zonally averaged wind zonal djfzonal jja meridional jja

Zonally Averaged Wind

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Zonal DJF Zonal JJA





Meridional JJA Meridional JJA

V and Omega









V (DJF)

(JJA) (DJF)

V (JJA)

T and









T (DJF)

(JJA) (DJF)

T (JJA)

Sea Surface Temperature (SST)



Annual Average

Zonal wind and (2-d)






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Zonal Wind Speed(400mb-600mb)

Omega(400mb-600mb)

DJF

JJA

DJF Zonal Wind Speed



(400 mb - 600 mb) TropicalWesterlies!

Omega in the tropics



(400mb - 600 mb)

30S-30N

2.5N-30N



2.5S-30S



Helmholtz Decomposition of a Velocity Field

rV =

rVrot +

rVdiv +

rVbc

has all the vorticity, no divergence

has all the divergence, no vorticity

rVrot =

rk×∇ψ,

ψ = streamfunction

rVdiv =∇ϕ , ϕ = velocity potential

1000 mb Velocity Potential (Annual)



rVdiv =∇χ

Velocity Potentials(Annual)



rVdiv =∇χ



1000 mb

200 mb

Velocity Potentials (Seasonal)









DJF

DJF

JJA

JJA

200

1000

The “Walker Circulation”



(www.ccb.ucar.edu/elnino/gifs/glantz1.jpg)

Seasonal Cycle of Sea Level Pressure



Pressure at the Surface (Data)









P at surface (annual)

SLP (annual)

SLP (DJF)

SLP (JJA)

SLP, Winds (DJF) Sketch

The real world is not covered by a series of belts that completely encirclethe globe. Instead, we find a number of alternating semi-permanent cellsof high and low pressure. Among the most prominent features in theNorthern Hemisphere during winter are the Aleutian and Icelandic Lowsover the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and the Siberian High over central Asia.

SLP, Winds (JJA) Sketch

In summer, the best-developed semi-permanent cells are the Hawaiian and Bermuda-Azores Highs of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

and the Tibetan Low of southern Asia.

Ocean Currents

Ocean currents are horizontal movements of surface water that have an impact on the exchange of energy and moisture between the oceans and

the lower atmosphere. Among these are the North Equatorial Current and the South Equatorial Current, which converge, creating the Equatorial Countercurrent. The warm Gulf Stream flows northeast to become the

North Atlantic Drift and later the cold Canary Current as it turns southward. The cold Labrador Current flows south along the east coast

of Canada fed by the East and West Greenland Drift.

“Skin” Temperature (Annual)



“Skin” temperature is an analysis product corresponding to the temperature of an “infinitely thin” layer of surface material (land or water).

Skin Temperature







Annual

DJF

JJA

Sea Surface Temperature






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15 25

2515

Annual

DJF

JJA

Water-related variables

w =mv

md

=ρv

ρd

r =mv

mv + md

=w

1+ w

RH =100 *wws

e

mixing ratio

specific humidity

relative humidity

partial pressure ofwater vapor

Specific Humidity (g/kg) Annual Mean

Annual



r =mv

mv + md

Specific Humidity (Seasonal)







Annual

DJF

JJA

q =mv

mv + md

r =mv

mv + md

1000 mb Specific Humidity



AnnualQuickTime™ and a

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DJF

JJA



JJA

850 mb Specific Humidity

Annual

DJF



JJA





Specific Humidity by Level (Annual)



500 mb



700 mb



850 mb



1000 mb

850 mb Specific Humidity (Latitude, time)



Seasonal Cycle: Zonally Averaged Specific Humidity


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Precipitation Rate (Annual)



Precipitation Rate (NCEP)

JJA





SON





MAMDJF

JJA



Seasonal Cycle of Precipitable Water

zonally averaged wind zonal djfzonal jja meridional jja

Documents

mb slide

mb djf jja slide

s slide

vorticity slide

time slide

t djf jja djf t jja

mb omega

mb specific humidity