Lees(l960).g. 01~.2..£'il ~~ni>}lti A~AcJ~lil% ~~1 'i'i01 ~AJ"11 3:j%~ 3oj:i..91 ~Zj3:j 'i1

T£Al ~01\:l- ::J. 3J:B.-°l ~ol 3{'j7}~010~ ~"1l£ ~Ti>}Jl ~ 7}7.1 ~~3:j'd ~~% l.l1~i>}

Jl ~01 Chomsky(l970) g 1f.2..£ ::J.~ ~~~ A~AcJ.91Dl~7.}~.91 AlrJ1~ ~% 1.11t!171] ¥ll:}.

::J.cjt+ ~AcJ017} ?[~ ~.91 O~1J~AcJolt+ ~lilAcJ.91 '2~% %A}-!jl-"1Vl ~o}o~ ~q~ .:1.91 ~1'd­

.g. Levi(1978)% l1;;<'j!;':!Al ~Aoj1 °1.s71771-7.1 £.0J=~ '@:t!1i>1-u'I ~%ol~Jl CU-ct.

Roeper/Siegel(l978).g. l:l1~ O1~~tg(lexicaltransformation)olet~ 01%% £Jl~ ~.2..t+ ~

-:;;-.g. ~AcJ.91 ~% .:1 7]Altg"11 Al ~7.}~ 51 °1 Jl, ~J801tgAcJlt:3J.g. %A}-!jl-.91 It:3J3!J- q~ 3!

°1 ~-ct~ Selkirk(1982)% 7j;<.ltB. Al 3oj'2"1l Sproat(1985)9} Lieber(l988, 1992)"11 °l.scj

Al~ ~A1f-7} .~~ ~ tgEl11f-~ ~.B.. ~q~ ~T(!3-]'d ?7-J"1l 01.s711 ~~l:}. ~D}t:1£ ~i;n

tgEl1~ 'i1T~ Lees(1960).91 °J~"1l Al'@:?;] %-ctJl5:. ~ 9- ~q. 01 ~.91 ~-3:j.g. Lees

(1960):i!} °13!9j ~~tg'd Levi(1978)%tB.uJi>1 i3£i>}cil .:1 ~~~% ~~i;1 m-i>1 1.1101 ~

.2..£.91 tg Ell~ 'i1 T"1l £%°1 ~£~ i>}?;] ~ 51 01 t:f.

II. Lees (1960), The Grammar ofEnglish Nominalizations

A~AcJ~lil.91 ~P¥·2-l 'd-oJ]Al ~Zj?ij.2..£ ~j-AcJ01% q~ 3oj:i..91 A]£~ Lees(1960), The

GrammarofEnglishNominalizationOletJl ~ 9- ~l:}.. °151.g. A~AcJ~lil.91 0]~~17-l] 'd-"1]Al °1

if-01{l 7.1-B"-7J}7.1 ~1E¥l ~~ ~oJ1Al 7}7-J ~01 ~Jl ~ ~ ~ ~AcJ01 'i1TetJl ~ 9- ~,q.

.:1~ -¥-{i 7.1 -B"-77}7.1.91 ~AcJ 01 'i1 T.91 3!J-~ % 7~ :B.-i>}~ 7.}t!1 oJVl &-%3-] (physical) 'd ~.6:j llJlil

01 ~1i'!i>}711 ~ 01?;]%% .!iLcil?71 ~i;n qg3!J-~.g. 011% ~Jl ~q. (Lees, 1960: xxi&

118-9)

-39-

40 mjj * IDfB ~ (46)

(l) TALKING MACHINE =machinewhichtalks

EATING APPLE = appleforeating

WASHING MACHINE = machinefor washingthings

BOILINGPOINT = point ofboiling

LAUGHING GAS = gas whichcauses laughing

FISHINGVILLAGE = villagein whichthey fish

BAKING POWDER = powderfor baking(with)

HUNTINGDOG = dogwith whichonehunts

ul~9-j T3':'t1.01~..2-5!.. rjjlE~~ 4%31 ~6:j1iJcifV-j~ 7rA131~ 7JA-jl~-0, 1:l Ar ~fll5:9-j '\'1~

trA-j, ~~ %A}9-j ~'6Hl trA-j u:j-.!f1~ ~6:j9-j 71~..2-£ %~ 31 01££ (l)9-j O1HH: .2..!f- %

~~ ~fll£ ~B-~ 31°lq. .::J..C1'-t 0131~ ~l:§il1 ~*~ 31°lq.

Leessl 019J- ~~ 7-131~ Jespersencifl -cl1~ T3':"T-9-j7,}%9-j 1:l1J8.-, .::J..C1Jl o]cif] rjj~ Chomsky

9-j 1fr~, .::J..C1Jl Jespersen(1937), AnalyticSyntaxcifl t11~ 1~J{37}9J- 019-j *:zl %9-j ~i(!9-j A}

7,}%~ '\'1AJ711 '6~~q. Jespersen-S '\'11:l G!* [unctionis] '?'!7-l1 (:i!~ nexus)~ ~l:§"6}~ c4c.-j

7,}C1cif1J.-j (2)9-j !f- oj1~ .::J.. lEl~FJ9-j %A}-"'acif1s:. ~T"6}Jl ~5i ~~ 31 01 0}"Y4~ "T-AJ% "6}

(2) (a) doctor's house

(b) doctor's arrival

(2)9-j !f- T~ .2..!f- 5:%24 l:§A}9J- EE q-e l:§J.}9-j '\'1~£ °1lf-01A'1 ~%cifls:. ~T"6}Jl (2a)~

~~(~B9)~ 1.11%% ~~1Ol1 1fr'6~ (2b)~ %~(jj]B9)~ 1.11%~ ~~q . .::J.. 7<}01~ (3)cif1J.-j t:-j

~~ ill '-tEt\::!-q.

(3) (a) I saw the doctor'shouse.

(b) I saw the doctor'sarrival.

(3b)9-j the doctor's arrival-s- .::J.. A1-7.11£).-j "T-01+%A}9-j 1.11%% W~"6}Jl ~q. (l)9-j ojl%~

.::J.. lE~~~ %).}Aacifls:. ~Jl"6}Jl ~%c4 ~~ '6~6:jol ,&'6~"T-* q0J=~ ~~:tl-7-l1~ 7}7-1Jl ~q.

Lees-e Jespersen (1942) , A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles, Part VI-

Morphologye- ::L !A01\± ~~i9oJ].5: *T<5r$ ~}.a~J..r9.1 ,Jf:--jf011-E ~ii\1~t1-Jl ;;<.1~t>"l-Jl '3J

t1-. Jespersen-S. Jf~;"J£1 s:.°JoJ1 42} '~PclO1~ 1;l}.}~}.<lO1 (JU$%ffi:Mf substantive­

compound), ~±1l~A<101 U!&Ji%ffi:Mf string-compound), ~t!~}.clO1 (tollilT%1tt~ clipped­

compoundi si l-j-TJl, r:H ol~% i. T}.a4:J.~ "-"1-019.1 91p1~Zj {l-/l1oJ1 lIJ-2} ,Jf:--jft>}$ ~q.

0\1~ ~ol ~"-HFa01-E qg4 tt.g-67~9-j <5}~~9-.£. l-j-T$ ~q (Jespersen,1942: 142).

(4) (a) AB means B modified by A:gas-light

(b) AB means A modified by B: tiptoe

(c) AB means A plus B:Alsace-Lorraine

(d) AB means: at the same time A and B: maid-servant

(e) Bahuvrihi-eompounds: red-coat

(D'Iype son-in-law

%~~AJ0191 TJ.J4:J.~ J..}0]91 {l-/l]7} 0]:;1'?}°1 o}y2}-E :;1.g- ll"-}ij {]-3f~ ~ <uq.

Jespersen.5: qg 4 tt01 ~"5}Jl <uq.

(5) As already mentioned (8. 14) , the number of possible logical relations between the two

elements is endless. The following grouping, therefore, does not pretend to any degree of

exhaustiveness, but is meant merely to illustrate the manifo1dness of the relations

(Jespersen, 1942: 143).

<5r-E %AoJ] t11"5~ 9-01 ~:Jojl 1:1]"5~ +;;<.}91 78 ~oj1~ ~ oj] .2..-E %A91 &Zj 01 iI--E "-Hi ~ ;;<.] Zj

~ -Iespersenc] O1~]<5}~ 01~% 47] Thesunrises.2} Johnworshipsthesun:l!J- tt.g- ~AJJI} {l­

~-?l;;<.1 *~-E7}~ o}91~<5r$ ~q. °1:;1.g. Jespersens] ~~01 91p1~Zj~ :;10171 u:J1~oj1

:2..~ 91ul~Zjq} ,Jf:-fi-~(semantictaxonomy) 01 ~O10): <5}-E ~/ll~ Jespersen.5: ~01l-j-;;<.1 *i5}

~ :;1o]il-J1. Lees-1=- }.~Zfi5}$ ~q.

~~ Lees-E t!tt~ ~~ (simple concatenation) ~ ~ ,,-}Zj ~}.<l 01 (nominal compound) ~ A<l91

~ .:£t@.£. }.~Zf"5~ ~q. 0]:;1.g. -'f-{i (6)°] .!i!.cxj9--E :;1JI} ;Q~ ~7V<l (recursiveness) ~ 1i~

"5~9-t:9, ~{! N1o] N2~ ~-!oJ~q$ ii}1(! (7)91 (a,b)91 7.}01~ 1i~"5~~ ~ ~q.

(6) typewriter repair, repair shop, typewriter repair shop, typewriter repairr shop supplies, etc.

(7) (a) flower garden

(b) garden flower

JCjy. (SJ.i1J- {f,c: ll-H~' .!iT?! B-'i?0] N1o] N2-fk "T-~~Ii-JZ. fiRAH:' ~l-a017} :Q1::- ~%

~ ~"%f "T- ~ 7ll ¥:! Ii-.

(8) (a) man-servant = ~<>1 +9-<>1

(b) windmill = 9-01 +~.?<j 01

(c)flourmill = ~.?<j01 +9-<>1

~-C T.JcHd~ A}ol9J -tl-7-l]-c (S)oJ]Ai .!i!* J.i.5!- {fA] ~q. ~Fj~J.}~Ol 7}A1JZ. °19l- :tf.g.

ff-~T~9j ~rOl-c Ol~% zj-71 (9)oJj ~%~ ?;l.~ :tf.g. ~.AJ-~9j 717.HJ011J.i £.*~ Ul1~ 01

fi]7r 7r~~rqJl Leese- 'T-,.AJ~q.

(9) (a) man-servant ¢= The servant is a man.

(b) windmill ¢= Wmd powers the mill.

(c) flour mill ¢= The millgrinds the flour.U

01$!} :tf.g. ~~.g. oj1~ ~<>1 snake-poisons] :tf.g. ~:Vj<>17} ~-c ~9j o]I1]l-j (ambiguityl E

(10) snake-poison

1) Lees-c (Sb) £]- (Sc)7} q%lll- :Q.g. !E qe JR-% 7HJ. 'T- ~q-e ~% 7-17.4 fi}.:il ~q.

(1) (a)windmill: the huge machineused tocreate powerful drafts in wind-tumnnels for aerodynamic research

by means ofrotating blades

(b) flour mill:the well-known and dangerousexplosive propertyofflour dust utilized to powera mill of

somesort (Lees, 1060: 117)

"6"Jii-9'1"§:]-7.4 {!~% ~"5l1 'li~ ii-%(~ifo])~ llHr% ~.9..71-e 1l}~7nlll~ windmillo1Cl-.:il ~ 'T- ~.9..11j,

-q}~ 7}5f- ~7-1~ 7}ii-~ ~~~% 01%~ lolJ-o}.:j-o] ~qTt! .::z.?l% flourmill°l2f.:il .!f-~ 'T- ~t:j- . .::z.ci.:il

.!itt! windmilllll- flourmill.g. 471 (2)£]- :Q.g. .'f-7n~ l-i52. qe 71 AHl% 7}7-1.:il ~q.:il ~ 'T- ~q.

(2) (a) windmill: (i) Wmdpowersthe mill.

(ii) The mill createswind.

(b) flourmill:(i) Themill grinds the flour.

(ii) F10ur powersthe mill.

(a) poisonous substance made from snake venom ¢= The snake gives the poison. (cf.snake

oil, snakeskin, snake tract, etc.)

(b) snake's saliva-like secretion {= The snake has the poison.(cf. snake venom, snakehead,

snakeblood, etc.)

(c) a repellent called snakepoison {= The poison is for the snake. (cf.snake food, snake pit.)

01 ~1 ifJ snake-poisonv] 7}~ 'T ~ t e:j t'1 7}7.1 ~, ql-.1 w5R " oJ1 I-.i Ha~ \!l ~', 'IlJ01 7}7.1

:iL ~t ~', " §1~1~' rrt.$l91 e:jt'17}7.1 ~.g. °15!°1 (lO)oJjAi .!I!.* e:jt'1 7~91 Ai.£. q~

717,l~oJ]Ai s:.~~ 'T ~71 u:JHH1 7}-'6"~ 5!°lq.

Leest q%o~uFcl (multiple ambiguity) 91 :E q~ oj1.£.Ai (ll) 91 oj1~ ~:iL ~)A.

(11) pontoon bridge

(a) bridge supported by pontoons

(b) bridge floating on pontoons

(c) bridge made of pontoons

(d) pontoons in the form of a bridge

(like steamboat =boat powered by steam)

(like seaplane = plane landing on the sea)

(like blockhouse';' house made of blocks)

(like cellblock = cells in a blocks)

(12) (a) bridge of a pontoon

(b) bridge for pontoons

(like steamboat = boat powered by steam)

(like ashtray=tray for ashes)

e:j 71 Ai -'f-C1 t Jespersen.J1} Leess] -c~-3j ~ A}:iL91 ~}01 ~ ~ 'T ~q. Jespersen-S 9-01~

~I-.cl 01~ ~~1l..2...£. '8"}e:j 015!01 7}~ 'T ~ t 7}-'6"~ ~% '€[o}iJ1 31:iL "91..2..9, .:J. :r.~.g.

{l"'1l.£. it';;J:q, e:j71oJ] 1:l15R LeeSt ~"'clo1~ol ?tt q0cl'~ ~91 ~}olt :J.~91 717,1 ¥-;>eJ-°1

?tt q0cl'~ ~oJ1A1 1:l1~~ 5!..2..~ .!I!.:iL ~"'clo191 q°cl''''cl% ..2.,'8"131 tJ'tl~ 5!..2...£. ~o}~~

q. q A1 ~5R Jespersenv] ~l-.clo1oJ1A1 ~~'8"}e:j :J. 5! 01 ?tt ~~ '€[o}iJ131:iL ~ 5!oJl 1:l15R

Leese- ~rJ1.£. ~l-.clo1~ol ~t e:jt'1 ~oJ1Ai ~~'8"}e:j :J. Rlf:!~oJ1 01,S.:iL;A} '8"}~~ 5!°lq.

7}~ u:j] :J.5!~% Zf71 q~ 717,1~oJ1A1 s:.~~qt tJl-.l91 A~"'cl¥-~91 ~3joJl '\]Zf'8"}lf:! tJ'tl

~ ~~loIJ-~ol~JA:iL ~ 'T ~q. AHl91 A}~% Chomskyr- q%.J1} ~01 ~'8"}:iL ~q.

(13) In the earliest work on transformation grammar [cf Lees (1960)], the correctness of the

44 Giji:* fnH * (46)

transformationalist position was taken for granted; and, in fact, there was really no

alternative as the theoryofgrammar was formulatedat that time (Chomsky, 1970: 188).

Lees(1960)91 '1J;;<J~ 1l~.:ps}~ qg$J- i{q. ~;;It ~Ac!tg)lc 71A~ ~PJ91 TAc!.B..S:% A}

0]91 %A~~ {l7-j]oJ] -cJjti}o'J zi ~~ i5R~w 'T ~t:J-. %;;Ifl, tgJ-t~~Ac!~7t ?!-~ t:J-%,oR

URAc!.g.. ~+91 71 A~ {t;;<J$J- Jt!~ OJ1 91 i5R ~ tg~ 'T ~ t:1-. ~;;Ifl, Jt!~ oJ1 91~ ~Ac! ~ ~ Ac!.g..

:£ ~Tti1-Jl z: TAc!~% A}0191 {tli] {l1l17} i{7.1 ?,lq~ 4-:c.l91 3j{l% AJtgi5R €-q.. ~p}

t:]£. ~i5R Lees~ ~Ac!~~ %A-¥-oJ]Ai s:..~tit39.q~ ~01t:J-.

01S} i[~ ~~~~Ac! ~li]OJ1Ai 'f!% 'T ~~ <3"}y.91 -¥-{}~.g. ~Ac!~91 ~~.J3 ~ z: 71A~

~;;<J91 {tli]Ac!oJ1 <tl1l1A1~ 'T ~t:J-~ ~olq. q;..] ~i5R ~tt! tgAt~ ~AJ~7t ~1tf~..2..£. AJ

~~ 'T WA~ ::r~.g. ::ri{.g. ~Ac!~ ~ ~~{lW'fr~ 71A~{t;;<Jo1 W-71 U1l{t°1t:J-, oj1~ %~

sky fishi\-~ ~Ac!~7} Ac!~~ 'T W-t:J-~ °1~.g. 4-:c.l7} °1S} i{.g.. ~Ac!~~ s:..~i5R\!i 'T ~

~ ~2'j91{t;;<J% A~Zfi5R\!i 'T W-71 U1l{t°1q. 01 ~~ "fl{j..2..~ ~~% lU10J1 Al10}lf-:c.l .!fA

~7} lflq~ 5!°lq. 01~.g. tgAt~~ ~-@A (prenominal adjectivel R J-i~~%A(predicative

adjective)OJ1J-i s:..~~..2..£.,y.~ °JA} A}0191 ~l2J1fil1~(selectionalrestriction)91 ~%~% ±.3j-ti}il

~1(i %;"}~91 {l~~$J- ~~1~t:J-.

LeeS71- 71A~91 ~;;<JOJ1J-i ~Ac!~~ s:..~i5Rl.11~ $J-1l91 t117J~ ~0}Ji!.71 ~i5R s:..~91 ~ oj1~

~%lfl Jt!~ Tl-:31 %oJ1 t11~ ~ tg W- 01 (14) OJ1 filV1 i5R ~~q.

(14) girlfriend

the friend is a girl =? the friendwhois a girl =9 the frienda girl =? the girl friend

01~.g.. l:J1.Ji!.~ Zl:t!~ oj1OJ1 4f~t:J-. curling iron$J- i{.g.. ~Ac!~~ (15)S} i[.g.. 71A~~OJ1Ai

s:..~ti}71 ~i5RAi If-il 10o'J 7R91 Jt!~Tl-:31°1 J-}%5lJl ~t:J-.

(15) The iron is forNa. }

Mary curlshair with the iron.

The iron is forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron.

...iron whichis forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron...

...iron forMary'scurlingofhair with the iron...

Nao::action nominel

...iron for Mary's curling of hair with the iron Pron ...

...iron for Mary's curling of hair...

...iron for the curling of hair...

...iron for hair curling...

...hair curling iron...

...curling iron...

0]7.~ "tl Leesi:- ~ejj.9j 0]~7}~0] t§ Ell oj] J.~ ~% ~~ 41 to;j Jl ~ r.a ~Jl}i:- JV:tl1£ ~oJP·i ~ Ell

~ ~~lilL2.£M1 WAa~7} ~i:- tt-l~FaJl} O~U~Aa, .:lij.:il If.l?PJ.9j %(~PaoJ]£ ~T"B"}.:il TAa

Rs:~ J.}o]oJ]J.i ~ 'T ~Ji:- AJO]~ tt-'i1 ~7-1]~ ~~"B"] lij-Q{~ ~o]c}.:il '%f 'T ~q. .:::z.c'Lt

.:::z..9j 12j-~~ .3]{}oJ]£ ~T"B"}.:il .:l.9j ~]'t!'-€:- q%Jl} {}-€:- ~ 7}A] ~~~'il ~~~ 4l~<5}.:il

~~ 4-il~ .:l~% ~o}~~ 'T ~i:- ~olq. .:loJl qj~ l:llJtl-€:- qjEf 4%Jl} {}-€:- q-)i 7}Al£

R'?)'W 'T ~q. ~-?I)], (14)7} li!.O:J"r*0] 7].::<i.9j tt-.AJoJ]J.i wAae>i~ £ %"B"}7] #I%~J.~i:- ~7-1]

1!oJ] ~~ %J.}~ ~~]%~o]: "B"}i:-ril, 0]7.~"tl ~~]~i:- ~o] ·01~~ Rs:~ u:jJ 0].2l- {}-€:- ~~]

~~ iT::&i~ ~~1.9j ~qd7}~Aa.9j 2E7,} (recoverability condition (on deletion» % 017171] ~A.

*~7}'oAa.9j 2E7,}-€:- KatzlFodor (l 964) oj] .9j%R ~]'t!'¥! ~..2...£J.i 01-5!-€:- ~Al1\!!t8°] 7}~ 'T

~i:- If-~~ ~% ~017] #I~ ~o]9J,q. Chomskyi:- o]~ ~ q%Jl} {}o] iT~<5}.:il ~q.

(16) ...a deletion operation can eliminate only a dummy element, or a formative explicitly

mentioned in the structure index (for example, you in imperatives), or the designated

representative of a category..., or an element that is otherwise represented in the sentence in

a fixed position (Chomsky, 1965: 144-5).

Chomskys] 0] ~% {}t!<5] ~o]'i':! *~7}*~ -5!'?l- \!!t8iT:3J..2..£ ~Al1"B"}c}i:- ~olq. 0].2l­

{}~ 2E7,} 01 ~q'i':! oj]~ ~01 John ate a hamburger (an apple/three slices of pizza) ~.9j 4'-'T~

1J%T2EoJ]J.i ~.9j.9j &~~~ ~~1"B"}O:J John atec}i:- %~~ tt-.AJ% £%"B"} 71] ~oj, 01-5!-€:­

'\!!i@-€:- ~~ l:l}.:lfA] \?J"i:-q'i:- If.€-o]~(standardtheory).9j ~~]~ 017]711 ¥!4.

(17).91 ojl~% ~ll'jli!..::<}.

(17) (a) windmill ~ Wind powersthe mill.

(b) flour mill ~ The mill grinds the flour.

(c)car thief ~ the thiefsteals the car.

46 ~ijj:*:. ~ ~ (46)

T01{} ~Ad01%~ (17)°1 &o:jT.e 3J.Jlj- iJ-..g. ZfZf.91 71A1~oJ1J..i s:_~~q~ (17).91 A~l ~

Ad01~ ~i;~J..1.e ZfZf powers,grinds,steals.911(!:01%~ ~A11t~0]: ~q. 013J.%..g. (16).91 .:1:Zi

% 0171Jl nO-1 ~Sfio1 ~7r~~ IN!-T?J: 0r1--Jet ~Ad01~ ~;:<J-oJjAi .£~~}.e ~ <>(A-I!?;I!O): ~ %

J..}9J Y T?J:%.91 ¥1~1t2,)01 ~.B..~}Jl1 '[!q.

°19t 7,£ ~ ~fi1H:l..g. Lees A}~.£ .91 ~ ~rJ1. CU:d~ 3J...2...£ &~q. :I.e ~.91 143-¥foJl J..1

steamboatt-l car thiefe] 7d.q..~11'J N1Jlj- N 27} T019t -&~01£.j ¥J:7-11oJ] n1::- ~Ad01oJl rJl?;1! ~

t"r.e A}c.]oJ1J..1 qgJlj- :Q:..g. ~% ~}Jl CUq.

(IS) In many such compounds the omitted verb itself is one only of a very small set, all similar in

meaning, and it might be possible therefore to formulate the rules for generating these

compounds in term of one or a few individual verbs, such as make,yield, cause, produce, etc.

(Lees, 1960: 143)

qJ..l ~?;~ <>(A11£l.e %J..}%.91 y~ ~O:j ~j;Jl *01&;z}.e 3J.°lq. :Iely. :I.e °101 :I7,£..g.

7r~Ado1 §1~~rq.e 3J.% ~~~rJl CUq.

(19) Unfortunately, however, it seems quite unlikely that all the members of one large,

productive class of subject-object compounds can be so treated in terms of just a few

specified verbs.

For example, while disease germ, oil well, credit union, and many others in this group

might betaken from sentences with one of these cognate "cause"-verbs, it is at least diffidult

to so construe hour glass, gas stove, sunflower, and the paradigm example itself, CAR

THIEF. The most natural source to chose [sic] for the latter would, of course, be the

sentence: The thief steals the car,... (Lees, 1960: 143)

(IS)Jlj- ~..g. A&ZfoJl rJlt~ Leese D1~% ?(.:il n:dJl, {lA11£ Lees(1970)..g. :I7,£..g. A~Z}%

T~l:§1-~ A11~01aj, qgoJ1 ~}11 ~ Levi(197S)..g. q~ o}'d (IS)~ T~l.:§1-~ A11~01q.

%~, ~fi111::- 'r!~1t2,)£.j y 7r ~r:t1::- 3J...2...£ ~y.A1 ?l1::-r:t. "5-.B..~ 3J...g. ~Ad01~ )'~Aa~r

7) -*ltl! ~i?.~::J. YPl..g. 6{Al11t2,) % 01 ~).a01~).a014.e -&~ °1.'tJoJ1.e '€tc] ~.B..7} ~q.e

J..}{l °1q. 01 tE1 'r!~ n- 2,) 01 01 tE1 tj- 01 ~}y. T?J: ~ ~?;~ ~ .B..~}q ~ :I7,£ ..g. n-:%1 91 '* 'itAd..g. {J

"5"1 91{JA'i"lqJl 0}1--J~ y ~q.

Jj)~t Lees~H1 ~J,aoj{t 71 A1Qj ~AJ-011A1 s:.~"t}-2 7d.!f-- "t}-y.Qj ~J,aoj{t ~ii~ ~'1=-Qj 7]

A1 ~AJ-017}:!g-(5lcj--2 ~A117} ~q. q A1 Wii~ 7]A1~Qj ~~~J,a (indeterminaeyis] ~A1101q.

oj1{t %01 windmill°]et-2 ~J,a01-2 ~01s:. (18)011 <?VHl- ?>!3l1- ~~ 7]A1 ~;AJ-%011A1 s:.{ro]

7}:!g-"t}t:1-.

(20) (a) The wind powersthe mill.

(b) The wind activates the mill.

(c) The wind makes the mill function.

(d) The mill is activated by the wind.

(21) (a) an egghead ¢= (an intellectual person) ¢= ?

(b) a green blackboard ¢= *a blackboard which is green

(21a)-2 Paninis] bahuvrihi ~J,a01011 iiRtJ"t}-2 ?>!~§..A1, ::r-d::.'d01"§1-A}%01 9.j{J~ ~J,a01

(exocentric compound) 4Jl ~Xi~ ?>! 01t:1-. 9.j {J~ ~)8 01-2 0] ~{011s:. red coat (oJ~ :;:[-0l) 01

et~7} birdbrain iulsl] % '1=-~01 \'i-~r:~], ::r-111"1 :J.. 71A1~% '\~zj-iiR ~qli'! A1~7J}A1.Qj oj]

%011 r:J1iiR zj-71 (22) 9.J- ~~ %Zl 71Al~% '\~zj-~ '1=- ~Jl, 01%~ :J..3!%r:J1§.. (23) 01] ~J1

(22) (a) an egghead ¢= an eggheaded person

(b) a red coat ¢= a redcoated man

(c)a birdbrain ¢= a birdbrained man

(23) (a) The person has a head which lookslike an egg.

(b) The-man is wearing a coat which is red.

(c)The man has a bird's brain .

.!f--c.j-2 (23).Qj ~AJ-%.Qj {t7-l1~011A11ook-y. be,have -'ifA9.J- {t7-l]A}% 6.)-~1"t}Jl {t7-l1 A} !fH

~~ ~%A% {i~~A} 'if01] -&-7-1.2.-2 -n-:3]% ~%"t}"1 (22).Qj ~{f1f. .2.~~011 ~71~ 3!:i!]­

~~ %Zl l(1:7-l]{t s:.{r"t}Jl, °1%011711 zj-71 ?.R.!jL(head){t ~oRl:l1c.j-2 ?.R.!jL~l(1:-n-:3]

48 mli *- fRH" )f (46)

(beheadingrule)% ~%i>~"'1 ZfZf91 i)-),cJoJ~ S.~i5~~ 4- ~t:}. ::Lc~t+ (23)°] 9-oJ{l i)-),cJ

oJ%91 f'r~~ 7]A~ ~::<Jo] 0}t..J2H:· ~AJ]9j-, O]~.£..!f-E~ ~..e..~ i)-),aoJ~ ~7) .!fji5l·"l ~%

i5~0j:~ 7l}tJ}~~ Jl}~~ .21oj]'£, ~-3} ~AJ]i:- (23)91 71·~~ ~AJ%O] (24)9} ~..g. fl7-l1~ li!.

;;<Ji5~9-A] ~~t:}~l:-n ~t:}.

(24) (a) an eggheadedman = an intellectual person

(b) a rea coat= a British soldier

(c)a birdbrain = a stupid man

::Lt.-}p} (22)91 of]%..g. l:I].JiL~ 7}A]~ ~),cJ% ;!-i:- ofJ%olJ:f. butterfingers(%.zi% ~ ~oJE:

i1~ A};g-; E::<~9-7} "'1Jf-~ A};g-) 9} ~..g. ~ %~ ~ ofloj]"'l~ 71A~ ~AJ..Q...£..!f-E~91 i)-AaoJ .£

~~ ;;<j91 ~7}~"6}t:}. ~'4oj] 0]9} ~..g. .£~Jl}~%% ~A..!f-oj]"'~ L:1-3f-lll J8q1?1 %+¥-~

t.--llf- .J;}*i5~Al ::L3! 01 If-'3l.% "6}~ *~A] ~A1 *"6}ll] ~ 3!°1J:f.

~J.l1 (21b) ~ 1i1oJ 9} A]A] % (referent) ",}o] oj] A~ Zl ~91 :i11 i1 oj] "'1 til *~ 78 ~~ T'11,

blackboardel-e- i)-AcJoJ7} 7.~ g A~AcJ£l~ ~ uJ1oj]~ :£i§- ~J8.-0] 7l}~ ~01~~A1~ ::L ~ ~J8.­

91 ~~01 J:f°Ji5~Al1?1Al ~A ~~ 0}'-1C} {JA]oJ~ ~H ~91 ~J8.-P}A~ A~7]Jl li!.1?1 (21b)9}

~..g. '£-;]:-0] ),~7]i:- 3!0]t:}. ~i17} 91 u]1f.fI-(semanticdrif't)C}Jl ..!f-.5.~ 0]9} ~..g. 911J1~:§l­

~ t:}~91 7.}0]~ ~..Q..t+ :£i§- 1i1oJoj1 i}%£1~ 3!..Q...£A~ i)-),cJoJ~ 7]A191 ~AJoj]"'l .£~"6}~

~ (21b)9} ~..g. 78~~ Zf..2..i>R°j: ~J:f . .21{J~ ~fAJoJ~ ~EjJ.e91 ~tt! o].eoj]A~£ ~AJ]7}

£1~A1~ i)--"aoJ91 ~i':!0] ~;;<J-o]cj-Jl A~Zf"6}i= ol.eoj]Al~ ~"6] ~fij17} J8t:}. ~~oj] 91i5~

~),aoJ~ s:.~"6}~ ~~ol.eoj]"'l~ 0]%0] ;!-i:- ~o]~ 7-Hl.% ~% 7,;[01 ~7] u:Jl~0]J:f. ~

~..g. 1T~~'tl :i!}~0]71 uJ1~oj] ::L3!°1 ~%£1~ et!$1loj] %oJ ~~ oJ~~ ~),cJoj] 91i5~ *0:1

Ai i= 'tl-£171 u:Jl ~01 J:f. ::Le-] t+ oj~ -&~oj1"'~ 9J of].21~ ~),cJ oj ~),J 0]t+ T*A~ oj ~),cJ :i!}~ oj] "'1

J:f-)i~, ~Zj91 7]A~ ~;;<J-o] ~Jl, ::E 0:17]oj] tJ}tg-~ ~~1T:3J%% ~%i5~"'1 ~oJ{l ~),cJoJ

7} ~Zj0) opd 78~ Leese- z: il~ 91 ..!f- 'Et% 't}-?j) B4. (25) 9J of] %% li!.7-}.

(25) (a)The servant is a man =} a man-servant

(b) The servant is a maid =} a maid-servant

(c)The friend is a girl=} a girlfriend

(d)The servant is a girl=} *a girl-servant

(e) The servant is a widow=> *a widow-servant

(f) The servant is a soldier=> *a soldier-servant

(25)9l 71A~~01Y- cj71A~ s:.~'8 WJ8~ 5'..9- *~-31.2.~~ "6}A}7} W~ -317.:'J9l ~El1°1Al~

(25d,e,f)~ {lA~l~~ %%.s:~Al ?t-~ 5!~011:}. 015!-& ~~~-31<d :&%-e-31 (pragmatic) R<d

oJl 9l~ 5l. °1 1:}. Leess] ~1'il"7.1~ WJ8e>1% %A}-¥·oJ1Al s:.~"6}~ 7<J-'f- J8A.lf-~ 'T~.g. :&%

-e-31 ~1Q.j=..9..~ 7}~ ;;'}llJ ~ }l°ll:J-.

°19J- i1:~ cj c1 7}AJ ~1l ~oJls:. Lees(1960)oJ1 Al ~7}A1 °ltRw 'T W~ 5!.g. W.Aa~9l

A~.AaJ!}~ g N1J!} N29l :t1:711oJ] utCi- l:J-~J!} :Q°l -f&fl-"6}cj ~}aj1£ 1!ocJ"6}Jl ~l:J-~ 1iol1:}.

(26) (I) Subject-Predicate

(n Subject-"Middle Object"

(Jll) Subject-Verb

(N) Subject-Object

( V) Verb-Object

(VI) Subject-Prepositional Object

(Vm Verb-Prepositional Object

(VlID Object-Prepositional Object

01}l~ '5£A~ (4)oJ1 '€17J~ Jespersens] -l't-fl-% (~P'J).lZll:J-. Lees~ Jespersen% Bl¥l-"6}~

A}t!-loJ1Al :J.7} ~u1-e-31 -l't-*~oJl 7.1-'H~71 uJ1~oJl WJ8~9l ~ocJoJ1 {l~~l:J-Jl lfi"6}Jl ;jl:J-.

.Jespersenr] Bl.liIW uJ19l Lees9l ?J1l3l} .J:f;<J.g. ~A7} N1J!} N29l :t1:711% ~~lf! 'T~ ~pl

-e-31 ~"T'-oJl ~..9..:c1JI. ~ttiql l:lltR Lees~ WJ.a~9l ~-& °RuffJ.a% 7}7,J. 'T ~Jl, !E~ N1J!}

N29l :t1:jjJ~ ~~'8 'T~ /ljJ~W 'T Wt:J-~5l.°1~q . .:L~l:J-1i'! (26).g. Lees A}{l9l "T'-?Jg

~~~ ~~JJl "6}~ 7;;!J!}~ 7}frj-i?:-l:J-. utCi-Al (26)oJl ~ocJ),J9l JI19l 0pJ9l 9lpl~ .If-e:j~l:J­

1i'! Lees~ 01 tff "6}71 ~~lll ~l:J-. t:J-%:i\- 7,{.g. Downing(1978) 9l '?J:.g. Lees(1960)oJls:. tRtg

~ }l 01 71 uJ1~01l:J-

(27) It is apparent that any attempt to formalize these factors in terms of a list of possible

compoundingrelationships is boud to fail. Sincevirtually any relationship may serve in the

appropriate context, such a list wouldbeso long as to beuseless. (Downing, 1978: 840)

50 ~iji"* ~ lli (46)

1oos(1960).g. "'~"'atr~2J 0].e151 fl1fc.] <j-<>1]Ai ~"'aOi t@"'a~ ~Z41512...£ t+~ j,]3':2J A]

s:.c.j-l::- J..}1l. *A]B€l1] tJA].£"'i~ ~qj1510]~g Chomsky(1957)9J tr~ o].e% 0iTJ:! tr~ ~

AJ%- 1iqj-t}~];j] j,]3':.£ ~Z41512...£ 151%~t+~ A}1l. U11tr<>1] tl-~ n<>1l rl.g. ~"6"J:%- ~ci ~

2..~t+. 0]<>11 -qj~ 1:l1:ifr.g. ~<>11Ai A1151~ 1:l}~ iJ."t+. Leesz] ~% ~g tJA] ~t@tr~9J 3':7]

"'i1-7-lI<>1!"'i::: Jt!t@~ ~% 1:l}.1fA] \'l2..oj, rrJ-c·Pl If-S:l 0] .§ :rt7-l]7} ~l::-~, r:11?~"t] ~t~Ai

~2J '5-~AJo1 'Ui:: ?!~ %~~ 71Al~<>1]Ai s:.~~oj, ~t:l1.£ %~~ Rli'it@°] "'1ei 7R2J ~

% 7}~ 'T 'U2..li'i .::L~01 "'1 cl 7R2J 7]7-it@<>1]"'i s:.~~9JA.:iI li!.~ ?!o] %-6101~t+. u:}c.j-Ai

0]~9J :rt;j]~ ~f"t]c *~~ ~~ o)%~ ~~it;3J<>1] 9JtU {!7-l] -?lc ~01~t+. u:}c.j-Ai Lees

9J ~7-lli:: ~A] <8Oi o1.e9J ~7-l]e.J-.:iI li!.o}oF ~t+.

~"l1 T~ 1i±0i.£ -qj~]%f 'T 'Ut+c 1oos2J "'~z.j-% ~l(!-2...£ ~.:iI 1-j-7}'i:!70td {i.f.oj]

McCawley, Lakoff, Ross%ol ~Phl 01~1:l} "'~},a2JP1.e(generative semantics) <>11 °1E.-111 ¥It+.

Jf-~ o]%~ .::L *qj~ThmkoilledDicke.J-c trAJ-:i!j- 'IbmcausedDickto diee.J-l::- f trAJ9J ~~

~1 (~f~fUf truth value) 7} iJ."t+~ 11 % Al 151 "t}.:iI, rrJ-e.J-Ai 0] f- trAJ ~ "t}1-J-9J 71 A-jt~H Ai .s:.

~~Oi0F ~q.:iI ~PJ~q . .::LiOiL.J- diez] 7}AJ Sf:l&151 t@E1l~ o}-yuj, 01~~ .::L~-qj.£ li!.q

Sf:l3':151'il 71Ai~% 7}All1] ¥It+. "'~},a2Jp1.e7-}%.g. dead.die.kills] AJ~{!7-l1~ (28)~H'! 1iqj

~q.

(28) (a)NEG+ ALIVE + dead

(b) BECOME + NEG+ ALIVE =die

(c) CAUSE + BECOME + NEG+ ALIVE =::kill

01~0] 0]~1:l} 9Jp]~7-Hgenerativist)~ tR6:j.eAHinterpretivisit)~9J *qj~ -i':-.A~% ~2..7)11]

~ .s:.§}~01 ij~.:iI, 0] -i':-.A~oJl -qj~ "t}1-J-2J tR1t2...£ 1970\'1<>11 Chomskyz] Remarks on

nominalization% ~~111 iji:: ~olq. Chomsky(1970) oj] -qjt~ ~0}li!.71 {ioJ] 1oos(1960)oJj

-qj~ 1:l)JlJ:<>1] -qj~ tll1to1e.J-.:iI ~ 'T 'Ui:: Lees(1970):i!j-, °l~ ~ ~Z41512...£ ~-qj~~ Levi

(1978) <>11 -qjtR ~Ai ~0}li!.7].£ "t}3&t+.

III.Levi (1978) , The Syntax and Semantics o{ComplexNominals

1970\'101] Lees::: 1008(1960)0)) I:)J~ lJ):rt%% .:ilaj~ A~i2..>'f:- ~AaoJ t@Aa:l1J-~% Al1<j-"t}l11

¥lq. Lees(1960):l1J-9J %£.~ ~}o]l::- 7]7-it@0] li!.t+ 9J u].e151'il ~01 ij~t+c 11 0].:iI, :J..

.!i!.qs:. ~..B..~ ~}01i=- *.!fd7}~AaoJ1 t:11~ 1:l1Jtl-% .9.]~15}aq '~~~ %"F (generalizedverb)c.j­

i=- 3l % fill ~l5}aq *.!fd7}~Aa % 0] 71;;<.1 i'J".Q.DJ Jl ~ qi=- 1"J °1q. 013l.g- {!.g- Lees (1960) oj]

Al {[;,1 l:l]~~ ~~.9.] (18).9.] A~Zf~ .::r-~11§j-~ 3l o]q. -=rc~t+ 013l.g- 013lt:11.£ AR.£-&- -It- A11

% 0):7]15}711 ~i=-Lll, -=r7} jjl~~ 0]~1:l} ~~~ %"}c.j-i=- 3l.Q..£Al Nr3!J- N2 ,,}0].9.] -=r 9-~

.g- {l-111 ~ .2..!]'- pJc.j-W 9- ~H}i=-7}oJl t:11~ .9.].::r-1J.g- -=r~qJl ~1r:lc.j-s:., ~~~ %A}i=- q~

.!i!.l8- cg-A}9l- q% 1:l}7} ~o] 0{A1]~""'S1Ti,Jo] °13l%'i1% 0{A1115}711 'i1E..i=- LlloJl -It- A1]7} ~}q.

Lees(1970)9.1 A~Zf% ~Z4~.Q..£, -=r:tlJl it7J};;<'] ~Jl t+zJ:3l.°1 Levi(1978)01c.j-Jl ~ 9­

~q. 0] ~.g- (1975).9.] -=rv].9.] ~~~-lt- The Syntax and Semantics of Nonpredicating

Adjectives in Englishl@: 9-~ ~ 3l 0]q.

Levi7} ~~ 15}DJ i=- 3l.g- (l) - (3) oj] fill;,1~ °1~ l:l} * ~~ AHt (complex nominal) '*Jl Jf-g i=­

3l01q.

(l) apple cake

timebomb

doghouse

windmill

daisy chain

(2) Markovian solution

American attack

presidential refusal

musical criticism

(3) electric clock

electric shock

electrical engineering

electrical conductor

electrical outlet

.deficiency disease

autumn rains

nicotine fit

color television

surface tension

film producer

cityplanner

dream analysis

metal detection

musical clock

musical criticism

musical interlude

musical comedy

musical talent

(1)-(3).9.] All 7eH- .2..!]'- ~A}t+ ""'S%A.9.] 9-~0]7} 9Jl.Jf-(head) ~oJl .2-i=- 91""'SAJ.9.] ~%11

% 7};;<.1Jl ~.Q.t+ z: L11%~ +x qgq. (1).g- ~A}~ ~Ado] (nominal compoundj el-e 01~

.Q..£ 7};;<J ~o] ~££l1 -€:- .::r-5:0]q. (2) i=- 'T'-Jl.1f-7} ~A}§j-(nominalization) B oJl%.£Al °1

52 am;k ~ ~ (46)

EE~ \'J"-€:- {}-1J% .5'..0} ~'i':! T±olq. .::1cl 1-J- (3)-€:- 7};<J- ~-i-"tl O:j7:1hj~'i':! T±e}.:il Levi

-c 7-1~"t}.:il ~q. ol%~ ~ 7}7-] '~Pd~ ?!"-c1:1] -3l,j(R£, e:j 7] oj] }.HHI ~·§A%-€:- Bolinger

(1967) 7} 7-1 ~ ~rJ1£ ~~~ '{l ~ %A%~l if! }.-j ~1f-91 ~ ~l el]}.-j s:.~~ 4-7} ~ t:t. ~}.} s:.

~~ 4- ~q.:il "t}E.e}.:il 91s:."t}-c ~3!}-c ~e}~q. (4) 91 ojl%% &A}.

(4) (a) a rural policeman (b) *a policeman who is rural

a logical fallacy *?a fallacy which is logical

an electrical engineer *an engineer who is electrical

a solar generator *a generator which is solar

a musical criticism *?a criticism which is musical

a linguistic scholar *a scholar who is linguistic

a dental appointment *an appointment which is dental

a rural policeman-S 7] Al9.J {}-ll]~% ?fA] *<5"}Dj, a logical fallacy-c "~t:.l "§fell}.-j 91 .2..*" (a

fallcay in logic or logical reasoning) 0] Dj (4b).9t ~ ~ "~t:.l oj] -gti:- .2..*" (a fallacy which

conforms to the rules oflogic) 9.] ~-€:- o}-yq.

~"q], (3)91 ~-§A%-€:- .::1:;!%01 4--61"t}-c 1:§}.}el] ute} ~ol ~e}~q. (5)91 oj]%% &A}.

(5) (a) musical clock = clockwhich makes music

musiucal comedy = comedy that has music

musical interlude = interlude which is music

musical criticism = criticism ofmusic

(b) electrical clock = clock powered by electricity

electrical shock = shock caused by electricity

electrical generator = generator producing electricity

electrical heating =heating by means of electricity

01~1if! ~%A} musicals] electrical-€:-.::1 !f1oJl "11f! 1:§A}7} .2..i:-7}oJ] rr}e} ~ol ~e}:zlq. ~l(!

musical clocks] electrical clock% l:ll.lili>R & li':! 01 % ~ %}.}7} ?f-c ~91 ~}ol-c .::1% !f1 oJl .2..i:­

L§ }.}.9t-c AJ-{}-ol ~q-c :;!% '?} 4- ~ t:t. 91l1.-f"t}li':! musical-S which makes musics] ~% ?!"

-c 1:-11 l:ll i>R electrical-S which makes electricitys] ~o1 o}"ye} (which is) powered by electricitys]

~% 7}A171 !IJ1~olq.

Levi-e WAa 0F~·o] ?tr o]9f- ~.g- ~::u-~ ~ Aa % lIJl ~oJ] Jespersen.Q.iE..-'f-E~ ChomskyoJj

0].s7]lJ}7-]9.] \'l".g- ~~}%o] 0] oj] 11l~ 7.1]7-l]3'lej ~tJ3% ;>f7]"5"}Jl, 0]%% Jl%9.] ~Aa% ;;t

r(idiosyncratic) li±~iE.. ~-B-"5"}a:j li±'i?"5"] ~~-'f-oJl 7]AR5'ji:- :;!.Q.iE.. ?~c.j"5"}aj ~t:J-Jl ~]3'l~

t:J-. Levi~ (l)-(3).l!} ~.g- ~WtJ3A}-ff-7} ;;ir~~% .'f-7}~] %Jl ~r];j] ::J. "5"}Y-r ~]7-ljAa

(systematicity)o]Jl, t:J-~ "5"}Y-r °Rnpa (ambiguity) 0]t:J-. ~~.g- 0]9f- ~.g- ~Aa%% ~t-&11.J1

0]: ~l:.J-2 .:J..l..-1r ~~l:.J-. Levir 0]%0] ~~ it:3JAa.g- ~o] 2% ~Aa~% 7}~ :;!0]2}t;J!

~c.jr o]%g ~~o] 9]~~0]: ~ :;!ej&1], +~ g ::J.~~j ~.Q.Dj, o]%oJj71]r 9]t;J!.AJ9.] ~::U-Aa

oJjs:. ~.::r-"5"}Jl \'l".g- ~l7-l]3'lej iT3PaO] ~l:.J-Jl ~~t:J-. ::J. %71.'£A~ .:J..l..-1r t:J-%4 ~,c: .'f-7}

7-] A}{J g %Jl ~t:J-. ~~~, ~~oJl ~W~AHf-7} ~~o] 9]~~0]: "5"}r :;!0]2}1i'l (6)oJ]Ai ~

(6) apple pie, apple pie plate, apple pie plate crack, apple pie plate crack pattern, apple pie place

crack pattern studies, etc.

t:J-. ?~ g %~1ir ~W~A}-ff-2}s:. ~c.j7} ::J. ~g oj]~~ ~ ~r :;!.g- 0]%0] ~:?j~ ~j7-l]

oj] 91"6]Ai tfr%~A]7] u:J1~o]'4r :;!0]l:.J-. Leviz} ~"5}ajJl "5"}~ :;!.g- *W~AHtojV,i ~ ~

~~ ~~9.] Jl%~Aa (idiosyncrasies) lIJl~oJj 0]%0] ?t~ 9.]o]~~, %A~~ iT:3J Aa g 30!~

Ai~ 'il~l:.J-~ :;!0]t:J-.

(1)-(3)9.] oj]~~ 0]9f- ~.g- ~]7-ljAa g ?t~l:.J-~ ~~ 9]oJ]s:.l:.J-°cJ:~ ~9.] o]n]Aas:. ?t~l:.J-

::J.~.g- -&~% ~"6R .:J..l..-1~ NP9f- S~ TAa~.Q..'£ "5}~ NPoJ] AHr-'f-<tAl]iT:3J (predicate

deletion).J!} Ai~-'f-tJ3A}&}iT:3J (predicate nominalization)% ~ -§-"6}a:j ~W~AHf'% g s:.~"6}Jl

Ai~-'f-<tAl]iT:3J.g- Lees(1960)0] Al]Cj-~1ii :;!3!]- ~.g- 31 0]t:J-. t:J-tfr Lees(1960)3!]- l:.J-~ 31

.g- *~7}~Aa (recoverabilityl cl el-e- {l g Jlaj"5"}a:j Lees(I970)oJ]Ai Al]Cj-~ ~1fr:3j %A}

(generalizedverb)9.] 7R'a g .£'fl "5}a:j , 0] iT:3J.Q..'£ <tAl]~ ~ ~~ Ai~%A}9.] ~~ 97~iE.. ~

:?j ~l:.J-~ {l 0]t:J-. ~7-l1::@ g ~~ "8"}a:j ~W~ A}-ff- iE.. 1:l}T~ 3!]-:?j oj] 0] iT:3J g 3'l -§-"8"}71j 5'j~

&1], 0] it:3JoJ] 9.]"6R <t;<J]~ ~ ~~ %A~ 0]~1:l} ::J.l..-17} *~7}~<t;<J]Ai~-'f-(Recoverably

54 gijj *- itm1 ii (46)

DeletablePredicate-RDP) ,*.:i!. -¥-g~ 97H.9J Ai~%Al-~ o]q. (7) ojl °1%% ~71tH ~~q.

(7) CAUSE tear gas/drug deaths (causative)

HAVE picture book/lemon peel (possessive/dative)

MAKE honeybee/snowball (productive, constitutive,compositonal)

USE voice vote (instrumental)

BE soldier ant (essive/appositional)

IN fileldmouse (locative [spatial or temporal]

FOR horse doctor (purposivelbenefactive)

FROM oliveoil (source/ablative)

ABOUT tax law (topic)

CAUSE,HAVE,MAKE9J ),~] %Al-~ f T.Ail.R~ J-l-0]9J ~7-117l- 2f'OJ9J- -&~OJ~ tr11% T~

"6l-o:J Z{7] f7H9J 0]]% ~r]~H ~~q. ~!{i ~~ 4j-ojl~ ~J8-~'?l ~OJ% ~OJ ~~q.

Ai~lf-6j-Al1lT?,]% ~%"6l-o:J ~f.AilOJ% .A~.Ail"6l-~ S'..i3'% .!i.°17] ~tH musica1clocko],*~ *~

~AHt9J .£~il}~ ~ (8) ojl All;'] "6l-~q.

(8) clock## clockmake music ##

clock## clockmusic-making## (~.Ail t@%J-}Z1hi)

clock## clockbe music-making## (~~ OJ (copula) 1l-'iJ)

clock## which ## bemusic-making## ## (~7-11 ~ t@.Ail )

clockmusic-making (WH-6j-Ajl)

music-makingclock ("'i ~-¥-~~] )

music clock (~~7l-~6j-AjVi~-¥-6j-Ajl: maket)

musica1clock (t@l:11~~ tg%J-l-~) (Levi, 1978, 81)

J-i~-¥-~J-l-~lT?,]~ (2).91 parental refusals] ~::. oll%~ .£~"6l-71 ~~ ~'?lr~l, (2)oj1 ~

7-l~ *~~J-l-*9J 2f'.R-¥-~ S'..f ~J-l-~oj1 91 tH ~OJ~ ~olq. %.:i!.%o} (9)011 parental

refusals] .£~J!}~ ~ ~r]tH f~q.

(9) -3i~~ ~~

1. °HHJ-'lJ

2. 21~~lAHE71

-l'-Jti~ ~~

3. Act ~A}:§:}

4. ~A}:§:}~ O1~{j-'lJ

5. 011I71 ~ A}T~A~l

6. 9-O1~~l

7. ~:3j 01 {J7}

8. ~:3j 01 ~~1

9. 9-014;021

10. 9-01 {J7}

11. ~ E11~:3j ~ -§A:§:}

IACTI ## REFUSEPARENT x ##

IACTI ## [refuse] [parents] [x] ##

IACTI ## (refuse] (by parents] [x] ##

[fACTI + refuse] (by parents] [ofx]

[refusal] [by parents] [ofx]

[refusal] [by parents]

(by parents] (refusal]

[fGENI +parents] [refusal]

[parents refusal]

[parental refusal] (Levi, 1978, 185)

4-C1~ ~Al Levi7} Al~01~Alllt:3l% 97~~ Al~%AOJl ~~~ ~..g- *1'17}~Aa% ~-l'-OJl

~ ~ol,*~ {J% 7.1~~ 1:l} ~t:J- . .:J..to~'-t 1:l1~ .:J..1-17} °1~~13 6fA~llt:3l-~ ~~~ %AOJl ~

~Al~ g OJ].s:. ~Tii}jl ~All~~ %A7} ii}'-t7} o}\:!·~ e:j~ii1 *1'17}~Aa..g- ¥-Al1£ \:for ~

711 ~t:J- . .:J..1-1 7.}~5:. 7.1:3jii}jl ~t:J- Al3il Al~016fA~llt:3l0J1 ~~~ ~O1~ ~A}-W-~ 117~~ o~

ll~Aa% ?t71] ~t:J-. .:J.. 77}~..g- *!f:l7}~6fAllAl~Jf-7} 97~<8fl1t:J- .:J.. ~ CAUSE, HAVE, MAKE

~ 7S4-OJ1~ ~A} ~~ "i=-.6J017} J8-A}:3j.Q..£ 9-01, ~:3j01 .:J.. O1~ -3!.£.£Jf-£~5:. .s:.~~ "i=­

~}Jl U1Ht-ol t:J-. Levi~ 7}~~ .2..-§ ~g 1f.~~OJ]t:J- (iHiJ.A171~ -3!°1 tt-~ol ~R°l=ii}~ ~ol

'*jl ~i>}jl ~7.1 'il o~ llRAa ~ tt-A~] ~.:J..1-1 011711 'ziC1 'il'il~, .:J..cj jl ~£ ~7}~ ~..g- o}1-j

q.

u:j-,*Al LeviOJl711~ °RllRAa% All71~R°l= ii}~ -3f'fl°1 u:j-,g.711 ~t:J-. -O/-{i ~% 1171] ii}71 ~f;R

t:J-%J!} 1[~ -3!~% ~£ q]AJOJ]Al A~]9-j~t:J-. -3i~~ ~*:3j~ ~g ?t~ *~~AHf£Al

windbag("i=-t:J-A~ (1) u:j-~ ~ Jf-*olt:J-. %~~~ O1~:§:}~ -3!'£'£Al shell shock(~1f- ~7S ~) 7}

:J. oj]7} !@t:J-. 01~..g- Ol~1:l} 9-j{l:3j ~Aa01%£Al °l%g ~ol-lt--?il~ q]AJOJ]Al A~l9-jii}~ -3!

56 ~ijj* ~iB 'iii (46)

~31 'il (pragmatic) '?i OJ 9.131 (l!J1 ~JHi~) 7-1-6l % ~71 {j-711 01 %f>}1i'! on un}.a ~ ~~1 i::- "f5n~¥l

qJl Levii::- ,?£~q. ~1J1-e~ 7-1-61 ~ ol%f>}i::- oJl~Ai .:z.l-:j~- marginal note, sea turtle,

marital sex % ~ ~Jl, 01~~ AJ::5::~ t+q"41:C ;)..Q..5!. "f5Fl~ 4- ~.foJ1 ~i::-r11, .:z. 77}¥t~

margin3i\- seaz] AJ::5::~ t+q"419, marriage t marital):c ~AJ31 'il AJ::5::~ t+q';)!qJl '?£~

q. ~:!I:l ~%~~~ 7-]-61% o]%f>}i::- oJ]~Ai musical clock-S ~Jl, 01;)'~ 'clockthatmakes

(:1 fi4~ ..!f-t:1 ~ 7-1-6l oj] l:l]*~t:1-Jl ~~4.

o19} ~ 2. 1l. t:§ ~0] ?I-~ lcJ <tel }.a ~ ~Ai] oJ1 ~A1 .:z.l-:j 7-}{} 0] 'il~ ~ -'f- t:§ }.a ~ 'B. 4f}.a

(continuumoftransparency) ~ ~Ai17]' 'U4.

(10) Transparency

(a)mountain village, familyreunion, lemonpeel,...

(b) grammar school, briefcase, polarbear, boyfriend,ball park,...

(c) birdbrain, razorback,cottontail,blockhead,...

(d)polkadot,monkeywrench,fleamarket,...

(e)honeymoon, fiddlesticks, duck soup,...

Opacity

(10)01 5!.oj"ri::- ;).~ (a) oj] 7}77}%4-~ ~o] -'f-t:§f>}Jl (e)oJ] 7}77}%4-~ ~-'f-t:§il}4i::- ;).01

t:1-. (a):C AHioJ] %~~ ~ll..7} ~4. (b) i::- grammar school(%-~.ill.) ~ ld..!f-;7.·l'\il o}u}:r;:. ~

tIl1:c -'f-u,J '91 ~ ;). 01 t:1-. .:z.C1 t+ 01 u] %-~ .ill.oJ]Ai i::- ~~ ~ ~ 7}s)i1:C ;).oj 0}'-1.E!.~ zi ~o]

o}"r -'f-u,Jf>}4Jl ~ 4-:C ~t:1-. (c)i::- 9.1{J~ ·~VaOJ-§-olt:1-. 01~~ ~tIl1 "rll..-¥-9} ~7J11 A}%

~OJl:l1.ill.31 -'f-t:§~ ~% 7Hl tIl17} 'U':d,~ ;).014. oJ1~ ~OJ birdbrain(l:l}.!i!-)~ ;7.-jgoJ]i::­

birdbrained manxl j] "rll..-¥-9} ~7Jll A}%~':d,% ;)'olt+ !floJ1 "rll..-¥-7} ~OJAj i-}7}~Ai 9.1{J

31 ~VaOJ7} ~OJ ~.!i!-t:1- ~-'f-t:§"f5HJ,% ;).014. (d):C t:1-Jt o1 ~OJ31019 (e)i::- %~~ ~OJ

01t:1-. 01tIl1 ~~17} ~i::- ;).~ Leviz} (10)~ OJq7J}7-]~ Jt~ tlVJoJ1}.i ~]9.1~ ;)''il7}~ {)o]

t:1-. (e)~ honeymoon u:j-~ ~ ~]9.1 '%f ;).~ Jtt:§f>}7-] ~ (b) 9J grammar schools] il2. oJ1~ ~

.:z.~ 97n~ *~7}* Ai'€%;'}~ OJ"%l71] t+q\1J. ;).'{l7}7} ~Ai17} ¥It:1-. Levii::- ~}.aOJ7} z:

-'f-u,J}.a ~ ~71] ~1i'! .:z.tIl1 OJ~-¥-oJ] ~OJ..2..71] ~i::- ;)'olC+Jl ,?£f>}Jl 'U.Q..t+, 'B.4f~ g ~-t:- -'f­

t:§}.a ~ OJ=- ~:r;:. ~71l ~~ OJ~-¥-oJ] ~OJ7M] ~i::-7}oJ] til"f5n;.i:C Jtt:§~ ~AJ% ~f>}7-1 ~

Jl 'U4. ~-e~.Q..~ ,?£"f5n (10)3i\- ~~ AJ~oJ];'ii::- .:z.l-:j~ ~~01 OJq77}7-1~ 1l.t:§"f5n oj: il}i::-

7}7} ~ua ~1 ?,ft1-.

Leviz] 1:)i?Hl =tL=j91 0l{!,;-~ -C:1~' Zl-trt"] ~01\'1 (11):4 ::Q-°1 :@t1-.

(11) (a) .£.{§- ,*W~l-}*i=- -t1:7-l11:i°1Li- ~+T .!i!.%o-j (NPcomplement) -=r.:1:: 't!91 4-JlJf­

~. S5!.. °llfo-j{l ~l-}ToJ1Al £~:@t1-.

(b) ,*~~l-}*~ =t 71Al~9191u1{!,;-6i A11'2f~ %'iJ.t"}t1-.

(c) o-j'tl ,*~l{jA}*£ O~1J~""a ~ ~71 u}~olPj, 01 O~1J~""a..g. ~491 '8o-j ~~91 'iJ.

(d) ,*if~l-}*i=-.£.f- 7]Al~91 +~'Jf-~ ~~1~ ~l-}§)-91 ¥ ~A:41:)oJl91~TI £*

~t1-.

(e) ~~]91 91~TI ~o-j7..1i=- ,*~l{jA}*i=- CAUSE, HAVE, MAKE, BE, USE, FOR, IN,

ABOUT,FROM91 97~91 ,*~7}~l-1~Jf-91 o-j=: "3"}Li-~ ~All~~Al ~o-j{lt1-.

(f) °In:]j ;'~71i=- O~1J~""a..g. 91 u]{!';-6i, ~%{!';-6i {t.&joJl 9-j~H ~78Li-711 ~o-j-et1- ..

(g) 0:j71l-1 ~1't!!8. ,*~7}~l-i~.!f-i=- '8o-j.Jil..JI:i6i'iJ.7}~"",3°1 g:ct.

(h) *if6i l{jl-}*91 ~""a:41:)..g. lt3J6ic{} ~A.e6i \1~:4 Jl%91 ~"Ejj.e6i n}",,~01Li­

o-j~ ~J~91 ~zI- '?J::<J% ~tl-t1-. u:j-2}l-1 ,*if6i ~l-}*91 ~""a :41:) ~ ~~"3"1 n­

3J~'{l ~A:41:)olLi- Jf-~~c{} ;.~1Aa~ ?!-i=- n};'~:41:)°1Li- 1l6i'{l .:il%~~ ~ ?i-i=- o-j~~J~ n-:31%:4£ ::Q-7..1 ?,ft:1-.

Levi iE-~91 7HJ- ~ -;7cl..g. Lees(1960).91 7d~9} uH}7}7..15!.. WJ8o-j~ ~An-:31oJl 9-j~H

£*tl-t1-:::: 31'?lI'l1, 1:I1~ Lees(l960):4i=- tg-cj <>f~1£1i=- %A}91 'T~ 97HS!. All~"3"}i=- %91

Al1'2l% ~~oJ1 7}~goJ]£ ~T"3"}Jl ~cji=- LeesoJ] rJ1~H 7}~tt! 1:Il~% LevioJ]711£ 7}"3"}7..] ?,f

~ 'T ~t1-. ~~H5!.. ~cji=- .2.{§- *if6i ~l-}*~ o-j~-¥-oJl '4!-i=- 310Jl lftrJ1ii}:::: Levis] ~::<J

011i=- :tH:J "3"}7..1 lil-. =t~qJl 0]%0] ~i=- It:31'''',3 ~ 71Ai~oJl' .!8Alt:31~% 6i%-o-TIl-i ~o-j7..1i=­

31~ °rt1t1-. ~""ao-j~% ~"Ejj-¥-(morphologicalcomponent)oJll-l .£*"3"}1:12}.£.:::L n-:31J8~ ~

It:31 ""a oj] 1:1 tif..g. 1:11~% f-Pj. 0] 11 oJ]Ai i=- ~cj.£ .:::LL=j~ ;'~Zf% {[oj "3"}i=- 1:I}0] 7..1 ~. =t

It:~jAaolt.q-i=- 31..g. ~A1 (lO)oJ1A1 .!i!.~*01 "'d7-l16ic{} 31 01o-jA1 Leviz] 1:1}2}* ~l{j"3"1 0c:J=~£1

i=- 31 0 ] 0}t1t1-. AJ1~. Lees(1970)91 7d~.£ .:::LiJ;Y.7..1~ .:::LL=j7} ~l't!tl- 97~91 l-i~-%AS!.l-ii=-

~""ao-j7} 7}~ 'T ~i=- 'T"f!§-& 7}~tl- ~~ Li-Ej-tjJ7]i=- t;Jlf-Li- Jf-~w 'T !jI{oJl ~t1-. oJl ~ ~

o-j ~cj7} oJo-jS!. dragon boy2}i=- ~J8ol~ 1?l-%"dt1-Jl -5}:A}. 0] 'doli=- 6i0i.£ (12) i\- ::Q-..g.

(12) (a) %~ qJ!. qt.1i::- %~ 4f91 :t:1;1

(b) %%01 9Hl:- :t:1;1

(c) %lij i5~ oJl l'1l oj\:t :t:1;1

(d) %;'{1~ .A~Zl :t:1;1

(e) %91 .::lttl~ .::lC1i::- :t:1;1

(f) ~ oJl Ai %% ~oj ~ i::- %:§j- 4f91 :t: 1;1

(g) %91 7t~% ~J!. 4t.1i::- :t:1;1, %%

1..-=191 97~91 %At£ oj~71] £~i5H ~i::-7t °14, tjl~, ~A1 (8)~ (9)011 A1 Levii::- £~91 Dt

7-1Bt 1i±:JlloJ]Al ~At% ~%At£ l:lpri::- ~l'1l~~ ~%At~91 JLj-~% 11~i5H ~~4. °1 ~~

oJl 91i5H Al musical musicale] Sl~~uj, parentz] parentale] Sl~4. .::lc-l'-t ~~ /cJ-¥-oJli::­

heat-sthermal, moon-r-lunar, city-eurbana] ~.g. ~~£ 7t-'c~ 31.~£ Slo-j ~4 . .::lc-l'-t

Levii::- .::l~.g. ~~91 AtA~l~ ~~ol'-t ~:d.g. ~A1tl7-1 ?'§J!. ~4. °1Q} ~.g. ~~% 7t-'c711

tl-e Tf-3j o1 ~qJ!. tlt:14£ .::l~.g. Tf-3101 1i± t-t'-t91 1i±ojoJ1~ ~%'84i::- 31..g. ~~ ~Jl

£ \lJ-t1-.

7-1ii-77t7-1 -¥-C1i::- oj~.AaoJ1 J:11~ t:11Jl~~ 91pl~~ ~~ l:lJ~~ Lees(1960) ~ ~}i;j !l-J!.,

0lojA1 0131.91 ~Jt!014J!. ~ ~ ~i::- Levi(1978)oJl t:11i5toj ~~tl1 {j£5~ .1i!-~4. ::J. ~:JJ]­

-¥-C1i::- °1%°1 7t7-1J!. 'Ui::- st~~ 3]{}oJ]£ ~Ti5tJ!. o-j~J8oJl {}~ 91pl~~ ~~l:lJ~.g. ~

-l;j-~ ~ 'irti::- o-jtj% u:J1tr-01] ~71~ 'T ~{oJ1 'irt4i::- 31.% 'i[711 S1~4. °1Q} ~.g. +~oJ1 J:11

~ ~~91 ~JlAa.g. ""1~oJl °1-sC-l Sproat(1985), Lieber(1992)% J:l1*t-to:J ~'iol'8 ~EllJf-91

€IIH% .!]!-Alt-tJ!. 18ATf-31ol'-t .15AJf-91 ~C1oJ1 91tl~ o-j~.Aa01 7t-'ci5t4J!. .A~Zfi5}i::- 'T'-?'J*ol

~~;'{l ?'§711 '-t.2-J!. ~71 u:l1 tr-°l 4. 01%91 'T'-?,J o1 ~.sAl Lees(1960)01'-t Levi(1978):JJ]- A~

Zfol ~ ~7-1i::- ?,§*7-1~ .::l -l'-?'J91 ~~.g. ~~E.£, 01%oJl711£ oj71 A1 -¥-C17} Lees(1960)

:JJ]- Levi(l978)oJ1 J:11iiH 7t~Jti 31.:JJ]- %~~ J:llo&% 7}~ 'T ~% 31. 014.

Bolinger, D. (1967). Adjectives ill English: Attribution and predication. Lingua 18, 1-34.

Chomsky, N. (1970). Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, R. and Rosenbaum, P. (eds.).Readings

in English Transformational Grammar. Waltham, MS: Balisdell.

Downing, P. (1977). On the creation and use of English compound nouns. Language 53, 810-42.

Jespersen, O. (1937). Analytic Syntax. London: George Allen & Unwin.

Jespersen, O. (1942). A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles VI-Morphology.

London: George Allen & Unwin.

Katz,J. J. & J. A Fodor (1964). The strructure of semantic theory. Language 39, 170-210.

Lees, R. (1960). The Grammar ofEnglish Nominalizations. The Hague: Mouton.

Lees, R. (1970). Pproblems in the grammatical analysis of English nominal compounds. In

Bierwisch, M. and Erich, K (eds.), Progress in Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton. 174-186.

Levi, J. (1975). The Syntax and Semantics of Nonpredicating Adjectives in English. Ph.D.

dissertation, The University of Chicago.

Levi, J. (1978). The Syntax and Semantics ofComplex Nominals. New York:Academic Press.

Lieber, R. (1988), Phrasal compounds in English and the morphology-syntax interface. CLS 24:

202-222.

Lieber, R. (1992). DeconstructingMorphology. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.

Roeper, T. and Siegel, D. (1978). A lexical transformation for verbal compound. LI 9, 199-260.

Selkirk, E. (1982). The Syntax ofWords. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.

Sproat, R. (1985). On Deriving the Lexicon. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT.

60 ~iji"* ~ 'lli (46)

Abstract

Compound Formation in Generative Semantics

Sang-buom Cheun

Department of English Education

Collegeof Education

Seoul National University

The purpose of this paper is to show the inadequacy of the early approach to word-formation by

the generativists. Two important monographs proposed in this framework, Lees (1960) and Levi

(1978), are critically reviewed and it is shown that both of them confront many difficulties which

are insurmountable. Same kind of criticism will hopefully apply to the revival proposals by Sproat

(1985) or Lieher(1992).