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Zinc oxide Rubber vulcanization Nano Properties

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most im-portant compounding ingredient in rubber technology. The review paper discusses the importance of ZnO in rub-ber technology. The various functions of ZnO both in dry rubber and latex for-mulations were discussed. The mecha-nism of action of ZnO in vulcanization chemistry was highlighted. The prob-lems associated with the use of excess amount of ZnO such as increased Zn++ ions in the effluent, lack of transparen-cy of latex products and ZnO thickening were reviewed with adequate literature support. The alternative measures such as partial or full replacement of ZnO with other chemicals and use of novel chemicals were discussed.

Die Bedeutung von Zinkoxid (ZnO) in der Kautschuktechno-logie: Eine kleine Üersicht Zinkoxid Kautschuk Vulkanisation Nano Eigenschaften

Zinkoxid (ZnO) ist einer der wichtigsten Verbindungsbestandteile in der Kaut-schuktechnologie. Der Übersichtsartikel diskutiert die Bedeutung von ZnO in der Kautschuktechnologie. Die verschie-denen Funktionen von ZnO, sowohl in trockenen als auch in Latexformulierun-gen, wurden diskutiert. Der Mechanis-mus der Wirkung von ZnO in der Vulka-nisationschemie wurde hervorgehoben. Die Probleme, die mit der Verwendung einer Überschußmenge an ZnO, wie er-höhten Zn++ -Ionen im Abwasser, Man-gel an Transparenz von Latexprodukten und ZnO-Verdickung verbunden sind, wurden mit angemessener Literatur-unterstützung überprüft. Die alternati-ven Maßnahmen wie der teilweise oder vollständige Ersatz von ZnO durch an-dere Chemikalien und der Einsatz neu-artiger Chemikalien wurden diskutiert. Außerdem wurden die Vorteile von Na-no ZnO in der Elastomertechnologie für die Verbesserung der Eigenschaften hervorgehoben.

Figures and Tables: By a kind approval of the authors.

IntroductionZnO occupies a unique position in rubber industry. ZnO is an essential rubber com-pounding ingredient in vulcanization process [1]. Zinc oxide is used as an acti-vator to speed up the vulcanization pro-cess. The action of accelerators is effec-tive only in the presence of inorganic ac-tivators. The most important and com-monly used inorganic activator in this regard is ZnO.

ZnO is added in the form of dispersion to protect natural rubber latex from pu-trefaction. A composite preservative sys-tem comprising 0.2 - 0.3 per cent ammo-nia along with 0.013 per cent each of TMTD and ZnO, known as LATZ system has been introduced in 1975 [2]. LATZ system of preservation can be applied to both field latex and concentrated latex. The reaction of zinc soaps with a curing system consists of mercapto accelerators enhances the physical properties of the rubber vulcanizate such as tensile strength, modulus and hardness.

ZnO is an outstanding UV absorbing material and hence it serves as an effec-tive stabilizer of white and tinted rubber compounds under prolonged exposure to the destructive rays of the sun [3]. There should be an optimum amount of ZnO for vulcanization. The use of high or low quantity than the recommended level can lead to poor quality vulcani-zates [4].

ZnO can be prepared by different methods. French process zinc oxide, made from metallic zinc, is preferred for rubber formulations. The major reason is that they have nearly spherical particle shape and have narrow particle size dis-tribution. Global production of ZnO is 105 tonnes per year and rubber industry holds the major share of usage of ZnO for the manufacture of various rubber prod-ucts [5]. The important role played by zinc oxide in rubber industry is given be-low [6]

Activation In the curing process of natural rubber and most types of synthetic rubbers, the chemical reactivity of ZnO is utilized to speed up the rate of cure with the or-ganic accelerator. The unreacted share of the ZnO remains available as a basic re-

serve to neutralize the sulphur bearing acidic decomposition products formed during vulcanization. Adequate levels of ZnO distinctly contribute to chemical re-inforcement, scorch control and resist-ance to heat ageing and compression fa-tigue.

Acceleration ZnO serves as an accelerator with some types of elastomer. The cross-linking that it induces takes several forms. With some systems, ZnO serves as an effective co-accelerator in the vulcanization process.

Heat stabilization ZnO acts as a ‘heat sink’, which accepts frictional energy without a large increase in internal temperature [7]. ZnO retards the de-vulcanization of numerous types of rubber compounds operating at ele-vated temperatures. French process ZnO impart heat-ageing resistance superior to that of American process zinc oxides. The former type, being sulphur-free, has a higher pH and can neutralize more ef-fectively the acidic decomposition prod-ucts formed during ageing. Moreover, the finer French-process zinc oxides proved as superior grades in heat-ageing resistance.

Review - The Importance of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) in Rubber Technology

AuthorsK. Anand Krishnamoorthy, Siby Varghese, Kerala, India Corresponding Author: Dr. K. Anand KrishnamoortyDepartment of Basic SciencesAmal Jyothi College of EngineeringKanjirappally, Kerala 686 518, India E-Mail: [email protected] Phone +91-9895914592


34 KGK · 10 2018 www.kgk-rubberpoint.de

Latex gelation ZnO is particularly effective in the gela-tion of the foam, with sufficient stability, as part of the production process of latex foam rubber products.

Pigmentation ZnO provides a high degree of whiteness and tinting strength for rubber products such as tyre sidewalls, sheeting and sur-gical gloves, owing to its high brightness, refractive index and optimum particle size.

Reinforcement ZnO provides reinforcement in natural rubber, as well as in some synthetic elas-tomers, such as polysulphides and poly-chloroprenes. The degree of reinforce-ment depend upon a combination of the oxide‘s particle size, with the finest size being the most effective; and the oxide‘s reactivity with the rubber. Additionally, it imparts heat stabilization by reacting with acidic decomposition products.

Rubber-metal bonding In the bonding of rubber to brass, ZnO reacts with copper oxide on the brass surface, forming a tightly adhering zinc-copper salt.

Tack retention One of the unique properties of ZnO is its ability to retain the tack of uncured rub-ber compounds for adhesive tapes on storage.

Role of metal oxides in tetramethyl-thiuram disulphide (TMTD) vulcanization is explained by Dogadkin and Shershnev [8]. They found that vulcanization in the presence of MBT (mercaptobenzothia-zole) or DPG (diphenylguanidine) as ac-celerators; activators have almost no ef-fect on the rate of addition of sulphur to rubber, but have a significant influence on the rate and degree of crosslinking of the rubber molecules. Special interest at-taches to studies of the action of metal oxides in vulcanization with TMTD. In the absence of ZnO this accelerator does not bring about vulcanization. Manik and Banerjee [9] studied about the salient features of both non-elemental sulphur vulcanization by TMTD and elemental sulphur vulcanization promoted by TMTD both in presence and absence of ZnO and stearic acid. They found that the entire course of the reaction can be al-tered by ZnO or ZnO-stearic acid. Both the crosslink formation and TMTD de-composition are much higher in pres-ence of ZnO or ZnO-stearic acid, but stearic acid seems to have no effect.

Mechanism of the gelling of Hevea latex by zinc compounds were studied [10]. The effect of zinc distribution on the mechanical stability of NR latex concen-trates were studied by Davies and Pendle [11]. They found that the mechanical stability of latex concentrates, particu-larly for LATZ latices can be increased by using dithiothreitol (DTT). Zinc ions tend to destabilize latex by neutralizing some of the fatty acid anions on the rubber particle surface and DTT increases the stability of latex by removing a large pro-portion of these zinc ions.

To study the accelerating power of zinc-salts of organic accelerators as well as to find the relation between these Zn-salts and ZnO, zinc-salts of mercapto-benzothiazole and tetramethylthiuram disulphide were synthesized and vulcani-zation tests were carried out [12]. It has been found that in the absence of ZnO, Zn-salts had no accelerating power. Saijo and Kaneko [13] reported that rubber to brass bonding can be improved by in-creasing the ZnO content up to 40 phr. It is suggested that bonding is promoted by the formation of zinc-copper sulphide from acidic copper sulphide and basic ZnO. Finely divided ZnO is treated with normal zinc propionate which provides easy dispersion in rubber and improved physical properties [14].

Action of ZnO in Rubber Vulcanization (Mechanism)It is believed that metal oxides activates the function of accelerator by transform-ing them into a more soluble salt-like compound [15]. Frenkel and Kuz’minskii in 1963 studied the role of ZnO in thi-uram (TMTD) based vulcanization [16]. Thermal dissociation of thiuram may fol-low two routes: 1) in the absence of zinc oxide, thiuram disintegrates with princi-pal formation of carbon disulphide and amines. This does not lead to the forma-tion of cross-links, and, consequently, it is of no use for vulcanization; 2) the free-radical dissociation of thiuram, which occurs in the presence of zinc oxide and leads to the development of a three-di-mensional spacial network for the vul-canizate. Besides this, the ZnO may also react with the dithiocarbamic acid formed during the vulcanization, which also promotes vulcanization. They have concluded that the principal role of ZnO as an activator of the process, consists in accelerating the effect on the free-radical dissociation of the thiuram. The chemis-try of thiuram accelerated vulcanization is complex as it contains 13 per cent sul-phur available for crosslinking. During TMTD accelerated vulcanization in the presence of ZnO, dimethyl dithiocarbam-ic acid (DMDCA) is formed as a by-prod-uct [17].

The mechanism of the crosslinking process in the presence of ZnO is well known: ZnO reacts with accelerators to form highly active accelerator complex. Complexes of Zn2+ ions with accelerators are more reactive and the complexes in-teract with sulphur or sulphur donors or other activators generating the active

Fig. 1: World wide Applications of ZnO.

1

Scheme 1: Vulcanization mechanism

Rubber Ceramic Chemical ElectronicAgricultural Other Paint Pharma

accelerator + ZnO

Zinc-accelerator complex (I)S8

Acc-Sx-Zn-Sx-Acc or polysulphidic accelerator (II)rubber

rubber-Sy-Acc (III)

rubber-Sy-rubber (IV)

rubber-Sz-rubber (V)



sulphurating agent. This reacts with al-lylic sites of rubber chains to form crosslink precursors. The crosslink pre-cursor can react with another rubber bound intermediate or with another polymer chain to generate a crosslink [18, 19]. (Scheme 1)

The general scheme of sulphur vul-canization can be explained under the following headings:[20]1. Active accelerator complex2. Active sulphurating species3. Crosslink precursor4. Polysulphidic crosslinks5. Formation of shorter crosslinks or cy-

clic sulphides

Zinc-salts of fatty acids are generally re-garded as indispensible activators in con-junction with ZnO to solubilize the ZnO and the accelerator to form the actual catalyst [21, 15]. The role of activators also depends on the type of rubber, vul-canization accelerator and active filler used [15].

The mechanism of reaction of ZnO with the accelerator TMTD is as follows: [18] (Scheme 2)

ZnO has the greater influence on the degree of crosslinking, while stearic acid has the greater influence on the rate of the crosslinking reaction [21, 22].

The presence of Zn++ in benzothiazole - accelerated vulcanization, were ex-plained as follows: [23] (Scheme 3)

Importance of ZnO for other polymers (synthetic) - MechanismZnO is used as a crosslinking agent for rubbers like polychloroprene (CR), chloro-sulphonated polyethylene, etc. [17]. A combination of 5 phr ZnO along with 4 phr MgO yields vulcanizates having stronger crosslinking with good scorch safety [17]. Mechanism for the vulcani-zation of CR by the action of zinc oxide and magnesium oxide is as follows [24]. (Scheme 4)

The crosslinking mechanism of halobutyl rubber with zinc oxide was re-ported by Vukov in 1984 [25].

Carboxylic elastomers can be cured by standard compounding recipes utilizing sulphur and zinc oxide. The zinc oxide, besides aiding the sulphur cure, also gives a secondary cure through an ionic bond with the carboxyl groups. However, because of the affinity of the ZnO for the carboxyl group, the stocks tend to have an excessive scorch and a short shelf-life. To prevent this excessive scorch, the ZnO must be isolated from the carboxyl group

Scheme 2: Reaction of ZnO with TMTD (Mechanism)

Scheme 3: Reaction of ZnO with benzothiazole accelerator (mechanism)



until the desired cure temperature is reached. Heat and light stability of ethyl-ene propylene ter polymers containing ZnO and titanium dioxide were studied [26]. Oven ageing properties at 350° F and 300° F of EPT polymers were substan-tially improved with additions of ZnO up to 10 and 20 phr. The Gibbs free energy (∆G) of the vulcanizates and volume frac-tion of natural rubber in NR/NBR/ENR blends increased with increase in ZnO level, reaching a maximum at 5.0 phr [4].

Silicone rubber filled with thermally conductive, but electrically insulating fillers such as Al2O3 or ZnO were investi-gated to be used as elastomeric thermal pads, a class of thermal interface materi-als by Sim et al. [27]. The effect of Al2O3 or ZnO fillers on the thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the silicone rubber were investi-gated, and it was found that with in-creasing Al2O3 or ZnO, the thermal con-ductivity of the thermal pads increases,

while the coefficient of thermal expan-sion (CTE) decreases. The effects of alu-mina (Al2O3) and ZnO fillers on the curing characteristics, thermal and mechanical properties of silicone rubber were stud-ied [28]. Comparison of mechanical strength between the two silicone rub-ber hybrids indicates that ZnO is a better reinforcing filler, as evidenced in the ten-sile strength, elongation at break, and modulus at 300 per cent elongation. The thermal conductivities of silicone rubber filled with ZnO in a wide volume range were studied [29].

Problems with ZnO (environmental pollution, ZnO thickening, lack of transparency etc.)Since 2004, European Union classified ZnO as a hazardous chemical and excess release of which is toxic to the environ-ment particularly, to the aquatic species. For humans the recommended intake should not exceed 12-15 mg/day. To min-

imize the usage of ZnO in rubber prod-ucts,” Eco Zinc” concept has been set up by the European Union (EU). Large amount of ZnO is released to the envi-ronment by the wear and tear of tyres and from other rubber products. Thus, from ecological point of view, there is a pressure from Government Organiza-tions and Environmental Protection Agencies to minimize its usage in rubber formulations.

When ZnO is added to ammonia pre-served latex, the viscosity of the latex increases. This can be accelerated by in-creasing the temperature and some-times results in coagulation of latex. The thickening is due to the solubilization of zinc oxide and the formation of positive-ly charged complex ions, which destabi-lizes the latex. The factor’s that influenc-es the zinc oxide stability of latex has been presented in 1950’s [30].

When transparency of the finished product is required, concentration of the ZnO should be 0.5 phr (max.).The high tinting power of ZnO is responsible for the reduction of transparency [31]. The transparency of NR latex films also de-pends on the particle size of ZnO. As the particle size decreases, transparency in-creases.

Johnson and Scott made experiments on the preparation of transparent vul-canized rubbers [32]. Tests with other activators zinc carbonate, zinc oleate, and zinc stearate with magnesium car-bonate showed that these are less effec-tive than zinc oxide and the vulcanizates obtained had inferior mechanical prop-erties. Results indicated that in most cases, vulcanizates containing 1 per cent of ZnO were transparent, but were not so when cured with Zn salts of organic acids [33]. Though it is necessary to use ZnO as an adjuvant in curing with organic accel-erators but when transparent products are required, it is practicable to use only 1 per cent ZnO or lower.

Alternative measures (partial/ full replacement of ZnO, use of novel chemicals etc.)The effect of zinc resinate on the proper-ties of NR vulcanizates were reported [34]. The effect of reducing zinc oxide level in rubber compounds on the amount of zinc leached from rubber granulates and powder was investigated [35]. The amount of zinc leached increas-es with increase of zinc oxide level up to around 3 phr and then levels off. It has been reported that, replacement of 5 phr

Scheme 4: Vulcanization of chloroprene rubber (mechanism)

Fig. 2: Concentration of ZnO on transparen-cy of latex films.

2 Transmittance, %

Concentration of zinc oxide, phr0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

50

40

30

20

10



conventional ZnO with 1 phr nano mag-nesium oxide (MgO) as a cure activator resulted significant reduction in opti-mum cure time and 400 per cent in-crease in cure rate index [36].

Dzikowicz invented a method for vul-canizing latex compounds without the use of metal oxide activators or a zinc based accelerator. The inventor used a zinc based antioxidant synergist materi-al, which functions as an activator for a curing system for latex compounds [37]. Replacement of ZnO with various organic oxidizing agents on the cure characteris-tics of rubber were reported [38].

Zinc acetylacetonate and zinc com-plexes with 1,3-diketones were used as good substitutes for sulphur vulcaniza-tion of NBR rubber, without any detri-mental effects on the crosslinking rate or physical properties [19]. Hiedeman et al. studied the effects of different zinc com-plexes on the cure and physical proper-ties of EPDM and s-SBR [39]. The effect of various metal oxides as activator in thi-uram-accelerated vulcanization of EPDM and s-SBR are also reported.

Importance of nano-ZnO (Advantages, property enhancements etc.)To minimize the usage of ZnO without compromising technological properties, the nano concept has come in to exist-ence. The author’s synthesized ZnO nan-oparticle through solution-free mecha-no-chemical route and studied their ef-fects on pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex properties [40]. It has been found that compared with micro ZnO, incorpo-ration of nano ZnO results in better re-tention of mechanical properties after ageing.

To reduce the ZnO levels in rubber compounds, mixed metal oxide nanopar-ticles of zinc and magnesium (Zn1-xMgxO) have been synthesized and used as activa-tor [41].

Nano ZnO at different levels were in-corporated into NR latex the properties of the vulcanizate films were examined and compared with conventional micro ZnO incorporated films [42]. The thermal sta-bility of nano ZnO incorporated films were found to be superior as evident from ageing studies. The antifungal activity of the films also found to be good [42].

Compared with the addition of 5 phr of ordinary ZnO in NR, the tensile strength and elongation of NR vulcani-zate filled with 2 phr of in situ surface-modified nano-ZnO increased by 0.55% and 10.34%, respectively [43].

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles of size 20 – 90 nm were synthesized and used as cure activator and reinforcing filler in NR [44]. The dispersion of ZnO plays a crucial role in vulcanization process. The use of high surface area ZnO nanoparticles un-dergoes agglomeration and impedes the activity at the nano level. Thomas et al. synthesized ZnO nanoparticles and sur-face modified with suitable capping agents and studied their effect on NR vulcanization. The capped nano ZnO im-proved the scorch safety and mechanical properties compared to conventional ZnO.

Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) was synthesized by a one-step process and employed as filler to rubber [45]. The au-thor’s claims that this method can be used for the preparation of rubber vul-canizates containing lesser Zn content with improved transparent properties. The silica-filled NR/BR compounds con-taining 0.3 – 3.0 phr of nano-ZnO showed

improved cure characteristics and me-chanical properties compared to the com-pound with 5 phr of conventional ZnO. The optimum amount of nano ZnO re-quired is 1 phr only [46]. The tensile strength of NR/SBR blends (50:50) with 1.2 phr nano-ZnO is greater than that with conventional zinc oxide at 5 phr [47].

The optimum cure time of SBR/BR blends decreased by 5 min using PEG coated nano-ZnO compared with that containing standard rubber grade ZnO [48]. The effect of nano-ZnO and conven-tional ZnO on natural rubber (NR)/buta-diene rubber (BR) and NR/styrene–buta-diene rubber (SBR) blends was reported [49]. The swelling results showed that the compounds containing nano-ZnO absorb less solvent and offers greater cross-link density in comparison with compounds containing conventional ZnO.

Addition of highly dispersed nano-ZnO in natural rubber can improve the

Fig. 3(a-b): Photographs showing fungal growth in the medium and in vulcanized latex films.[M5 represents films containing 0.5 phr micro ZnO, N5 - 0.5 phr nano ZnO, N3 - 0.3 phr nano ZnO, N1 - 0.1 phr nano ZnO].

3

Fig. 4: Percentage of swelling of nano and micro ZnO filled NR/SBR composites.

4

(a) (b)

0.5 phr 1 phr 3 phr 5 phr

NanoComm.

Swel

ling

Ratio

%

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100



mechanical properties [50]. The anti-ageing properties (UV and ozone) of the vulcanized rubber also increased. The influence of morphology, specific surface area and dispersibility of ZnO nanoparti-cles on the static and dynamic vulcaniza-tion of blends of SBR/BR were reported recently [48]. Si 69-modified nano-ZnO was used as cure activator in place of nano-ZnO to reduce the ZnO level in SBR compounds. Si-69-treated nano-ZnO im-poses better thermal stability than un-treated or stearic acid-treated nano-ZnO in the SBR vulcanizates [51]. In situ sur-face-modified nano-zinc oxide has been prepared by the sol-gel method and its effect on conventional NR vulcanization has been studied recently [52]. Results demonstrated that the dispersal of in si-tu surface-modified nano-ZnO in NR vul-canizate was better than that of ordinary ZnO.

ZnO nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies on the properties of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) were studied [53]. ZnO with snowflake mor-phology exhibited better activity. The mechanical property and higher crosslink density were reported to be higher for XNBR vulcanizates containing nano-ZnO. The scorch time and optimum cure time of NBR vulcanizates decreased with the addition of nanoZnO [54].

The morphology, cure behavior and mechanical properties of various ethyl-ene-propylene-diene-monomer (EPDM) rubber containing ZnO nanoparticles were investigated [55]. The cure kinetic analysis showed that the activation en-ergy of curing reaction was remarkably reduced upon the decrease of ZnO parti-cle sizes. The thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of EPDM rubber can be improved by the addition of nano-ZnO [56]. The in-situ modified ZnO nano-particles can replace traditional rubber fillers such as carbon black and silica. The performances of EPDM compounds un-der dynamic conditions were also found to be good.

From the above discussion, it is obvi-ous that replacing the conventional mi-cron sized ZnO with nano in rubber for-mulation can make a tremendous im-pact on the performance and quality of rubber vulcanizates. The inclusion of high surface area nano-ZnO in rubber formulation can significantly reduce the cure time and improves the technologi-cal properties as well.

ConclusionThe mechanism of chemistry of vulcani-zation is very complex. Though a number of different rubber processing chemicals and compounding ingredients are re-quired for rubber product manufactur-ing, ZnO deserves a unique position. ZnO along with other chemicals such as MgO is used as a crosslinking agent for chloro-prene rubber. The particle size and dos-age of ZnO is very important as it can determine the end properties of the vul-canizate. In latex technology, the exces-sive usage of ZnO can cause latex thick-ening. It can reduce the transparency of latex products also. The excess release of ZnO is hazardous and large amount of ZnO is released to the environment by the wear and tear of tyres and from oth-er rubber products. To minimize its us-age, researchers are working on alter-nate methods or chemicals to replace ZnO. The effects of various metal oxides and zinc complexes on vulcanizate prop-erties were reported. With the advance-ments in nanotechnology, replacement of conventional ZnO with lower amount of high surface area nano-ZnO in rubber technology is widely discussed now-a-days. Results reveal that when nano-ZnO is used, the release of zinc ions in the ef-fluent will be minimum. Usage of nano-ZnO reduces the cure time, offers good thermal stability and improves the tech-nological properties. In short, the use of nano-ZnO in polymer research opens new avenues for the development of novel functional elastomeric products.

AcknowledgementsThe first author sincerely acknowledges Rubber Research Institute of India (Rub-ber Board), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India for RRII Research Fellowship (Project No. 2/88/RF-RF Scheme/2010/Res).

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1 The vulcanizate properties of NBR filled with different types of ZnO (con-ventional and nano)Vulcanization parameters

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Materialeigenschaften am Beispiel zu er-läutern. Praktische Versuche stellen den Einfluss der Verfahrensparameter auf die Qualität von Spritzgieß- und Extrusions-bauteilen dar und beleuchten die Beson-derheiten der TPE-Werkstoffe zwischen Thermoplasten und Elastomeren. Abschlie-ßend geben Experten Tipps zur Auslegung von Extrusions- und Spritzgießwerkzeu-

gen. Anmeldung bei Andrea Geisler, DIK e. V., Hannover, Tel.: 0511 / 84201-718, Email: [email protected] www.dikautschuk.de

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EVENTS/VERANSTALTUNGEN

13th Fall Rubber Colloquium / 13. Kautschuk Herbst Kolloquium

DIK The 13th Fall Rubber Colloquium will take place from 6th to 8th of November, 2018 in Hannover (Germany). It is the 13th conference in rubber technology every two years in this series. The previous conferen-ces were highly successful and attracted delegates from a variety of disciplines from around the world. Delegates are encoura-

ged to register both from outside and within Germany. The conference highlights the latest and most important scientific concepts and advanced processing tech-niques in rubber and polymer science and technology. Experts from all over the world will give keynote presentations. Recognized industrial experts will identify future trends

in the rubber industry. Basic researchers will present studies to understand, and therefo-re, predict the properties of final products. Contact: Trinidad Rodriguez Gallegos, Phone: +49 511 84201-17, [email protected] n

www.dikautschuk.de/khk

DKG Jahrestagung 2019

DKG Die nächste Jahrestagung der Deut-schen Kautschuk-Gesellschjaft findet am 21. und 22. Mai 2019 in Nürnberg statt. Das ausführliche Programm zur DKG Jahresta-

gung 2019 steht ab März 2019 zum Down-load auf der Internetseite des Verbands be-reit. Die Registrierung ist ab März 2019 ausschließlich im Online-Shop zur DKG-Jah-

restagung 2019 möglich. Anmeldeschluss ist der 3. Mai 2019. Tagungsort ist das Hotel Sheraton Carlton Nürnberg in Nürnberg. n

www.dkg-rubber.de

Seminar: TPE - Grundlagen und Praxis

zinc oxide rubber vulcanization review - the importance of ... · rohstoffe und anwendungen raw...

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