zonal institute of education and training
TRANSCRIPT
केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
आचंललक लिक्षा एिं प्रलिक्षण संस्थान
भुबनेश्िर
ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
BHUBANESWAR
Training Report
On
3-Day Workshop/Training on
“Content Enrichment & Pedagogy with Focus on Learning Outcome”
For TGT (S.Sc.) -16-18 October 2019
Venue: ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, BHUBANESWAR
स्थल: आचंललक लिक्षा एि ंप्रलिक्षण ससं्थान भबुनेश्िर
Training Report
Title: “Content Enrichment & Pedagogy with Focus on Learning Outcome” for TGT (Social Science) -
16-18 October 2019.
Introduction:
On the basis of feedback received from the TGTs (Social Science) training on the content areas of the
subject social science was thought of by ZIET Bhubaneswar. The subject social science covers four areas
such as: History, Geography, Democratic politics (Civics) and Economics. One teacher cannot be
competent in all the four areas hence there is a need to give training on the content areas. Accordingly,
the proposal was given to KVS HQ in training calendar. Thus, this training was conducted as per the
approved training calendar for the year 2019-2020.
Aims:
1. To familiarize the participants about the concept of pedagogy.
2. To make the participants comfortable with the all the components of social science.
3. To enrich the participants about the methodology of teaching social science.
4. To impart the knowledge and skill of teaching social science linking with the learning outcomes.
5. To enrich the participants about the interdisciplinary approach of teaching and learning.
Objectives:
1. To enable the participants to be strong in pedagogy of teaching social science.
2. To enable the participants to impart the concepts comfortably in the classroom.
3. To enable the participants to teach the subject to achieve the learning outcomes.
4. To enable the participants to make the teaching of the subject interesting.
Participants:
The target group was 41(forty one) TGTs (Social Science) from six feeder regions (Guwahati,
Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Ranchi, Tinsukia and Silchar) of ZIET Bhubaneswar.
Methodology:
The entire training module was divided into three sections. Each section was taken into discussion
day-wise. The methodologies applied during all the three days were-discussion-cum interaction,
map-pointing, group discussion, role play, question answer, brain storming etc.
Manpower:
SN Name of the official Designation Role in the Training
1 Sh.Chandrapida Neelap Deputy Commissioner
& Director
Course Director
2 Sh.Parsuram Shukla Training
Associate(Economics)
Training Coordinator
3 Dr.Jitendra Prasad Mishra PGT(History) Resource Person
4. Sh.Golak Bihari Dash PGT(Geography) Resource Person
5 Dr.Anil Kumar Mohapatra Professor of Pol.Sc Guest Speaker
6 Dr.Manas Behera Professor of Pol.Sc Guest Speaker
7 Other training associates of ZIET Support staff
8 Office staffs including ASO, SSA, Steno and Sub Staff Support staff
Main Content:
Main topics/units of classes IX and X of social science were taken into consideration for training only
because of the time constraints. The units/topics are:-
1. The story of the village Palampore (Class-IX- Economics)
2. Socialism in Europe and Russian Revolution(Class-IX- History)
3. Federalism and Power Sharing (Class-X- Pol.Sc.)
4. Drainage(Class-IX-Geography)
5. Nazism and the rise of Hitler(Class-IX- History)
6. Climate(Class-IX- Geography)
7. Poverty as a Challenge (Class-IX- Economics)
8. Electoral Politics-(Class-IX-Pol.Sc.)
9. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe(Class-X- History)
10. Minerals and Energy Resources-(Class-X- Geography)
11. Development(Class-X- Economics)
12. Manufacturing Industries-(Class-X- Geography)
TIME-TABLE
Training Coordinator Deputy Commissioner & Director
Day &
Date
9:00
to
9:15
Hrs.
Registrati
on
P
R
A
Y
E
R
9:15 to 10.30Hrs.
10.30
To
10.45
Hrs
T
E
A
B
R
E
A
K
10:45 to 12.00 Hrs.
12.00 to 13.15Hrs 13:15
to
14:15
Hrs.
L
U
N
C
H
B
R
E
A
K
14:15 to 15:45 Hrs.
15:45
to
16:00
Hrs.
T
E
A
B
R
E
A
K
16:00 to 17.30Hrs.
16.10.2019 (Wednesday
)
Inauguration /Aims
and Objectives of
Workshop/Need
Analysis
Pedagogy: How to teach S.Sc & Factors of Production-IX
Socialism in
Europe and
Russian
Revolution-IX
Federalism & Power Sharing-X
Drainage-IX
D.C. &Director ZIET
BBSR/Mr.P
Shukla,TA
(ZIET BBSR)
Mr.P Shukla,TA
(ZIET BBSR)
DR.J.P.Mishra
(KV No-1
BBSR,1st
Shift)-RP
Dr.Anil
Ku.Mohapatra,
Prof. of Pol.Sc-
FM Univ.Balasore
(GL)
Mr.G.B.Dash
(KV No-1 BBSR,
1st Shift)-RP
17.10.2019
(Thursday
)
Nazism and the rise
of Hitler-IX Climate-IX
Poverty as a
Challenge-IX
Electoral Politics-
IX
The Rise of
Nationalism in
Europe-X -Part 1
DR.J.P.Mishra (KV No-1
BBSR,1st Shift)-RP Mr.G.B.Dash
(KV No-1 BBSR,1st
Shift)-RP
Mr.P Shukla,TA
(ZIET BBSR) Dr.Manas Behera,
HoD-Pol.Sc,RD
Women Univ. (GL)
DR.J.P.Mishra (KV No-1
BBSR,1st Shift)-RP
18.10.2019
(Friday)
Minerals and Energy
Resources-X Development-X
The Rise of
Nationalism in
Europe-X-Part 2
Manufacturing
Industries-X
Plenary Session/
Valedictory
Mr.G.B.Dash (KV No-1
BBSR,1st Shift)-RP Mr.P Shukla,TA
(ZIET BBSR)
DR.J.P.Mishra
(KV No-1 BBSR,1st
Shift)-RP
Mr.G.B.Dash (KV
No-1 BBSR,1st
Shift)-RP
Report
Day-1(16.10.2019)
The 3-day training on Content Enrichment & Pedagogy with Focus on Learning Outcome” for TGT (S.Sc.)
began with the registration of participants. The training was inaugurated by Sh.C.Neelap, Director ZIET
by lighting the lamp followed by prayer. In his inaugural address Director gave emphasis on pedagogy
and the need to change the methodology of teaching.Mr.P.Shukla,T.A.(Economics) and training
coordinator of the workshop presented a brief outline of the programme. In the post tea session of the
morning Mr.P.Shukla, elaborated the concept pedagogy and how to teach social science in the current
scenario.Mr.P.Shukla also discussed the concept of factors of production in discussion cum interactive
method. Thereafter,Dr.J.P.Mishra,PGT(History) and RP discussed about the “Socialism in Europe and
Russian Revolution”. Mr. Mishra elaborated the chronological events which led to the onset of socialism
and Russian Revolution, which was highly effective and acceptable. In the post lunch session Dr.Anil
Mohapatra,Prof. of Pol.Sc and Guest Speaker discussed about “Federalism &
Power Sharing”. Mr. Mohapatra narrated the details of federalism and power sharing using the text and
current examples. The last session of the day was taken by Mr.G.B.Dash,PGT(Geo.) and RP on the topic
Drainage.In His discussion Mr.Dash highlighted the concept and implication of drainage in the climate.
Finally, the day came to an end with a vote of thanks to chair and all the participants.
Day-2(17.10.2019)
The day began with the presentation of morning assembly by the participants of Kolkata region. In the
first session of the day Dr.J.P.Mishra, PGT(History) and RP discussed the topic “Nazism and the rise of
Hitler”. He presented the topic with the examples of Nazi ideology, Weimer republic and treaty of
Versailles. His discussion was highly informative and touched all the difficult areas of the topic. In the
post tea session of the morning Mr.G.B.Dash, PGT (Geo.) and RP discussed the topic “Climate”-weather,
wind system, factors affecting climate and Indian monsoon system with the concept of ITCZ etc.
Mr.Dash elaborated all the concepts in detail and the participants cleared their doubts through interaction.
Thereafter, Mr.P.Shukla, T.A.(Economics) and training coordinator discussed the topic “Poverty as a
Challenge”. In his deliberation Mr.Shukla highlighted all the difficult concepts and their implications
with lively examples and recent statistics. The concepts such as: absolute and relative poverty, vulnerable
groups, interstate and global poverty scenario etc. In the post lunch session Dr.Manas Behera,HoD-
Pol.Sc,RD Women Univ. Guest speaker took a session on “Electoral Politics”. He discussed all the
concepts related to Indian Democracy beginning with its origin till the present day democracy. He also
discussed the needs, system and outcome of Indian Elections. The last session of the day was taken by
Dr.J.P.Mishra, PGT (History) and RP on the topic: “The Rise of Nationalism in Europe”. He discussed
the concepts of Europe after Nepoleon, Vienna congress and changes in the European map through
interaction and presentation of Physical and Political map. Finally, the day came to an end with a vote of
thanks to chair and all the participants.
Day-3(18.10.2019)
The third day of the 3-day training programme began with the presentation of assembly by the
participants of Ranchi region. Training coordinator Mr. P. Shukla, presented the day’s schedule and
instructed the participants to be attentive and take active participation in the sessions to be taken up by
the resource persons. The 1st session of the day was taken by Mr.G.B.Dash, PGT (Geo.) and RP on the
topic “Minerals and Energy Resources and manufacturing industries”. He discussed all the concepts and difficult
areas of the topic. The session was highly interactive and informative. In the 2nd session of the day Dr.J.P.Mishra,
PGT (History) and RP discussed the topic “The Rise of Nationalism in Europe” and unification of Germany
in detail. Dr. Mishra emphasized the chronological events to be discussed in order to develop the topic in the
classroom for the students. The post lunch session was taken by Training coordinator Mr. P. Shukla on the
topic “Development”. He elaborated the concepts of Economic growth, Percapita Income, Human
development index and sustainable development.
In the post lunch session the feedback from participants were collected. In the open session all the
participants put forth their problems faced in the teaching learning process in classrooms. The problems
were addressed to by the RPs and coordinator and possible solution to all the problems. Later on the
certificates were distributed to the participants by the Director ZIET, Mr.C.Neelap and the Director
blessed the participants. Finally, the training programme came to an end with a vote of thanks to the chair
and all the RPs, Coordinator and participants.
Write-up of Speakers:
Professor (Dr.) Anil Kumar Mohapatra, Prof.of Political Science
Fakir Mohan University, Balasore-Odisha
Federalism in India: Provisions, Practice and Institution:-
What is Federalism? The term federation is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’ meaning treaty or agreement. It refers to a
political system in which national government and autonomous territorial communities (called states in
India and the US; and, canton in Switzerland) share the powers of government, with both sets of
government operating directly upon the people. It is a pragmatic political organisation reflecting both the
unity of the nation as a whole and the diversity of its component parts. Out of about 193 countries in the
world only a score can claim to be federal unions. Among them are included not only some of the biggest
states in the world like the USA, India, Canada and Australia; but also some of the smallest ones i.e.
Switzerland and Austria etc.
A federation can be formed in two ways i.e. by way of integration or by the way of disintegration. In the
first case, backward states (independent) come together to form a big and a strong union, as for example,
the US. In the second case a big unitary state is converted into a federation by granting autonomy to the
provinces to promote regional interest, for example Canada. The US is the first and the oldest federation
(originally 13 states, which is now 50) in the world formed in 1787. The Canadian federation comprises
10 provinces (originally 4 provinces) formed in 1867.
What make India a Federal Country?
The Constitution of India provides for a federal system of government in the country. The framers
adopted the federal system due to two main reasons – the large size of the country and the socio-cultural
diversity. They realized that the federal system not only ensures the efficient governance of the country
but also reconciles national unity with regional autonomy.
Justice S.L. Sikri finds three reasons for which India embraced federalism. These are territorial
dimension, ethnic pluralism and historical necessity.
Indian federal system is based on the Canadian model. However, the term federation has been used
nowhere in the Constitution of India. Union of states was more preferred than federation of states. It has
got two implications: 1. The Indian federation is not the result of an agreement among the states like the
US. and, 2. the states have no right to secede. Due to this technical deficiency India is called a quasi-
federal state.
Quasi-Federal provisions
(i) FEDERAL FEATURES
Dual polity: Two levels of Government
Written Constitution: Longest and detailed
Division of powers: Union List- 97(100), State List-66(61), Concurent List 47 (52)
Supremacy of the Constitution: Judicial Review
Rigid Constitution: Special majority and ratification by more than ½ State legislatures
Independent and impartial judiciary: Article 131-original jurisdiction, Judicial review
Bicameral Legislature: Lok-Sabha and RajyaSabha
(ii) UNITARY PROVISIONS:
Strong Centre
Single Citizenship
Emergency provisions
States not indestructible
Flexibility of the Constitution
No equality of state representation in the RajyaSabha
All India Services
Integrated Election Machinery
Veto over state bills
Appointment of Governor
Integrated Judiciary
Article256: State laws to comply with Central laws
Federal institutions:
1. Finance Commission: Article 280
2. Comptroller and Auditor General: Article 148
3. Inter-State Council: Article 263
4. Election Commission: Article 324
How is Federalism practiced in India?
1. Federal in form unitary in spirit : K.C. Wheare
2. Bargaining Federalism: Morris Jones (neither can impose its decision on the other)
3. Cooperative Federalism: Granville Austin
4. Federation with a centralised tendency: Ivor Jennings
Areas of Dispute/ Tension: Financial issues, Role of Governor, Deployment of armed forces in the
state, industrial, commercial and monetary policy, All India Services, Commissions of Enquiry,
National Development Council, Inter-State Council, Demand for state autonomy
Commissions established to resolve strained Centre-State Relations : Administrative Reforms
Commission(1966), Sarkaria (R.S.) Commission(1983)-247 recommendations, Punchhi
Commission(2007)/ Madan Mohan
Professor (Dr.) Manas Behera,HoD of Political Science
R.D. Women University, Bhubaneswar-Odisha
Electoral Politics: -
Why do we need elections?
Through elections:-
Voters can choose the people who would make law for them.
Voters can choose the people who would form government and take major decisions for them.
Voters can choose the political party which would guide the government and law making.
Features of a democratic election: Every adult citizen should be able to choose. This means that every adult citizen should have one vote
and each vote shall carry equal weight.
Elections should offer choices to the people. There should be various political parties and candidates to
choose from.
The choice of selecting the rulers should be offered at regular intervals. In India, elections are normally
held after every five years.
The most preferred candidate should get elected. In India, we follow the first past the post system, i.e. the
candidate who secures the maximum number of valid votes is declared a winner.
Elections should be held in free and fair manner and people should be in a position to cast their votes
without fear or favour.
Is it good to have political competition? People often complain that political competition is not good for the society as it tends to breed unhealthy
attitude and corruption. Politicians try to win an election by hook or crook. But we should look at the
positives also. There are many examples of a powerful politician getting defeated in an election. Many
politicians lose elections in spite of putting all the money and muscle power at his disposal. Since
politicians have a fear of losing the election so they have no other way but to work for people’s welfare.
Chances of winning in an election also work as a motivational factor for a politician. Bay and large,
elections are fair in India and political competition plays an important role in making it fair.
System of Elections in India Electoral Constituency: For parliamentary elections, the country is divided into more than 543 electoral
constituencies. A constituency is usually made on the basis of population of a particular geographical
area. Similarly, assembly constituencies are made in different states for the elections to the state
assemblies. Voters in a constituency elect their representative.
Reserved Constituency: The constitution makers were of the opinion that people from the oppressed
sections of the society should be given some leverage so that they could enhance their political
representation. They made the provision for reserved constituencies for members of the scheduled castes
and scheduled tribes. As on 1st September 2012, there are 84 seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and
47 seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes. Only the candidate from SC or ST can contest from these
seats. But voters from all communities shall vote for the candidates in such constituencies. Now-a-days,
reservation for OBCs (Other Backward Classes) is also given for elections to the local government
bodies; like panchayats and municipalities. The percentage of reserved seats is same as the percentage of
these communities in the population of India.
Voter’s List: A list of all eligible voters is prepared for each constituency a few months before the
elections. Voter’s list is updated from time to time to include the new voters and delete those who may
have left the area or may have died. Voter’s list is also called electoral roll.
Election Photo Identity Card: Once the voter’s list is finalized, all the voter’s are expected to come to
get election photo identity card or voter ID card. The provision for voter ID card has been made to
prevent surrogate voting and bogus voting. But it is not necessary to carry your voter ID card to the
polling booth. You can also carry any other valid ID proof; like driving license, ration card or PAN card.
Nomination of Candidates: Once the election dates are announced, the candidates need to file their
nomination. When a candidate is selected by a political party as a candidate, it is usually known as party
‘ticket’. While filing the nomination, the candidate has to provide certain details and some security
deposit. Some of the details required from the candidate are as follows:
Details of serious criminal cases pending against the candidate.
Details of assets and liabilities of the candidate and family members.
Educational qualification of the candidate.
Election Campaign: The candidates and political party conduct election campaign to educate the voters
about their future programmes and policies. Political parties hold rallies, road-shows, mohalla sabhas,
etc. They also spend on hoardings, advertising, banners, posters and pamphlets. Political parties usually
try to focus the voters’ attention on some big issues; like poverty alleviation, corruption, employment
generation, provision for electricity, water, food, etc.
According to law, following activities are banned during election campaign:
Threatening or bribing the voters.
Asking for votes in the name of religion or caste.
Use of government resources in election campaign.
Spending more than Rs. 25 lakh in a Lok Sabha constituency and more than Rs. 10 lakh in an assembly
constituency.
Model Code of Conduct: One the election dates are announced the model code of conduct is enforced
by the Election Commission. This code of conduct prohibits the following:
Use of any place of worship for election propaganda.
Use of government vehicles, officials or aircraft for election campaign.
Laying of foundation stone for any project and announcing any big ticket programme.
Polling and counting of votes: India is one of the few countries where electronic voting machines
(EVMs) are used for voting. One needs to press the button against the electoral symbol of his choice to
register a vote. EVMs provide many benefits compared to traditional ballot papers. EVMs are lightweight
and much less number of EVMs is required to cover a constituency. Counting of votes is less time
consuming and more accurate through EVMs. Now-a-days, even paper trail can be printed from an EVM.
It is because of the use of EVMs that poll results are announced within a day of beginning of counting.
During the days of ballot papers, carrying the ballot boxes to and from the polling booth used to be a
tedious task. Counting of votes used to take three to four days. Chances of malpractices were far too high.
Sh.Parsuram Shukla,Training Associate(Economics)
KVS ZIET, Bhubaneswar-Odisha
Session-1
THE ECONOMIC STORY OF PALAMPORE
Syllabus:-Economic transactions of palampore and its interaction with the rest of the world through which the
concept of production (including three factors of production: land, labour and capital) can be introduced.
OUTLINES:-
Farming is the main activity in palampore, other activities such as small scale manufacturing; dairy,
transport etc. are carried out on a limited scale.
Production activities need various types of resourses-natural resourses, man-made items, human effort,
money etc.
Palampore is well connected with neigbouring villages and towns.Many kinds of transport are visibleon
the roads starting from bullock carts, Tongas, bogeys (wooden cart drawn by buffalos), motor vehicles
like motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks.
This village has about 450 families belonging to several different castes.
Electricity powersall the tubewells in the fields and is used in various types of small business.
There are cutcha and pucca houses in the village.
There is availability of schools and primary health center run by govt. and private sector as well.
There are farming and non-farming activities both carried out in this village.
ORGANISATION OF PRODUCTION
The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that the society needs.
There are four requirements for production of goods and services.
The first requirement is land, and other natural resourses such as water, forests, and minerals.
The second requirement is labour i.e.people that will do the work, Skilled and unskilled workers are
needed.
The third requirement is Physical capital, i.e.the variety of inputsrequired at every stage during
production, the physical capital includes:-Tools, machines and buildings=fixed capital, raw materials
and money in hand=working capital.
There is a fourth requirement too i.e.knowledge and enterprise, in these days this is called human
capital.
Every production is organised by combining land, labour, physical capital and human capital, these
are known as factors of production.
Other details:-Multiple cropping,Green revolution,Sourses of labour,Capital provision in farming,Sale
of surplus farm products:-Production for exchange,saving and investment etc.,Non-farm activities in
palampore:-Dairy,small scale manufacturing,Shop keeping,transport etc.
Session-2
Poverty as a challenge facing India
Learning Outcome:-
Understand poverty as a challenge.
Identify vulnerable group and interstate disparities
Appreciate the initiatives of the government to alleviate poverty.
Introduction:-
In our daily life, we come across many people who we think are poor
Landless labourers
People living in overcrowded jhuggies in cities
Daily wage workers at construction sites
Child workers in dhabas
Beggars with children in tatters
Statistics of poor
Two Typical cases of Poverty:-
Urban case:-Ram Saran works as a daily wage labourer, his employment is not regular, he supports a
family of 06 members, he sends money to his old parents…………..
Rural case:-Lakha Singh belongs to a small village, his family doesn’t own any land, they work for the
big farmers, Lakha lives in a kuchha hut……………..
Issues related to poverty:- Landlessness, Unemployment, Size of families, Illiteracy, Poor
health/Malnutrition, Child labour and Helplessness
Poverty as seen by the social scientists:-
Indicators used relate to the levels of income and consumption
Social indicators: illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc. Social exclusion
and Vulnerability
Poverty Line:-
To measure poverty we commonly take the income or consumption levels.
A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level fails below a given minimum level
necessary to fulfill basic needs.
Poverty line may vary with time and place.
It is not a permanent line rather an imaginery line.
Poverty Estimates:-
A proper estimation is necessary.
There is a substantial decline in poverty in India over the years (recent data to be supplied).
The poverty ratios in India declined from 55% to 36% between 1973 to 1993.
The proportion further came down to 26% in 2000 and it is on the declining trend till date.
Vulnerable groups:-
Scheduled Tribes
Urban casual labourers
Rural agricultural labourers
Scheduled Castes
Women,Child labour and Beggars
Inter- State Disparities:-
The proportion of poor people is not same in every state
In 20 states and U.Ts the poverty ratio is less than the national average(see the recent data)
Poverty is still a serious problem in Odisha, Bihar,Assam,Tripura and UttarPradesh
Odisha and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states.
Global Poverty Scenario:-
Living in extreme economic poverty defined by World Bank as living on less than $1 per day has fallen
from 28% to 21% in 2001.In China the decline in poverty ratio is more than the countries of south east
Asian countries.
Causes of Poverty:-
Low level of economic development under the British colonial administration.
High growth rate of population.
The failure at both the fronts perpetuated the cycle of poverty.
Low growth rate in per capita income.
Huge income inequalities.
High level of indebtedness.
Anti Poverty Measures:-
Promotion of economic growth
Targeted anti poverty programmes:-NREGA 2005,NFWP 2004,PMRY 1993,REGP 1995,SGSY
1999,PMGY 2000.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
National Food for Work Programme
Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana
Rural Employment Generation Programme
Swarnajayanti Gram swarozgar Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana
The Challenges Ahead:-
Poverty has certainly declined in India
Poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge
How the policies will be implemented to achieve the targeted goal?
How India will become a country where poverty will not be a topic to discuss?
Session-3
Sectors of the Indian Economy
Classification of Sectors of the Indian Economy:-
1. On the basis of Economic Activities
2. On the basis of ownership of resources
3. On the basis of employment
An Economy is a system which provides economic activities and tells people the source of earning and
to live in.
Economic Activities:- The activities which contribute to the flow of goods and services in an economy
are known as Economic Activities.
On the basis of economic activities: Primary Sector, Secondary Sector and Tertiary Sector
Primary Sector:-
• When the goods are produced by exploiting natural resources or the goods which are obtained
from the Nature.
• Agriculture activities, mining, animal husbandry etc
Secondary Sector:-
• When the natural products or raw materials are changed into man made forms through
manufacturing
• Eg : Industry, construction sector.
Tertiary Sector:-
• When the activities are done for the development of primary and secondary sectors. It also
provide services to primary sector and secondary sector
• Eg: Transport and communication, Banking, insurance etc.
On the basis of ownership:-Private Sector & Public Sector
Private sector: -
The sector which is controlled and managed by an individual or firm known as Private Sector.
• The main aim of the sector is to earn maximum profits.
• This sector provides consumer goods to the people. E.g.: Tisco, Reliance etc.
PUBLIC SECTOR:-
• Those sector which is controlled and managed by the government known as public sector.
• The main aim of the sector is public welfare
• The sector provides basic facilities like education, health, food and security to the people
• Eg : IOCL, BSNL, RAILWAYS
On the basis of employment:- Organized sector & Un-organized sector
Organized sector:-
• Those sector which is registered by the government known as organized sector.
• The terms of employment are regular
• The sector is governed by various laws like Factories Act, Minimum wages Act etc.
• This sector includes banks, hospitals, schools etc.
Un-organized Sector:-
• The sector is not registered by the government
• The terms of employment are not regular.
• The sector is not governed by any act.
• This sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs
etc.
Advantage of organised sector:-
1. Workers in the organised sector enjoy security of employment.
2. They work only for a fixed number of hours.
3. They got benefits from the employers like paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund,
gratuity etc
4. They also get medical benefits, drinking water and safe working environment
Disadvantage of working in an unorganized sector:-
• Workers working in an unorganized sector get fewer wages.
• There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave due to sickness etc.
• Employment is subject to high degree of insecurity.
• These sectors are largely outside the control of the government.
Gross domestic Product:-
• The market value of final goods and services produced in a country in a year is known as GDP.
• The Value of Final goods and services produced in a sector is calculated to avoid double
counting.
Difference between final goods and intermediate goods:-
Final goods Intermediate goods
1.The goods which are used either for final
consumption or for capital formation is known as
final goods
1. The goods which are used for the production of
other goods and services is known as intermediate
goods.
2.The value of final goods is included in the
national income
2.The value of intermediate goods is not included
in the national income
3.Ex : television,bread,bakery 3. Ex : flour, cotton etc.
Session-4
CLASS: - X, UNIT-1(The story of Development):-
Syllabus:-The traditional notion of development;national income and percapita income,growth of
national Income-critical appraisal of existing development indicators(PCI,IMR,SR and Other income and
Health Indicators),The need for health and educational development;Human Development Indicators(in
simple and brief as a holistic measure of development.
Gist of the Topic:-
Introduction:-
The idea of development or progress has always been with us.
We all have aspirations or desires about our life.
We have ideas about what a country should be like and what are the essential things that we require.
Can life be better for all?
How should people live together?
Can there be more equality/
Development involves thinking about these questions and about the ways in which we can work
towards achieving these goals.
This is a complex task; we shall make a beginning at understanding development.
What Development Promises-Different People, Different Goals:-
Do all the people have the same notion of development or progress? Most likely not.Each one seeks
different things which can fulfill their aspirations/desires.At times, two persons/groups of persons
may seek things which are conflicting.A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her
brother,and that he also shares in the household work.Other examples may be given.
Two things are quite clear;one,different persons can have different developmental goals and
two,what may be development for one may not be development for the other.It may even be
destructive.Example of industrialists want more dams for electricity may be given.
INCOME AND OTHER GOALS:-
The people desire regular work, better wages etc.
Besides seeking more income, one way or the other, people also seek things like equal
treatment,freedom,security and respect of others(non-material things).They recent
discrimination.All these are important goals,even these are more important than more income/more
consumption, because material goods are not all that you need to live.
Money or material things that one can buy with it,is one factor on which our life depends,but the
quality of our life depends on non-material things.
There are many things that are not easily measured but they mean a lot to our lives.
National Development:-
National development refers to the development which takes care of each and every aspect of life of
the people who are residing in the nation.
How to Compare Different Countries or States?-
National Income
Percapita Income/Average Income
Income and Other Criteria:-
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): It indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year
as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy Rate (LR):-It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio (NAR):-It is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school
as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
PUBLIC FACILITIES:-
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to live well.
Human Development Report:-
Once it is realised that even though the level of income is important, yet it is an inadequate measure
of the level of development.
There could be a long list of such criterion but then it would not be so useful.
What we need is a small number of the most important things.
Health and education indicators are such things.
Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational
levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
Sustainability of Development:-
The development which takes care of the present as well as the future generation is sustainable
development.
Sustainability of development is comparatively a new area of knowledge in which scientists,
economists, philosophers and other social scientists are working together.
At all times as a member of society and as individuals we need to ask where we want to go, what
we wish to become and what our goals are. So the debate on development continues.
Mr. Golak Bihari Dash,PGT (GEO)
Kendriya vidyalaya No.1 (1st shift), Bhubaneswar
Climate-Class-IX
We as a layman often confuse between climate and weather and use these words synonymously;
however, these have different meanings. Let’s look at these brief notes on Climate to understand the
concept in its literal sense.
Weather is the state of atmosphere recorded at any given point of time. It can change every moment and
varies throughout the day. Whereas, the Climate of a place is the sum of average weather conditions of
30 years, in short, the climate is a sum total of the weather conditions of a place, assertively a large one
for a comparatively longer period of time. It can take millions of years for the climate of a place to
change. The
Elements of Climate and Weather are same, which are: Temperature, Atmospheric Pressure, Wind,
Humidity and Precipitation Note: According to the monthly atmospheric conditions of a place a year is
divided into three seasons, namely- summer, winter, Rainy.
The Climatic conditions of any place depend on the following common factors: Latitude,
Altitude, Distance from the sea, Pressure and wind systems, Ocean Currents and Relief Features:-In
particular to a country like India, the factors that are considered to affect the climatic conditions are-
Latitude, Altitude, Pressure, and Winds, which means it is influenced by pressure and surface winds,
upper air circulation, western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones.
Quick Facts about Indian Climate:-The climate of India is described as the “Monsoon” type of climate
which is most prevalent in South and South East Asia. This is because the climate of India is influenced
by the monsoon winds, which is basically a seasonal reversal in the wind through the year.
Tropic of cancer passes through the middle of India from Rann of Kutch to Mizoram. When the sun is
directly overhead on the Tropic of cancer which is June 21, it marks the beginning of summer in the
Northern hemisphere.
Temperature and precipitation are the elements which are taken into consideration to ascertain the
varying climatic condition from place to place and season to season. The Himalayas prevent the cold
Katabatic winds from entering the Indian sub-continent. Jet streams are fast flowing and narrow air
currents which flow at a high altitude of about 12000 feet in the troposphere.
Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. Due to this force, the winds are
deflected towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere,
this mechanism is known as ‘Ferrel’s Law’ The western cyclonic disturbances are weather phenomena
of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region, which influences
the weather of the north and north-western regions of India.A broad trough of low pressure in equatorial
latitudes is known as Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), where the northeast and southeast
trade winds converge.The east to west region in the Northern plains experiences decrease in rainfall: -
Ocean currents influence the climate of coastal regions.
Indian climatic region also experiences the concept of continentality which means that the people
residing far away from the sea experiences extreme weather conditions The Temperature and
Precipitation Affects the Climate of India:-Temperature-Some parts of Rajasthan experiences
temperature as high as 50 degrees in summer, this is the reason why houses in Rajasthan have houses
with thick walls and flat roofs because thick walls do not allow heat to get into the house and flat roofs
retains the little water Rajasthan deserts receive as rainfall. As compared to such a high temperature in
Rajasthan places like Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir experiences a temperature of 20 degrees at the
same time of the year. Thereby, explaining how climatic conditions varies from one place to another.
The temperature varies not only from place to place but it also varies during different hours of the day at
the same place. For example, Thar Desert experience a temperature as high as 50 degress during the day
but this is the same place which experiences a temperature as low as 15 degrees during the night of the
same day. Precipitation: While precipitation takes the general forms of rain, snow, sleet, hail. India
mostly experiences it in the form of rain while in the upper part of Himalayas it is in the form of snow.
Most part of the country receives rainfall during the month of June to September, whereas some parts like
Tamil Nadu receives its share of rainfall during October and November.
Quick Facts about Indian Monsoon Influenced by the monsoon winds the monsoon mechanism is
based on the differential heating and cooling of the land and water which creates low pressure on the land
while the seas around experiences a high pressure. Indian monsoons are also affected by the shift in the
position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone in summer over the Ganga plain The high pressure of east
Madagascar over Indian Ocean also affects the monsoons. Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall.
Onset and Withdrawal of Monsoon:The onset of Indian monsoon is recorded approximately around the
first week of June at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula. The withdrawal of monsoon begins from
early September starting from the northern part of India and gradually it is completely withdrawn by the
month of December.Seasons:-The four types of seasons are:
Cold weather Season – It begins from mid-November to February. Northeast trade winds blow from
land to sea during this period, making it a dry season where days are warm and nights are cold.
Hot weather Season – During this season which begins from March to May the temperature increases
from south to north with the temperature remaining lower in peninsular India. It experiences hot dry
winds, ‘Loo’ in May and June along with rising temperature with falling air pressure (in the northern
part). While Kerela & Karnataka receives pre-monsoon showers, West Bengal and Assam are affected by
northwesterly winds.
Advancing monsoon Season- It begins from June to September and during this season north-western
region of the country receives the maximum rainfall.
Retreating monsoon Season is also known as the withdrawing monsoon – please refer to the above
section of onset and withdrawal of monsoon.
Drainage-Class-IX
‘Drainage’ is a term which describes the river system of an area.
A drainage basin or river basin is an area which is drained by a single river system.
An upland that separates two drainage systems that are next to each other is called a water divide.
On the basis of origin, there are two river systems of India — The Himalayan rivers and the
Peninsular rivers.
Himalayan rivers are rain fed and snow fed, so they have water in them throughout the year, i.e.
they are perennial.
Himalayan rivers perform intensive erosion activity in the upper course.
In the lower course, they carry huge loads of silt and sand.
Himalayan rivers create meanders, oxbow lakes and other depositional features on their course.
Peninsular rivers are seasonal; mostly depending on rainfall.
Most of the rivers of peninsular India originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of
Bengal.
The Himalayan Rivers
A river along with its tributaries may be called a river system.
The major Himalayan Rivers are the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.
The Indus River System
Rising near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet, the Indus enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and
Kashmir.
Zaskar, the Nubra, the Shyok are the tributaries in Kashmir.
Rivers Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join Indus near Mithankot, Pakistan and flow
southwards to fall into the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.
With a total length of 2900 km, the Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.
India and Pakistan have distributed Indus river water according to Indus Water Treaty in 1960.
The Ganga River System
The headwaters of the Ganga are called ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by
the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttarakhand.
Ganga meets the tributaries from the Himalayas such as Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.
A major river Yamuna, arising from Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas, joins Ganga at
Allahabad.
Other tributaries — Chambal, Betwa and Son — come from Peninsular uplands to join Ganga.
Farukka in West Bengal is the northernmost point of the Ganga Delta.
Ganga is joined by Brahmaputra and forms river Meghna which flows through Bangladesh to
reach the Bay of Bengal.
The delta formed when the Ganga and the Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal is known as
the Sunderban Delta.
The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km and it develops large meanders in the downstream plain
areas.
The Brahmaputra River System
Originating in Tibet, very close to the sources of Indus and Satluj, Most of its course lies outside
the India.
On reaching Namcha Barwa it takes a ‘U’ turn and enters in Arunachal Pradesh to flow to Assam
joined by many tributaries.
The tributaries that join Brahmaputra are Dibang, Lohit, and Kenula.
The Brahmaputra has a braided channel in its entire length in Assam to form many riverine
islands. World’s largest riverine island is found in Brahmaputra.
Unlike other north Indian rivers, the Brahmaputra is marked by huge deposits of silt on its bed,
causing the riverbed to rise.
The Peninsular Rivers
Western Ghats form the main water divide in peninsular India.
The major rivers of the peninsula — Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri — flow eastwards
to drain into the Bay of Bengal.
The Tapi and Narmada are the only rivers which flow west to make estuaries and drain into the
Arabian Sea.
The drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are comparatively small in size.
The Narmada Basin
Rising in the Amarkantak hills, Narmada flows to create a gorge in marble rocks of Madhya
Pradesh.
Narmada flows towards the west in a rift valley formed due to faulting.
Near Jabalpur it flows in the form of deep gorge in the marble rocks and Dhuadhar falls are
picturesque locations.
The Tapi Basin
Originating in Betul, Madhya Pradesh in Satpura ranges.,
It also flows in a rift valley parallel to the Narmada but is much shorter than Narmada.
Tapi flows through a basin that covers Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
The main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.
The Godavari Basin
Godavari begins in Nasik district of Maharashtra and is the largest peninsular river about 1500
km.
Its large basin covers most parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
The tributaries which join the Godavari include Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjra, Wainganga and
Penganga.
Because of its length and the area it covers, Godavari is also known as the Dakshin Ganga.
Godavari drains into the Bay of Bengal.
The Mahanadi Basin
The Mahanadi, a 860 km long river, rises in Chhattisgarh to flow through Orissa to reach the Bay
of Bengal.
Mahanadi river basin is shared by Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
The Krishna Basin
The 1400 km long Krishna river rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar to reach the Bay of
Bengal.
The tributaries of Krishna include Bhima, Musi, Ghatprabha, Koyana and Tungabhadra. The
Krishna basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
The Kaveri Basin Originating in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats, the Kaveri reaches the Bay of Bengal at
Kaveripatnam, sharing its basin with Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
The river Kaveri makes second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram.
Other smaller rivers like Damodar, Brahmani, the Baitarani and Subarnlekha.
Lakes
Most lakes are permanent while other contain water only during the rainy season.
Some lakes are result of the glacial action and ice sheets and some may have been formed by
wind, river action and human activities.
A river meandering across a floodplain forms cut-offs that later develop into oxbow lakes.
Glacial lakes are formed when glaciers dig out a basin which is later filled with snowmelt.
Some lakes like Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir result from tectonic activity.
Apart from natural lakes, the damming of the rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led
to the formation of lakes.
Lakes help to regulate river water flow, prevent flooding, aid to develop hydropower, moderate
climate, maintain aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, develop tourism and provide
recreation.
Manufacturing Industries-Class-X
Importance of Manufacturing: A. Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic
development because-
Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in
secondary and tertiary sectors.
Helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty.
Helps in bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward
areas.
Exports of manufactured goods expand trade and commerce and bring much-needed foreign
exchange.
India should convert its raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods in order to prosper.
B. Agriculture and Industry go hand-in-hand. For example, in agro-industries, agriculture helps industries
by providing raw materials and industries provide products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers,
pesticides, etc.
C. We can compete with international markets, if our manufactured products are at par in quality with
international products.
II. Contribution of Industry to National Economy: The desired growth rate for industry is 12 percent in the coming decade. The National Manufacturing
Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this objective. Government Policy interventions
and renewed efforts by the industry for productivity will help manufacturing achieve its desired growth
rate.
III. Industrial Location: Industries are not found everywhere. They are located at certain places only where they get favourable
conditions to thrive. Industrial Location is governed mainly by the following factors:
Raw Materials
Source of Energy
Source of Water
Availability of Capital and Finance
Demand in Market
Skilled Labourers and Workers
Banking and Insurance
Transport and Communication
Many industries come together at urban centres to make use of the advantages. These are known
as “agglomeration economies”.
IV. Types or Classification of Manufacturing Industries:
A] On the basis of Raw Materials:
1. Agro Based: Those industries where raw materials come from agriculture, e.g. Cotton, Woolen, Jute,
Silk Textiles, Sugar, Tea, Edible Oil
2. Mineral Based: Those industries where minerals are used as raw materials, e.g. Iron & Steel, Cement,
Aluminum, Machine Tools etc.
B] On the basis of their Main Role:
1. Basic Industries: Those industries which provide raw material to other industries are called basic
industries. These industries help the development of other industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper and
Aluminum Smelting
2. Consumer Industries: Those industries which produce goods for consumers are called consumer
industries. Finished goods of these industries are directly sold in the market for consumers, e.g. Sugar,
Toothpaste, Soap, Bread, Paper etc.
C] On the basis of Capital Investment:
1. Small Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is less than Rupees one crore are
called as small scale industries, e.g. Mat, Furniture, Toys, Bread, Tools etc.
2. Large Scale Industries: Those industries where investment of capital is more than Rupees one crore are
called as large scale industries, e.g. Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cotton Textiles etc.
D] On the basis of Ownership:
1. Public Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by Govt. e.g. BHEL, SAIL, IISCO
2. Private Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by individual or group of
individuals, e.g. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., etc.
3. Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by Govt. and group of individuals. It is mixture of public
and private sector, e.g. Oil India Ltd. [OIL].
4. Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned, operated and maintained by supplier of raw materials
and workers of the industries, e.g. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala.
E] On the basis of Finished Goods [Output]:
1. Heavy Industries: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods
in large quantity are called heavy industries, e.g. Iron and Steel, Copper Smelting.
2. Light Industries: Those industries which use light and small raw materials and produce light goods are
called light industries, e.g. Electrical, Toys, Tools, Utensils etc.
V. Agro-Based Industries:
Cotton Textile Industry:
It is an agro-based and the oldest industry in India.
First cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai.
At present, it the largest industry in our country. There are about 1600 cotton textile mills in our
country. Cotton textile mills are mainly concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to
favourable conditions. Important centres are Mumbai, Pune, Ahmedabad, Surat, Rajkot etc. Other
centres are Agra, Kanpur, Hugli, Chennai, Madurai etc.
Cotton textile is produced by three methods in India: a) Handloom, b) Power-looms and c) Mills
Cotton textile industry involves ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, tailoring and
packaging to produce readymade garments.
India exports yarn and readymade garments to USA, Japan, UK, France, Nepal, Sri Lanka etc.
Cotton textile industries are facing many problems such as: a) scarcity of good quality cotton, b)
main cotton growing area went to Pakistan, c) old machinery, d) erratic power supply, e) low
productivity of labour, f) tough competition from synthetic fibers.
Jute Textiles and its problems:
India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods. There are about 70 jute mills in our
country.
First jute mill was setup in Rishra [Kolkata] in 1859.
Most of the jute mills are located along Hugli River in West Bengal due to favourable conditions.
Jute is used in making rope, bags, carpets etc. Bihar, UP, Assam and Tripura also have jute mills.
Jute industries are facing problems like: a) main jute producing area went to Bangladesh, b) high
production cost, c) declining demand of jute in international market, d) tough competition from
synthetic fiber industry.
Jute industries are located mainly along Hooghly River because:
There are 69 jute mills located in a 2 km broad belt along Hooghly River.
This area provides many favourable conditions required for this industry.
a) Raw jute is available for West Bengal. West Bengal is the largest producer of jute.
b) Coal for energy is brought from nearby Raniganj Coalfields.
c) Hooghly River provides water for washing and cleaning jute.
d) Warm and humid climate is very favourable for cultivation of jute.
e) Kolkata is a metro city which provides capital and market.
f) Hooghly River also provides cheap water transport.
Sugar industry:
Earlier UP and Bihar were the main producers of sugarcane. Therefore, most of the sugar mills were
located in these two states only. But now, sugar mills are shifting towards Maharashtra and Karnataka
because:
a) Per hectare production of sugarcane is higher in southern India. Black soil is quite suitable for
cultivation of sugarcane.
b) Sucrose content in the sugarcane is higher in Maharashtra and Karnataka. It means more sugar can be
produced for less sugarcane.
c) Mills and machines are new in southern states. New and modern machines increase the productivity.
d) Crushing season for sugarcane is longer in southern states.
e) Cooperative sugar mills are running successfully in southern states.
VI Mineral Based Industries:
Iron & Steel Industry and its problems:
This industry is called as basic industry because it provides raw material to many other industries
such as machine tools, transport equipment, construction material etc.
It is also called as heavy industry because raw materials [iron ore, coal, limestone] are bulky in
nature.
Iron ore mixed with limestone is smelted in the blast furnace using coking coal to produce pig
iron. The ratio of iron ore, limestone and coking coal used in 4:2:1. Pig iron is mixed with
manganese, chromium and nickel which make it more stronger steel.
Most of the steel plants are located in Chotanagpur region due to its favourable conditions.
Important integrated steel plants are Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Bhilai, Burnpur etc.
India produces about 33 million tons of steel every year even though per capita consumption of
steel is very low i.e. 32 kg. It is low because India has low economic and industrial development.
Today steel industries in India are facing many problems: a) High cost of production, b) Limited
availability of coking coal, c) Low productivity of labour, d) Irregular supply of energy, e) Raw
materials are found in a certain pockets of India only, f) Poor infrastructure like transport and
communication etc.
Aluminum Smelting:
It is the second most popular metallurgical industry in India
The raw material used is a bulky dark reddish rock known as bauxite.
It is light, corrosion resistant and a good conductor of heat and is malleable.
It becomes stronger when mixed with other metals.
It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
Major sources are located in Orissa, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
Chemical Industry:
Contributes approximately 3 percent of annual GDP.
In terms of size, it is the third largest industry in Asia and the twelfth largest in the world.
Organic and inorganic sectors of the industry are rapidly growing. Organic chemicals include
petrochemicals. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash, caustic
soda, etc.
Fertiliser Industry:
India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
Fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers, phosphatic fertilisers
and ammonium phosphate and complex fertilisers. Complex fertilisers have a combination of
nitrogen (N), phosphate (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported because India does not
have any reserves of commercially viable potash or potassium compounds.
VII.Cement Industry:
Cement industry requires bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
There are many cement plants in Gujarat because of proximity to ports.
There are 128 large and 323 mini cement plants in India.
Improvement in quality has found the Indian cement a readily available market in East Asia,
Middle East, Africa and South Asia. This industry is doing well in terms of production as well as
export.
VIII Automobile Industry:
After liberalisation, many automobile manufacturers set their base in India.
At present, there are 15 manufacturers of cars and multi-utility vehicles, 9 of commercial
vehicles, 14 of two and three-wheelers.
Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur,
Bangalore, Sanand, Pantnagar, etc. are the major centres of automobile industry. IX Information
Technology and Electronics Industry:
Bangalore is often termed as the electronic capital of India. Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Hyderabad,
Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore are the other important centres. There are 18
software technology parks in the country and they provide single window service and high data
communication to software experts.
This industry had generated a large number of employment. Upto 31 March 2005, over one
million persons were employed in the IT industry. Because of fast growth of BPO (Business
Process Outsourcing); this sector has been a major earner of foreign exchange.
X Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation: a) Air pollution is caused by the emission of CO2, Carbon Monoxide, Sulphur Dioxide etc. Chimneys of
the industries produce heat leading to Global Warming and Green House Effect. The use of CFC in
various industrial products depletes ozone layer which filters ultraviolet rays of the sun.
b) Dumping of organic and inorganic industrial waste into water bodies pollutes the water. Industries
which produce paper, pulp, chemical, leather, acids, dyes, fertilizers etc generate lots of toxic waste
which kills the aquatic life.
c) High intensity sound generated by running machines, sirens, drilling, fans etc leads to noise pollution.
It causes irritation, hearing impairment, heart attack etc. among the nearby residents.
d) Mining activity to get raw material for industries also degrades the environment. Land degradation,
deforestation, soil erosion, water logging etc. are the results of mining activities.
XI Measurement [Methods] for Controlling Environmental Pollution and Degradation: a) Industries should be located with careful planning and better design.
b) Quantity of smoke can be reduced by using oil instead of coal.
c) Non-conventional sources of energy should be used instead of fossil fuels.
d) Modern equipment should be used which controls, filters and separates harmful materials from the
waste.
e) Waste water should be properly treated before discharging into rivers.
f) Land filling method should be adopted for dumping of waste.
g) Polluting industries should be located away from towns and cities.
Minerals and Energy Resources-Class-X
Minerals and Energy Resources
What Is a Mineral?
Types of Minerals
Distribution of Minerals
Ferrous & Non-ferrous Minerals
Energy Resources
1. Conventional Energy Resources
2. Non-conventional Energy Resources
Conservation of Mineral Resources
What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not
produced by life processes. A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be
an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids. The study of minerals is called mineralogy.
TYPES OF MINERALS
Metallic Minerals:
A. Ferrous: iron manganese
B. Non-ferrous; copper bauxite
Non-metallic mineral
A. Fuel mineral: coal, petroleum,
B. Other non-metallic: lime stone
Distribution of Minerals
Metallic minerals occur in peninsular region.
Coal reserves are found in valleys of Mahanadi, Godavari, Sone , Damodar.
Petroleum occur in sedimentary deposits of Assam and Gujarat.
New reserves are discovered in Krishna Godavari Cauvery basins.
Most of the minerals occur in east of line linking Mangalore a Kanpur.
There are located in three broad belts.
North Eastern plateau region
This belt covers chhotanagpur (Jharkhand), Odisha Plateau, West Bengal and parts of
Chhattisgarh.
Minerals found here are iron, coal, manganese, bauxite, mica.
South Western plateau region:
This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala.
Minerals found here are ferrous metals, lime stone, bauxite iron ore, manganese coal deposits.
This belt does not have as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern belt.
North Western region:
This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are
associated with the Dharwar system of rocks.
Minerals are copper zinc, sandstone granite marble, gypsum fuller earth dolomite, lime stone
and petroleum in Gujarat.
Himalayan belt is another mineral belt.
Minerals found here are copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten.
FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS MINERALS
FERROUS MINERALS:
Ferrous minerals such as iron ore, manganese, chromite, etc., provide a strong base for the development
of metallurgical industries. Our country is well-placed in respect of ferrous minerals both in reserves and
production.
IRON ORE:
India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore.
India has the largest iron ore in Asia.
Haematite and magnetite are the two main types of iron ores.
It has a great demand in the international market.
The total reserve of iron ore is about 20 billion tones.
About 95% of total reserves of iron is located in the States of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
In Odisha iron ore occurs in Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj Jhar mining centres; Gurumahishani,
Sulaipet, Badampahar, Kiruburu, Bonai.
In Jharkhand iron ore occurs in Noamundi and Gua which is Located In west and East
Singhbhum.
This belt further extends to Durg, Danteware and Bailadila.
In Karnataka iron ore occurs in Sundur, Hospet, Bababudn hills.
Manganese:
Manganese is an important raw material for smelting of iron ore and also used for manufacturing
Ferro alloys.
It is used in steel making.
Odisha is the leading producer of manganese.
In Odisha manganese particularly occurs in Bonai, Kendujhar, Sundergarh, Gangpur, Koraput,
Kalahandi, Bolangir.
Karnataka is another major producer and here the mines are located in Dharwar, Bellari, Belagavi,
North Canara, Chikmagaluru, Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumkur.
Maharashtra is also an important producer of manganese which is mined in Nagpur, Bhandara and
Ratnagiri districts.
THE METALLIC MINERALS OR THE FERROUS MINERALS OF INDIA:-
NON-FERROUS MINERAL:
India is poorly endowed with non- ferrous metallic minerals except bauxite.
BAUXITE:
Bauxite is the ore of aluminum.
It is used to make construction, aircraft, utensils, electrical items.
Odisha is the largest producer of bauxite.
In Odisha Kalahandi and Sambalpur are the leading producers. The other two areas which have
been increasing their production are Bolangir and Koraput.
In Jharkhand bauxite is found in Lohardaga.
In Gujarat it is found in Bhavnagar and Jamnagar.
Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra are other major producers of bauxite.
Chhattisgarh has bauxite deposits in Amarkantak.
Katni-Jabalpur area and Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh have important deposits of bauxite.
Kolaba, Thane, Ratnagiri, Satara, Pune and Kolhapur in Maharashtra are important producers.
COPPER:
Copper is an indispensable metal in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors,
transformers and generators.
Copper is found in Singhbhum in Jharkhand, Balaghat of Madhya Pradesh, Jhunjhunu and Alwar
of Rajasthan.
Minor producers of copper are Hassan of Karnataka and Agnigundale of Andhra Pradesh.
NON-METALLIC MINERALS:
Among the non-metallic minerals produced in India, mica is the important one. The other minerals
extracted for local consumption are limestone, dolomite and phosphate.
MICA:
Mica is mainly used in the electrical and electronic industries.
In India mica is produced in Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Rajasthan followed by
Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh.
In Bihar it is found in the Hazaribagh district, in Andhra Pradesh it is found in Nellore and in
Rajasthan it is extended from Jaipur to Bhilwara.
Mica deposits also occur in Mysore and Hassan districts of Karnataka, Coimbatore,
Tiruchirapalli, Madurai and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu, Alleppey in Kerala, Ratnagirin in
Maharashtra, Purulia and Bankura in West Bengal.
MAJOR COPPER AND BAUXITE MINES OR THE NON-FERROUS MINERALS OF INDIA:
ENERGY RESOURCES
It is the source of energy which is mostly helpful for the domestic and industrial purposes.
There are two types of energy resources:-Conventional and Non- Conventional.
1. CONVENTIONAL SOURCES:
Mineral fuels like firewood, coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear energy minerals, are the
conventional sources of energy.
COAL:
Coal is one of the important mineral which is mainly used in the generation of thermal power and
smelting of iron.
Coal mainly occurs in four types:
1. Anthracite
2. Bituminous
3. Peat
4. Lignite
2. Non- Conventional Energy Resources:
Fossil fuel sources, such as coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy use exhaustible raw materials.
Nuclear Energy Resources:
Nuclear energy has emerged as a viable source in recent times.
Uranium and thorium are important minerals used for the generation of nuclear energy.
Uranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks and along the Singhbhum copper belt.
It is also found in Udaipur, Alwar and Jhunjhunu of Rajasthan, Durg of Chhattisgarh, Bhandara of
Maharashtra. Thorium is mainly obtained from monazite and ilmenite in the beach sands along
the coast of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
World’s richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districts of Kerala, near
Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Odisha.
Atomic energy commission was established in 1948.The important nuclear power projects are:
Tarapur of Maharashtra, Rawatbhata of Rajasthan, Kalpakkam of Tamil Nadu, Narora of Uttar
Pradesh, Kaiga of Karnataka, Kakarapara of Gujarat.
SOLAR ENERGY:
Sun rays tapped in photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known as solar energy.
The two effective processes considered to be very effective to tap solar energy are photovoltaic's
and solar thermal technology.
Solar thermal technology is cost competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct.
Solar energy is 7% more efficient than coal or oil based plants and 10% more efficient than
nuclear plants.
It is used in appliances like heater, crop dryers, cooker, etc. The western part of India has more
potential for the development of technology in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
WIND ENERGY:
Wind energy is absolutely pollution free, inexhaustible source of energy.
The mechanism of wind energy is simple. The kinetic energy of wind through turbines is
converted into electrical energy.
The permanent wind systems like the trade wind and the westerlies are used to rotate turbines.
India has planned to install 250 wind-driven turbines with a total capacity of 45 megawatts,
spread over 12 suitable locations, specially in coastal areas.
The country’s potential of wind power generation exceeds 50,000 megawatts .
In Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, favourable conditions for wind energy exist.
TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY:
Ocean currents are the store house of infinite energy.
tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into useful
forms of power, mainly electricity.
Wave energy is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work – for example, electricity
generation, water desalination, or pumping water. A machine that exploits wave power is a Wave
Energy Converter (WEC).
Large tidal waves are known to occur along the west coast of India. Hence, India has great potential for
the development of tidal energy.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
When the magma from the interior of earth, comes out on the surface, tremendous heat is
released.
The heat energy can easily be converted to electrical energy.
The hot water that gushes out through the geyser wells is also used in the generation of thermal
energy. It is popularly known as Geothermal Energy.
Ground water is heated and gushed out and is used for generating electricity.
The hot springs and geysers are being used since medieval period.
In India, a geothermal energy plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.
BIO-ENERGY:
Bio-energy refers to ‘energy’ derived from biological products which includes agricultural
Bio-energy is generated from agricultural waste, animal waste, urban waste and it can be
converted to electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking.
This technique will improve economic life of rural areas in developing countries, reduce
environmental pollution, enhance self-reliance and reduce pressure on fuel wood.
This process is very cheap and the materials used in this process is easily available.
One such project is in Okhla in Delhi.
CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES:
The challenge of sustainable development requires integration of quest for economic development
with environmental concerns.Conservation of minerals can be done by following the 4R principle
i.e. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover.
There are also other ways by which we can conserve minerals, such as:
1. Recycling of metals
2. Reuse of energy resources
3. Use alternative resources
4. Use scrap metals
5. Export of strategic mineral to be reduced
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES:
Use of more renewable or non-conventional sources of energy.
Use of more public transport and the individual transport.
Check the electrical appliances regularly.
Use of auto cut devices for less power consumption.
Use the energy resources judiciously.
Switch off the lights and fans whenever not in use.
Dr.Jitendra Prasad Mishra,PGT (History)
Kendriya vidyalaya No.1 (1st shift), Bhubaneswar EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON
• WHO WAS NAPOLEON
• Was Napoleon:
– A great French hero who saved France from destruction & started effective new
programmes ...OR…
– A power-hungry dictator who used France’s problems as opportunity to take over &
eliminate the personal freedoms created during the French Revolution? ...OR…
– Benevolent Dictator ...OR…
– Anything else
• Create a poster/sketch that takes your stand:
– Your poster/sketch should have a visual &
a list of achievements or complaints
In 1812, Napoleon made his greatest mistake & invaded Russia. The harsh winter & Russia’s scorched-
earth policy devastated the French army & forced Napoleon to retreat.
During his rule over Europe, Napoleon made a number of devastating decisions. The one nation
Napoleon could not defeat was England .He ordered a blockade, called the Continental System, to cut off
all trade with England.
The Continental System was a failure & hurt the French economy more than England’s economy.
In 1814, the weakened French army was defeated; Napoleon surrendered, was forced to give up his
throne, & was exiled to the island of Elba. The French monarchy was restored, but new King Louis
XVIII was unpopular; In 1815, Napoleon escaped & triumphantly regained the throne.
Only 100 days after Napoleon’s return, he built a new army but was defeated by a European coalition at
the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.After his defeat, Napoleon was exiled to the remote island of St. Helena in
the South Atlantic where he died after 6 years.
The era after the fall of Napoleon was a conflict among conservative, liberal, & radical forces
Conservatives were usually wealthy land owners & nobles; they typically supported traditional
monarchies. Liberals were usually from the middle class; they supported Enlightenment ideas like limited
monarchies & voting rights for educated landowners. Radicals were usually from
the lower classes; they supported extending democracy to all citizens.
Congress of Vienna Congress of Vienna was attended by conservatives from Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, France and was
led by Austrian minister Klemons von Metternich.One goal was to restore monarchs to power in Europe.
This was done by restoring kings in France, Portugal, Spain, & many Italian & German states. One goal
was to maintain a balance of power in Europe. This was done by forming the Concert of Europe, an
alliance among Russia, Austria, Prussia, & Britain to maintain peace & stop future revolutions. The
decisions made at the Congress of Vienna helped maintain peace in Europe for almost 40 year.
It was held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815.The leading roles at the congress
were played by Russia Alexander I, K. V. Nesselrode, A. K. Razumovskii), Great Britain (R. S. Castlere
agh; later on, A. W. Wellington), andAustria (Francis I, C. Metternich). The Prussian delegation was he
aded by K. A. Hardenberg and W.Humboldt and the French delegation by C. M. Talleyrand.
The common danger that arose after Napoleon’s flight from the island of Elba and his landing in France o
n Mar. 1, 1815, to begin the 100days promoted a rapprochement among
the participants of the Congress of Vienna, and they formed a new coalition (the seventh) againstNapoleo
n. The final (general) act of the Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. Sharp differences amo
ng the allies emerged with respect to many problems regarding therestructuring of Europe—
above all, the question of Poland and Saxony.“ThCongress dances but does not move forward.”
Key Principles Established at Vienna Balance of Power Legitimacy Compensation Coalition forces
would occupy France for 3-5 years. France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.
But the decisions of the Congress of Vienna did not make liberals or radicals happy.In 1848, a surge of
nationalism swept through Europe which sparked revolutions for democracy & the formation of new
nations The restoration of kings led to an increase in demand for democracy in Europe.
The major tasks of the Congress:- The reestablishment of feudal systems liquidated both the Great
French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.The restoration of a number of overthrown dynasties.
The struggle against the revolutionary and national liberation movements.
The establishment of guaranties against the return of power of Napoleon and France’s resumption of w
ars of conquest.The redivision of Europe in the interests of the victorious powers.
Changes Made at Vienna:-
• France was deprived of all territories conquered by Napoléon.
• Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).
• Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.
• A Germanic Confederation of 38+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300,
under Austrian rule.
• Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.
• The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule.
• Norway and Sweden were joined.
• The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.
• Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.
• Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.
• Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa.
• The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies.
• The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise.
• The slave trade was condemned (at British urging).
• Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.
Battling Ideologies (1815-1830):-
• Classical Liberalism
• Radicalism and Republicanism
• Socialism
• Nationalism
• Conservatism
Classical Liberalism:-
• Comes from Latin word LIBER meaning free
• Beginning in Spain and France during the 1820s, liberalism soon spread to England.
• Consisting of businessmen and professionals, the liberals wanted modern, efficient self-
government, although they were not always for universal male suffrage.
• They wanted freedom of the press and freedom of the assembly, freedom of markets and state
imposed restrictions.
• They wanted constitutions, and Laissez Faire economic policies, such as free trade and low
tariffs. They were generally against unions.
Radicalism and Republicanism:-
• Radicalism appeared in the 1820s in England as the "Philosophical Radicals".
• This principled an unconventional group, consisting partially of workers and partially of
industrialists, had its greatest leader Jeremy Bentham.
• The Radicals were anti-church and anti-monarchy, and generally opposed the old ways.
• They were a force unto themselves until 1832, after which they merged with the British Liberals.
The European counterpart to Radicalism was usually referred to as Republicanism, which grew
out of the French Revolutionary tradition.
• Republicanism sought complete political equality in the form of universal suffrage.
Republicanism opposed monarchy and the Catholic Church.
Socialism:-
• Counter to liberalism was Socialism, which sought economic equality for all, and was very much
against the Laissez Faire ideal of liberalism.
• Socialism looked at the free-market economies of Western Europe in the midst of the Industrial
Revolution and saw exploited workers leading miserable existences while manufacturers profited
enormously.
• Socialists felt that with the rich profiting so much, the poor should get some of the benefits, since
worker's labor supported the entire system.
• Socialists, therefore, wanted to nationalize parts of the economy, such as industrial and financial
sectors, giving these areas of the economy over to government control.
• Thus, the benefits could be distributed more equally to the various members of society.
• Robert Owen, a manufacturer in Manchester, one of the greatest socialists.
Nationalism:-
• Nationalism was the most powerful of all the "isms" in this period. France and Great Britain's
strong nation-states had inspired jealousy throughout the rest of Europe; other nations,
disorganized as they were, wanted to unify.
• Quickly outlawed by reactionary forces, nationalist groups formed secret societies such as the
Italian Carbonari and German Buschenschaft. These societies distributed propaganda leaflets and
plotted rebellions. Often, nationalism combined with other ideological issues, from liberalism to
socialism.
• In 1831, Joseph Mazzini founded "Young Italy"
Conservatism:-
• The final important "ism" of the period was Conservatism, a reactionary philosophy supporting
monarchy and the old ways.
• Championed by Edmund Burke, who had been horrified by the French Revolution
• Conservatism argued for prudent and gradual change to be made as slowly as possible.
• Believed in monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and family should be preserved.
• They did not tolerate criticism and dissent
• Imposed censorship laws
The AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1830-48:- • July Revolution 1830
• February Revolution 1848
July revolution 1830:- • Poor economic development.
• The industrial crisis and depression of 1827–30
• The crop failures of 1828 and 1829
• Discontent was also increasing among the liberal bourgeoisie, who sought economic and political
reforms to accelerate the capitalist development of the country
• The immediate cause of the revolution was the ordinances "Ordinances of Saint-
Cloud", signed by the king on July25 and published on July
26,1830. (that dissolved the Chamber of Deputies dominated by the liberal bourgeoisie)
• limited the franchise through imposition of a landed-
property qualification, and increased the repression of the progressive press.
• In Paris on July 27 an armed mass uprising broke out, calling for defense of the Charter of 1814 a
nd dismissal of the Polignac cabinet
• On July 29 the insurgents gained control of the Tuileries Palace and other governmental b
uildings. The royal troops,defeated, left Paris, some regiments joining forces with the people. Re
volutionary outbursts in provincial towns also ended in defeat for thedefenders of the ancien régi
me. Power in the capital passed into the hands of the Municipal Commission.
Significance: 1830:- • A new constitution, the Charter of 1830 was drafted.
• It overthrew the political domination of the aristocracy
• Put an end to attempts at restoring in any form whatever the feudal-absolutist order.
• Power conclusively passed from the nobility to
the commercial, industrial, and banking bourgeoisie
• In 1830 bourgeois monarchy was established in France
On Aug. 2, 1830, Charles X renounced the throne, and Louis Philippe on August 7 was
proclaimed as the Emperor.
• The Revolution spread to other parts of Europe. In Italy it was led by Giuseppe Mazzini-YOUNG
ITALY and YOUNG EUROPE
• Similar organizations also developed in Germany France Switzerland and Poland.
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1848 • Food shortage, unemployment, and economic depression moved the middle class to rebel against
the ruling class. Louis Philippe was not a fan favorite of the French middle class
• Philippe was the epitome of a wealthy, out-of-touch king who cared only for the elite.
• The fact that much of the middle and common class lacked the right to vote.
• As the middle class strove for more rights, the aristocracy fought to hold their positions of power.
They were hungry for change. Wave in Europe to shift from absolute monarchy to constitutional.
SIGNIFICANCE OF 1848: • King Louis Philippe was ousted from power. With this, the way was paved for the Second
Republic of France.
• The Radical Republicans then managed to get the provisional government to pass socialist
programs. This included the creation of National Workshops, which were centralized, state-
owned manufacturing establishments where workers would be guaranteed work.
• After June 1848, the French began to draw up a new constitution. The constitution included
provisions for a strong president, who would be elected via universal male suffrage (all adult
males would vote).Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon I's nephew on the name of Napoleon III
was elected as president.The February Revolution of 1848 reverberated throughout Europe,
resulting in a series of revolutions, most powerfully in Germany and Vienna. In Britain, the
French upheaval revived the Chartist Movement. In London, however, no barricades went up in
London's streets. Instead, a new petition went to Parliament.
Nazism & the Rise of Hitler
WEIMAR REPUBLIC • Kaiser Wilhelm II lost the support of his military and the German people, and he was forced to
abdicate on November 9, 1918.
• provisional government : the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Independent Social
Democratic Party of Germany (USDP)
• On February 6, 1919, the National Assembly met in the town of Weimar and formed the Weimar
Coalition.
• They also elected SDP leader Friedrich Ebert as President of the Weimar Republic.
• On June 28, 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed
• On August 11, 1919, the Weimar Constitution was signed into law by President Ebert.
WEIMAR CONSTITUTION • The German Reich is a Republic.
• The government is made of a president, a chancellor and a parliament (Reichstag).
• Representatives of the people must be elected equally every four years by all men and women
over age 20.
• The term of the President is seven years.
• All orders of the President must be endorsed by the Chancellor or a Reich Minister.
• Article 48 allows the President to suspend civil rights and operate independently in an emergency.
• Two legislative bodies (the Reichstag and the Reichsrat) were formed to represent the German
people.
• All Germans are equal and have the same civil rights and responsibilities.
• All Germans have the right to freedom of expression.
• All Germans have the right to peaceful assembly.
• All Germans have the right to freedom of religion; there is no state church.
• State-run, public education is free and mandatory for children.
• All Germans have the right of private property.
• All Germans have the right to equal opportunity and earnings in the workplace.
EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR
• Lost lands that contained valuable natural resources
• 2 ½ million Germans died
• 4 million were wounded
• Industry (factories) & farms in the country had been destroyed
• Highways, bridges, & roads were demolished
• Prices went up as goods became scarce
• Basic items such as food and clothing were not always available
• Men had trouble finding jobs to support their families
• The value of German money became extremely inflated
WHO WERE NAZIS? • Nazism were anti-parliamentarism, ethnic nationalism, racism, collectivism, eugenics,
antisemitism, opposition to economic liberalism and political liberalism, anti- Communism-
and totalitarianism.
• Nazism was not a monolithic movement, but rather a (mainly German) combination of
variousideologies and groups, sparked by anger at theTreaty of Versailles and what was
considered tohave been a Jewish/Communist conspiracy
HITLER PROMISED Adolph Hitler:20th April1889-2nd May 1945
• Stability,Jobs,To be Proud Again,To Reverse the Versailles Treaty
• To End “Weak” Democracy
• To “Get Rid of” the Jews
• Lebensraum— “Living Space for Germans”
CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT • 1932 –German Elections: Nazis win a majority: 230; Socialists 133, Center 97, Communists 89
• President Hindenburg Names Hitler Chancellor in January 30, 1933.
• Street Violence
• February 27 Reichstag Fire—Legislature Building Burns Down
• March 5 New Elections: Nazis 288; Nationalists 52; Center 74; Socialists 120; Communists 81;
Others 23—Nazis win only 44% of vote
• March 23, 1933—Reichstag passes (with huge majority) the Enabling Act which made Hitler
dictator until April 1, 1937
• July 14, 1933—Nazi Party was made only legal party
• November 12, 1933 Nazis win 92% of the vote
• June 30 “Night of the long knives” – Nazis kill 77 people, mostly high ranking SA members—
Ernst Roehm, Gregor Strasser
• August 1 Law combining President and Chancellor
• August 2 Death of President von Hindenburg
• August 19 Plebiscite approves Hitler as President with 88% voting yes
Racism in Nazi Germany • Belief German “Aryan” Race Master Race
• Jews inferior
• Slavs inferior
• Gypsies inferior
• Eugenics-Social Darwinism run amok
• 1935 Nuremberg Laws
• Identify Jews (with Yellow Star
• Deprive Jews of Citizenship
• Allows only so many Jews in specific jobs
• Outlaw marriage and sex between Jews and non-Jews
RISE OF GERMANY • 1 September 1939 Nazis invade Poland
• 3 of September 1939 England, France declare war on Germany
• Hitler defeats Poland in a month
• “Phony War” (September 1939- May 1940)
• May 1940 Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France
• “Battle of Britain”
• 22 of June 1941 Germany invades Soviet Union.
• 1941 First Extermination Camp Created
• 1942 Battle of Stalingrad
ITALY AND GERMANY UNIFICATION
PSYCHOLOGICAL UNIFICATION:- • Vincenzo Gioberti -1801-1852
• The moral and civil Primacy of the Italians
• Advocated Constitutional Monarchy
• Cesare Balbo-1789-1853
• Hopes of Italy
• Pointed out Existing Political Divisions and Italian Federation
• Massimo d'Azeglio -1798-1866
• Recent Events in Romagna
• He criticised Pope of Rome and Extremist Republicans as Romantic Thinkers
• Giuseppe Mazzini 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872,Pen of Unification
• Young Italy and Young Europe
• Italia Faradase-He used to say “Place youth at the head of the insurgent multitude, You
know not the secret of the power hidden in these youth hearts…….you will find among
the young a host of apostles of the new religion
• Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour-Brain of Unification August 10, 1810 – June 6, 1861
• Founder of Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
• He published a newspaper RESORGIMENTO-Preached” Independence, Union, People
and Reforms
• Giuseppe Garibaldi-4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882
• Formed i Mille (the Thousand), or, as popularly known, the Redshirts
• In 1879 he founded the "League of Democracy" which advocated universal suffrage,
abolition of ecclesiastical property, emancipation of women, and maintenance of a
standing army
Kings of Italy • Victor Emmanuel I
• 24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824
• Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia 1802–1821
• Charles Felix-6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831
• Duke of Savoy, Piedmont, Aosta and King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.
Charles Albert-2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849
• King of Piedmont-Sardinia from 1831 to 1849
• Victor Emmanuel II
• 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878
• king of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title King of
Italy to become the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his
death in 1878. The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre
della Patria
• Umberto I or Humbert I
• 14 March 1844 – 29 July 1900
• King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his death
• Victor Emmanuel III :
• 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947
• King of Italy 29 July 1900 – 9 May 1946
Divided Italy • Like Germany, Italy was also divided into a number of states.
• The major states in the early 19th century Italy were Sardinia, Lombardy, Venetia, Kingdom of
the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples), Papal States, Tuscany, Parma and Modena.
• Of these the most powerful was the kingdom of Sardinia.
• Venetia and Lombardy were under Austrian occupation.
• Thus the Italian people were faced with the task of expelling the Austrians and forcing the rulers
of independent states to unite.
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and Papal States have the support of France
Impact of 1848 revolution
• Monarchical
• Charles Albert of Piedmont:2 October 1798 – 28 July 1849
• succeeded his cousin Charles Felix to the throne of Sardinia in 1831
• dreamt to establish North Italian Kingdom
• Defeated by Austria in the battle of Custozza
• Republican • Led by Giuseppe Mazzini
• The war of the princes is over, that of the people will now begin
• Republic of Rome for a short period
Unification under Cavour • He restored Italy from the depth of defeat of 1848 and gave a new light to the movement
• Joined Sardinian army as a military engineer and resigned in 1831
• Established Farm House
• 1850 appointed as Agriculture Minister
• 1852 appointed as Prime Minister
• October 1853 – February 1856 Crimea war and Treaty of Paris
• Secret Treaty of Plombiers with Napoleon III in July 1858
War with Austria • Stationed his army on the border of Austria in 1859
• Franco-Sardinian Army defeated Austria in the battle of Salferino and Magenta
• Lombardy and Milan Captured but before the fall of Venetia Truce of Villafranca was signed on
11th July1859 by Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph
• Only Lombardy was annexed with Sardinia ,Cavou resigned
Central Italy • During the war with Austria the rulers of central Italy :Parma- Modena- Tuscany and part of the
Papal kingdom were driven out by the people.
• They elected local assemblies and the assemblies voted to merge with Sardinia.
• Cavour returned to office-offered savoy and Nice to France and through plebiscite central Italy
Joined with Sardinia
Revolt in Naples and Sicily • Ruled by Francis II ,the Bourbon king
• The followers of Mazzini revolted in 1860
• Garibldi advanced with his Thousands of Redshirts
• Secret agreement with Cavour
• Garibaldi defeated Napoleon army in Sicily
• Within 5 months overran Naplesbut failed to expel bourbon army from Capua and Gaeta
• Cavour with the support of Napoleon III marched to South Italy and papal states and defeated
papal army in the battle field of Castelfidardo on 18th sept.1860.
• Garibaldi surrendered his territories to Victor Emanuel
• On 18th Feb1861 all Italian parliament except Ventia and Roe met at Turin and declared Victor
Emanuel II as the Emperor of Italy
Final Solution • Death of Cavour on 6th June1861
• Still Venetia and Rome was not part of Italy
• 1866 in the battle of Sadowa Austria was defeated by Prusso-Italian army . Venetia was
transferred to Italy.
• In 1870 in the battle of Sedan France was defeated by Prusso-Italian forces and Rome was united
with Italy.
BLOD And Iron Policy • Vienna congress allowed 38 kingdoms
• Denmark : Schleswig and Holstein
• Austria: kingdoms of Bavaria, Baden & Wurttemberg
• France : North German States
• 1863 -Danish War(Austr-Prussian Army defeated Denmark) and Treaty of Vienna in 1864
• Based on the terms of the treaty, Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would
administer Holstein. Disputes over the administration of the two provinces would lead to
the Austro-Prussian War
War with Austria • Secret Treaty at Biarritz on 4 October 1865, Napoleon III promised Prussian Prime Minister, Otto
von Bismarck, France's neutrality
• France would get Luxemburg and Italy to get Venetia
• 7weeks war in 1866.In the battle of sadowa Austria and her allies got a humiliating defeat.
• the Treaty of Prague, dissolved the German Confederation in favor of a Prussian-dominated
organisation
• The peace settlement transferred Holstein to Prussia and forced Austria to officially remove itself
from all German affairs.
War with France • With Austria out of Bismarck's way, his next obstacle was the skepticism of the southern
provinces.
• In 1870, Bismarck forged a note from the French ambassador, implying that the ambassador had
insulted the Prussian king. After he leaked this letter to both populations, the people of France and
Prussia, roused by nationalist sentiment, rose up in favor of war.
• In July 1870, France declared war on Prussia. In the battle of Sedan France was defeated
• Alsace-Lorraine was transferred to Germany in the peace settlement, allowing Prussia to declare
the German Empire, or Second Reich, on January 21, 1871.
• on 18 January 1871 at the Versailles Palace's Hall of Mirrors in France Italian and German
Unification got a final touch.
Socialism in Europe & Russian Revolution
What is socialism?-Primarily an economic model with Cooperation, Equality, Common ownership.
Socialism supports the view that the goods and services
Produced should be dispensed based on the productivity of an individual.
What is Communism? -A political ideology that advocates a classless and stateless society and
rejects religion.
• Fundamentally combines Philosophy, Economics and politics
• It is regarded as a more extreme form of socialism.
• Communism controls its economy through a single authoritarian party
• It is thus characterized as conservative because the economy functions based on the decisions of a
few.
• It believes that the wealth should be shared by the masses based on the needs of the individual.
Liberals in Russia -Wanted secularism, safeguarding the rights of individuals against governments and
opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. Argued for a representative, elected parliamentary
government. Wanted interpretation of the laws by a well trained judiciary that was independent of rulers
and officials. Did not believe in universal adult franchise and wanted the right to vote for only the men of
property. Did not support the granting of voting rights to women.
Industrial society and social change-Industrialization brought men, women and children to
factories. Working hours increased and the wages decreased. Unemployment was rampant. No proper
housing or sanitation existed. The liberals and the radicals encouraged trade and believed in individual
effort and labour enterprise. Some nationalist, liberals and radicals wanted revolutions for removing the
governments established in Europe in 1815.
The Coming of socialism to Europe -Socialists opposed private property. Believed that if a
society as a whole controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests.Some
socialists like Robert Owen believed in the idea of cooperatives. Others like Louis Blanc felt that
cooperatives could be built only if the governments encouraged them. Cooperatives were associations of
people who produced goods together and divided the profits equally. Karl Marx argued that an industrial
society was capitalist which exploited the workers and kept the profits for themselves. He believed that
the workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled.
Support for Socialism -Socialists formed an international body, namely the ‘Second International’.
They set up funds for helping members in times of distress and demanded a reduction of working hours
and the right to vote.In Germany these associations worked with the Socialist Democratic Party and
helped it in winning the parliamentary elections. 1905: Socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour
party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France. Socialism however could not precede the influence of the
radicals, liberals and conservatives.
List of Participants
S.N
. NAME K.V. REGION Sex Cat. MOBILE NO. E-mail id
1 Sh. Manoj Kumar Bokaro Thermal Ranchi M GEN 9955476334
2 Smt. Sushma Baxla Namkum Ranchi
Ranchi F ST 7739005858 [email protected]
3 Sh. Sanjay K.Gupta Meghahatuburu Ranchi M OBC 9431329037 [email protected]
4 Dr. L.K. Bhagat CTPS
Chandrapura
Ranchi F OBC 7542098096 [email protected]
5 Sh. Koushal Kishore Ramgarh Cantt Ranchi M OBC 7004560659 [email protected]
6 Ms. Premlata Kumari No. 1 Dhanbad Ranchi F SC 8249830019 premlatakumari1987yahoo.com
7 Sh. Vinod Kumar ONGC
Agartala
Silchar M OBC 9436328192 [email protected]
8 Sh. Debabrata Ghosh HPC
Panchgram
Silchar M GEN 9831496180 [email protected]
9 Ms Monika Anuragi EAC Upper
Shillong
Silchar F SC 9436719251 [email protected]
10 Ms. Vandana Dubey No.2 AFS
Tezpur
Guwahati F GEN 9807220185 [email protected]
11 Sh. Deepak Kundu North
Lakhimpur
Guwahati M GEN 8053057107 [email protected]
12 Sh. Rajesh Ku.Yadav Namrup Guwahati M OBC 9602811940 [email protected]
13 Sh. Sanjeev Kumar Haflong Guwahati M OBC 8685872792 [email protected]
m
14 Sh. Jyoti Pr. Baishya New Bongaigaon Guwahati M GEN 8876432432 [email protected]
15 Sh. Prem Gogoi No.1 AFS Jorhat Guwahati M OBC 0376-2333151 [email protected]
16 Sh. Jeetendra Singh IOC Noonmati Guwahati M ST 8019329636 [email protected]
17 Ms. Suman Meena IIT Guwahati Guwahati F ST 9571513430 [email protected]
18 Smt. Margaret Kujur Sukna Khaprail Kolkata F ST 9563934818 [email protected]
19 Sh. D.K. Sharma No.2 Binnaguri
Cantt. Kolkata F OBC 8651867683 dharmendrasharma1983@gmail
.com
20 Sh. Sunil Kumar Burdwan Kolkata M OBC 9899641966 [email protected]
21 Sh. Mukesh Kumar No.2 Ishapore Kolkata M GEN 9874640147 [email protected]
22 Sh. Rajendra Prasad No.1 Kanchrapara Kolkata M OBC 9800492038 [email protected]
23 Ms. Neha Bamangachi Kolkata F SC 8750455620 [email protected]
24 Sh. Suresh Ku.Swami Krishnanagar BSF Kolkata M OBC 9887512542 sureshkumarswami1992@gmail
.com
25 Smt. Divya Verma RBNM Salboni Kolkata F GEN 8900354893 [email protected]
26 Sh. Kumar G. Prince Sevoke Road Kolkata M GEN 8399998975 [email protected]
27 Md. Anzar Ashraf Rairangpur BBSR M OBC 7004934517 [email protected]
28 Sh. Pranab Mondal Kutra BBSR M GEN 9564614267 [email protected]
29 Smt. Nisha Mishra No.4 BBSR BBSR F GEN 9958450289 [email protected]
30 Ms. Preeti Suman No.6 BBSR BBSR F GEN 8877434204 [email protected]
31 Mohd. Mohsin No.1 Cuttack BBSR M OBC 8960067321 [email protected]
32 Mrs. Parul Singh No.3 Cuttack (NDRF Mundali)
BBSR F SC 7060295736 [email protected]
33 Sh. Ankit Kumar Sah Dhenkanal BBSR M OBC 8210764361 [email protected]
34 Sh. Niraj Singh Kandhmal BBSR M GEN 9598359910 [email protected]
m
35 Sh. Rajesh Ku.Akela No.2 Bolangir BBSR M OBC 8210571137 [email protected]
36 Sh. Binod Ku.Rakesh Malkangiri BBSR M OBC 9471226025 [email protected]
37 Sh. Alok Ranjan Dimapur Tinsukia M OBC 9431760476 [email protected]
38 Sh. Sangram Ke.Sahu No.1 Itanagar Tinsukia M OBC 9122707842 [email protected]
39 Sh. Shyam S.Rathore Dibrugarh Tinsukia M GEN 9101736249 [email protected]
40 Sh. Nabyendu
Mallick
AFS Mohanbari Tinsukia M OBC 9382970059 [email protected]
41 Sh. Neeraj Sharma Pasighat Tinsukia M GEN 8875747251 [email protected]
Resource Person
46 Dr. Jitendra Prasad
Mishra
No.1 BBSR BBSR M GEN 9163785900 [email protected]
47 Sh. Golok Bihari
Dash
No.1 BBSR BBSR M GEN 8658673354 [email protected]
m
Training Co-ordinator
48 Mr. Parsuram Shukla ZIET BBSR ZIET M GEN 9938649454 [email protected]
Consolidated Feedback of PARTICIPANTS FOR 3-Day Workshop/Training on
“Content Enrichment & Pedagogy with Focus on Learning Outcome”
For TGT (S. Sc.) -16-18 October 2019
आयोजनस्थल /VENUE : ZIET BHUABNESWAR दिनाकं / DATE:18.10.2019 भाग – अ/ PART A
PUT A TICK MARK/ आपकी सवुिधा अनसुार कॉलममेँ ग्रेड लगाए ँ
S.N. प्रश्न / QUESTION
उत्कृष्ट बहुतअच्छा अच्छा औसत औसत से
कम
EXCELLENT VERY
GOOD GOOD AVERAGE BELOW
AVERAGE
Total
1 काययक्रमकाविषयिस्तु /CONTENT OF COURSE 28 12 01 41
2 ननधायररतकाययक्रम /SCHEDULE PLANNED 17 16 07 01 41
3 ककससीमातककाययक्रमसेआपकीअपेक्षाएँपूरीहुई/EXTENT
TO WHICH EXPECTATION WAS FULFILLED 17 20 04
41
4. दियेगएव्याख्यान/कक्रयाओंकीगुणित्ता/QUALITY OF LECTURES/ACTIVITIES
A Training Coordinator: Mr.Parsuram Shukla,
TA(Econ.)ZIET BBSR 32 07 02
41
B Resource Person:Dr.J.P.Mishra,PGT(Hist.)K.V.No-1
BBSR 1st Shift 35 05 01
41
C Resource Person:Mr.G.B.Dash,PGT(Geog.)K.V.No-1
BBSR 1st Shift 31 08 02
41
5. दियेगएव्याख्यान/कक्रयाओंकीगुणित्ता/QUALITY OF LECTURES/ACTIVITIES By
Guest Speaker
A
Dr.Anil Ku.Mohapatra,Prof. of Pol.Sc-
FM Univ.Balasore (GL) On the Topic: Federalism &
Power Sharing-X
33 06 02
41
B Dr.Manas Behera,HoD. of Pol.Sc-RD Women
Univ.BBSR (GL) On the Topic: Electoral Politics-IX 29 11 01
41
6 ASSISTANCE FROM TRAINING FACULTIES OF
ZIET BHUBANESWAR 25 15 01
41
7 कायायलयकमयचाररयोंकासहयोग/ASSISTANCE FROM
OFFICE STAFF 22 17 02
41
8
काययक्रमकेललएमूलभूतसुविधाओंकीउप्लब्धत्ता/INFRASTR
UCTURE FACILITIES AVAILABLE FOR
COURSE
18 16 07
41
9 QUALITY OF WORKING LUNCH 16 17 08
41
10 काययक्रमकासम्पूणयमूलयांकन/OVERALL RATING OF
THE COURSE 17 23 01
41
Trg.Coordinator Director