZilis urTierTmi-
marTebis kidev erT gamovlinebad miviCnioT. am
magaliTSi, erTeulebi, romlebic teqsturas
qmnian, miT ufro mcirdebian, rac ufro Sors
gadadian siRrmeSi, vizualuri sistema ki am
Semcirebul marcvlebs samganzomilebian sivr-
ceSi ufro daSorebulad gvawvdis. gibsons
(Gibson, 1966, 1979) miaCnda, rom teqsturisa dasiRrmis urTierTmimarTeba perceptul garemoSi
arsebuli erT-erTi mudmivaa.
TqvenTvis, albaT, ukve naTelia, rom siRrmis
aRqmisaTvis informaciis mravali wyaro arse-
bobs. normaluri mxedvelobis pirobebSi, am
wyaroebidan miRebuli informacia garemos erT
mTlian, TvalsaCino gamosaxulebaSi erTian-
deba. Tqven aRiqvamT siRrmes da ara siRrmis
proqsimalur stimulSi mocemul, sxvadasxva
maniSnebels. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, vizu-
aluri sistema avtomaturad, cnobierebisgan
damoukideblad iyenebs sivrcis iseT maniS-
suraTi 5.23
fardobiTi sidide, rogorc siRrmis maniSnebeli
axlos myofi sagnebi ufro did gamosaxulebas
qmnian baduraze; amitom rodesac erTnairi sagnebis
rigs uyurebT, SedarebiT patara sagnebs ufro Sors
myofad aRiqvamT, vidre SedarebiT dids.
suraTi 5.24
ponzos iluzia
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neblebs, rogoricaa: _ diferencialuri
moZraoba, gadafarva da fardobiTi sidide
rTuli gaTvlis sawarmoeblad, rac samgan-
zomilebian garemoSi siRrmis aRqmas uzrun-
velyofs.
aRqmis konstantoba
vizualuri aRqmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani
Tvisebis gamosavlenad, gTxovT, gamoiyenoT es
saxelmZRvanelo. dadeT saxelmZRvanelo magi-
daze da Tavi ramdenime santimetris manZilze
miuaxloeT mas. Semdeg aswieT Tavi da daub-
rundiT kiTxvis normalur mdgomareobas. xom
ver SeniSneT wignis zomis cvlileba, miuxedavad
imisa, rom axlo manZilidan is baduras ufro
did nawils aRizianebda, vidre Sori manZilidan?
axla wigni vertikalurad daiWireT da Tavi
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT amoZraveT. am dros
baduraze wignis gamosaxuleba saaTis sawinaaR-
mdego mimarTulebiT brunavs, Tumca, mas kvlav
vertikalurad aRiqvamT.
zogadad, SegrZnebis receptorebSi stimu-
laciis cvlilebis miuxedavad, Tqven samyaros
xedavT, rogorc ucvlels, mdgrads da sta-
bilurs. fsiqologebi am fenomens aRqmis (per-
ceptul) konstantobas uwodeben. uxeSad rom
vTqvaT, Tqven aRiqvamT distaluri stimulebis,
Cveulebriv, mdgrad Tvisebebs da araproqsi-
maluri stimulebis Tvisebebs, romlebic Tavisa
da Tvalebis moZraobisas mudmivad icvleba.
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs samyaroSi arse-
buli obieqtebis mudmivi da stabiluri Tvi-
sebebis aRqmas, sinaTlis paternebis Tvisebebis
im uTvalavi variaciis miuxedavad, romelic
Tvalebis stimulirebas axdens. aRqmis umTav-
resi amocanaa, garemos ucvleli (invariantuli)
Tvisebebis aRmoCena, maTi retinaluri gamosa-
xulebebis variaciebis miuxedavad. axla vnaxavT,
rogor xdeba es sididis, formisa da orientaciis
SemTxvevaSi.
sididis da formis konstantoba
ra gansazRvravs sagnis sididis aRqmas? sagnis
realur sidides, nawilobriv, baduraze misi
Sesatyvisi gamosaxulebis sididis safuZvelze
aRviqvamT. Tumca, wigniT Catarebuli eqsperi-
menti gviCvenebs, rom baduraze gamosaxulebis
zoma damokidebulia rogorc wignis realur
suraTi 5.25
teqsturis, rogorc siRrmis maniSneblis, magaliTebi
perceptuli konstantoba (Perceptual constancy) _sagnis xatis ucvlelad darCena, retinaluri
gamosaxulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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sidideze, ise _ Tvalidan mis daSorebaze. ro-
gorc iciT, daSorebaze informacias siRrmis
sxvadasxva maniSnebliT viRebT. sagnis sididis
aRsaqmelad vizualuri sistema am informacias
aerTianebs xatis sididis Sesaxeb retinalur
informaciasTan. sagnis sidide, Cveulebriv,
distaluri stimulis zomas Seesabameba. sididis
konstantoba niSnavs sagnis realuri sididis
aRqmis unars, baduraze misi gamosaxulebis
cvlilebisda miuxedavad.
Tu sagnis sidide manZilis maniSneblebis
gaTvaliswinebiT aRiqmeba, maSin manZilze zusti
informaciis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, mas yovelTvis
damaxinjebulad aRviqvamT. erT-erTi aseTi
iluzia xdeba eimsis oTaxSi, romelic 5.26
suraTzea mocemuli. Tavis 120 sm simaRlis
gogonasTan, tania zimbardosTan SedarebiT, 180
sm simaRlis Tqveni avtori Zalze dabali Cans
oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi, Tumca, uCveulod
maRalia marjvena kuTxeSi. am iluziis mizezi
isaa, rom Tqven oTaxs oTxkuTxedad aRiqvamT,
romelsac Tqvengan Tanabari manZiliT daSore-
buli ori ukana kuTxe aqvs. amdenad, tanias
realur simaRles orive SemTxvevaSi baduraze
gamosaxulebis konsistenturad aRiqvamT. rea-
lurad tania ar aris Tanabari manZiliT da-
Sorebuli, radgan eimsis oTaxi gonebamaxvilur
iluzias qmnis. is gveCveneba marTkuTxa formis
oTaxad, sinamdvileSi ki agebulia aramarTkuTxa
zedapirebiT, romlebic siRrmesa da simaRleSi
araTanabari zomis kuTxeebs qmnian, rogorc es
fotos Tanmxleb naxazzea mocemuli. oTaxis
marjvena kuTxeSi myofi nebismieri adamianis
retinaluri gamosaxuleba ufro didi iqneba,
radgan igi orjer ufro axlos iqneba damkvir-
vebelTan, vidre oTaxis marcxena kuTxeSi myofi
adamiani (iluziis misaRebad ekrans erTi TvaliT
unda SexedoT saWvretidan. suraTi 5.26 swored
aqedan aris gadaRebuli. Tu Tqven oTaxis
yurebisas mis irgvliv imoZravebT, vizualuri
sistema zust informacias miiRebs oTaxis
uCveulo struqturaze).
kidev erTi saSualeba, romliTac perceptuli
sistema sagnis realur sidideze gvawvdis
informacias, msgavsi formis obieqtebis
sididis Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebaa.
magaliTad, saxlis, xis, an ZaRlis formis
aRqmisTanave, warmodgena geqmnebaT TiToeuli
maTganis zomaze, Tumca, SeiZleba arc ki
icodeT, ra manZili gaSorebT maTTan. rodesac
sididis konstantoba (Size constancy) _ sagnis
realuri sididis aRqma, misi retinaluri gamo-
saxulebebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
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warsuli gamocdileba Zalze daSorebul nacnob
obieqtebze ver gawvdiT informacias, sididis
konstantoba SeiZleba dairRves. am problemas
waawydebiT, rodesac adamianebs caTambjenis
saxuravidan gadaxedavT da isini WianWvelebad
mogeCvenebaT.
swored es gamocdileba udevs safuZvlad am
Tavis dasawyisSi mocemul ambavs kengis Sesaxeb.
SegaxsenebT, rom kengma, romelmac mTeli
cxovreba xSir tyeebSi gaatara, ver aRiqva
moSorebiT mobalaxe bizonebis gamosaxulebebi.
ucnob perceptul garemoSi kengi Tavdapirvelad
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odesme gqoniaT aseTi gamoc-
dileba: Tqven dgaxarT Sors
marcxena mindorze, gesmiT Cog-
nis dartymis xma da xedavT
beisbolis burTs, romelic
Tqvenken mofrinavs? saidan
iciT, Tu saiT unda gaiqceT
burTis dasaWerad? Tu Tavad
arasodes giTamaSiaT autfil-
dze, jer kidev gaqvT saSualeba,
gaocdeT romelime moTamaSis
STambeWdavi TamaSiT.
sainteresoa, rogor xvdeba igi
saWiro adgilas saWiro dros?
agdebuli burTis daWeris
situacias aRqmis mkvlevrebi,
sruliad samarTlianad, rTul
percepciaTa rigs miakuTvneben:
`burTis moaxloebis paterni
moicavs yvela ZiriTad sivr-
ciTi mdebareobas da siRrmis
maniSnebels, romlis gaTvalis-
wineba ar xdeba traeqtoriis
bolo monakveTamde~ (McBeath etal., 1995, gv.569). amis miuxedavad,adamianebi sakmaod kargad
iWeren burTebs. mkvlevrebis
amocana iyo iseTi Teoriis
Seqmna, romelic erTmaneTTan
daakavSirebda gamoTvlebiT
miRebul sirTulesa da praq-
tikul siadviles (gavixsenoT,
rom Tavis dasawyisSi miznad
davsaxeT, agvexsna, Tu rogor
qmnis perceptuli procesebi
siadvilis iluzias).
ra tipis vizualuri maniS-
neblebis safuZvelze ikvlevT
gzas burTisaken? mkvlevrebma
gamoyves invariantuli maniS-
neblebis 2 tipi, romelsac
moZravi burTi warmoqmnis (ix.
zemoT: invariantobis ganxilva
gibsonis midgomaSi). mkvlevarTa
erTi jgufi irwmuneba, rom mo-
TamaSeebi sirbilis dros im
gzas irCeven, romelzec verti-
kalur ganzomilebaSi burTis
moZraobis vizualuri aRqma
konsistenturi rCeba (Dannemilleret al., 1996). mkvlevarTa meore
jgufis mixedviT ki, moTamaSeebi
irCeven gzas, romelic sirbilis
dros im kuTxis SenarCunebis
saSualebas aZlevs, romliTac
burTi fonTan mimarTebSi
konsistenturad moZraobs
(McBeath et al., 1995, 1996). rogorxdeba am Teoriebis Semowmeba?
rogorc wesi, mkvlevrebi video-
kameriT iweren, rogor iWeren
moTamaSeebi maT mier gaSvebuli
burTebs. kvlevis Semdegi etapia
moTamaSeebis moqmedebisTvis
maTematikuri funqciebis morgeba,
raTa vnaxoT, burTis frenis
vizualuri aRqmis ra aspeq-
tebis konsatantobis Senar-
Cunebas cdilobdnen isini
(Tqven, albaT axla gixariaT,
rom realur cxovrebaSi am
amocanis gadasaWrelad ar
gWirdebaT aRqmis perceptuli
problemis maTematikis gageba).
mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
moTamaSeebis umetesoba burTis
daWeras or fazad yofs (Jacobset al, 1996; McBeath, 1996); I fazaaxlaxan ganvixileT _ swrafadgaqceva saWiro adgilas mosax-
vedrad; II fazaze moTamaSeebianeleben moZraobas da
SeiZleba saerTod gaCerdnen
kidec. TamaSis II fazaSi
adgilmdebareobisa da siRrmis
maniSneblebi erTveba, radgan
burTi swrafad uaxlovdeba
xelTaTmans. rodesac mo-
TamaSes burTi ukve xel-
TaTmanSi aqvs, moqmedeba xSi-
rad jer kidev ar aris dam-
Tavrebuli: man rac SeiZleba
swrafad unda Seagdos burTi
ukan infildze, rom mowi-
naaRmdegem qula ar miiRos da
ar dawinaurdes. amrigad,
moTamaSeebi xSirad asruleben
burTis daWeris kompleqsur
moqmedebas da, amave dros,
yuradRebas aqceven garemos
mniSvnelovan aspeqtebs.
SegiZliaT, cota xniT mowy-
deT swavlas da burTiT iTa-
maSoT? es aRqmis am speci-
fikuri problemis Sesaxeb
sakuTari Sexedulebebis Camo-
yalibebaSi dagexmarebaT
rogor iWerT mfrinav buraTs
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
175
Seecada, misTvis ucxo aRqma cnobili konteq-
stisTvis moergo da ivarauda, rom pawawina
daSorebuli wertilebi mwerebi iyo. vinaidan
mas ar hqonda Sori manZilidan bizonebis aRqmis
warsuli gamocdileba, ar hqonda sididis
konstantobis safuZvelic da radgan swrafad
moZravi manqana cxovelebs uaxlovdeboda da
retinaluri gamosaxulebebi TandaTan did-
deboda, kengi ganicdida SemaSfoTebel iluzias,
rom cxovelebi zomaSi icvlebodnen. Cven
SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
kengi, tarbulis msgavsad, SeZlebda bizonebis
danaxvas. miRebuli codna mas sensoruli gamoc-
dilebis saTanado perceptuli interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas miscemda.
formis konstantoba mWidrod ukavSirdeba
sididis konstantobas. Tqven sworad aRiqvamT
obieqtis realur formas maSinac ki, rodesac
sagani Sebrunebulia da Tavad obieqtisagan
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli saxis retinalur gamo-
saxulebas qmnis. magaliTad, daxrili oTx-
kuTxedi baduraze trapeciis formis gamosa-
xulebas qmnis, daxrili wre _ elifsis formis
gamosaxulebas (ix. sur. 5.27). miuxedavad amisa,
Tqven zustad aRiqvamT maT formebs _ sivrceSi
daxril wres an oTxkuTxeds. rodesac siRrmeze
swori informaciaa xelmisawvdomi, vizualur
sistemas obieqtis realuri formis gansazRvra
Tqvengan obieqtis sxvadasxva nawilebis daSo-
rebis gaTvaliswinebiTac SeuZlia.
suraTi 5.26
eimsis oTaxi
eimsis oTaxi isea agebuli, rom erTi TvaliT saWvretidan xdeba misi dakvirveba;
fotoebic am moxerxebuli adgilidanaa gadaRebuli. eimsis oTaxi agebulia ara-
marTkuTxa zedapirebiT, romlebic araTanabar kuTxeebs qmnian siRrmesa da
simaRleSi. saWvretidan dakvirvebisas vizualuri sistema mas Cveulebriv oTaxad
aRiqvams da tania da filip zimbardoebis simaRleebis uCveulo aRqmas iwvevs.
suraTi 5.27
formis konstantoba
monetis brunvisas misi xati icvleba _ gadaiqceva elifsad, Semdeg TandaTan
viwrovdeba da Txel marTkuTxeds emsgavseba, Semdeg kvlav elifsad
gadaiqceva da dasasrul _ wred. am cvlilebebisda miuxedavad, igi
yovelTvis mrgval monetad aRiqmeba.
formis konstantoba (Shape constancy) _ sagnebisrealuri formis aRqmis unari retinaluri
gamosaxulebis zomebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.a
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orientaciis konstantoba
Tu wignis yurebisas Tavs gverdze gadaxriT,
garemo gadaxrilad ar mogeCvenebaT. orientaciis
konstantoba aris sayaroSi sagnebis realuri
orientaciiis aRqma, baduraze maTi orientaciis
cvlilebis miuxedavad. orientaciis konstan-
toba eyrdnoba Sida yuris vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebul informacias (ganxilulia
me-4 TavSi) Tavis daxrilobaze. vestibularuli
sistemidan miRebuli informaciisa da reti-
naluri orientaciis kombinirebiT, Cveni vizu-
aluri sistema, Cveulebriv, garemoSi arsebuli
obieqtis zust aRqmas ayalibebs.
nacnob garemoSi warsuli gamocdileba rea-
lur orientaciaze damatebiT informacias iZ-
leva. Tumca, Tqven SeiZleba gagiWirdeT rTuli
da ucnobi figurebis amocnoba, Tu isini
uCveulo orientaciiTaa mocemuli (ix. sur. 5.
28). rodesac figura rTulia da sxvadasxva
nawilebisagan Sedgeba, orientaciis aRsaqmelad
TiToeuli nawilis mimarTuleba cal-calke
unda moawesrigoT (Rock, 1986). ase rom, sanam
erT nawils saTanado mimarTulebiT abrunebT,
danarCen nawilebs jer kidev moubruneblad
aRiqvamT. SexedeT popvarskvlavis _ madonas or
Semobrunebul fotosuraTs. Tqven, albaT,
amCnevT, rom erTi-erTi maTgani odnav aris
Secvlili pirsa da TvalebTan, magram suraTebi
sakmaod hgavs erTmaneTs. axla wigni SemoabruneT
da kvlav SexedeT fotosuraTebs. igive foto-
suraTebi absoluturad gansxvavebulad gamoi-
yureba. erTze isev madonaa, meoreze ki _
amazrzeni monstria, romelic sakuTar dedasac
ar eyvareboda! Tqven ver SeniSneT es aSkara
gansxvaveba wignis amobrunebamde, SesaZloa
imitom rom ver SeZeliT saxis yvela nawilis
erTdroulad amobruneba. amobrunebuli
samyaros sworad danaxvas da saxeebis uCveuli
orientaciaSi aRqmas wlebis manZilze
perceptuli treiningi sWirdeba.
feris konstantoba
ganvixiloT suraTi 5.29. rodesac suraTze
gamosaxul aguris kedels uyurebT, zog agurs
ufro muq wiTlad da zogs Ria wiTlad ki ar
aRiqvamT, aramed aRiqvamT kedels, romelSic
yvela aguri erTnairi ferisaa da zogierTi
maTgani CrdilSia moqceuli (Goldstein, 1959). esaa
feris konstantobis magaliTi: feris kon-
stantoba aris ganaTebis xarisxis cvalebad
pirobebSi obieqtebis siTeTris, siruxis an
siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis tendencia.
orientaciis/mimarTulebis konstantoba (Orien-
tation constancy) _ samyaroSi sagnebis realuri
mimarTulebis aRqmis unari, retinaluri gamo-
saxulebis mimarTulebis cvlilebis miuxedavad.
feris konstantoba (Lightness constancy) _ ganaTebisxarisxis cvalebad pirobebSi obieqtebis si-
TeTris, siruxis an siSavis ucvlelad aRqmis
tendencia.
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madonas gancdas mas Semdeg, rac
MTV-m uari Tqva misi ukanaskneli
klipis gaSvebaze?
177
adre ganxiluli yvela sxva konstantobis
msgavsad, feris konstantobasac sakmaod xSirad
ganvicdiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magaliTad,
davuSvaT, gacviaT TeTri maisuri da bneli
oTaxidan naTel, mzis SuqiT ganaTebul quCaSi
gadixarT. mzis sinaTleze maisuridan gacilebiT
meti sinaTle airekleba Tqvens Tvalebze, vidre
_ bnel oTaxSi, Tumca, orive SemTxvevaSi is
TiTqmis erTnairad naTlad geCvenebaT. aq,
faqtobrivad, feris konstantoba moqmedebs,
radgan sagnidan areklili sinaTlis procen-
tuli raodenoba daaxloebiT igive rCeba, sinaT-
lis absoluturi odenoba ki icvleba. naTeli
TeTri maisuri ireklavs arsebuli sinaTlis
80-90%-s, Savi jinsi – daaxloebiT 5%-s, amitom,
rodesac maT erTi da igive situaciaSi vxedavT,
maisuri yovelTvis ufro naTeli Cans, vidre
jinsi.
amrigad, am qveTavSi ganvixileT mTeli rigi
organizaciuli procesebi, romlebic aRqmis
procesSi monawileoben. am Tavis bolo qveTavSi
ganvixilavT identifikaciisa da cnobis pro-
cesebs, romlebic mniSvnelobas aZleven garemos
sagnebsa da movlenebs.
Sejameba
figuris fonis win aRqmis tendencia imdenad
Zlieria, rom iluzorul konturebis aRqmas
iwvevs. geStaltfisqologebma perceptuli daj-
gufebis ramdenime principi Camoayalibes, maT
Soris, siaxlovis, msgavsebis da msgavsi bedis
principebi.
perceptuli procesebi samyarodan axal
informacias yoveli calkeuli fiqsaciiT iRe-
ben. baduras stimulaciis paterni moZraobis
maniSneblebs iZleva. siRrmis aRqma informaciis
mravali konvergenciuli wyarodan yalibdeba.
binokularuli disparati da konvergencia
siRrmis binokularuli maniSneblebia, romel-
Tac Tvalebis horizontaluri mdgomareoba
iwvevs. fardobiTi moZraobis paralaqsi sagnebis
fardobiT daSorebulobaze iZleva informacias.
mxatvrebi iyeneben iseT piqtorul maniSneblebs,
rogoricaa: gadafarva, wrfivi perspeqtiva da
teqsturis gradientebi, raTa organzomilebian
naxatebze samganzomilebiani gamosaxuleba
Seqmnan.
zomis konstantobas aRviqvamT daSorebis
maniSneblebisa da nacnobi sagnebis sididis
Sesaxeb warsuli codnis gamoyenebiT; formis
konstantobas xels uwyobs siRrmis Sesaxeb
informacia. orientaciis konstantoba efuZneba
vestibularul SegrZnebebsa da sagnis realuri
orientaciis Sesaxeb warsul codnas; feris
konstantoba imitom arsebobs, rom nebismieri
ganaTebis pirobebSi sagnebi maTze dacemuli
sinaTlis met-naklebad erTi da igive procen-
tul raodenobas ireklaven.
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suraTi 5.28 suraTi 5.29
90 gradusiT Semobrunebuli afrika
cnobiT Semobrunebul afrikis kontinents?
xSirad, sakmaod Znelia naklebad nacnobi
figurebi uCveulo orientaciaSi icnoT.
feris konstantoba
feris konstantoba gexmarebaT imis gagebaSi,
ratom aRiqvamT kedels erTnairi agurebiT
agebuls.
178
identifikacia da cnoba
aqamde aRwerili perceptuli procesebi
distaluri stimulis fizikuri Tvisebebis _
samganzomilebian sivrceSi sagnebis poziciis,
zomis, formis, teqsturisa da feris _ Sesaxeb
sakmaod zusti informaciis wyarod SeiZleba
miviCnioT. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod am infor-
maciis safuZvelze mainc ar gecodinebodaT,
ra sagnebTan gaqvT saqme, an ginaxavT Tu ara
isini odesme; garemos imitom aRiqvamT nacnobad,
rom SegiZliaT adre nanaxi sagnebis cnoba da
identifikacia. ase rom ar iyos, Tqveni gamoc-
dileba ucxo planetaze mogzaurobas daem-
sgavseboda, sadac yvelaferi ucxo iqneboda _
ar gecodinebodaT, ra geWamaT, ra dagexuraT
Tavze, ras gasclodiT an rogor ageTvalaT
dro. identifikacia da cnoba perceptul xats
mniSvnelobas, sazriss aZleven.
aRmavali da daRmavali
procesebi
sagnis identifikaciisas amJamad nanaxi war-
sulSi miRebul, Senaxul codnas unda
SeadaroT. sensoruli monacemebis garemodan
miRebas da tvinSi gadagzavnas amorCevisa (ex-traction) da analizisaTvis aRmavali gadamuSaveba
(`qvemodan zemoT~) ewodeba. aRmavali
gadamuSaveba empiriul realobas efuZneba da
informaciis mcire nawilebs Seexeba. is
stimulis konkretul fizikur niSnebs abstraq-
tul xatebad gardaqmnis. am tipis gadamuSavebas
monacemebiT aRZrul gadamuSavebasac (data driven
processing) uwodeben, radgan identifikaciis
sawyis wertils garemodan miRebuli monacemebi
warmoadgens.
bevr SemTxvevaSi, perceptuli identifikaciis
gasaioleblad, SesaZlebelia ukve xelT arse-
buli informaciis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, zoo-
parkSi namdvilad icnobT zogierTi saxeobis
cxovels. iq metad geqnebaT vefxvis naxvis
molodini, vidre Tqveni saxlis ukana ezoSi.
rodesac molodinebi gavlenas axdens aRqmaze,
fenomens daRmavali gadamuSaveba (`zemodan qve-
moT~) ewodeba. daRmaval gadamuSavebas samyaros
aRqmaSi warsuli gamocdileba, codna, motivebi
da kulturuli foni Semoaqvs. daRmavali
gadamuSavebisas umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqcio-
nireba gavlenas axedns sagnebisa da movlenebis
gagebaze. daRmaval procesebs konceptualurad
(anu cnebebis doneze, an hipoTeziT) aRZrul
gadamuSavebasac uwodeben, radgan mexsierebaSi
Senaxuli cnebebi gavlenas axdens sensoruli
monacemebis interpretaciaze. daRmavali proce-
sebis mniSvnelovnebis Cveneba SeiZleba naxatebiT,
romelTac `drudlebi~ (droodles) ewodeba (Price,
1953, 1980). dasaxelebebis gareSe es naxatebi
yovelgvar azrs moklebulia; Tumca, rogorc
ki moxdeba maTi identificireba, advilad
davinaxavT maTSi Cadebul azrsac (ix. sur. 5.30).
aRmavali da daRmavali procesebis ukeT gar-
Cevis mizniT, metyvelebis aRqmas mivubrundeT.
Tqven uTuod geqnebodaT SemTxveva, rodesac
gicdiaT saubris gagrZeleba Zalian xmaurian
wveulebaze. aseT situaciaSi Tqven mier war-
moTqmuli yvela sityva erTmniSvnelovnad ver
aRwevs mosaubris yuramde. Tqveni naTqvamis
aRmavali gadamuSaveba (Bottom-up processing) _ gare-moSi xelmisawvdom sensorul informaciaze da-
fuZnebuli perceptuli analizi. analizis Se-
degebi aRmavali gziT SedarebiT abstraqtul rep-
rezentaciebisken miemarTeba.
daRmavali gadamuSaveba (Top-down processing) _ per-ceptuli procesebi, rodesac adamianis warsuli
gamocdileba, codna, molodinebi, motivacia da
konteqsti gavlenas axdens aRqmuli obieqtis
interpretaciasa da klasifikaciaze.
suraTi 5.30
`drudlebi~
(Droodles)
es ra cxovelia? xedavT
(A) gamosaxulebaSi Cits,
romelmac mozrdili Wia-
yela daiWira (B)-Si ki _Jirafis kisers? es orive
suraTi SeiZleba Tqven-
Tvis raRac Zalian nacno-
bis gamosaxulebad miviC-
nioT, Tumca, maT, rogorc
wesi, ver cnobT saiden-
tifikacio informaciis
arqonis gamo, Tumca sak-
marisia am informaciis
mowodeba, rom iolad
amoicnoT isini.
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nawils uTuod dafaravs Caxveleba, xmauriani
musika da sicili. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi
iSviaTad acnobiereben, rom isini fizikur sig-
nalebs xarvezebiT iReben. am fenomens fonemuri
rekonstruqcia ewodeba (Warren, 1970). rogorcme-11 TavSi vnaxavT, fonema aris bgeris mini-
maluri, Sinaarsiani erTeuli enaSi. fonemuri
rekonstruqcia xdeba maSin, rodesac adamianebi
daRmaval gadamuSavebas gamotovili fonemebis
Sesavsebad iyeneben. msmenelebs xSirad uWirT
gansazRvra, maT xmauriT nawilobrivad dafa-
ruli sityvebi esmiT, Tu sityvebi esmiT xmaur-
Tan erTad, romelic zed edeba mTel signals,
Tumca, ar faravs mas.
davuSvaT, xmaurian wveulebaze Tqveni megob-
ris naTqvami ise wydeba, rom Tqven yuramde
mxolod aRwevs _ ̀ saxlSi unda wavide (xmauri)
aRli myavs gasaseirnebeli~. Tu xmauri faravs
bgera `Z~-s, mosalodnelia, ifiqroT, rom mar-
Tlac srulad gaigoneT sityva `ZaRli~. sain-
teresoa, ratom? Cven gvaqvs calkeuli bgerebi,
romlebic sityvebs qmnian da Tavad sityvebi.
roca bgerebi /a/, /R/, /l/ da /i/ Sedian am
sistemaSi, isini aRmavali gziT, sityvis doneze,
gvawvdian informacias. amis safuZvelze gviya-
libdeba versiebi, Tu ra SeiZleboda eTqva mego-
bars. Semdeg ukve daRmavali procesebi erTveba.
konteqsti gexmarebaT, arsebuli versiebidan
`ZaRli~ SearCioT, rogorc am frazisTvis
yvelaze Sesaferisi sityva. vinaidan es yve-
laferi sakmaod swrafad xdeba _ savaraudo
sityvebis aRmavali identifikacia da yvelaze
albaTuri swori variantis daRmavali SerCeva
– Tqven veRar igebT, rom bgera `Z~ gamoto-
vebulia. perceptuli sistema garwmunebT, rom
sityva dasrulebuli iyo (Samuel, 1997). Semdgom,
xmaurian garemoSi moxvedrisas, kmayofili iqne-
biT, rom perceptuli procesebi ase efeqturad
avseben bgerebs!
informaciis gadamuSavebis daRmavali proce-
sebis bolo magaliTad 5.31 suraTze gamosaxuli
adamianebi ganvixiloT. Tu maTi popularoba
xanmokle ar iyo, Tqven SeZlebT maT cnobas,
magram aseTebi arian isini realurad? albaT,
ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, saukeTeso wlebSi mainc.
am karikaturebis identifikaciis unari mowmobs,
rom samyaros aRqma mxolod sensoruli recep-
torebidan Semosul aRmaval informaciaze ar
aris damokidebuli. Tqveni codnis _ daRmavali
informaciisa da danaxulis _ aRmavali infor-
maciis gaerTianebis unari am karikaturebSi
edi merfisa da hilari klintonis cnobis saSua-
lebas gaZlevT. faqtobrivad, kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom karikaturebis amocnoba ufro advilia,
vidre cnobili adamianebis ufro ̀ zusti~ gamo-
xatulebebisa, radgan karikaturebSi is maxa-
siaTeblebia gamokveTili, romlebic adamians
gamorCeuls xdis (Mauro & Kubovy, 1992; Rhodes
et al., 1997).
suraTi 5.31
rogor cnobT am cnobil
adamianebs?
cnobT TiToeul maTgans? am
adamianebis saxeebis nacnobobis
safuZvelze _ daRmavali
gadamuSaveba _ am karikaturebSi
`realur~ adamianebs amoicnobT.
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sagnebis cnoba
metyvelebis aRqmis magaliTidan SeiZleba
gadavideT zogad midgomaze, romelic mkvlev-
rebma sagnis cnobis aRmaval procesebSi Semoi-
tanes. maT gamoyves safexurebi, romelTac per-
ceptuli sistemebi mTliani perceptuli xatis
cnobisaTvis iyeneben. enis SemTxvevaSi, metyve-
lebisas aRqmis procesebi, calkeuli sityvebis
amosacnobad, aerTianebs bgeraTa Tanmimdev-
robebis Sesaxeb garemodan miRebul informacias.
ra erTeulebiT agebT samyaroSi arsebuli
obieqtebis reprezentaciebs? magaliTad, rogor
wyvetT, rom nacrisferi ucnauri formis, saSua-
lo zomis bewviani arseba namdvilad kataa?
savaraudod, Tqven gaqvT katis mexsierebiTi xati.
identifikaciis procesi gulisxmobs perceptSi
mocemuli informaciis Sedarebas katis mexsie-
rebiT xatTan, magram rogor xorcieldeba es
Sedareba? erT-erTi variantia, rom sxvadasxva
sagnebis mexsierebiTi xatebi moicaven sagnis
Semadgenel komponentebs da informacias am
komponentebis urTierTkavSirze (Marr & Mishihara,1978). irvin bidermanis mixedviT (Irvin Biederman,
1987; Hummel & Biederman, 1992), yvela obieqti
SeiZleba Sedgebodes geometriuli ionebis anu
geonebisagan. geonebi ar aris formebis didi an
SemTxveviTi erToblioba. bidermani irwmuneboda,
rom yoveli 36 geonis erTianoba Semdegi wesiT
SeiZleba ganisazRvros: TiToeuli samganzomi-
lebiani geoni qmnis organzomilebiani baduras
stimulaciis unikalur paterns. es unikalurobis
wesi saSualebas unda gvaZlevdes, sensoruli
stimulaciis paternidan mivxvdeT, ra sagania
garemoSi mocemuli. 5.32 suraTze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor aris SesaZlebeli standartuli nawile-
bisgan obieqtebis ageba.
mkvlevrebma aCvenes, rom aseT nawilebs
realuri mniSvneloba aqvT sagnis cnobisaTvis.
amisaTvis isini cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen
danawevrebuli sagnebis suraTebs, sadac srulad
iyo, an ar iyo mocemuli Semadgeneli nawilebi
(Biederman, 1987; Biederman & Cooper, 1991). 5.33 suraTis
pirvel svetSi mocemulia Cveulebrivi sagnebis
konturebi. Sua svetSi igive obieqtebi
xarvezebiTaa mocemuli, rac jer kidev iZleva
nawilebis cnobis da maTi urTierTkavSiris
gagebis saSualebas. marjvena svetSi xarvezebi
xels gviSlis komponentebisa da maT Soris
kavSiris aRmoCenaSi. gveTanxmebiT, rom mesame
svetSi mxolod monaxazis saxiT mocemuli
obieqtebis cnoba yvelaze Znelia? kontrasti
gvarwmunebs, rom obieqtis cnoba SezRuduli
informaciiTac SesaZlebelia (fonemebis aRdgenis
msgavsad), magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
informacia aucilebel komponentebs Seicavs.
miuxedavad amisa, mxolod komponentebis
amocnoba yovelTvis ver iqneba sakmarisi
obieqtis sacnobad (Hayward & Williams, 2000; Tarr,1994). erT-erTi siZnele, rogorc es 5.34 suraTzea
mocemuli, isaa, rom obieqtebs xSirad sruliad
gansxvavebuli persepeqtivebidan xedavT. sagnis
Semadgeneli nawilebi SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavebulad Candes sxvadasxva perspeqtividan.
am siZnelis dasaZlevad calkeuli ZiriTadi
suraTi 5.32
cnoba komponentebis safuZvelze
suraTze mocemulia samganzomilebiani obieqtebis
Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi gaerTianebis nimuSebi.
figuris zeda naxevarSi mocemuli obieqtebi
sxvadasxva zomis cilindrebiTaa agebuli; figuris
qveda naxevarSi ki, ramdenime sxvadasxva nawilis
gaerTianebiT nacnobi obieqtebia agebuli.
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perspeqtivisaTvis unda SeinaxoT calkeuli
mexsierebiTi xatebi, romelTac standartuli
sagnebis ganxilvisas gamoiyenebT (Tarr & Pinker,1989). rodesac garemoSi romelime obieqts
xedavT, SeiZleba gonebaSi perceptis transfor-
mireba mogiwioT, raTa gaarkvioT, zustad
Seesabameba Tu ara is romelime am xats. amrigad,
nacrisfer, ucnauri formis, saSualo zomis
bewvian cxovelSi rom kata amoicnoT, is unda
amoicnoT, rogorc garkveuli rakursiT moce-
muli geonebis Sesatyvisi kombinacia.
molodinis da konteqstis
gavlena
nacrisfer, saSualo zomis, ucnauri formis
bewvian arsebas ufro advilad icnobT, Tu mas
Cveul adgilas, Tqven saxlSi naxavT. es aRqmis
daRmavali aspeqtia: molodinebma SeiZleba
gavlena moaxdinon aRqmaze da danaxulis
interpretaciaze. odesme, SemTxveviT, ginaxavT
nacnobi adamianebi moulodnel adgilas,
magaliTad, sxva qalaqSi, an sxva socialur
jgufSi? gacilebiT meti droa saWiro maT
sacnobad am situaciaSi da xandaxan arc ki
xarT darwmunebuli, rom Nnamdvilad isini arian.
saqme is ki ar aris, rom isini gansxvavebulad
gamoiyurebian, aramed konteqstia sxva _ Tqven
ar eliT maT am situaciaSi. sivrciTi da droiTi
konteqsti, romelSic sagnebi amoicnoba,
mniSvnelovan informaciul wyaros warmoadgens.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, Tqven geqmnebaT
molodini, Tu ra obieqtebis naxvaa mosalod-
neli, an moulodneli irgvliv.
perceptuli organizacia damokidebulia
rogorc molodinze, ise _ sagnis xilvad Tvi-
sebebze. sagnis cnoba aris konstruqciuli
suraTi 5.33
nawilebis gavleba obieqtis cnobaze
Sua svetSi vizualuri informaciis xarvezebi
nawilebs ar azianebs, marjvena svetSi ki _ azia-
nebs. gveTanxmebiT, rom Sua svetSi ufro advilia
obieqtebis cnoba?
suraTi 5.34
erTi da igive obieqti sxvadasxva
perspeqtividan
sxvadasxva perspeqtividan Tqven sagnis sxvadasxva
nawils xedavT. am sirTulis dasaZlevad Tqven rTuli
figuris mraval xats inaxavT mexsierebaSi.
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interpretaciis procesi _ identifikacia
SeiZleba Seicvalos imis mixedviT, rac ukve
iciT, Tu sad xarT da ras xedavT irgvliv.
waikiTxeT Semdegi sityvebi:
THE CAT sworia? axla isev SexedeT TiToeuli
sityvis Sua asos. es ori aso zustad erTnairia,
Tumca, pirvels aRiqvamT rogorc H-s da meores,
rogorc A-s, ratom? naTelia, rom aRqmaze
gavlena moaxdina inglisuri sityvebis codnam.
konteqsti, romelsacqmnis T_E, metad SesaZ-
lebels xdis H-s da naklebad SesaZlebels _
A-s maSin, roca C_T konteqstisTvis sawinaaRmde-
goa swori.
mkvlevrebma araerTxel daasabuTes aRqmaze
konteqstisa da molodinis gavlena setis Ses-
wavliT. seti (set) aris stimulis garkveuli saxiT
aRqmis da masze reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
arsebobs sami tipis seti: motoruli, fsi-
qologiuri da perceptuli. motoruli seti aris
mza, swrafi pasuxis gasacemad mzaoba. morbenali
varjiSobs motoruli setis daxvewaze, raTa
sastarto gasrolis xmaze rac SeiZleba swrafad
gamovides sastarto blokidan. fsiqologiuri
seti aris mzaoba. ganixiloT iseTi situacia,
rogoricaa amocanis gadaWra, an TamaSi, das-
wavlili wesebis, instruqciebis, molodinebis,
an Cvevebis daxmarebiT. fsiqologiurma setma
SeiZleba Tavidan agvaridos amocanis gadawyveta,
roca Zveli wesebi ver ergeba axal situacias.
amas me-9 TavSi vnaxavT, problemis gadawyvetis
procesis Seswavlisas. perceptuli seti aris
mocemul konteqstSi garkveuli stimulis
SeniSvnisTvis mzaoba. magaliTad, axalbeda
dedisaTvis es SeiZleba bavSvis tirilis
gagoneba iyos.
xSirad seti gvaiZulebs, SevcvaloT orazro-
vani stimulis interpretacia. SexedeT sityvaTa
am or rigs:
bebia, babua, da, Zma, deda, ma?a
ana, sofo, nino, Tea, nata, ma?a
waikiTxeT CamonaTvali? ra sityva mogividaT
TavSi TiToeul SemTxvevaSi ̀ ma?a~-s wakiTxvisas?
Tu Tqven ̀ mama~ da ̀ maia/maka~ gaifiqreT, es imitom
moxda, rom sityvaTa CamonaTvaliT SegimuSavdaT
seti, romelmac sityvebis Zebnisas garkveuli
mimarTulebiT warmarTa Tqveni mexsiereba.
saxeldebam SeiZleba Seqmnas konteqsti, ro-
melic orazrovani figurisTvis perceptul sets
iZleva. Tqven ukve naxeT, azrs moklebuli ̀ dud-
lebi~ (doodles) rogor gadaiqca azrian obieq-
tebad. yuradRebiT SexedeT qalis gamosaxulebas
5.35 A suraTze. Tqvenma megobarma (da ara Tqven)naxos suraTi 5.35 B. Semdeg erTad SexedeT 5.35CsuraTs. ras xedavs TiToeuli Tqvengani? iqonia
Tu ara raime gavlena mocemuli saxeldebuli
orazrovani gamosaxulebebis naxvam am gamo-
saxulebis aRqmaze? Tqven SegiZliaT, eqsperi-
menti sxvebze gaimeoroT da naxoT, iRebT Tu
ara igive Sedegebs.
suraTi 5.36A
suraTi 5.36B
axalgazrda lamazi
qali
xandazmuli qalbatoni
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imisaTvis, rom konteqstma aRqmaze moaxdinos
gavlena, saWiroa: mexsiereba ise iyos organi-
zebuli, rom konkretul situaciebTan dakav-
Sirebuli informacia saWiro dros xdebodes
xelmisawvdomi. sxva sityvebiT, saTanado (an
arasaTanado) molodinebis Camosayalibeblad
Tqven unda SegeZloT mexsierebaSi Senaxuli
codnis gamoyeneba. zogjer ̀ mexsierebiTac~ iseve
xedavT, rogorc TvalebiT. me-8 TavSi ganvixi-
lavT mexsierebis Tvisebebs, romlebic SesaZle-
bels xdis aRqmaze konteqstis gavlenas.
bolo gakveTili
am TavSi naswavlis Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT
SexedeT 5.3 suraTs. Tqven ukve gaqvT mTeli sqemis
gasagebad saWiro codna. 5.3 suraTis ganxilva,
aseve, dagarwmunebT, rom mniSvnelovani daskvna,
romelic aRqmis Seswavlidan unda miiRoT, isaa,
rom mastimulirebeli movlenis sapasuxo
perceptuli gamocdileba pirovnebis, rogorc
mTelis, reaqcias warmoadgens. sensoruli
receptorebis gaRizianebiT miRebuli infor-
maciis garda, saboloo aRqma damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vin xarT, visTan erTad xarT, ra gindaT,
ras eliT da ra Rirebulebebi gaqvT. aRmqmeli
suraTi 5.36C
axla ras xedavT?
xSirad asrulebs or gansxvavebul rols,
romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT azartul TamaSsa
da interieris dizains. rogorc azartuli
moTamaSe, aRmqmeli mowadinebulia, niZlavi
dados, rom mocemul Semaval sensorul masalas
warsuli gamocdilebisa da personaluri
Teoriebis terminebiT gaigebs. rogorc mgznebare,
sakuTar saqmeze Seyvarebuli interieris
dizaineri, aRmqmeli mudmivad cdilobs
stimulebis ise organizebas, rom isini ukeT
moergon situacias da metad urTierTdakavSi-
rebulad gamoiyurebodnen. araTavsebadi da
mouwesrigebeli xatebi ukuigdeba da naTeli,
sufTa da Tanmimdevruli xazebiT Canacvldeba.
aRqmis procesi rom mTlianad aRmavali
yofiliyo, Tqven erT, aq da amJamad mocemul
konkretul realobas iqnebodiT mijaWvu-
li.…SegeZlebodaT Tqveni gancdebis fiqsireba,
magram ver gadaitandiT maT momavalSi, verc
samyaros dainaxavdiT gansxvavebulad sxvadasxva
situaciaSi. perceptuli gadamuSaveba mxolod
daRmavali procesi rom yofiliyo, Tqven
daikargebodiT sakuTari molodinebisa da
imedebis, fantaziis samyaroSi. am or ukidu-
resobas Soris saTanado balansiT miiRweva
aRqmis ZiriTadi mizani: samyaros iseTi gancda,
romelic optimalurad emsaxureba adamianis,
rogorc biologiuri da socialuri arsebis
(romelic moZraobs da egueba socialur da
fizikur garemos), moTxovnilebebs.
Sejameba
identifikacia da cnoba moicavs aRmaval da
daRmaval procesebs, romlebic erToblivi
moqmedebiT samyaros naTel, TvalsaCino gagebas
uzrunvelyofen. sagnis amocnoba iwyeba sagnis
Semadgenel nawilebad, anu geonebad dayofiT.
obieqtis amosacnobad nawilebis codna xSirad
rakursis, anu xedvis kuTxis codnasac saWiroebs.
sivrciTi da droiTi konteqsti, romelSic
sagania mocemuli, ayalibebs molodins; is
gavlenas axdens sagnis cnobis unarze. mkvlev-
rebma aRqmaze konteqstis gavlena setis
efeqtebis SeswavliT daasabuTes.
seti (Set) _ stimulis aRqmis da masze garkveuli
saxiT reagirebis droebiTi mzaoba.
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SegrZneba, organizeba,
identificireba da
cnoba
perceptuli sistemebi ubra-
lod ki ar iReben gare
samyaroze informacias, ara-
med aqtiurad axdenen mis
intepretaciasa da orga-
nizacias.
aRqma samsafexuriani pro-
cesia. is Sedgeba SegrZne-
bis, perceptuli organi-
zaciisa da identifikacia-
cnobis safexurebisgan.
gadamuSavebis sensorul sa-
fexurze fizikuri energia
gardaiqmneba nervul ener-
giad da sensorul gancdad.
organizaciis safexurze per-
ceptuli procesebi Segr-
Znebebs TvalsaCino xatebad
aerTianebs da sagnebis da
paternebis aRqmas ganapiro-
bebs.
identifikaciisa da cnobis
safexurze sagnebis percep-
tebi dardeba mexsierebiT
xatebs, raTa isini amovic-
noT rogorc nacnobi da az-
riani sagnebi.
aRqmis amocanaa distaluri
(eqsternaluri) stimulis
gansazRvra proqsimaluri
(sensoruli) stimuliT mo-
wodebuli informaciidan.
orazrovneba iqmneba maSin,
rodesac SesaZlebelia er-
Ti da igive sensoruli in-
formaciis sxvadasxva per-
ceptebSi (xatebSi) organi-
zeba.
perceptuli iluziebis Se-
saxeb codnam SeiZleba Se-
zRudos Cveulebrivi percep-
tuli procesebi.
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
yuradRebis procesebi
yuradReba aris Semavali
sensoruli informaciis
nawilis SerCevisa da danar-
Cenis ignorirebis unari.
pirovnuli miznebi da ga-
remoSi arsebuli sagnebis
Tvisebebi gansazRvraven Cve-
ni yuradRebis mimarTule-
bas.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili
informacia Zalze mcired
moqmedebs mimdinare gamoc-
dilebaze.
yuradRebamdeli gadamuSave-
ba vizualuri garemos efeq-
turad gadasinjvis saSua-
lebas iZleva.
organizaciuli
procesebi aRqmaSi
organizaciuli procesebi
sensoruli monacemebis Se-
sabamis aRqmis xatebs qmni-
an.
es procesebi perceptebs fo-
nidan win wamoweul figu-
rebad aerTianebs.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
dausrulebeli figurebis
dasrulebulad danaxvisa
da calkeuli obieqtebis
msgavsebis mixedviT dajgu-
febis tendencia.
TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebelia
tendencia _ aq da amJamad
mocemuli sivrciTi da
droiTi konteqstidan ga-
momdinare _ moaxdinoT sag-
nis nawilebis organizeba da
interpretireba.
Tqven, aseve, gaxasiaTebT
realuri sensoruli sti-
mulis miuxedavad, aTvlis
sistemis uZravad da masSi
mocemuli nawilebis moZ-
ravad aRqmis tendencia.
baduras organzomilebiani
informaciis samganzo-
milebiani siRrmis aRqmad
gardasaqmnelad vizu-
aluri sistema iyenebs
iseT informacias, rogo-
ricaa: obieqtis zoma da
obieqtamde manZili.
Tqven gaxasiaTebT obieq-
tebis zomis, formis,
orientaciisa da feris
mixedviT ucvlelad aR-
qmis tendencia.
identifikacia da cnoba
perceptuli gadamuSavebis
bolo safexurze, rodesac
xdeba obieqtis identi-
fikacia da cnoba, per-
cepti mniSvnelobas iZens
aRmavali da daRmavali
gadamuSavebis erToblivi
moqmedebiT.
konteqstma, molodinebma,
perceptulma masalam
SeiZleba gansazRvros
dausrulebeli orazro-
vani monacemebis erTi
mimarTulebiT amocnoba,
meore, Tanabrad SesaZleb-
lis, nacvlad.
amgvarad, aRqma eyrdnobarogorc warsul codnas
da molodins, ise _ sen-
sorul stimuls.
ZiriTadi cnebebi
aracnobieri daskvna
aRmavali gadamuSaveba
aRqma
aRqmis konstantoba
Ta
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sa
kv
an
Zo
sa
ki
Tx
eb
i
aSkara moZraoba
konvergencia
daRmavali gadamuSaveba
dasrulebuloba
(Sevsebuloba)
distaluri stimuli
diqotomiuri mosmena
ekologiuri optikis
Teoria
Φ fenomeni
figura
foni
formis konstantoba
ganaTebis konstantoba
geStalt-fsiqologia
identifikacia da cnoba
iluzia
iluzoruli konturebi
marTuli gadasinjva
mizanmimarTuli SerCeva
moCvenebiTi moZraoba
msgavsebis kanoni
msgavsi bedis kanoni
orazrovneba
orientaciis konstantoba
perceptuli organizeba
proqsimaluri stimuli
retinaluri disparati
fardobiTi moZraobis
paralaqsi
seti
siaxlovis kanoni
stimuliT aRZruli
seleqcia
yuradReba
yuradRebamdeli
gadamuSaveba
sididis konstantoba
186
goneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvliligoneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili
mdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebimdgomareobebi
6 cnobierebis Sinaarsi
••••• gacnobiereba dacnobiereba
••••• cnobierebisxelmisawvdomoba
••••• cnobierebisSinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis funqciebi
••••• cnobierebisgamoyeneba
••••• cnobierebis fun-qciebis kvleva
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: rodis
uyalibdebaT bavSvebs
cnobiereba
Zili da sizmari
••••• cirkaduli ritmebi
••••• Zilis cikli
••••• ratom Zili?
••••• Zilis darRvevebi
••••• sizmari: gonebisTeatri
fsiqologia XXI
saukuneSi: 24/7 cxovrebis
stili da Zili
cnobierebis Secvlili
mdgomareobebi
••••• dakvirvebadi sizmrebi••••• hipnozi••••• meditacia••••• halucinaciebi
••••• religiuri eqstazi
••••• cnobierebis Semc-vleli nivTierebebi
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
••••• ZiriTadi cnebebi
187
anvixiloT N.N-is SemTxveva _
axalgazrda kanadeli mamakaci,
romelsac avtokatastrofis Se-
degad Tavis tvini dauzianda. fsi-
qolog endel tulvingis (Endel
Tulving, 1985) aRweris mixedviT, N. N-ma am travmisSedegad mravali iseTi gamocdilebis miRebis
unari dakarga, rasac qvemoT aRvwerT da
cnobierebas vuwodebT. magaliTad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom N. N-ma „mcire ram icis Tavisi war-
sulidan, vTqvaT, romel wels gadavida misi ojaxi
amJamindel sacxovrebel adgilas; im skolebis
saxelebi, romlebSic swavlobda anda sad
atarebda zafxuls skolis periodSi, mas ar
SeuZlia gaixsenos romelime konkretuli movlena
Tavisi warsulidan~ (gv. 4). tulvingi wers:
N.N-s ar hqonda problemebi qronologiur
drosTan dakavSirebiT. is kargad erkveoda
drois erTeulebsa da maT Soris arsebul
mimarTebebSi. zedmiwevniT SeeZlo qrono-
logiuri drois grafikulad gamosaxva, Tumca,
drois Sesaxeb abstraqtuli codnis sruliad
sapirispirod, ukiduresad darRveuli hqonda
subieqturi drois cnobiereba. rodesac wina
dRis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ekiTxebodnen, is
pasuxobda, rom ar icoda. Tu hkiTxavdnen, ras
apirebda SemdgomSi an ras gaakeTebda xval,
misi pasuxi igive iyo _ man ar icoda...
rodesac sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi sTxovdnen
NN. N-s, aRewera is „sicariele~, romelic mis
gonebaSi isadgurebda „xvalis~ Sesaxeb fiq-
risas, is ambobda, rom es „Zilismagvari mdgo-
mareobaa~ anda „didi sicarielea~. Tu sTxov-
dnen analogiis terminebiT aRewera es mdgo-
mareoba, igi ambobda, rom „es hgavs situacias,
rodesac cariel oTaxSi moxvedril adamians
oTaxSi ararsebuli skamis povnas sTxoven~.
sxva SemTxvevaSi is ambobda, rom „es tbis
SuagulSi curvas hgavs, sadac araferia
irgvliv xelCasaWidi~. rodesac guSindeli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb fiqrisas gonebaSi Seqmnili
mdgomareobis aRweras sTxovdnen, is ambobda,
rom „raRacnairi sicarielea~. N.N amas mSvidad
da uSfoTvelad akvirdeba yovelgvari emociis
gareSe. mxolod maSin, rodesac ekiTxebodnen
ratom ar ukvirs, rom „iq araferia~, rodesac
is fiqrobs guSindelsa Tu xvalindelze, is
amJRavnebda mcireoden, xanmokle aJitacias da
sustad aRmoxdeboda gaocebis SeZaxili.
g
SegiZliaT Tqveni Tavi warmoidginoT N.N-is
adgilze, rodesac sakuTari warsulisa an mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb fiqrs cdilobT da mxolod
„sicarieles~ awydebiT? modiT, erTi wuTiT
ifiqreT raime erT-erT mniSvnelovan movlenaze
Tqveni warsulidan; axla dafiqrdiT, Tu ra
SeiZleba moxdes xval an zeg? saidan modis
warsulis es mogonebebi an warmodgenebi mo-
mavlis Sesaxeb? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens
tvinSi didi informacia inaxeba, naklebad al-
baTuria, rom es azrebi iseve mogvdiodes
„gonebaSi~, TiTqosda visxdeT da teqsts vki-
TxulobdeT. metic, Tavs ukeTesad vigrZnobT,
Tu vityviT, rom azrebi Cveni cnobierebidan da
tvinis iseTi ubnebidan momdinareobs, romelic
manamde ar iyo cnobieri, magram mainc ibadeba
kiTxva: mainc rogor mogvdis garkveuli azrebi
TavSi (gonebaSi)? ganvixilavT ki realurad
sxvadasxva mogonebebs an momavlis variantebs?
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, cnobierad vaxorcielebT
arCevans? Tu azrebi garkveuli aracnobieri
operaciebis meSveobiT rogorRac Cndebian Cvens
cn
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188
cnobierebaSi? ra SesaZleblobebi gagvaCnia Cven,
romelic N.N-ma ase tragikulad dakarga?
Tu yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, ras warmoad-
gens normaluri individisaTvis azrebis Camo-
yalibebis martivi aqti, intuiturad ukve Segveq-
mneba warmodgena am meeqvse Tavis ZiriTadi
Temebis Sesaxeb. am TavSi SevecdebiT vupasuxoT
Semdeg kiTxvebs: ra aris Cveulebrivi gac-
nobiereba? ra ganapirobebs Cveni cnobierebis
Sinaarsebs? risTvis gvWirdeba cnobiereba?
SeuZliaT Tu ara realuri zegavlenis moxdena
aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs Cvens azrebze,
emociebsa da qcevaze? rogor icvleba cnobiereba
dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi da rogor SegviZlia
mizanmimarTulad vcvaloT Cveni cnobierebis
mdgomareoba? imedismomcemi fsiqologi, aseve,
dainteresdeba, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
gonebis aspeqtebis mecnieruli Seswavla, rogor
xdeba Sinaganis gareT gamotana da, piriqiT,
sazogadoebrivis pirovnulad qceva (interna-
lizacia) da rogor aris SesaZlebeli subieq-
turi gamocdilebis zedmiwevniTi gazomva?
Cven analizs cnobierebis Sinaarsebisa da
funqciebis ganxilviT daviwyebT, amasTan, yurad-
Rebas gavamaxvilebT adamianis gonebaze. Seve-
cdebiT dagexmaroT filosofosTa, fsiqologTa
da neiromecnierebebisTvis uZvelesi problemis
gagebaSi: ra damokidebulebaa Tavis tvinsa da
gonebas Soris. Semdeg gadavinacvlebT im regu-
larul cvlilebebze, romelsac ganvicdiT oc-
nebis, fantaziis, Zilisa da sizmrebis dros.
dabolos, vnaxavT, Tu rogor icvleba cnobiereba
hipnozis, meditaciis, religiuri ritualebisa
da narkotikebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad.
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
Tavdapirvelad unda aRiniSnos, rom termini
„cnobiereba~ orazrovania. is SeiZleba gamo-
viyenoT rogorc gonebis zogadi mdgomareobis,
ise misi specifikuri Sinaarsebis aRsaniSnad.
zogjer vambobT, rom „cnobier~ mdgomareobaSi
viyaviT „aracnobieris~ sapirispirod (magali-
Tad, anesTeziis an Zilis dros); sxva SemTxvevaSi
vambobT, rom cnobier mdgomareobaSi varT. anu
vacnobierebT konkretul informacias an moq-
medebas. aq naTlad Cans garkveuli Tanmimdevroba
_ imisaTvis, rom vacnobierebdeT raime konkre-tul informacias, cnobier mdgomareobaSi unda
vimyofebodeT. am TavSi, rodesac visaubrebT
cnobierebis Sinaarsebze, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba
is informacia, romelsac vacnobierebT, romlis
Sesaxebac viciT.
gacnobiereba da cnobiereba
adreul fsiqologiur kvlevaTa nawili cno-
bierebis Sinaarsebs eZRvneboda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisSi TandaTanobiT daSorda ra fsiqo-
logia filosofias, is Camoyalibda, rogorc
cnobierebis, gonebis Sesaxeb mecniereba. vundti
da titCeneri introspeqciis meTods iyenebdnen
cnobieri fsiqikis Sinaarsebis sakvlevad, ui-
liam jemsi ki sakuTari cnobierebis nakadis
kvleviT iyo dakavebuli (ix. Tavi 1). faqtobrivad,
misi klasikuri naSromis _ „fsiqologia~ (1892w.)
pirvel gverdze jemsi fsiqologias ganmartavs,
Ta
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rogorc „mecnierebas cnobierebis, rogorc ase-
Tis, mdgomareobebis aRwerisa da axsnis Sesaxeb.~
Cveulebrivi fxizeli cnobiereba moicavs
Cvens aRqmebs, azrebs, grZnobebs, warmodgenebsa
da survilebs mocemul momentSi, anu mTel
mentalur aqtivobas, razec vaxdenT yuradRebis
koncentracias. Cven vacnobierebT Tavad moqme-
debas, romelsac vaxorcielebT da im faqtsac,
rom vaxorcielebT am qmedebas. xandaxan imasac
vacnobierebT, rom sxvebi akvirdebian, afaseben
da reagireben Cven mier ganxorcielebul qce-
vebze. sakuTari Tavis SegrZneba modis gamoc-
dilebidan, romelsac privilegirebuli „Sina-
gani~ poziciidan sakuTar Tavze dakvirvebiT
viRebT. es sxvadasxvagvari gonebrivi aqtivobebi,
erTad aRebuli, qmnian cnobierebis Sinaarss _
yvela am gamocdilebas cnobierad aRviqvamT
drois garkveul momentSi (Natsouias, 1998).
axla ufro zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT
cnobierebis sami sxvadasxva done. isini pirobi-
Tad Seesatyviseba: (1) bazisuri done _ Sinagani
da garegani samyaros cnobiereba; (2) meore done_ imis asaxva, gaazreba, rasac vacnobierebT da
(3) mesame, umaRlesi done sakuTari Tavis, rogorc
cnobieri, moazrovne individis, gacnobiereba.
bazisur doneze cnobiereba warmoadgens imis
gacnobierebas, rom Cven aRviqvamT da vreagirebT
xelmisawvdom perceptul informaciaze. am do-
neze Cven vacnobierebT saaTis wikwiks da
SimSilis odnav SesamCnev SegrZnebas. meore
doneze cnobiereba simbolur codnas eyrdnoba,
romelic gvanTavisuflebs realur obieqtebsa
da mimdinare movlenebze mijaWvulobisgan. am
doneze SegviZlia vimsjeloT da movaxdinoT
manipulireba obieqtebiT maTi aryofnis piro-
bebSi, warmovisaxoT axali formebi da gamo-
viyenoT ukve nacnobi formebi an paternebi, dav-
gegmoT/SevqmnaT utopiebi. cnobierebis umaRlesi
donea TviTcnobiereba, Semecneba (gacnobiereba)
imisa, rom pirovnulad gancdil movlenebs
avtobiografiuli xasiaTi aqvs. TviTcnobiereba
gvaZlevs pirovnuli istoriisa da identurobis
SegrZnebas. cnobierebis am doneze, Tu Cvens
gamocdilebaSi samyaro arsebobs, rogorc
naTeli, Tanmimdevruli da prognozirebadi ram,
maSin TandaTanobiT gviyalibdeba amis Sesatyvisi
molodinebi da es molodinebi aRgvWuravs
awmyoSi saukeTeso mimdinare qmedebiT da momav-
lis dagegmvas axdens. gavixsenoT N.N-is Sem-
Txveva, riTac daviwyeT saubari, romelic Tavis
dazianebis Sedegad TiTqmis mTlianad TviT-
cnobierebis gareSe darCa (tulvingi, 1985). mas
ar gaaCnda rogorc pirovnuli drois per-
speqtiva, ise _ droSi ganfenili sakuTari av-
tobiografiis cnobiereba.
cnobiereba (Consciousness) _ Sinagani movlenebisa
da garemos pirobebis cnobierad aRqmis mdgo-
mareoba (gacnobiereba).
TviTcnobiereba (Self-awareness) _ cnobierebisumaRlesi done, pirovnulad gancdili movlene-
bis avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Semecneba.
cn
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190
cnobierebis xelmisawvdomoba
Cven ganvsazRvreT informaciis zogadi ti-
pebi, romelic SesaZloa gacnobierdes garkveul
adgilze da garkveul droSi, magram ra gana-
pirobebs imas, Tu ra cnobierdeba swored am
momentSi? magaliTad, am wuTSi acnobierebT Tu
ara Tqvens sunTqvas? albaT, ara. sunTqvis kon-
troli aracnobieri procesebis nawilia. fiq-
robT Tu ara Tqvens bolo Svebulebaze an
„hamletis~ avtorze? albaT, isev ara. aseTi az-
rebis kontroli winarecnobieri mexsierebis na-
wilia. acnobierebT Tu ara iseT fonur xma-
urebs, rogoricaa saaTis wikwiki, transportis
moZraobis xma an naTuris zuzuni? sakmaod
rTuli iqneba am yvelafris gacnobiereba (aRqma)
da Tan sruli koncentraciis SenarCuneba am
Tavis Sinaarsze. yvela es stimuli yuradRebis
miRma darCenili informaciis nawilia. dabolos,
arsebobs aracnobieri informacia, romelic
Znelad xelmisawvdomia cnobieri aRqmisaTvis.
aseT informacias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gra-
matikuli wesebi, romelic SesaZlebels xdis
winadadebis mniSvnelobis gagebas. axla cal-
calke ganvixiloT cnobierebis TiToeuli tipi.
aracnobieri procesebi
es aris mTeli rigi aracnobieri sxeulebrivi
aqtiobebisa, romlebic Zalze iSviaTad Tu iWreba
cnobierebaSi. aracnobieri procesebis muSaobis
magaliTia sisxlis wnevis regulacia. nervuli
sistema adevnebs ra Tvalyurs fiziologiur
informacias, uwyvetad afiqsirebs mimdinare
cvlilebebs da Sesabamisad reagirebs maTze
yovelgvari gacnobierebis gareSe. garkveul
SemTxvevebSi, zogierTi Cveulebrivi aracnobieri
aqtivoba SeiZleba cnobieri gaxdes. magaliTad,
SeiZleba miznad davisaxoT sunTqvis cnobieri
gakontroleba. miuxedavad amisa, nervuli sistema
mraval mniSvnelovan funqcias uzrunvelyofs
cnobierebis yovelgvari procesis gareSe.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba
mogonebebi, romlebic mxolod mas Semdeg
xdeba cnobierebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi, rac
raRac warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas maTze, wina-
recnobieri mogonebebis saxeliT aris cnobili.
mogonebebi uzarmazari moculobis mqone in-
formaciasTan erTad inaxeba, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, enebis, sportis an geografiis zogadi
codna da mogonebebi pirovnulad gancdili
movlenebis Sesaxeb. winarecnobieri mexsiereba
SeumCnevlad arsebobs Cvens gonebaSi manam, sanam
ar Seiqmneba maTi cnobierad arsebobis
saWiroebis situacia (rogorc maSin, rodesac
mniSvnelovani warsuli movlenis mogoneba
gTxoveT). mexsierebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT me-
8 TavSi visaubrebT.
yuradRebis miRma darCenili informacia
nebismier mocemul momentSi uricxvi
raodenobis stimuliT varT garSemortymulni.
rogorc me-5 TavSi iTqva, Cven mxolod maT mcire
nawilze SegviZlia yuradRebis fokusireba. raze
movaxdenT fokusirebas da, amasTanave, romeli
mogonebebi gacocxldeba, mniSvnelovnad aris
damokidebuli imaze, Tu ra gvaqvs cnobierebaSi.
Tumca, xandaxan SeiniSneba iseTi informaciis
aracnobieri reprezentacia, romelic ar xvdeba
yuradRebis fokusSi. gavixsenoT magaliTi me-5
Tavidan: xmaurian wveulebaze cdilobT yurad-
Rebis koncentrirebas TqvenTvis mimzidvel
TariRze da am dros uyuradRebod stovebT iqve
mimdinare saubars manam, sanam Tqvens saxels ar
mohkravT yurs. moulodnelad aRmoaCenT, rom,
rogorRac, gaucnobiereblad usmendiT am
saubars da xmaurSi gaarCieT kidec garkveuli
konkretuli signali (Wood & Cowan, 1995a).
aracnobieri
Cven, Cveulebisamebr, vafiqsirebT aracnobieri
informaciis arsebobas, rodesac ver vxsniT
zogierT qcevas cnobieri Zalebis moqmedebiT
qcevis mimdinareobis momentSi. aracnobieri
Zalebis Sesaxeb pirveli Teoria zigmund fro-
ids ekuTvnis, romlis Tanaxmadac, garkveuli
aracnobieri (Nonconscioes) _ informacia, rome-lic, Cveulebriv, xelmiuwvdomelia cnobierebi-
saTvis an mexsierebisaTvis.
winarecnobieri mexsiereba (Preconscious memories)_ mexsiereba, romelic mocemul momentSi ar aris
cnobieri, magram cnobierdeba aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi.
191
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba _ travmuli mogo-
nebebi da tabuirebuli survilebi _ imdenad
SiSis momgvrelia, rom specifikuri mentaluri
procesebi (romelTac me-14 TavSi ganvixilavT),
permanentulad devnian maT cnobierebidan.
froidis mixedviT, rodesac originaluri, miuRe-
beli ideebi da motivebi gandevnilia, anu cnobi-
erebis farglebs miRmaa, azrebTan asocirebuli
Zlieri gancdebi isev inarCuneben TavianT Zalas
da zegavlenas axdenen qcevaze. aracnobieris
froidiseuli „aRmoCena~ ewinaaRmdegeba dasav-
luri azris xangrZliv tradicias. ingliseli
filosofos lokis (1690/1975) gonebis Sesaxeb
dawerili klasikuri naSromis „ese adamianis
Semecnebis Sesaxeb~ _ gamoqveynebis Semdeg, mo-
azrovneTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom raci-
onaluri arsebebis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari
gonebis yvela aqtivobaze xelmisawvdomoba. fro-
idis pirveladi hipoTeza aracnobieri mentaluri
procesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb Seuracxmyofelad
da aRmaSfoTeblad iTvleboda mis Tanamed-
roveTa Soris (Dennett, 1987). (Cven kvlav davub-
rundebiT froidis ideebs me-14 TavSi, rodesac
visaubrebT pirovnebis unikalurobis Sesaxeb).
dResdReobiT mravali fsiqologi iyenebs
termins aracnobieri, im informaciisa da pro-
cesebis aRsaniSnad, romelic ufro sasurveli
da misaRebia, vidre azrebi, romelic, froidis
Tanaxmad, gandevnas eqvemdebareba. magaliTad,
mravali enobrivi procesi aracnobier procesebs
eyrdnoba. ganvixiloT winadadeba (Vu et al., 2000):
She investigated bark.1 rogor movaxdenT am wina-
dadebis interpretirebas? warmovidgenT qals,
romelic ZaRls akvirdeba Tu qals, romelic
xes aTvalierebs? vinaidan sityva bark oraz-
rovania da winadadebis konteqsti didad ver
gvexmareba, Cven mxolod SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
Tu risi Tqma undoda avtors. axla ganvixiloT
igive winadadeba ufro farTo konteqstSi: The
botanist looked for a fungus. She investigated bark.2 amCnevT,
rom winadadebis gageba ufro gaadvilda am
konteqstSi? Tu gaiolda, es imitom, rom Cvenma
aracnobierma enobrivma procesebma gamoiyena
damatebiTi konteqsti da Zalze swrafad gaakeTa
arCevani sityva bark-is or mniSvnelobas Soris.
am magaliTiT kargad Cans, rom cnobieri donis
miRma moqmedi procesebi xSirad axdenen gavlenas
Cvens qcevaze; am SemTxvevaSi, amis ilustraciaa
is simsubuqe, romliTac mivediT winadadebis
swor gagebamde. amgvarad, Cven TandaTanobiT
gadavinacvleT cnobierebis Sinaarsis ganxil-
vidan cnobierebis funqciebis ganxilvaze. sanam
detalurad ganvixilavT am sakiTxs, mokled
aRvwerT or gzas, romliTac SesaZlebelia cno-
bierebis Sinaarsis Seswavla.
cnobierebis Sinaarsebis kvleva
cnobierebis Seswavlis mizniT mkvlevrebs
unda SeemuSavebinaT meTodologia, romlis
saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba Rrma piradu-
li gamocdilebis gazomva. erTi meTodi vundtisa
da titCeneris introspeqciis meTodis axali
versiaa: eqsperimentis monawileebs eZlevaT
mTeli rigi davalebebi da moeTxovebaT xmamaRla
msjeloba da laparaki am davalebaTa Ses-
rulebis procesSi. isini SesaZleblobis fa-
rglebSi maqsimalurad detalurad aRweren
davalebis Sesrulebisas TavSi mosuli azrebis
Tanmimdevrobas. cdis pirTa angariSebi, e.w.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi, gamoiyeneba mentaluri
strategiebisa da codnis reprezentaciebis
dokumentirebisaTvis, romelTac monawileebi
davalebis Sesrulebisas iyeneben. es oqmebi, aseve,
davalebis aRqmasa da masTan gamklavebas Soris
1 bark inglisuri sityva, romelsac ori mniSvneloba
aqvs: (1) yefa da (2) merqani. vinaidan qarTulad am sityvas
ori sxvadasxva mniSvneloba Seesabameba, SeuZlebeli iyo
am etapze winadadebis Targmna. amitom mizanSewonilad
miviCnieT originaluri variantis motana.
2 botanikosi aTvalierebda xavss, is ikvlevda
xis merqans.
xmamaRla fiqris oqmebi (Think-aloud protocols) -angariSi, romelic iqmneba Tavad cdis pirTa
mier da aRweren mentalur procesebsa da
strategiebs, romelTac isini mimarTaven dava-
lebis Sesrulebisas.
gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodi (Ex-perience-sampling method) - eqsperimentuli meTodi,
romelic exmareba mkvlevrebs cnobierebis ti-
puri Sinaarsebis aRweraSi; cdis pirebs eva-
lebaT signalis miRebisTanave daafiqsiron Ta-
vianTi azrebi da grZnobebi.
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arsebuli ganxsvavebebis dafiqsirebis saSua-
lebas aZlevs mkvlevrebs (Ericsson & Simon, 1993).gamocdilebidan nimuSebis SerCevis meTodSi
monawileebi aRWurvilni arian mowyobilobiT,
romliTac iReben signals imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis
unda daiwyon angariSis keTeba TavianTi azrebisa
da grZnobebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, erT-erT
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eleqtronul peijerebs
aZleven. radiogadamcemi sxvadasxva SemTxveviT
SerCeuli drois SualedebSi axdens peijeris
aqtivizacias dReSi erTxel an ufro xSirad.
rodesac modis peijeris signali, cdis pirebs
evalebaT iseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, rogo-
ricaa, magaliTad, „ramdenad axerxebdiT kon-
centrirebas?~ am gziT mkvlevrebi axerxeben cdis
pirTa azrebis, cnobierebisa da yuradRebis kon-
centrirebis mimarTulebebis yoveldRiuri,
Cveuli paternebis Sesaxeb Canawerebis mopovebas
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
saidan
viciT
ras fiqroben mozardebi
gaixseneT Tqveni mozardobis periodi.
ra Temebi ikavebdnen, ZiriTadad, Tqvens
cnobierebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
mkvlevarTa jgufma 218 moswavle eleqtro-
nuli peijerebiT aRWurva, romelic Sem-
TxveviT signalebs iZleoda azrebisa da
grZnobebis aRweris dasawyisis maniSneb-
lad (Richard et al., 1998) . moswavleTa
gamocdilebidan nimuSi sul orjer SeirCa
oTxi wlis manZilze. pirveli periodi iyo
V-dan VIII klasis CaTvliT, meore _ IX-danXII klasis CaTvliT. eqsperimentis aseTi
gegma asakis matebasTan erTad mozardTa
cnobierebis Sinaarsis cvlilebebis dafiq-
sirebis saSualebas iZleoda. mkvlevrebs
gansakuTrebiT ainteresebdaT wyvilSi
urTierTobebi mozardobis periodSi,
amitom detalurad ikvlevdnen, Tu ras
fiqrobdnen mozardebi megobrebis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Sedegebis Tanaxmad, asakis
matebasTan erTad azrebi, ZiriTadad,
sapirispiro sqeszea mimarTuli. Tu me-5-6
klaselebis mxolod 1% fiqrobs sapiris-
piro sqesze, merve klasSi es ricxvi 5.8%-
mde izrdeba. kvlevaSi, aseve, saintereso
gansxvavebebi dafiqsirda gogonebsa da
vaJebs Soris: Tu peijeris signalis miRebis
momentSi ar imyofebodnen megobrebis
wreSi, gogonebTan ufro meti iyo orive
sqesis megobrebze fiqris albaToba, vidre
vaJebTan. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom
sqesTa Soris es gansxvavebebi miuTiTebs
da prognozirebs im faqts, rom qalebi
mozrdil asakSi mets iReben inter-
personaluri urTierTobebidan.
am magaliTidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeuZ-
liaT mkvlevrebs gamocdilebiT SerCevis
meTodis gamoyeneba cnobierebis calkeuli
tipuri Sinaarsebis gasaerTianeblad.
Sejameba
cnobiereba SeiZleba sam doneze ganisazRvros:
Sinagani da garegani samyaros gacnobiereba, imis
gaazrebis SesaZlebloba, rasac vacnobierebT
(aRviqvamT) da sakuTari Tavis, rogorc cnobieri,
moazrovne arsebis gancda. mravali sxeulebrivi
procesi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sunTqva, Cve-
ulebriv, aracnobieria. Cven vflobT uzarmazar
informacias, romelic inaxeba mexsierebaSi; es
ukanaskneli ki winarecnobiers warmoadgens,
saidanac moTxovnisTanave SeiZleba gadavides
saWiro informacia cnobierSi. yuradRebis miRma
darCenili informacia aris garemoSi arsebul
stimulTa didi raodenoba, romelsac cnobierad
ar vaqcevT yuradRebas. Tu froidi aracnobiers
gandevnil mogonebebTan akavSirebda, Tanamedrove
mkvlevrebi afarToeben aracnobieris cnebas da
masSi informaciisa da procesebis mraval sa-
xeobas moiazreben. fsiqologebi cnobierebis
Sinaarsis Sesaswavlad iyeneben iseT teqnikebs,
rogoricaa xmamaRali fiqris oqmebi da gamoc-
dilebiT SerCevis meTodi.
cnobierebis funqciebi
rodesac vsvamT kiTxvas cnobierebis fun-
qciebis Sesaxeb, vcdilobT gavigoT, Tu risTvis
gvWirdeba cnobiereba _ ras matebs is Cvens ada-
mianur gamocdilebas? am Tavis dasawyisSi gan-
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xiluli N.N-is SemTxveva ramdenime mniSvnelovan
miniSnebas iZleva dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mimarTulebiT. warsulisa da momavlis
gancdis gareSe N.N-is cxovrebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtebi ubralod sicarieliT icvleba. am
qveTavSi ufro srulad ganvixilavT cnobierebis
mniSvnelovnebis sakiTxs adamianis gadarCenisa
da socialuri funqcionirebisaTvis.
cnobierebis gamoyeneba
adamianis cnobiereba evoluciur garemoSi
yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobil ZalasTan _ sxvaadamianebTan Widilsa da SejibrSi gamoiwrTo.
adamianis goneba, SesaZloa, ganviTarda, rogorc
adamianTa winaprebis ukiduresi sociobilu-
robis Sedegi, rac, savaraudod, mtaceblebisgan
jgufuri Tavdacvisa da resursebis ufro
efeqturad mopovebis ZiriTad saSualebas
warmoadgenda. Tumca, mWidro jgufuri cxovreba
axal moTxovnebs qmnis rogorc TanamSromlobis,
ise konkurenciisaTvis. bunebrivi gadarCeva
wyalobda maT, vinc azrovnebda, gegmavda da
warmoisaxavda alternatiul realobebs, rac
naTesaobis erTad Sekvrisa da mtrebze gamar-
jvebis winapirobas qmnida. isini, visac ufro
adaptirebuli goneba aRmoaCnda da vinc Seqmna
sametyvelo ena da Sromis iaraRebi, gamar-
jvebulni gamovidnen gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi
da moipoves udidesi jildo _ gadarCnen,
SeinarCunes sicocxle da, sabednierod, is
Cvenamdec moitanes (Donald, 1995; Mcphail, 1998).
vinaidan cnobierebam evolucia ganicada, ar
unda gagvikvirdes, rom is uzrunvelyofs sa-
xeobis gadarCenisTvis saWiro mTel rig fun-
qciebs (Baars, 1997; Baars & McGovern, 1994; Cheney &
Seyfarth, 1990; Ornstein, 1991). cnobiereba, aseve,
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs pirovnuli da
saerTo kulturuli realobebis SeqmnaSi.
gadarCenaSi daxmareba
biologiuri TvalsazrisiT, savaraudod, cno-
bierebis ganviTareba miznad isaxavda indivi-
disaTvis garemodan momdinare informaciis
miRebasa da am informaciaze dayrdnobiT moq-
medebis saukeTeso da maqsimalurad efeqturi
gegmis SedgenaSi daxmarebas. Cveulebisamebr, Cven
informaciuli gadatvirTvis safrTxis winaSe
vdgavarT. uiliam jemsi aRwerda informaciis
did raodenobas, romelic SegrZnebis recep-
torebs ejaxeba, rogorc yvela mxridan mom-
dinare „mozuzune, mzardi qaosi~. gvarkvevs ra
stimulTa mravalferovnebaSi, cnobiereba
garemosTan adaptaciaSi gvexmareba. amas is sami
sxvadasxva gziT axorcielebs:
pirveli. cnobiereba amcirebs Semaval sti-
mulTa nakads SemCneuli da yuradRebis centrSi
moxvedrili stimulebis raodenobis SezRudviT.
cnobierebis es SemzRudavi funqcia gamoricxavs
imwuTieri miznebisa da amocanebisaTvis Seusa-
bamo informaciis did nawils. yvelaferi, rac
fasdeba, rogorc „Seusabamo~, gadaiqceva fonur
xmaurad da ignorirdeba, cnobieri aRqma ki
„relevantur~ gamRizianeblebze, anu im signa-
lebze fokusirdeba, romelTac viRebT da
vpasuxobT.
meore. cnobiereba axorcielebs seleqciuri
(SerCeviTi) Senaxvis funqcias. mas Semdeg, rac
mTeli Semavali sensoruli masala gadamu-
Savdeba perceptul doneze da gardaiqmneba ufro
mcire raodenobis cnobad paternebad da
kategoriebad, cnobiereba saSualebas gvaZlevs
SevarCioT da SevinaxoT is stimulebi, romelTa
analizi, interpretacia da maTze reagireba
gvsurs momavalSi. cnobiereba movlenaTa da
pirovnuli saWiroebisTvis Sesatyvisi da
araSesatyvisi gamocdilebis klasificirebis
saSualebas gvaZlevs zogierTi maTganis arCeviTa
da zogierTis ignorirebiT.
mesame. cnobierebis mesame funqciaa SeCereba,
alternativebis gaazreba, ganxilva da sxvadasxva
SesaZlo Sedegebis warmosaxva warsul codnaze
dayrdnobiT. es damgegmarebeli anu aRmasruleb-
eli makontrolebeli funqcia Zlieri survi-
lebis daTrgunvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs,
rodesac isini ewinaaRmdegebian moralur, eTikur
an praqtikul miznebs. am saxis cnobierebis
gareSe SimSilis SegrZnebis gaCenisTanave, Se-
saZloa, pirvelive danaxuli sakvebi, magaliTad,
vaSli moviparoT. gvaZlevs ra cnobiereba farTo
droiT perspeqtivas, romelSic unda ganxor-
cieldes potenciuri qceva, Cven SegviZlia
warsulisa da momavlis abstraqtuli reprezen-
taciebis moxmoba mimdinare gadawyvetilebebze
gavlenis mosaxdenad. yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan
gamomdinare, cnobiereba cxovrebis cvalebadi
moTxovnebis sapasuxod moqnili, adekvaturi
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reaqciebis ganxorcielebis did SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
realobis pirovnuli da kulturuli
konstruqtebi
ar arsebobs ori adamiani, romelic situaciis
sruliad erTnair interpretacias mogvcemda.
realobis personaluri konstruqti warmoadgens
mimdinare situaciebis Cveneul unikalur inter-
pretacias, romelic zogad codnas, warsuli
gamocdilebis mogonebebs, awmyo moTxovnebs,
Rirebulebebs, rwmenebsa da momavlis miznebs
eyrdnoba. TiToeuli pirovneba garemodan mom-
dinare stimulTa garkveul, sxvebisgan gansxva-
vebul maxasiaTeblebs uTmobs yuradRebas, rad-
ganac realobis misi pirovnuli konstruqti
unikaluri, Semosuli masalis SerCevis Sedegad
aris warmoqmnili. rodesac realobis pirovnuli
konstruqti SedarebiT stabiluria, Cveni „me~-s
gancda droSi uwyvetobas iZens.
realobis pirovnul konstruqtTa Soris in-
dividualuri gansxvavebebi ufro didia im Sem-
TxvevaSi, rodesac adamianebi izrdebian gan-
sxvavebul kulturebSi, cxovroben erTi kul-
turis farglebSi gansxvavebul garemoSi an
gansxvavebuli amocanebi dgas maT winaSe da,
piriqiT, vinaidan mocemuli kulturis adamianebi
mraval msgavs gamocdilebas floben, maT xSirad
realobis amsaxveli msgavsi konstruqtebi uya-
libdebaT. realobis kulturuli konstruqtebi
warmoadgens samyaros Sesaxeb mosazrebaTa er-
Tobliobas, romelsac iziarebs mocemuli
jgufis wevrTa umravlesoba. rodesac
sazogadoebis wevri kulturuli konstruqtis
Sesatyvis realobis pirovnul konstruqts
aviTarebs, mas iRebs kultura da, amave dros,
is Tavad xdeba kulturuli konstruqti.
realobis cnobieri konstruqtebis ur-
TierTmiRebas SeTanxmebul mtkicebulebas uwo-
deben.
saidan
viciT
SeTanxmebuli mtkicebulebis funqcia
germanel moqalaqeebs aCerebdnen quCaSi
uSualod damkrZalavi biuros win, an
misgan daaxloebiT 100 metris manZilze.
mkvlevrebi varaudobdnen, rom damkrZalavi
biuros TvalTaxedvis areSi yofna ada-
mianebSi maTi sasrulobis (mokvdaobis)
gancdas gaamZafrebda da Sedegad ufro
metad aiZulebda maT SeTanxmebul mtki-
cebulebaSi eZebnaT komforti. rodesac
adamianebi imyofebian mdgomareobaSi,
romelsac mkvlevrebi „egzistencialur
terors~ uwodeben, Teoriis mixedviT,
adamianebs saerTo, sayovelTao kul-
turuli rwmenebi da ganwyobebi aerTianebT.
am mtkicebis Sedegi isaa, rom damkrZavali
biuros xedvis pirobebi individebs maTi
ganwyobebis kulturuli normebisadmi
ufro miaxloebulad aRqmisken ubiZgebda.
am kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen
SeefasebinaT, Tu sxva germaneli moqa-
laqeebi ramdenad gaiziarebdnen maT
mosazrebebs saemigracio politikis Secv-
lis Sesaxeb. umciresobaSi myofi indivi-
debi konsensusis TavianT Sefasebas 10%-
ze metiT zrdidnen, rodesac isini uSua-
lod damkrZalavi biuros win imyofe-
bodnen, vidre am dawesebulebidan 100
metrze daSorebulni (Pyszczynski et al., 1996).
konceptualuri mtkicebuleba (Consensual validation)_ realobaze cnobieri Sexedulebebis urTierT-
miRebaa.
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didad albaTuria, rom cxov-
rebis garkveul etapze
axalSobilisaTvis, an Zalian
patara bavSvisaTvis SegexedaT
da dainteresebuliyaviT: „netav,
ra xdeba mis TavSi?~ xSirad es
kiTxva gardaiqmneba cnobie-
rebis Sesaxeb sakiTxad: rodis
iwyebs bavSvi sakuTari Tavis,
rogorc aseTis, gacnobierebas?
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom
bavSvebi Tavdapirvelad iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s da mxolod
amis Semdeg _ obieqtur „me~-s(Lewis, 1991; 1999).
bavSvebi maSin iZenen
subieqtur „me~-s anu subieqtur
TviTcnobierebas , rodesac
maTTvis naTeli xdeba, rom
isini gamocalkevebulni arian
sxvebisgan. bavSvs aqvs SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom gare sam-
yaro aqcios cnobieri dakvir-
vebis obieqtad.
bavSvebi maSin iZenen obi-
eqtur „me~-s anu obieqtur
TviTcnobierebas, rodesac maT
eZlevaT saSualeba imisa, rom
TavianTi cnobiereba mimarTon
sakuTar Tavze anu, rodesac
SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis
cnobieri analizis obieqtad
qceva. bavSvebs SeuZliaT ga-
iazron, rom „ician, rom ician~
an „axsovT, rom axsovT~. bav-
Svebis mier obieqturi TviT-
cnobierebis SeZenis Sesaxeb
klasikuri kvleva eyrdnoba
sarkesTan qcevas. mkvlevrebs
ainteresebdaT: rodis iwyebs
bavSvi mixvedras, rom sarkeSi
asaxuli gamosaxuleba TviTon
aris? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen
dedebs, rom TavianTi Svile-
bisaTvis cxvirze waesvaT pomada
ise, rom bavSvebs ar scodnodaT
amis Sesaxeb; es iyo laqiani
cxviris testi (nose dot test).bavSvebi sakmaod adreul asakSi
amCneven sarkis zogierT
Tvisebas. magaliTad, 6 Tvemde
bavSvebi cdiloben miswvdnen da
Seexon sarkeSi asaxuli gamo-
saxulebis nawilebs; mxolod 18
Tvis Semdeg bavSvebi ikideben
xels cxvirze, rodesac cxvirze
laqa aqvT (Bertenthal & Fischer, 1978).naTelia, rom am asakamde bavSvebi
ar fiqroben (nebismieri formiT):
„es me var sarkeSi; ra ucnauri
wiTeli niSani maqvs cxvirze?~
maSinac ki, roca bavSvebi war-
matebiT asruleben laqiani
cxviris tests, mainc ar aqvT
bolomde „me~-s Camoyalibebuli
gancda. maT jer kidev ar aqvT
Camoyalibebuli drois
komponentis mqone obieqturi
„me~-s Sesaxeb idea anu sakuTar
Tavze, rogorc warsulSi, aw-
myosa da momavalSi uwyvetad
arsebulze fiqris unari. la-
qiani cxviris procedurasTan
adaptaciis Seswavla mkvlevrebs
„me~-s droSi ganfenilobis
kvlevis saSualebas aZlevs
(Povinelli et al., 1996). am kvlevaSi
videofirze iRebdnen 30-42 Tvis
bavSvebs, rodesac eqsperi-
mentatori Cumad awebebda Tmeb-
ze webovan qaRalds. zogierT
bavSvs pirdapir eTerSi
aCvenebdnen TavianT Tavebs
webovanaTi: maT SeeZloT dae-
naxaT TavianTi webovanqaRal-
diani Tma im saqmianobis pro-
cesSi, riTic iyvnen dakave-
bulni. danarCenebi ki sam-
wuTiani Sualedis Semdeg
uyurebdnen Canawers: isini
naxulobdnen sakuTar Tavs
Tmaze webovani qaRaldiT uax-
loesi warsulidan. pirvel
jgufSi bavSvebis orma mesa-
medma moikida Tavze xeli
maSin, rodesac meore jgufSi
mxolod erTma mesamedma
gaakeTa es. faqtobrivad, mxo-
lod 4 wlis asakis Semdeg
bavSvebi axerxeben, rom naxon
uaxloesi warsulis Canaweri
da daiWiron kavSiri Tmis we-
bovan qaRaldTan. rogorc Cans,
bavSvebisTvis sakmaod rTulia
awmyoSi mimdinare movlenis
Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTeba
warsulis, Tundac uaxloesi
warsulis, reprezentaciebze
dayrdnobiT. gagakvirvaT am
Sedegebma? Tu yofilxarT 2-3
wlis bavSvTan erTad, ge-
codinebaT, rom man mSvenivrad
icis, vin aris da ras akeTebs.
kvlevis Sedegebi aCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad realuria bavSve-
bisTvis daswavla da, Sesa-
bamisad, ramdenad marTlac
rTulia Cveni, mozrdilebis
cnobiereba.
rodis uyalibdebaT bavSvebs cnobiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
kvlevis es Sedegebi adasturebs im daSvebas,
rom individebs SeTanxmebuli mtkicebuleba maT
cnobierebaSi mokvdaobis/sakuTari sasrulobis
grZnobebis SeWris pirobebSi ufro metad esa-
WiroebaT. kulturul rwmenebTan da ganwyobebTan
cnobieri Tanxmobis miReba amsubuqebs am grZno-
bebs.
196
cnobierebis funqciebis kvleva
cnobierebis mravali funqcia moicavs im-
plicitur Sedarebebs, romelic aracnobieri
rCeba. amitom mravali cnobieri procesi xSirad
zemoqmedebs an Tavad ganicdis aracnobieri
procesebis zemoqmedebas. cnobierebis funqciebis
Sesaswavlad mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT
cnobierisa da aracnobieris mier qcevaze
ganxorcielebul zegavlenaTa Soris gansxva-
vebebi. maT mravali meTodi Seqmnes imis saCveneb-
lad, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben aracnobieri pro-
cesebi cnobier qcevaze (Nelson, 1996; Westen, 1998).
magaliTad, mkvlevrebi iyeneben laboratori-
ulad gamowveuli predispoziciis Sedegad bge-
raTa gadanacvlebis meTods _ SLIP (Spoonerisms of
Laboratory-Induced Predisposition _ laboratoriulad
gamowveuli winaswari mzaobis spunerizmi) _
imis gansasazRvrad, Tu rogor moqmedebs aracno-
bieri Zalebi metyvelebaSi wamocdenebis alba-
Tobaze (Baars et al., 1992). SLIP procedura eqsperi-
mentators wamocdenebis gamowvevis saSualebas
aZlevs bgeraTa garkveuli paternebis molodi-
nebis SemuSavebiT. amgvarad, iseTi sityvaTa
wyvilebis seriis warmoTqmis Semdeg, rogoricaa
ball doze, bell dark da bean deck, cdis pirma SesaZloa
darn boze-is nacvlad SecdomiT barn door war-
moTqvas. eqsperimenti amocanisgan damoukidebeli
situaciuri cvladebis Secvlis Sedegad bgeris
garkveuli saxiT cvlilebis albaTobaze cno-
bieri an aracnobieri zemoqmedebebis Sefasebis
saSualebas iZleva. magaliTad, cdis pirebSi
ufro albaTuri iyo daeSvaT Secdoma bad shock
(shad bock-is nacvlad), rodesac maT sjerodaT,
rom eqsperimentis dros xandaxan mtkivneul
eleqtrul Soks miiRebdnen (Motley & Baars, 1979).aseve, mamakac cdis pirebSi meti iyo SecdomiT
good lags-is (lood gegs-is nacvlad) warmoTqmis
albaToba, rodesac maTTan mimzidveli gareg-
nobis eqsperimentatori qali muSaobda. es
Sedegebi wamocdenebis formirebaSi aracno-
bieris wvlilze miuTiTebs.
cnobier da aracnobier procesebs Soris
urTierTmimarTebis sakvlevi meore gzaa maTi
dapirispireba (Jecoby et al., 1999). ganvixiloT
kvleva, romelSic iqmneba aseTi dapirispireba.
suraTi 4.2
aracnobieri mogo-
nebebis zegavlena
saxelis cnobilad
aRqmaze
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saidan
viciT
cnobieri da aracnobieri procesebi
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegod
ganvixiloT 6.1 suraTze warmodgenili
eqsperimenti: am situaciaSi cdis pirebs
moeTxovebaT miakuTvnon saxeli „adrian
mari~ cnobilTa an ucnobTa kategorias.
arCevanis gakeTebamde isini xmamaRla ki-
Txuloben saxelTa grZel sias (sadac „ad-
rian maric~ aris naxsenebi) situaciaSi,
romelSic ar eZlevaT saxelebze srulad
koncentrirebis saSualeba. rodesac cdis
pirebi waradgenen Tavian daskvnebs, maT
afrTxileben, rom maT mier wakiTxuli
siidan aravin iyo cnobili pirovneba. am-
gvarad, Tu saxeli siidan nacnobi aRmoC-
ndeboda, isini iZulebulni iqnebodnen is
ucnobad CaeTvalaT. axla warmovidginoT,
rom cdis pirebi miadgnen saxels „adrian
mari~. Tu maT SeuZliaT am saxelis Sesaxeb
cnobieri mogonebis povna, maT ecodinebaT,
rom is warmodgenil siaSi imyofeboda da,
amgvarad, ityvian, rom „adrian mari~ ar
aris cnobili. Tu isini ver aRmoaCenen
cnobier mogonebas, maT savaraudod eqnebaT
zogadi grZnoba imisa, rom „sadRac gau-
goniaT es saxeli adre~ da ityvian, rom
„adrian mari~ cnobili saxelia. es fenomeni
cnobier („Tqvi ara!~) da aracnobier (Tqvi
diax!) procesebs Soris dapirispirebaa.
faqtobrivad, cdis pirebi metad midre-
kilni arian Tqvan, rom „adrian mari~
cnobili personaa da amiT naTels xdian,
rom aracnobieri mexsiereba gavlenas ax-
dens maT msjelobaze (Jacoby et al., 1989).
Sejameba
cnobiereba gadarCenaSi gvexmareba imiT, rom
_ amcirebs Semomavali stimulebis nakads;
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli stimuli unda iqnes
Senaxuli da SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT
iZleva moqmedebebis dagegmvis saSualebas.
cnobiereba, aseve, adamianis realobis pirovnul
da kulturul konstruqtebs Soris amyarebs
mimarTebas. ikvleven ra cnobierebis funqciebs,
mkvlevrebi xSirad qmnian paradigmebs cnobier
da aracnobier procesebs Soris urTierTobebis
Sesafaseblad da sakvlevad.
Zili da sizmari
TiTqmis yoveldRe Tqven ganicdiT cno-
bierebis Rrma cvlilebebs: rodesac gadawyvetT,
rom Tqveni dRe dasrulda, Tqven ganewyobiT
ZilisaTvis da sanam gZinavT, ueWvelad xedavT
sizmrebs. cxovrebis mesameds ZilSi vatarebT,
rodesac kunTebi „paralizebulia~, tvini ki
sxvadasxva aqtivobebiT aris dakavebuli. am
nawils Zil-RviZilis zogadi biologiuri rit-
mis ganxilviT daviwyebT. Semdeg ufro deta-
lurad visaubrebT Zilis fsiqologiaze. bolos
ganvixilavT ZilTan Sewyvilebul ZiriTad
gonebriv aqtivobas _ sizmars da SevecdebiT
gavarkvioT, Tu ra rols asrulebs sizmari ada-
mianis fsiqologiaSi.
cirkaduli ritmebi
yvela cocxali arseba ganicdis dRe-Ramis
bunebrivi ritmis zemoqmedebas. Cveni sxeuli
sinqronizdeba drois ciklTan, romelic cir-
kaduli ritmis saxeliT aris cnobili: sisxlis
wneva, metaboluri procesebi, guliscemis six-
Sire, sxeulis temperatura da hormonaluri
aqtivoba Sinagani saaTis mixedviT icvleba
(Moore-Ede et al., 1982). es aqtivobebi, umeteswilad,
dRis ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebisamebr, SuadRiT
aRweven cxovelqmedebis piks da maqsimalurad
mcirdebian RamiT Zilis dros. kvlevebi aCvenebs,
rom organizmSi arsebuli saaTi zustad ar
emTxveva saaTs kedelze: garegani saaTis yovel-
gvari miniSnebebis gareSe, adamianis Sinaganma
„tempis momcemma~ daamkvidra 24.18-saaTiani cikli
(Czeisler et al., 1999). mzis amosvla yoveldRiurad
gvexmareba 24-saaTian ciklTan SeguebaSi. mzis
sinaTlis Sesaxeb informacias TvaliT viRebT,
cirkaduli ritmi (Circadian rhythm) _ organizmisaqtivobis Sinagani saaTiT determinirebuli
mdgradi paterni, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, 24an 25 saaTs grZeldeba.
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magram cirkaduli ritmis maregulirebeli re-
ceptori ar aris igive, romelic samyaros
danaxvis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs cxovelebi Cxi-
rebisa da kolbebis gareSec (ix. Tavi 4) grZnoben
sinaTles, rac maT cirkaduli ritmis Senar-
Cunebis saSualebas aZlevs (Freedman et al., 1999).biologiur da garemos saaTebs Soris gan-
svlis gamomwvevi cvlilebebi moqmedebs imaze,
Tu rogor vigrZnobT Tavs da rogor moviqceviT
(Moore-Ede, 1993). aseTi gansvlebis warmoqmnis yve-
laze dramatuli magaliTebi xangrZlivi mogzau-
robebis dros xdeba. rodesac adamianebi ga-
dafrindebian sxvadasxva drois sartyelSi, maT
SeiZleba ganicadon e.w. Jet lag3, anu daerRveT
dReRamuri ritmi; es aris mdgomareoba, romel-
sac axlavs gadaRliloba, dauZleveli Zilia-
noba da Sedegad Zil-RviZilis uCveulo ganrigi.
Jet lag Tavs iCens, radganac Sinagani cirkaduli
ritmi vardeba Cveuli droiTi garemos fazidan
(Redfern et al., 1994). magaliTad, Cveni sxeuli ambobs,
rom Ramis 2 saaTia da, Sesabamisad, mravali
fsiqologiuri parametris mixedviT funqcioni-
rebis yvelaze pasiuri periodia, rodesac ad-
gilobrivi dro Cvengan SuadRis Sesabamis aqti-
vobas moiTxovs. Jet lag pilotTa gansakuTrebuli
problemaa _ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
pilotTa mier daSvebul SecdomebSi, romelic
ubeduri SemTxvevebis mizezi xdeba (Coleman, 1986).
ra cvladebi zemoqmedeben Jet lag-ze? yvelaze
mniSvnelovani cvladia mogzaurobis mimarTu-
leba da gadakveTil droiT sartyelTa rao-
denoba. aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba met Jet lag-
s qmnis, vidre dasavleTisken, radganac Cveni
biologiuri saaTi ufro iolad SeiZleba
gaxangrZlivdes, vidre Semcirdes, rogorc amas
aRmosavleTisken mogzauroba iTxovs (RviZilis
mdgomareobaSi xangrZlivad yofna ufro advi-
lia, vidre adre daZineba). rodesac janmrTeli
moxaliseebi gadaafrines evropidan aSS-Si da
ukan, Cveuli qcevebis aRdgena dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT mogzaurobis Semdeg oridan oTx
dRemde gaxda SesaZlebeli maSin, roca aRmosav-
leTisken mogzaurobis Semdeg amas 9 dRe das-
Wirda (Klein & Wegmann, 1974).
Zilis cikli
cirkaduli ritmis erTi mesamedi qceviT
uZraobas eTmoba, romelsac Zils vuwodebT.
bevri ram, rac Zilis Sesaxeb aris cnobili,
tvinis eleqtrul aqtivobas ukavSirdeba. Zilis
kvlevaSi meTodologiuri gardatexa 1937 wels
moxda, rodesac gamoiyenes teqnologia, romelic
mZinare adamianis Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aq-
tivobis eleqtroencefalogramis (eeg) saxiT Ca-
weris saSualebas iZleoda. eeg uzrunvelyofs
Zilisa da RviZilis periodebSi adamianis Tavis
tvinis aqtivobis cvlilebebis obieqtur da
mimdinare gazomvas. eeg-s saSualebiT mkvlevrebma
aRmoaCines, rom Tavis tvinis talRebi icvleba
Zilis ganmavlobaSi da es cvla sistematur,
Tanmimdevrul da prognozirebad xasiaTs ata-
rebs (Loomis et al., 1937). Zilis sferoSi Semdegi
mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo Tvalebis swrafi
moZraobis (REM – rapid eye movement) dafiqsireba,
romelic garkveuli intervalebiT periodulad
iCens Tavs Zilis ganmavlobaSi (Aserinsky &Kleitman, 1953). periods, rodesac mZinare adamians
ar aReniSneba REM-i, Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis
gareSe Zils (non-REM anu NREM) uwodeben.
mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom REM da NREM Zili
mniSvnelovan funqciebs asruleben Ramis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi aqtivobisaTvis _ siz-mrisaTvis.
3 dReRamuri ritmis darRveva ramdenime droiTi
sartylis swrafad gadakveTis, magaliTad, gadafrenis
Sedegad.
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axla Tvali gavadevnoT Cveni Tavis tvinis
aqtivobas Ramis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc ki da-
saZineblad mzadebas daviwyebT, eeg daafiqsirebs,
rom Tavis tvinis talRebis sixSirea daaxloebiT
14 cikli wamSi (cw/herci). rodesac komfor-
tulad movewyobiT sawolSi da movdundebiT,
Tavis tvinis talRebi Senelebas daiwyebs 8-12
cw/hercamde. rodesac CagveZineba, iwyeba Zilis
cikli, romlis TiToeuli faza gansxvavebul
eeg-is paterns aCvenebs. pirvel fazaze eeg 3-dan
7 cw/hercamde Tavis tvinis talRebs aCvenebs.
meore fazis manZilze miRebuli eeg-is Zilis
RerZs uwodeben, rodesac eleqtruli aqtivoba
wuTSi 12-16 cw/hercia. Zilis Semdeg or fazaze
(faza 3 da 4) gadavdivarT relaqsirebuli Zilis
Zalian Rrma mdgomareobaSi anu Zalze Rrmad
gvZinavs. Tavis tvinis talRebi neldeba 1-2 cw/
hercamde, mcirdeba, aseve, sunTqvisa da gulis-
cemis sixSire. bolo fazaze isev matulobs
Tavis tvinis eleqtruli aqtivoba da eeg-is Cana-
weri 1 da 2 fazebis Canawers emsgavseba. swored
am fazaze aqvs adgili REM Zils da vxedavT
sizmars (ix. sur. 6.2). (vinaidan REM Zilis dros
Cawerili eeg mRviZari adamianis Canawers hgavs,
REM Zils paradoqsalur Zilsac uwodeben).
Zilis pirveli oTxi fazis gavlas, romelic
mTlianobaSi NREM Zils qmnis, daaxloebiT 90
wT sWirdeba, REM Zili ki daaxloebiT 10 wT-s
grZeldeba. Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi am 100
wT-ian cikls 4-6-jer gavdivarT (ix. sur. 6.3).
TiToeul ciklSi Rrma ZilisTvis (3 da 4 faze-
bisTvis) gankuTvnili dro mcirdeba, xolo REMZilze daxarjuli dro izrdeba. bolo ciklSi
ukve TiTqmis 1 sT-s vuTmobT REM Zils. mTlia-
nobaSi Zilis 75-80% NREM Zils eTmoba, 20-25%
ki - REM Zils.
yvelas ar sZinavs erTnairi xangrZlivobiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianebisaTvis arsebobs
Zilis genetikurad ganpirobebuli saWiroeba,
Zilis realuri `raodenoba~, romelsac iRebs
TiToeuli individi, cnobieri qmedebebis mniS-
vnelovan zegavlenas ganicdis. adamianebi aq-
tiurad akontroleben Zilis xangrZlivobas
sxvadasxva saSualebebiT, rogoricaa gvian
daZineba an maRviZaris gamoyeneba. Zilis xan-
grZlivobas, aseve, akontrolebs cirkaduli
ritmi; amitom aris, rom daZinebis dro (anu
rodis viZinebT) gavlenas axdens Zilis xangrZli-
vobaze. NREM da REM Zilis adekvaturi, sakma-
risi raodenobis miReba mxolod maSin aris
SesaZlebeli, rodesac standartirebuli gvaqvs
daZinebisa da gaRviZebis dro mTeli kviris
manZilze, dasvenebis dReebis CaTvliT. am Sem-
TxvevaSi metia albaToba imisa, rom sawolSi
gatarebuli dro uaxlovdeba Cveni cirkaduli
ritmis Zilis fazas.
Cveni interesis Semdgomi sagania Zilis pa-
ternis is TvalSi sacemi cvlilebebi, romelsac
adgili aqvs individis cxovrebis manZilze (ix.
Tvalebis swrafi moZraoba (Rapid eye movement –REM) _ im fazis qceviTi gamovlineba, romlis
drosac mZinare adamiani sizmrismagvar gonebriv
aqtivobas axorcielebs.
Zili Tvalebis swrafi moZraobis gareSe (Non-REM anu NREM sleep) _ periodi, rodesac mZinareadamianTan ar fiqsirdeba Tvalebis swrafi
moZraoba; xasiaTdeba REM ZilTan SedarebiT
naklebi sizmrisebri aqtivobiT.
suraTi 6.2
eeg-is paterni gansxvavebulia Ramis
Zilis sxvadasxva fazaze
Zilis TiToeuli stadia Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
Taviseburi paterniT xasiaTdeba.
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sur. 6.4). am qveyanaze cxovrebas dReSi 16 saaTiani
ZiliT viwyebT, romlis TiTqmis naxevars REM
ZilSi vatarebT. 50 wlis asakSi SeiZleba mxo-
lod 6 sT eZinos adamians da mTeli am drois
mxolos 20% eTmobodes REM Zils. axalgazrdebs,
Cveulebriv, 7-8 saaTi sZinavT, romelSic 20%
REM Zils ukavia.
ratom Zili?
adamianebsa da cxovelebSi Zilis fazebis
Tanmimdevruli ganviTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
arsebobs Zilis evoluciuri safuZveli da
biologiuri saWiroeba. adamianebi sakmaod
kargad funqcionireben, rodesac 7-8 saaTi
suraTi 6.3
Zilis fazebi
Zilis fazebis tipuri
paterni erTi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi.
suraTi 6.4
adamianis Zilis
paterni cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi
grafikze naCvenebia, Tu
rogor icvleba asakis ma-
tebasTan erTad yovel-
dRiuri REM Zilisa da
NREM Zilis procentuli
Tanafardoba. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom REM Zilis
xangrZlivoba mniSvne-
lovnad iklebs wlebis
matebasTan erTad, xolo
NREM Zilis
xangrZlivobis Semcireba
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sZinavT Ramis ganmavlobaSi (Harrison & Horne, 1996).ratom sZinavT adamianebs amdeni da ra funqciebs
emsaxureba NREM da REM Zilis saxeobebi?
NREM Zilis ori umTavresi funqcia SeiZleba
iyos Senaxva (konservacia) da aRdgena. Zili
cxovelebs gakveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ener-
giis dazogvis, Senaxvis saSualebas aZlevs, ro-
desac ar aris sakvebis mopovebis, wyvilis povnis
an Sromis aucilebloba (Allison & Cicchetti, 1976;
Cartwtright, 1982; Webb, 1974). meore mxriv, Zili
ramdenime gziT aRdgenis SesaZleblobas aZlevs
sxeuls. Zilis dros sinTezirdeba dRis ganmav-
lobaSi daxarjuli neirotransmiterebisa da
neiromodulatorebis saWiro raodenoba, postsi-
nafsur receptorebs ki mgrZnobelobis optima-
lur doneze dabrunebis saSualeba eZleva
(Porkka-Heiskanen et al., 1997; Rainnie et al., 1994). kvlevis
Sedegebi, aseve, mowmobs, rom Tavis tvinis ener-
giis wyaro xelaxla ivseba NREM Zilis dros
(Benington & Heller, 1995).
Tu Ramis ganmavlobaSi ganvicdiT REM Zilis
deprivacias, Semdeg Rames CveulebrivTan Seda-
rebiT xangrZlivi REM Zili gveqneba, vinaidan
REM Zilic emsaxureba garkveul aucilebel
funqciebs. mTel rig saintereso, Tumca, jerje-
robiT arasrulad warmodgenil sargebels REM
Zils miakuTvneben (Moffitt et al., 1993). magaliTad,
rogorc Cans, Cvilobis periodSi REM Zili
pasuxs agebs nervul daboloebebsa da kunTebs
Soris Tvalebis moZraobis uzrunvelsayofad
saWiro kavSiris Camoyalibebaze. REM Zili qmnis
Tavis tvinis iseT funqcionalur struqturebs,
romlebic aucilebelia motoruli Cvevebis
daswavlisaTvis. REM Zilma, aseve, SeiZleba
garkveuli roli Seasrulos ganwyobilebisa da
emociebis SenarCunebaSi. garda amisa, is SeiZleba
saWiro iyos mogonebebis Senaxvisa da mimdinare
gamocdilebis ukve arsebul mogonebebTan da
ganwyobebTan TanxmobaSi moyvanisaTvis (Cartwright,1978; Dement, 1976). fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
mkvlevrebi fiqroben, rom REM Zili aucile-
belia NREM Zilis Semdeg Tavis tvinis balansis
aRdgenisaTvis: NREM ZilisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Tavis tvinis aqtivobis Cveulma tipma SeiZleba
Secvalos Tavis tvinis balansi imgvarad, rom
aucilebeli gaxdes normasTan dabruneba REM
Zilis meSveobiT (Benington & heller, 1994).
Zilis darRvevebi
mSvenieria, rodesac yovelTvis SegviZlia Ra-
miT kargad daZineba. samwuxarod, mravali ada-
miani itanjeba Zilis darRvevebiT, rac seri-
ozulad moqmedebs maT pirad cxovrebasa da
samsaxureobriv saqmianobaze. darRveul Zils
socialuri Sedegebic SeiZleba hqondes. adamia-
nebi, romelTa samuSao ganrigi RamiT gadaad-
gilebas saWiroebs, mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi
erTxel mainc Tvlemen samuSao adgilze.
msoflioSi zogierTi yvelaze seriozuli indus-
triuli ubeduri SemTxveva. magaliTad, Cerno-
bilis katastrofa, gvian saRamos saaTebSi moxda.
ambobdnen, rom es SemTxvevebi imitom moxda, rom
Zilis ukmarisobis gamo pasuxismgebelma perso-
nalma optimalurad ver Seasrula Tavisi fun-
qcia. vinaidan Zilis darRvevebi mniSvelovania
mravali studentis cxovrebaSic, aq maTzec
visaubrebT. teqstis kiTxvisas gaxsovdeT, rom
Zilis darRveva varirebs siRrmis, simwvavis mi-
xedviT; Sesabamisad, darRvevebis mizezic vari-
rebs biologiur Tu fsiqologiur Zalebs Soris.
insomnia
rodesac adamianebi ukmayofiloni arian
TavianTi Zilis odenobiT an xarisxiT, isini
insomniisgan itanjebian. saTanadod daZinebaSi
qronikuli warumatebloba xasiaTdeba swrafad
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verdaZinebiT, Zilis ganmavlobaSi xSiri adgo-
mebiT an diliT adre gaRviZebiT. ukanasknel
gamokiTxvaSi 18 da meti wlis mozrdilebis 58%
aRniSnavs, rom bolo wlis manZilze yoveli
kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime RamiT an ufro
xSirad ganucdia insomnia (National Sleep Founda-tion, 2000). insomnia kompleqsuri darRvevaa,
romelsac fsiqologiuri, garemo pirobebi da
mravali biologiuri faqtori ganapirobebs
(Spielman & Glovinsky, 1997). laboratoriul piro-
bebSi insomniis mqone individebis Seswavlisas
maTi realuri Zilis xarisxi da raodenoba
mniSvnelovnad icvleboda, normaluri Zilidan
darRveulamde. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom
insomniis mqone mravali individi, romelic
uZilobas uCioda, realurad Zilis sruliad
normalur fiziologiur paterns avlenda,
Tumca, es mdgomareoba subieqturad insomniad
aRiqmeboda da aRiwereboda. aseve, kuriozulia
aRmoCena, rom Zilis darRvevis mqone zogierTi
adamiani ar uCivis insomnias (Trinder, 1988). amgvarigansvla imisa Sedegia, Tu adamianebi rogor
sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen fxizeli Zilis inter-
pretirebas, magaliTad, SeiZleba mocemul ada-
mians fxizeli Zili adrindelTan SedarebiT
ufro xSiri da stresuli eCvenebodes da ar
axsovdes Rrmad rom eZina.
narkolefsia
narkolefsia Zilis darRvevaa, romelic dRis
ganmavlobaSi perioduli ZiliT xasiaTdeba
(Aldrich, 1992). is xSirad katapleqsiasTan4 kom-
binaciaSi iCens Tavs, ris Sedegadac adamiani
moulodnelad Zirs ecema. narkoleptikebi TiT-
qmis daZinebisTanave gadadian REM ZilSi. REMZilSi aseTi swrafi gadasvla maT ganacdevinebs
da cnobierad aRaqmevinebs sizmris naTel, mkafio
xatebs, zogjer ki _ SemaSinebel halucinaciebs.
narkolefsia 2000-dan mxolod erT adamianTan
gvxvdeba. vinaidan narkolefsia gavrcelebulia
ojaxebSi, mecnierebi askvnian, rom daavadebas
genetikuri safuZveli aqvs (Mignot, 1998). surTra uecrad Zilad mivardnis gamo uxerxu-
lobisaTvis Tavis arideba, narkolefsia xSirad
uaryofiT socialur da fsiqologiur gavlenas
axdens daavadebul individebze (Broughton &Broughton, 1994). narkoleptikisTvis gamosavals
warmoadgens Tavisi daavadebis bunebis garkveva
da socialuri mxardaWeris jgufSi Sesvla.
Zilis apnoe
Zilis apnoe aris zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rodesac adamiani
Zilis dros wyvets sunTqvas. rodesac es xdeba,
sisxlSi mcirdeba Jangbadis raodenoba da
gamomuSavdeba damxmare (sasignalo) hormonebi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, aiZulebs adamians, rom
gaiRviZos da ganaaxlos sunTqva. miuxedavad
imisa, rom umravlesobasTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba
apnoes aseTi Ramis epizodebi, Zilis apnoeTi
daavadebul zogierT adamianTan asamde aseTi
cikli meordeba yoveli Ramis ganmavlobaSi.
apnoes epizodi zogjer aSinebs mZinare adamians,
Tumca, xSirad es epizodi imdenad xanmoklea,
rom igi ver akavSirebs moWarbebul Zilianobas
am epizodebTan (Orr, 1997). magaliTisaTvis ganvi-
xiloT cnobili fsiqologis SemTxveva, romel-
sac gamouvleneli Zilis apnoes Sedegad ar
SeeZlo RviZilis mdgomareobaSi yofiliyo leq-
ciebisa da mecnieruli Sexvedrebis dros. ro-
desac mas meuRlem acnoba Ramis darRveuli
qcevis Sesaxeb, man mimarTa Zilis darRvevebis
klinikas, sadac warmatebiT imkurnala da gada-
irCina kariera (Zimbardo, personal communication, 1991).
sxva analogiur SemTxvevebSi adamianebi kargaven
samuSaos, megobrebs da zogjer meuRleebsac
ki, radganac maTi qceva dRis ganmavlobaSi Zalze
darRveulia Ramis periodis darRvevis gamo.
Zilis dros apnoe xSiria naadrevad daba-
debul/dRenaklul axalSobilebSic, romlebic
xandaxan sunTqvis ganaxlebisaTvis fizikur
stimulirebas saWiroeben. srulad Camoyali-
bebuli sasunTqi sistemis arqonis gamo aseT
insomnia (Insomnia) - normalurad daZinebis qro-
nikuli uunaroba; simptomebSi Sedis sirTu-
leebi daZinebisas, xSiri gaRviZeba, gaRviZebis
Semdeg CaZinebis unaris arqona, diliT adre
gaRviZeba.
narkolefsia (Narcolepsy) - Zilis darRveva, rome-
lic xasiaTdeba dRis ganmavlobaSi daZinebis
dauZleveli moTxovnilebiT.
Zilis apnoe (Sleep apnea) - zeda sasunTq gzebTan
dakavSirebuli Zilis darRveva, rac aiZulebs
adamians, rom Zilis dros sunTqva Sewyvitos.
4 katapleqsia _ kunTebis sisuste an kunTebze
kontrolis dakargva, rac emociur aRgznebas (sicili,
risxva, SiSi, gaoceba an SimSili) axlavs Tan.
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Cvilebs intensiuri Terapiis ganyofilebaSi
monitorze aerTeben imdeni xniT, ramden xansac
grZeldeba problemebi.
dRis Zilianoba
aSS-is Zilis darRvevebis centrebSi mosul
pacientTa umravlesoba dRis ganmavlobaSi
moWarbebul Zilianobas uCivis. aSS-Si 1154
mozrdilidan 43% miuTiTebs, rom yovelTviurad
ramdenime dRe, an ufro xangrZlivi periodi,
imdenad eZinebaT, rom irRveva maTi Cveuli dRis
aqtivobebi; 20% miuTiTebs, rom dRis Zilianoba
ramdenime dRis an yovelkvireulad negatiuri
movlenaa maTi dRis saqmianobebisaTvis (National
Sleep Foundation, 2000). moWarbebuli Zilianoba
iwvevs sifrTxilis dakargvas, reaqciis drois
gazrdas da motoruli da kognituri amocanebis
Sesrulebis xarisxis gauaresebas. adreul kvle-
vebSi moWarbebuli Zilianobis mqone pacientTa
TiTqmis naxevari aRniSnavda, rom xvdebodnen
avtosagzao SemTxvevebSi, xolo naxevarze mets
samuSaoze hqonda ubeduri SemTxveva, zog
SemTxvevaSi seriozulic ki (Roth et al., 1989).
Zilis deprivaciis darRvevis Sesaxeb doku-
menturi filmis Sleep Alert-is momzadebisas fsiqo-
logi jeims maasi aRniSnavda, rom „arseboben
adamianebi, romlebic zombebis msgavsad dadian~
(Maas, 1998). man ikvlia pilotebi, romlebic
aRniSnavdnen, rom muSaobis periodSi Tvlemdnen
xanmokle periodebiT. maasis mixedviT, damamTav-
rebeli klasebis moswavleTa 30%-mde erTxel
mainc iZinebs gakveTilze. garkveuli xarisxis
Zilianoba mosalodnelia, rodesac individebis
cxovrebis stili an samuSaos Taviseburebani
xels uSlis sakmaris Ramis Zils. Tumca, moWar-
bebul Zilianobas xSirad fiziologiuri safuZ-
veli aqvs da aseT pacientebs samedicino dax-
mareba esaWiroebaT (White & Mitler, 1997).
sizmari: gonebis Teatri
Cveni cxovrebis yoveli Cveulebrivi Ramis
ganmavlobaSi sizmrebis rTul samyaroSi
vxvdebiT. Tu sizmrebi erT dros mxolod winas-
warmetyvelebis, fizikosebisa da fsiqoanali-
tikosebis interesis sferos warmoadgenda, dRes-
dReobiT mecnieruli kvlevebis erT-erTi mniS-
vnelovani mimarTulebaa. sizmris kvlevaTa
umravlesoba Zilis laboratoriebSi daiwyo,
sadac eqsperimentatorebs SeeZloT Tvali
edevnebinaT da CaeweraT mZinare adamianis REMda NREM Zilis periodebi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom individebi ufro met sizmrebs yvebodnen,
Tu REM periodSi aRviZebdnen maT, gaRviZebulTa
80%-Si NREM Zilis drosac aqvs adgili
sizmrebs. amas mowmobs am periodSi gaRviZebulTa
54% (Foulkes, 1962). NREM mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebuli sizmrebi naklebad xasiaTdeba
emociuri CarTulobis mqone SinaarsebiT. maTSi
Warbobs sensoruli xatebiT naklebad datvir-
Tuli dRis azrebi. Tumca, NREM Zilis siz-
mrebis raodenoba izrdeba Zilis darRvevebis
SemTxvevaSi da janmrTel mZinare adamianTan
gviani dilis saaTebSi (Kondo et al., 1989).
imis gamo, rom sizmari aseT mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs adamianebis fsiqikur cxovrebaSi,
faqtobrivad, yvela kultura mivida erT ki-
Txvamde: aqvs Tu ara am sizmrebs raime mniS-
vneloba? umravles SemTxvevaSi pasuxia „diax,
aqvs~. amitomac kulturaTa umravlesobaSi
arsebobs rwmena, rom ase Tu ise sizmrebs mniS-
vnelovani pirovnuli da kulturuli mniSvne-
loba aqvs. axla ganvixilavT sizmrebisaTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis zogierT gzas.
sizmrebis froidiseuli analizi
Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturaSi yvelaze
cnobili Teoria sizmrebis Sesaxeb zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. froidi sizmrebs „warmaval
fsiqozsa~ da „yovelRameul sigiJes~ uwodebda.
aseve is sizmrebs „aracnobierisken mimaval
samefo gzad~ miiCnevda. sizmrebis analizi
fsiqoanalizis qvakuTxedad aris warmodgenili
mis klasikur naSromSi „sizmrebis interpre-
tacia~ (1900). froidis mixedviT, sizmris Sinaarsi
Zlieri, aracnobieri, gandevnili survilebis
simboluri gamoxatulebaa. es survilebi siz-
marSi SeniRbuli, dafaruli saxiT gveZleva,
radganac maT ukan iseTi akrZaluli survilebi
imaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sapirispiro sqe-
sis mSoblisadmi seqsualuri ltolva. sizmarSi
ori dinamikuri Zala moqmedebs. esenia survili
dRis Zilianoba (Daytime sleepiness) - moWarbebuli
Zilianoba dRis aqtivobebis dros; Zilis dar-
Rvevis centrebSi misul pacientTa ZiriTadi
Civili.
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da cenzura, anu dacva survilisagan. cenzura
axorcielebs dafaruli mniSvnelobis, anu
latenturi (faruli) Sinaarsis gardasaxvas
sizmris manifestirebul (xilul) Sinaarsad; es
ukanaskneli ki damaxinjebis procesis Sedegad
im saxis sizmrad yalibdeba, romelsac xedavs
mZinare adamiani. Sinaarsis damaxinjebis am pro-
cess froidi sizmris muSaobas uwodebs. xiluli
Sinaarsi realuri istoriis misaRebi versiaa,
faruli Sinaarsi ki socialurad an pirovnulad
miuRebeli variantia, Tumca, ufro realisturia
yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe.
froidis mixedviT, sizmris interpretacia
ukumimarTulebiT muSaobas moiTxovs xiluli
Sinaarsidan faruli Sinaarsisken. fsiqoana-
litikosisaTvis, romelic sizmrebis analizs
aTi an oci wlis win cota
ram iyo, rac SeiZleboda ge-
keTebina SuaRamis Semdeg. sa-
Siano davalebis Sesrulebis
Semdeg moswavleebsa da studen-
tebs unda amoerCiaT. _ tele-
vizorisTvis eyurebinaT Tu
daeZinaT. amis sapirispirod, XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulma
moitana intenretis arseboba da
masTan erTad 24/7 stimulaciis
uzrunvelyofa. dRisa da Ramis
nebismier momentSi Cven
SegviZlia vimogzauroT an
visaubroT (Chat oTaxebSi) in-
ternetis saSualebiT. Cven Seg-
viZlia vasrulebdeT Ramis
vaxSams berlinSi, koneqtikutSi
(aSS) da vesaubrebodeT vinmes,
vinc miirTmevs adreul sauzmes
berlinSi, germaniaSi. inter-
netis gafarToeba SeiZleba da-
vaxasiaToT, rogorc Zilisadmi
adamianebis ambivalenturi (or-
magi) - siyvaruli-siZulvilis -damokidebuleba. adamianebs
uyvarT Zili, radganac das-
venebulebi kargad grZnoben Tavs
(xolo roca eZinebaT _ saSin-lad). rogorc vnaxavT am TavSi,
Cvens sxeuls efeqturad fun-
qcionirebisaTvis Zili sWirdeba.
Tumca, adamianebs sZulT Zili,
radganac uamravi sasiamovno ram
arsebobs, romliTac SeuZliaT
dakavdnen RviZilis mdgomare-
obaSi. interneti mniSvnelovnad
zrdis sasiamovno saqmianobebis
raodenobas. wignis avtorebi
mzad arian aRiaron, rom qselSi
mogzaurobis Sewyvetas mizanmi-
marTulad erCiaT uZilod yof-
na. mravali mkvlevris azriT,
internetis qseli 24/7 arsebobas
mxolod auaresebs. isini wlebis
manZilze SfoTavdnen imis gamo,
rom mozardebsa da kolejis
studentebs ar eZinaT sakmarisi
drois manZilze (Dement & Vaug-han, 1999; Wolfson & Carskadon, 1998).miuxedavad imisa, rom eqsper-
tebis Tanaxmad, nebismier ada-
mians esaWiroeba 8-saaTiani Zi-
li, Zilis nacionaluri sazo-
gadoebis mier 2000 wels Catare-
buli gamokiTxvis Sedegad
gamoirkva, rom 18-dan 29 wlamde
asakis adamianebSi saSualo maC-
venebeli arasodes Tanxvdeba am
standarts. kviris dReebis man-
Zilze am asakis individTa Zi-
lis saSualo xangrZlivobaa 6,8
saaTi; dasvenebis dReebSi, kvi-
ris bolos es maCvenebeli 7,8
saaTamde izrdeba. ueWvelia, rom
kolejis studentTa umravle-
soba gamocdebTan da sakurso
naSormebis dawerasTan dakavSi-
rebuli stresis gamo kargavs
Zils (Mutphy & Archer, 1996). Tumca,gamokiTxvaSi monawile 18-29
wlis asakis adamianTa 55%
daeTanxma debulebas: „xSirad
mRviZavs gvianobamde, radganac
vuyureb televizors, an var
internetSi.~ Tqvenc eTanxmebiT
amas?Cven ar vcdilobT, uari
gaTqmevinoT internetis moxma-
rebaze. Cven mxolod gTava-
zobT dakvirvebis Sedegebs,
romlis Tanaxmadac, axal teq-
nologiebs xSirad uZilobis
axali mizezebi sdevs Tan.
uZilobas mravali seriozuli
Sedegi mohyveba: zogierTi
maTgania dabali niSnebi, prob-
lemebi samsaxurSi da avto-
sagzao SemTxvevebi. metic,
mecnierebs SeuZliaT iseTi
abebis Seqmna, romelic Zi-
lisgan Tavis Sekavebis saSua-
lebas mogvcems, Tumca, vera-
feri gaaqrobs Zilis saWiro-
ebas. Tqven unda gansazRvroT,
Tu ra pirovnuli nabijebi
unda gadadgaT, rom XXI sau-
kune TqvenTvisac ar iqces
uZilobis saukuned.
veb-gverdebi:
www.sleepfoundation.orgZilis nacionaluri sazoga-
doebis gverdi.
www.stanford.edu/~dement, esgverdi Seqmnilia Zilis
kvlevis pioneris, uiliam de-
mentis mier, romelic gvTa-
vazobs didi raodenobiT Zi-
lis Sesaxeb ZiriTad infor-
maciasa da kavSirebs.
24/7 cxovrebis stili da Zili
fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi
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pacientis problemebis garkvevisa da maTi
mkurnalobisaTvis iyenebs, sizmrebi naTels xdis
pacientis aracnobier survilebs, am survilebTan
SeWidul SiSebsa da im dacviTi meqanizmebis
Taviseburebebs, romelTac iyenebs pacienti
survilebsa da SiSebs Soris warmoqmnil fsi-
qikur konfliqtTan gasamklaveblad. froids
miaCnda, rom sizmarSi warmodgenili simboloebi
da metaforebi orgvar _ idiosinkrezul _ cal-
keuli individebisTvis specifikur da univer-salur, mravali maTgani ki seqsualuri xasiaTis
mqone mniSvnelobas atarebs:
yuTebi, CanTebi, skivrebi, karadebi da
Rumelebi, aseve, carieli, CaRrmavebuli
sagnebi, gemebi da nebismieri saxis tran-
sporti ganasaxierebs saSvilosnos. siz-
marSi oTaxebi, Cveulebriv, qalis simbo-
loa; Tu sizmarSi maTSi Semavali da ga-
mavali sxvadasxva gzac aris warmodgenili,
maSin interpretacia naklebad iwvevs eWvs...
sizmarSi sadac oTaxebis mTel rigs gaviv-
liT, bordeli an haremia warmodgenili...
didad albaTuria, rom yovelgvari rTuli
manqanuri danadgari da aparatura sizmarSi
genitaliebis simbolizaciaa (da, rogorc
wesi, mamakacis genitaliebis) (Freud, 1900/
1965, gv. 389-391).
sizmrebis interpretaciis froidiseuli
Teoria sizmris simbolikas adamianis fsiqo-
logiis zogad Teorias ukavSirebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom mkvlevrebma ver moipoves sizmris
faruli da xiluli Sinaarsis Sesaxeb am Teo-
riis damadasturebeli empiriuli monacemebi,
sizmrebis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelovnebis xaz-
gasmam mimarTuleba misca sizmris Sinaarsis
Tanamedrove kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1996; Fisher &
Greenberg, 1987).
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi
aradasavluri midgoma
dasavlur kulturaSi adamianTa umravlesoba
arasodes fiqrobs seriozulad sizmrebis
Sesaxeb fsiqologiis fakultetze moxvedramde
an Terapiis dawyebamde; mraval aradasavlur
kulturaSi ki, piriqiT, sizmrebis interpretacia
kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia (Lewis, 1995; Ted-
lock, 1987). ganvixiloT ekvadoris arCuris tomis
indielTa yoveldRiuri cxovreba (Schlitz, 1997,
gv. 2):
sxva Cveulebrivi dReebis msgavsad,
(soflis) mamakacebi patara wreSi sxdebian...
isini wina Ramis sizmrebs uyvebian erTma-
neTs. sizmrebis gaziarebis es yoveldRi-
uri rituali arsebiTia arCuris tomis
mcxovrebTaTvis. maT swamT, rom TiToeuli
sizmari ara mxolod sizmris mnaxveli-
saTvis, aramed mTeli tomisTvis aris
mniSvnelovani. individualuri gamocdileba
koleqtivis moqmedebas emsaxureba.
aseTi dilis Sekrebebze TiToeuli individi
Tavis sizmars hyveba, danarCenebi ki TavianT
interpretacias sTavazoben im imediT, rom
miaRweven SeTanxmebas, konsensuss sizmris
mniSvnelobis gagebaSi. rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom
individi sizmars „mTeli tomisTvis~ xedavs,
ewinaaRmdegeba froidis mier SemoTavazebul
mosazrebas, rom sizmari individis aracnobi-
erisken mimavali „samefo gzaa~.
bevr kulturaSi miRebulia, rom adamianTa
garkveuli jgufi sizmrebis interpretaciis
gansakuTrebul Zalasa da unars flobs. maga-
liTisTvis maias indielebi SeiZleba ganvixi-
loT, romlebic meqsikis, gvatemalas, belazisa
da gondurasis sxvadasxva nawilebSi cxovroben.
maias kulturaSi Samanebis funqciaa sizmrebis
interpretacia. faqtobrivad, maias zogierT sub-
jgufSi Samanebs am rolisaTvis maSin irCeven,
rodesac maT esizmrebaT RvTaeba, romelic
SamanTa mowodebas amcnobs maT. am axlad
arCeuli Samanebidan momdinareobs religiuri
ritualebis Sesaxeb instruqciebic, romlebsac
isini, Tavis mxriv, sizmris xilvebidan iReben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Samanebi da sxva religiuri
figurebi floben sizmrebis interpretaciisTvis
saWiro codnas, Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebic
faruli Sinaarsi (Latent content) _ froidiseulsizmrebis analizSi sizmris dafaruli azri.
xiluli (manifestirebuli) Sinaarsi (Manifest con-tent) _ froidiseul sizmrebis analizSi sizmris
Sinaarsis zedapiruli mxare, romelic
mowodebulia sizmris realuri mniSvnelobis
SesaniRbad.
sizmris muSaoba (Dream work) _ froidiseul siz-
mrebis analizSi procesi, romliTac Sinagani
cenzura sizmris farul Sinaarss xilul Si-
naarsad gardaqmnis.
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hyvebian da ganixilaven sizmrebs. sizmris
mnaxvelebs, Cveulebriv, SuaRamisas aRviZeben
meuRleebi; zogierT tomSi dedebi diliT
ekiTxebian Svilebs sizmrebis Sesaxeb. Cvens
droSi maias tomis adamianebi samoqalaqo omis
msxverplad iqcnen sakuTar miwaze; mravali
adamiani daiRupa an devnilad iqca. anTropolog
barbara Tedlokis mixedviT, „sizmrebisa da
xilvebisadmi momatebulma yuradRebam SeaZle-
bina maT, rom SeenarCunebinaT kavSiri winapreb-
Tan da wminda miwa, romelzec cxovrobdnen~
(Tedlock,1992, gv. 471).
mraval iseT aradasavlur kulturul jguf-
Si, sadac pativiscemiT epyrobian sizmrebs,
droiTi perspeqtiva arsebiTad gansxvavebulad
moiazreba. froidis Teoria sizmris interpreta-
ciisas warsulze, bavSvobis gamocdilebasa da
gandevnil survilebzea orientirebuli; mraval
sxva kulturaSi ki sizmari momavlis winaswar-
metyvelebad iTvleba (Basso, 1987). magaliTad,
eTiopiisa da sudanis sazRvarTan arsebuli
regionis _ ingesanas maRlobis (Ingessana Hills)
xalxSi dResaswaulebis TariRebis SerCeva
sizmriseuli xilvebis safuZvelze xdeba. re-
ligiuri adgilebis mflobelebs maTi mamebi
da sxva winaprebi ecxadebaT sizmrebSi da
amcnoben, rom „dResaswaulis gamocxadebis
droa.~ sxva jgufebi sizmris simboloebsa da
maT mniSvnelobaTa Soris kulturulad ganpiro-
bebul sistemebs floben. ganvixiloT centra-
luri braziliis kapolos tomis indielTa
interpretaciebi (Jedrej, 1995, p.104):
Tu gvesizmreba, rom cecxlSi viwviT,
mogvianebiT raime veluri arseba gvikbens,
magaliTad, oboba an mkbenari mweri.
rodesac sizmarSi qalebTan gvaqvs
seqsi, cxadSi Cven Zalze warmatebulad
viTevzavebT.
rodesac biWi ganmartoebulia da mas
esizmreba, rom xeze micocavs, an meores
esizmreba grZeli gza, isini didxans ico-
cxleben. aseve iqneba maSinac, rodesac
gvesizmreba, rom tyeSi farTo mdinareze
gadavdivarT.
daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli am interpreta-
ciaTagani momavlisken iyureba. sizmris inter-
pretaciisas momavalze orientireba mdidari
kulturuli tradiciis mniSvnelovani kompo-
nentia.
sizmris Sinaarsis fiziologiuri
Teoriebi
sizmrebis interpretaciisadmi dasavluri Tu
aradasavluri midgomis amosaval wertils war-
moadgens is faqti, rom sizmari Seicavs infor-
macias, romelsac realuri Rirebuleba aqvs
calkeuli pirovnebisTvis Tu eTnikuri jgufi-
saTvis. es mosazreba eWvqveS dgeba biologiuri
safuZvlis mqone TeoriebSi. gavixsenoT, rom
zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom arsebobs REMZilis fiziologiuri saWiroeba, raTa Tavis
tvini Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundes
NREM Zilis dros momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg
(Benington & heller, 1994). aris Tu ara sizmari
mxolod Tavis tvinis sxva aqtivobebis gverdiTi
movlena, romelsac ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi
mniSvneloba? ganvixiloT j. alan hobsonisa da
robert makqarlis (Allan Hobsob & Robert McCarley,
1977; Hobson, 1988) mier SemoTavazebuli aqtivacia-
sinTezis modeli. am modelis mixedviT, nervuli
signali warmoiqmneba tvinis ReroSi da axdens
Tavis tvinis qerqis ubnebis stimulirebas. es
eleqtruli ganmuxtva avtomaturad xorciel-
deba daaxloebiT yovel 90 wuTSi erTxel da
30 wT-is ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtivobas,
riTac aixsneba REM da NREM Zilis ciklebis
monacvleoba. es ganmuxtvebi aaqtiurebs
winatvinsa da qerqis mimdebare ubnebs da, aqedan
gamomdinare, acocxlebs mogonebebsa da indi-
vidis warsul gamocdilebasTan asocirebul
faqtebs. hobsonisa da makqarlis TvalsazrisiT,
ar arsebobs araviTari logikuri kavSirebi,
Sinagani mniSvnelobebi da koherentuli pater-
nebi am eleqtruli „signalebis~ SemTxveviT
amofrqvevebs Soris.
mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sizmrebi SemTxve-
viTi signalebis Sedegia, ewinaaRmdegeba siz-
mrebis Sinaarsis kvlevebs (Domhoff, 1999). am
kvlevebis mixedviT, pirvel rigSi, sizmris
Sinaarsi didi raodenobiT moicavs mZinare
adamianis dRis problemebs. magaliTisTvis
gavixsenoT zemoT ganxiluli kvleva, romelSic
naCvenebi iyo igive da sapirispiro sqesis me-
gobrebis Sesaxeb vaJebisa da gogonebis azrebs
Soris ganxsvavebebi (Richards et al., 1998). msgavsi
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sqesobrivi gansxvavebebi gamoavlina 9-15 wlis
mozardTa sizmrebis Seswavlamac (Strauch &
Lederpogen, 1999). sxva tipis Sedegebmac eWvqveS
daayena mosazreba sizmrebis, rogorc mxolod
SemTxveviTi signalebis Sedegebis, Sesaxeb:
mozrdil asakSi individis sizmrebis Sinaarsebi
TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. sizmrebis eqsperti
uiliam domhofi (William Domhoff, 1999, gv. 207)
fiqrobs, rom „mozrdilebSi wlebisa da
aTwleulebis manZilze sizmrebis Sinaarsebis
ucvleloba ar Seesabameba Teorias, romelic
sizmars Tavis tvinis qerqis saukeTeso reaqciad
miiCnevs, romelic Tan sdevs tvinis Rerodan
momdinare SemTxveviTi stimulebis mier pe-
riodul dabombvas.~ Cven, albaT, Tavad unda
vzidoT Cveni sizmrebis tvirTi _ SevecadoTgaRviZebisTanave yoveldRiurad CaviweroT
sizmrebi da vnaxoT, Tu ramdenad ukavSirdeba
isini dRis sazrunavs da ramdenad icvleba Tu
ar icvleba maTi Sinaarsebi droTa ganmavlobaSi.
sizmrebis kidev erTi saintereso aspeqti:
drodadro mravali adamianisgan gvsmenia, rom
bevri mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta Tu
saintereso axali ideebi sizmarSi mouvidaT
TavSi (Shepard, 1978). gTavazobT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTs frederik kilule gvamcnobs, rom ben-
zinis qimiuri struqtura sizmarSi naxa: gvelis-
magvarma molukulurma jaWvma uecrad piri Caav-
lo sakuTar kuds da gaCnda rgoli. elas houm
naxa sizmari: mas Seuties Subebma, romelTac
wamaxvilebul mxares naxvreti hqondaT. am
sizmarma ubiZga mas, rom daesrulebina sakeravi
manqanis gamogoneba. iseTi kompozitorebi, ro-
gorebic iyvnen mocarti da Sumani, aRniSnav-
dnen, rom mniSvnelovani musikaluri ideebi
sizmrebSi mosdiodaT.
Ramis koSmarebi
Tu sizmari gvaSinebs imiT, rom umweoni
vxdebiT, an situacia Cvens kontrols aRar
eqvemdebareba, maSin Tqven Ramis koSmari dag-
sizmrebiaT. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis Ramis
koSmarebi SedarebiT iSviaTia. 220 studentisgan
Semdgar SerCevaSi, romlebic iwerdnen sizmrebs,
yoveldRiurad Ramis koSmarebis saSualo
sixSire (orkviriani periodis mixedviT) iyo daax-
loebiT 24 erTi wlis manZilze (Wood & Bootzin,
1990). Tumca, zogierTi adamiani gacilebiT
xSirad xedavs Ramis koSmars, zogjer yovel
RamiTac ki. bavSvebSi, magaliTad, ufro metia
Ramis koSmarebis gamovlenis albaToba, vidre
mozrdilebSi (Mindell, 1997). garda amisa,
adamianebs, romelTac iseTi travmuli gamoc-
dileba aqvT, rogoricaa gaupatiureba an omi,
SesaZloa ganmeorebadi koSmarebi hqondeT, rac
maT gadatanili travmuli movlenis zogierTi
aspeqtis gacocxlebas aiZulebs. kolejis
studentebTan, romelTac san-franciskos didi
miwisZvra hqondaT gadatanili, orjer meti iyo
Ramis koSmarebis arsebobis albaToba, vidre
sakontrolo jgufis studentebTan, romelTac
ar hqondaT aseTi gamocdileba. amasTan, cxadia,
rom koSmarebis umravlesoba miwisZvris daman-
grevel Sedegebs Seexeboda (Wood et al., 1992).Ramis koSmarebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zilis,
rogorc cnobierebis yoveldRiuri cvlilebis,
zeda zRvari. qvemoT visaubrebT im garemoebebze,
romelSic individi mizanmimarTulad cdilobs
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebis farglebis miRma
gasvlas.
Sejameba
cirkaduli ritmi gulisxmobs biologiuri
saaTis muSaobas. Tavis tvinis aqtivobis
paternebi mniSvnelovnad icvleba Ramis Zilis
manZilze, rasac Tan axlavs dilasTan miax-
loebul yovel axal ciklSi REM Zilis
procentuli momateba (NREM Zilis odenobis
klebis sapirispirod). adamianisTvis sakmarisi
Zilisa da REM da NREM Zilis Tanafardoba
asakisa da cxovrebis pirobebis mixedviT ic-
vleba. Zili emsaxureba Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
funqciebs. milionobiT adamiani itanjeba Zilis
iseTi darRvevebisgan, rogorebicaa insomnia,
narkolefsia, Zilis apnoe da dRis Zilianoba.
mraval kulturaSi swamT sizmris Sinaarsis
mniSvnelovnebis. sizmrebis interpretaciis
yvelaze cnobili dasavluri Teoria zigmund
froids ekuTvnis. sizmrebis interpretacia
Zalze gavrcelebulia aradasavlur kultu-
rebSi, sadac miRebulia, rom sizmris simboloebi
misi mnaxvelis momavlis Sesaxeb informaciis
matarebelia. zogierTi fiziologi mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom sizmris Sinaarsi Tavis tvinis
SemTxveviTi signalebidan momdinareobs, magram
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am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeba sizmris
Sinaarsebis analizis kvlevebi. Ramis koSmarebs
gansakuTrebiT SemaSinebel sizmrebs uwodeben.
cnobierebis Semcvleli
mdgomareobebi
nebismier kulturaSi adamianebs ar akmayo-
filebT fxizeli cnobierebis Cveulebrivi
cvlilebebi. maT ganaviTares garkveuli teq-
nikebi, romliTac SesaZlebeli xdeba cnobie-
rebis nacnobi mdgomareobebis miRma gasvla da
cnobierebis Secvlil mdgomareobebSi gadasvla.
zogierTi aseTi praqtika individualuria,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, rekreaciuli prepara-
tebis miReba; zogierTi ki, rogoricaa garkveuli
religiuri praqtika, warmoadgens cnobieri
gamocdilebis Cveuli sazRvrebidan gasvlis
jgufur mcdelobas. Cven mimovixilavT iseT
sxvadasxva gamocdilebas, romelSic cnobierebis
Secvlili mdgomareobebi mTeli rigi procedu-
rebiT miiRweva.
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli, vacnobierebdeT,
rom sizmars vxedavT, rodesac vxedavT sizmars?
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis Teoriis momxreebi
gvaCveneben, rom cnobierebis SenarCuneba sizmris
xedvis procesSi swavlebadi da regularuli
praqtikiT gavarjiSebadi unaria, romelic
mZinare adamians sizmris mimarTulebis kon-
trolis saSualebas aZlevs (Gackenbach & LaBerge,
1988; LaBerge & DeGarcia, 2000).
saidan
viciT
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis eqsperimentuli
realoba
stefan labergma da misma kolegebma
ganaviTares meTodologia, romelic dak-
virvebadi sizmrebis realobis gadamow-
mebis saSualebas iZleva. demonstracia
eyrdnoba winmswreb kvlevas, romelmac
aCvena, rom REM Zilis zogierTi Tvalebis
moZraoba Tanxvdeba mZinare adamianis
mzeris mimarTulebas. aqedan gamomdinare,
mkvlevrebi sTxovdnen dakvirvebadi siz-
mrebis gamocdilebis mqone adamianebs, rom
ganexorcielebinaT Tvalebis nebismieri
(gaazrebuli, mizanmimarTuli) moZraobebis
calkeuli paternebi, rodesac isini
gaacnobierebdnen, rom sizmars xedavdnen.
dagegmili Tvalebis moZraobis signalebi
Cndeboda REM Zilis deteqtoris Cana-
werebSi da amiT xdeboda demonstrireba
imisa, rom eqsperimentis monawileni mar-
Tlac dakvirvebad sizmrebs xedavdnen REM
Zilis periodSi (LaBerge et al., 1981).
dakvirvebadi sizmrebis gamowvevis mravali
meTodi arsebobs. magaliTad, dakvirvebadi
sizmrebis zogierT kvlevaSi mZinare adamianebs
ukeTeben specialur saTvales, romelSic REMZilis dafiqsirebisas wiTeli sinaTle inTeba.
cdis dawyebamde monawileebma iswavles, rom
wiTeli sinaTlis gamoCenisas unda gaacnobieron,
rom sizmars xedaven (LaBerge & Levitan, 1995).acnobiereben ra, rom sizmars xedaven da, amasTanave,
isev sZinavT, cdis pirebi dakvirvebadi sizmrebis
mdgomareobaSi gadadian, romelSic SeuZliaT
TavianTi sizmrebis gakontroleba, maTi Si-
naarsebis warmarTva pirovnuli miznebis Se-
sabamisad da TavianTi mimdinare survilebis
Sesabamisad sizmris dasruleba. dakvirvebadi
sizmris naxvis SesaZlebloba matulobs, Tu
mZinare adamians sjera, rom SesaZlebelia aseTi
sizmrebi da regularulad iyenebs maT gamomwvev
teqnikas (LaBerge & Rheingold, 1990). iseTi mkvlevari,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, stefan labergi, amtkicebs,
rom sizmrebis „arakontrolirebad~ movlenebze
kontrolis ganmtkiceba jansaRi qcevaa, radganac
es zrdis TviTdarwmunebulobis xarisxs da axdens
individisaTvis dadebiTi gamocdilebis gene-
rirebas. Tumca, zogierTi Terapevti, romelic
sizmrebis analizs pacientis problemebis ukeT
gagebis mizniT iyenebs, ewinaaRmdegeba aseT pro
dakvirvebadi sizmrebi (Lucid dreaming) - Teoria,romlis Tanaxmadac, sizmris xedvis procesis
cnobieri aRqma daswavladi unaria, romelic
iZleva sizmris mimarTulebisa da Sinaarsis
kontrolis saSualebas.
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