Zoonoses

Martin Shakespeare RD, BPharm, MRPharmS, DipAgVet, DipCP(DES), RNR Pharmacist, UK

(RP) London • Chicago Pharmaceutical Press

Preface xii Acknowledgements xiii About the author xiv

1 Introduction to zoonoses 1 A basic definition Causative pathogens Emerging zoonoses 4 Routes of transmission 7 Ingestion 9 Direct contact 11

Fomite spread 12 Vectors 12

I mportance of zoonoses 14 Risk groups 18 Implications for industry 20

Produce loss 20 Personnel loss 20

Public impact 21 References 24

2 Zoonoses of companion animals 26 Birds 27

Introduction 27 Cryptococcosis 28 Mycobacterium avium complex 29 Psittacosis (ornithosis) 31

Cats and dogs 33 I ntrod uction 33

Contents I vii

4 Food-borne zoonoses 110

Typical transmission pathway 111 Food-borne zoonoses associated with fish 111

Ciguetera 111 Shellfish poisoning 112

Food-borne zoonoses associated with meat 113 Escherichia coli 113 " Listeriosis 118 Salmonella 122

Milk-borne diseases 126 The usual suspects 126

Clostridium spp. perfringens and C. botulinum 126 Botulism 127 Yersinia enterocolitica 131 Cryptosporidiosis 132 Campylobacter spp. 133 Campylobacter and Guillain-Barre syndrome 134

Food Standards Agency inspection and enforcement 135 Reducing zoonotic risks in food 135

HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) 136 Stepwise prevention strategies 136 General food hygiene recommendations 138 Miscellaneous items 139

References 140

5 Prion diseases 143

Animal TSEs and BSE 144 The significance of scrapie 145

Variant CJD and human TSEs 146 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 147 Chronic wasting disease 158

Useful addresses 158 References 158

6 Pandora's box 160

Introduction 160 Anthrax 162

Disease in animals 163 Transmission 164 Disease in humans 164 Diagnosis 165

: ' ~ I ! viii Contents

Treatment 165 Cutaneous anthrax 167 Prophylaxis 167 Prevention 169 Cases associated with drum makers 169 Potential as a biological warfare agent 170

Ebola 172; Transmission 173 Disease in humans 173 Outbreak statistics 174 Treatment 175 Prevention 175

Plague 176 The disease 177 Wild foci 177 The world picture 178 Epidemiology 179 Climate change 180 Disease in animals 181 Transmission 182

I Disease in humans 182 1'1 Diagnosis 184

Treatment 185 Prophylaxis 186 Prevention 187

Rabies (hyd rophobia) 188 The UK and Europe 188 Rabies in North America 189 Rabies elsewhere in the world 190 Disease in animals 191 Transmission 191 Disease in humans 191 Diagnosis 192 Treatment 192 Prophylaxis 193 Vaccination regimens 194 Other related viruses 196 Case histories 197 Prevention 199

Contents I ix

Deliberate release - bioterrorism 202 Initial definitions 202 Public health dimension 205 Preparedness 206

References 206

7 Viral zoonotic diseases 209 j"

Notes on arrangements of monographs 209 Alphaviruses 209

Chikungunya 209 Eastern equine encephalomyelitis 210 Mayaro virus 211

Arenaviruses 211 Zoonotic arenaviruses 211

Bunyaviruses 214 Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 214

Hantaviruses 215 Human disease 215 HFRS 215 HPS 216 Transmission 217 Diagnosis 217 Treatment 217 Prevention 217 Cache Valley virus 218 La Crosse virus 218 Oropouche virus 218 Rift Valley fever 219

Coronaviruses 219 SARS 219

Filoviruses 220 Marburg virus 220

Paramyxoviruses - henipaviruses 221 Hendra virus 221 Nipah virus 222 Other unusual paramyxoviruses in fruit bats 226

Flaviviruses 226 West Nile virus/Kunjin virus 226 Japanese encephalitis 231

f' '11 xl Contents I,

ill 11

I11 St Louis encephalitis 232 I Other flaviviruses 233 I

11 Borna disease , I 233 ,i Ij Closing comments 235 ,I"i References 235 11:11

1111 8 Zoonoses of exotic, feral and wild animals 238 jlll "

1111

,1 Transmission pathways 240

IIII! Bushmeat and the live animal trade 241

III11 Escapees and releases 243

lill Zoological parks, circuses and city farms 243

'['I Exotic pets 244 'Ill ili ll Examples of diseases associated with wildlife 244 !I:II Raccoon roundworm 245 11

11, Rat-bite fever (Haverhill fever, Soduku) 245

' "I

1'1111 Typhus fever 246 lill Zoonoses of deer 246 II1 Lyme disease 247

I!II Tularaemia 251

Ill! Viruses associated with primates 256

Herpes B virus 257 'I Monkeypox 257

:11 I11 Simian foamy virus 259 ',1 1

Ill' Simian immunodeficiency viruses 259 i:1 1

1111 Prevention of spread of wildlife diseases 260 ,:1:

Surveillance 261 1:1 " References 262

'1Ii" i,l: 11

Implications for healthcare 265 '!i 9 !III Significance of zoonotic disease 265

'I

il!1 Disease prevention strategies 266 "

11, Benefits of companion animal ownership 266 Illi Benefits from domesticated animals 267 1111 Risk assessment 268 III Harm reduction and prevention 270 ,I

Constituent measures for prevention strategies 272 Health promotion and education 274 Treatment 275 Antimicrobial resistance 277 Direct impact of antibiotic resistance on healthcare 280

Contents I xi

UK Legislation The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999 Notifiable disease legislation Statutory notification of infectious diseases (human) Notifiable disease in animals

Notifiable diseases in the USA Other US legislation

Points to ponder Choice of companion animal Xenotransplantation and transgenic animals

References

Appendix 1 Web resources European International The UK The USA Canada

Appendix 2 Useful addresses Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Index

280 281

281

282 282 282 284 285 286 286 287 287 288

290 290 291 291 293 294

295

296

297

"

1 !

abattoir fever see Q fever

acepromazine, 151

aciclovir, 64

acrodermatitis chronica attophicans, 249

African haemorrhagic fever see Ebola

agricultural livestock, 61-107

agricultural practices, 15, 16,260

use of antibiotics, 15-16,277,279-80

agricultural workers, 268, 269

albendazole, 39, 42, 85-6, 100, 107

alphaviruses, 209-11

amantadine, 69, 72,235

amnesic shellfish poisoning, 112

amoxicillin, 165, 166, 168, 171,250,279

ampicillin, 119, 123, 166,279

Ancylostoma spp., 40, 41

ancylostomiasis, 40-1, 42

Andes virus, 216-17

animal growth promoters, 277, 279-80

animal handlers, 267-8, 269, 274

antacids, 119

anthrax, 7, 12, 16, 160, 161, 162-72,281,

283,285

cutaneous, 12, 162, 163, 164-5, 167

deliberate release/biological warfare

agent potential, 163, 167, 170-2,

202,203,204

US mail case (Arnerithrax), 165, 171-2

in drum makers, 161, 162, 169-70

inhalationaVpulmonary, 12, 163, 164,

165, 166-7

intestinal, 164, 165

meningitis, 165, 166

prophylaxis, 167-8

treatment, 165-7

antibiotic therapy, 275-6

antimicrobial resistance, 15-16,275,

277-80

Aravan virus, 196

arboviruses, 209, 244

arenaviruses, 211-14

armadillos, 17, 58-9

arthropod vectors, 12-13,209

ascariasis, 98-100

Ascaris 'spp., 98

Australia Group, 202-3

Australian bat lyssavirus, 197

avian chlamydiosis see psittacosis

avian influenza H5Nl, 27, 63, 65-75, 161

current outbreak, 67,70-72

avian paramyxovirus type 1, 63

avoparacin resistance, 279

azithromycin, 31, 33, 36, 72, 250

bacillary angiomatosis, 36

Bacillus anthracis, 7, 162

Balkan influenza see q fever

Bartonella henselae, 12,35,36

Bartonella quintana, 35

bat-borne viruses, 220

Australian bat lyssavirus, 197

coronaviruses, 220

European bat lyssavirus (bat rabies),

197,200

298 I Index

fruit bat paramyxoviruses, 222, 226

lyssavirus rabies-like disease, 196-7

rab~~ 189, 190, 191, 193, 197, 198,

240-1

Baylisascaris procyonis, 245

Bayou virus, 216

BCG vaccine, 91

Bermejo virus, 217

Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention

(BTWC),202

biological warfare/bioterrorism agents, 162,

202-6,252

infection of wildlife, 261-2

public health issues (forward

planning), 205-6

see also anthrax

birds, 238, 240

agricultural livestock, 62-74

companion animals, 27-33

migratory,S, 6, 13,70,161,227,240

Black Creek Canal virus, 216

Black Death, 161, 176, 183

Bolivian haemorrhagic fever (black typhus),

213

Borna disease, 233-5

Borrelia spp., 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250

botulinum antitoxin, 129, 130

botulinum toxin, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131

deliberate releaselbioterrorism, 203,

204

botulism, 127-31,285

food-borne, 128-30, 285

infant, 128, 130-1, 285

inhalation, 128

wound, 128, 131,286

bovine spongiform encephalopathy, 10-11,

16,18,20,22,23,75,110,143,144-5

government-led enquiry, 152

prevention, 153-6

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

linkage, 147-8

Brazilian haemorrhagic fever,214

brevitoxins, 112

Brucella abortus, 76, 126

Brucella melitensis, 75, 76, 126

Brucella spp., 76,240, 285

Brucella suis, 76,243

brucellosis, 16, 74, 75-8, 281, 286

deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204,

205

bunyaviruses, 214-15, 218-19

Burkholderia mallei, 9, 54

bushmeat, 241-2

Cache Valley virus, 218

Campylobacter coli, 133,279

Campylobacter jejuni, 133,279

Campylobacter spp., 133-4

antimicrobial resistance, 279

canola fever (Leptospira canicola), 56

Cat Scratch Disease, 12, 34, 35-6 i

cats, 33-4,40,41,49,51,52-3,238

hygiene measures, 42, 48,52

Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201

cattle, 75-91

tracing system, 155

causative pathogens, 1-4

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC),14

cephalosporins, 54, 72, 101, 166, 185,250

resistance, 123,279

Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (herpes B

'virus), 257

cetacean brucellosis, 76, 78

charbon see anthrax

Chikungunya fever, 209-10

children, 18, 268, 269

Chlamydia, 4, 19

chlamydiosis, 92-4

Chlamydophila abortus, 92, 93

Chlamydophila felis, 92, 94

Chlamydophila pecorum, 92

Chlamydophila psittaci, 8, 9, 31, 32, 238,

281

Chlamydophila spp., 92 , 240, 244

chloramphenicol, 54, 64, 83, 134, 166, 185,

186,255

resistance, 123,279

chloroquine, 83,210

chlortetracycline, 94

Choclo virus, 217

cholera, 111

chronic wasting disease, 144, 158,241

cidofovir,258

ciguatera,111-12

cimetidine, 119

ciprofloxacin, 54, 123, 165, 166, 167, 168,

171,185,186,187,255

prophylactic use, 167, 168, 186, 187

resistance, 279

circuses, 243-4

clarithromycin,31

clindamycin, 52, 166, 167

Clostridium botulinum, 126, 127-31

Clostridium difficile, 280

Clostridium perfringens, 8, 126-7,240

toxin, 126, 127,205

clotrimazole, 44

companion animals, 16-17, 26-59, 287

benefits of ownership, 27, 266

exotics, 17, 244

contagious pustular dermatitis (orf), 96-7

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Regulations (1999),282

coronaviruses,219-20

co-trimoxazole, 119, 186

Coxiella burnetti, 10, 81, 83,244

creeping eruption see cutaneous larva

migrans

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 146

see also variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob

disease

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, 203,

214-15

critical control points, food

production/handling, 136

Crohn's disease, 3, 30

cryptococcosis, 27, 28-9

Cryptococcus neoformans, 27, 281

cryptosporidiosis, 19, 132-3,286

Cryptosporidium parvum, 132

Cryptosporidium spp., 132,244,276

cutaneous larva migrans (creeping

eruption), 40, 41-2

cysticercosis, 85, 86, 87

dairy-worker fever (Leptospira hardjo), 56

deer, 240, 243, 246-56

deer-fly fever see tularaemia

deliberate release, 202

Index I 299

see also biological warfare/bioterrorism

agents

Dermacentor reticulatus, 253

diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning, 112

dinoflagellate toxins, 111, 112, 113

direct contact transmission, 11-12

Dobrava virus, 215

dogs, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 188, 190,

238

hygiene measures, 42, 48

Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201

domoic acid, 112

doxycycline, 33, 54, 58, 77, 83'1165, 166,

167,168,171,185,186,187,250,255,

256

prophylatic use, 168, 186, 187

Duvenhage virus, 196-7

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis, 210-11,

285

EBLV-1I2 (European bat lyssavirus), 197

Ebola,2, 160, 172-6,226,240,242,284

deliberate release/bioterrorism

potential, 203

outbreak statistics, 174-5

echinococcosis, 36-40

Echinococcus granulosus, 36, 37

Echinococcus multilocularis, 36, 37, 40,

201,239,284

eggs, 62, 13 7

Salmonella contamination, 122, 124,

125

elderly people, 18, 74,268,269

emergent pathogens, 4-7

enzootic abortion, 92, 93

equine influenza, 65

erythema migrans, 249

erythromycin, 33, 36, 93, 103, 119,246,

255

Escherichia coli, 22,110,113-17

antimicrobial resistance, 279

Escherichia coli 0157:H7, 11, 16, 113-14,

205,243

Pennington report, 117

" ':

300 I Index

toxin, 114, 115

Wishawoutbreak (Scotland), 11,

115-17

ethambutol, 90

European bat lyssavirus (bat rabies), 197,

200

exotic Newcastle disease (pseudo-fowl pest),

63-5

exotics, 17,238-9,244

escapes/releases, 243

false cowpox (pseudo-cowpox), 80-1

farcy see glanders

farm visits, 140, 243-4

fatal familial insomnia, 147

feline keratoconjunctivitis, 94

ferrets, Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), 201

filoviruses, 220-1

fish, food-borne zoonoses, 111

flaviviruses, 226-35

flea vectors, 12, 13, 18,35,239

plague, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182,

188

flucloxacillin,42

fluoroquinolones resistance, 123

flupirtine, 151

fomite spread, 8, 12

food poisoning, 8, 10, 110,283

deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204,

205

food production, 20-1, 139-40

food safety, 110

general hygiene recommendations,

138-9

industrial issues, 20

public confidence, 22

Food Safety Inspection Service, 135, 138

food scares, 21, 22-3,110,122

Food Standards Agency (FSA), 11, 117,

135,138

food sterilisation, 139

food-borne transmission, 8, 9-11, 14-15,

16,110-40

prevention, 135-40

transmission pathways, 111

food-industry workers, 268

disease risk, 269

foot-and-mouth disease, 3, 21-2, 78-80,

140,240,242,243,244

fowl cholera (Pasteurella), 100-2

fowl plague, 65

foxes, 37, 40, 188, 190,239,240

Francis' disease see tularaemia

Francisella endotoxin, 252

Francisella tularensis, 251, 252

subspecies, 253

fusidic acid, 64, 94

Gambierdiscus toxicus, 111

genetic susceptibility, 19-20

gentamicin, 54, 119, 134? 166, 167, 185,

186,255

resistance, 279

Gerstmann-Strassler-Schenker syndrome,

147

gestational psittacosis (chlamydiosis), 92-4

Giardia lamblia, 94

giardiasis, 94-6, 286

glanders (farcy), 9, 53, 54-5, 205

Global Health Security Initiative, 203

griseofulvin, 44

Guanarito virus, 211

Guillain-Barre syndrome, 134-5,229

HACCP process, 136

haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, 114-15,286

haemorrhagic colitis, 114

haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

(HFRS), '215-16,217

haemorrhagic jaundice (Leptospira

icterohaemorrhagiae),56

hantavirus, 205, 215-17

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 215, 216,

217,286

Haverhill fever (rat-bite fever), 245-6

hazard analysis, food production/handling,

136 health promotion/education, 274-5

Health and Safety at Work etc, Act (1974),

281

healthcare implications, 265-88

hedgehogs, 244

Hendra virus, 220, 221-2, 284

henipaviruses,221-6

hepatitis A, 58

hepatitis B, 58

herpes B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus

1),257

HIV/AIDS, 27, 28, 30, 34, 36, 104,259-60,

270,288

BCG vaccine contraindication, 91

bovine tuberculosis, 90

Campylobacter septicaemia, 134

cryptosporidiosis, 132

giardiasis, 95, 96

monkeypox,258

Pasteurella infection, 101

salmonella septicaemia, 123

toxoplasmosis, 51

hookworm, 40-2

horses, 53-8

Human Animal Infections and Risk

Surveillance (HAIRS) group, 14

human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV),

194

human rabies immunoglobulin, 193, 195

human T lymphotrophic virus (HTLV), 260

hunting, 241

hydatid disease (hydatidosis), 36-7, 38

hydatid sand, 38

hydrophobia see rabies

ibuprofen, 69

imipenem, 54, 166

immunocompromised individuals, 19,268,

270

Cat Scratch Disease, 34, 35

cryptococcosis, 28, 29

cryptosporidiosis, 132

disease risk, 269

Escherichia coli 0157:H7, 115

giardiasis, 95, 96

influenza vaccination, 74

listeriosis, 118, 120

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,

213

Mycobacterium avium complex, 30

psittacosis, 33

ringworm, 43

salmonellosis, 123

toxoplasmosis, 48, 51

Index I 301

importance of zoonoses, 14-18,265-6

infective dose, 7-8

influenza, 65-75

antigenic drift, 65

haemagglutinin (H), 65

neuraminidase (N), 65

vaccines, 67, 73-4

influenza A, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 286

antigenic shift, 65

influenza B, 65, 69

influenza C, 65

influenza HIN1 subtype, 67-8 I

influenza H3N2 subtype, 67

influenza H5N1 subtype, 67, 68-74, 161,

240,242

control protocols, 71, 75

current outbreak, 70-2

see also avian influenza H5Nl

influenza H7N7 subtype, 67

Irkut virus, 196

isoniazid, 90

ivermectin, 42, 45, 48

Ixodes spp., 13,247,253

Japanese encephalitis, 231-2

Johne's disease, 3

Junin virus, 212, 214

ketoconazole, 44

Khajard virus, 196

Kunjin virus, 226, 227

kuru, 147

Kyansur haemorrhagic virus, 233

La Cross virus, 218

Lagos bat virus, 196

Lassa fever, 212-13

deliberate release/bioterrorism, 204

legislation

UK, 20, 23, 280-5

US, 285-6

leprosy, 17, 58-9

Leptospira spp., 56, 57

302 I Index

leptospirosis, 10,53,56-8,239,281,283

levamisole, 99

levofloxacin, 169, 185, 186

Listeria monocytogenes, 19, 118

listeriosis, 118-22,286

loperamide, 123

Lyme disease, 4, 241, 244, 246, 247-51,

281,286

transmission, 13,248-9

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, 211,

213

lyssaviruses, 188, 196-7

Machupo virus, 213-14

malignant oedema see anthrax

malignant pustule see anthrax, cutaneous

Malta fever see brucellosis

mammalian-derived meat and bone meal

(MMBM),155

Management of Health and Safety at Work

Regulations (1992),281-2

Marburg virus, 58, 203, 220-1, 240

Mayaro virus, 211

meat, 10-11, 16

bushmeat,241-2

contamination reduction at harvesting,

137

food-borne zoonoses, 113-17

meat and bone meal (MBM), 144, 145

mebendazole, 39, 41, 48,100,107

medical practitioner referral, 266

Mediterranean fever see brucellosis

Menangle virus, 226

mepacrine, 95

meropenem, 166, 167

metronidazole, 95, 100

miconazole, 44

Microsporum canis, 43

Microsporum spp., 42

milk-borne diseases, 9-10, 126, 137

milkers' nodule/wart (pseudo-cowpox),

80-1

Mobala virus, 214

Mokala virus, 196

monkeypox, 242, 244, 257-9

Monongahela virus, 216

mosquito vectors, 5, 6, 12, 13,209,210,

218,219,231

West Nile virus, 227, 228, 231

mycobacteria, 29, 58, 244

Mycobacterium avium complex, 3, 27,

29-31,281

Mycobacterium bovis, 9-10, 29, 87, 88,

239,243

Mycobacterium intracellulare see

Mycobacterium avium complex

Mycobacterium marinum, 29

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 29, 87

Necator americanus, 40

necrotic enteritis (pigbel); 8, 127

neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, 112

New York virus, 216

Newcastle disease, 63-5

niclosamide,86

Nipah virus, 205, 220, 222-5, 241

norfloxacin,255

Notedres cati, 45

notifiable disease

UK,282-5

USA, 285-6

occupational exposure, 19,20-1,39,54,

56,58,268,269

preventive measures, 274

ocular larva migrans, 47-8

ofloxacin,186

O'Hara's disease see tularaemia

okadaic acid, 112

Omsk haemorrhagic virus, 233

orf,96-7

Oropouche virus, 218

oseltamivir, 67, 72

paracetamol, ~9

paralytic shellfish poisoning, 112, 113

paramyxoviruses, 221-6

parapoxvirus, 96, 97

Pasteurella multocida, 100, 101,240

Pasteurella spp., 100-2

penicillin, 54, 57, 101, 103, 119, 166, 185,

246,250

Pennington report, 117, 135

pentosan polysulphate, 151

personnel loss, 20-1

pest control, 18,260

pesticides, 45, 276-7

Pet Travel Scheme (PETS; pet passports),

188,193,199,201,246,284

Pets as Therapy (PAT), 27, 267

pica, 10 pigbel (enteritis necroticans), 8, 127

pigs, 98-107 piperazine, 100

plague, 13, 17, 18, 160, 161, 176-88,240,

244,283,286

animal reservoir/maintenance hosts,

181-2

biological warfare potential, 177, 203,

204

bubonic, 176, 182-3

historical pandemics, 176-7

international initiatives, 178-9

meningitis, 183, 186

pharyngeal, 183-4

pneumonic, 176, 177, 179, 180, 184,

185

prevention, 187-8

prophylaxis, 186-7

septicaemic, 183

transmission, 178, 182

treatment, 185-6

vaccination, 187

wild foci, 177-8, 180-1

poultry production, 62-3

Powassan virus, 233, 285

praziquantel, 39, 86

pregnant women, 9, 19,268

chlamydiosis (gestational psittacosis),

93,94

disease risk, 269

listeriosis, 118, 120, 121

lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus,

213

plague prophylaxis, 186, 187

toxoplasmosis, 48, 50, 51, 52

prevention, 266, 268, 270-2

strategies, 272-4

Index I 303

primates, 58

viruses, 256-60

prion disease, 10-11, 18, 19, 75, 143-58,

288

pseudo-cowpox, 80-1

psittacosis (ornithosis), 8,9, 19,27,31-3,

205,242,268,271,281,286

public impact of zoonoses, 21-4

Puumala virus, 215

pyrantel, 100

pyrazinamide, 90 pyrimethamine, 51, 52

Q fever, 10, 81-4, 126,281,286

deliberate release/bioterrorjsm

potential, 204, 205

quarantine, 161, 175, 188, 193, 199,200,

201

Query fever see Q fever

quinolones resistance, 123,279

rabbit fever see tularaemia

rabies, 12, 17, 160, 161, 188-201,281,

283,286

bat-mediated, 197, 198,200,240-1

Europe, 188-9, 198

North America, 189-90, 198

organ transplant patients, 199

prevention, 199-201

prophylaxis, 193-4

treatment, 192-3

UK, 188, 198

vaccination; 200

animals, 189, 190, 193,

199-200

post-exposure prophylaxis, 188,

189, 190, 192-3, 194, 197, 199,

200

pre-exposu~e, 194, 195 regimens, 194-6

raccoon dog (Nycterentes procyonides),

rabies transmission, 188,243

raccoon roundworm, 245

raccoons, rabies transmission, 190

rat-bite fever, 245-6

re-emerging zoonoses, 6

304 I Index

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and

Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

(RIDDOR) (1995),281

reptiles, 58, 125

ribavirin, 193, 217, 235

Rickettsia prowazekii, 246

rifabutin, 31

rifampicin, 76, 77, 90, 166, 167

rifamycin, 31, 44

Rift valley fever, 219

ringworm, 12,42-4,244

risk assessment, 268, 270

risk groups, 18-19,268,269

rodent vectors, 239, 240

arenaviruses, 211, 213, 214

hantaviruses, 215, 217

plague, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,

182, 188

roundworm, large, 98-100

Saaremaa virus, 215

Sabia virus, 214

St Louis encephalitis, 232, 285

Salmonella dublin, 240

Salmonella enteritidis, 122, 124, 125

Salmonella kingabwa, 125

Salmonella newport, 124

Salmonella paratyphi var. J.ava, 122, 125

Salmonella pomona, 125

Salmonella spp., 17, 58, 204, 205, 240,

244,279,285,286,287

Salmonella typhi, 58

Salmonella typhimurium, 122, 124, 125,

240,279

Salmonella typhimurium DTI04, 123,279

R serotype, 15, 123,279

Salmonella virchow, 122,279

salmonellosis, 122-6

Sarcoptes scabiei, 44

saxitoxin, 112

scabies, 44-5

scrapie, 19, 143, 144, 145-6

seals, brucellosis, 76, 78

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),

219-20,242,286

sheep, 37, 38,49,50,53,91-7

shellfish poisoning, 111, 112-13

Shigella spp., 204, 205

shipping fever (Pasteurella), 100-2

simian foamy virus,259

simian immunodeficiency virus, 259-60

Sin Nombre virus, 216

Soduku (rat-bite fever), 245-6

specified bovine material (SBM), 145

specified risk material, 156, 157

spiramycin, 52

Spirillium minus, 245

splenic fever see anthrax

Streptococcus suis, 102-4,281

streptomycin, 54, 77, 91, 185, 186,255

resistance, 123, 279

Strop to bacillus moniliformis, 245

sulfadiazine, 54

sulfamethoxasole, 51

sulphonamides resistance, 123,279

supportive therapy, 276

surveillance, 7, 14

antimicrobial resistance, 278

influenza, 71, 72-3

notifiable disease legislation, 283, 285

Salmonella spp., 123-4

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 150,

157-8

West Nile virus, 229, 231

wildlife/exotic diseases, 261-2

swine influenza, 65

current outbreak (Mexican swine flu),

67-8

Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis), 84

Taenia solium, 84

tapeworm (beef/pork tapeworm), 84-7

terbinafine, 44

tetanus, 1.6, 53; 284, 286

tetracyclines, 33, 54, 57, 83, 93, 101, 134,

185,186,250,255

resistance, 123,279

thrombocytopenic purpura, 115

tiabendazole, 42, 48, 107

ticarcillin, 54

tick vectors, 13,201,209,214,239,244,

252,253

tick-borne borreliosis see Lyme disease

tinidazole,95

Tioman virus, 226

Toxocara canis, 45, 239

Toxocara cati, 45

Toxocara felis, 19

toxocariasis, 34, 45-8, 270

Toxoplasma gondi, 3, 10, 48, 49, 244

Toxoplasma spp., 4, 10,242

toxoplasmosis, 19,34,48-53,270

congenital infection, 50

transgenic animals, 287-8

transmissible mink encephalopathy, 144

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies,

143

animal diseases, 144-6

human disease, 146-58

transmission routes, 7-13,111

preventive measures, 273

transplant patients, 199,213

trench fever, 35

Trichinella britovi, 104, 105

Trichinella nativa, 104

Trichinella pseudospiralis, 104, 105, 107

Trichinella spiralis, 104, 105,284

Trichinella spp., 239, 243

trichinosis (trichinellosis), 104-7,286

Trichophyton spp., 42

Trichophyton verrucosum, 43

trimethoprim, 123,279

resistance, 123

tuberculosis, 7, 19,29,30,271,276,281,

284,286

bovine, 9-10, 16, 75, 87-91, 126

surveillance and control, 88-9,91

tularaemia, 241, 244, 246, 251-6, 286

deliberate release/bioterrorism

potential, 204, 252

glandular, 254

oculoglandular, 254

oropharyngeal, 255

pneumonic, 255

typhoidal, 255

ulceroglandular, 254

vaccination, 252, 255

typhus fever, 246, 284

undulant fever see brucellosis

vancomycin, 166, 167

resistance, 279

Index I 305

variant Creutzfeldt-J ako b disease, 10-11,

16,18,22,23,143,144,147-51,156,

157-8,287

associated genetic modification, 148-9

epidemiological clusters, 152-3

prevention, 153-4

vectors,S, 12-13

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, 210

viral classification, 209

viral zoonotic diseases, 209-35

virginamycin resistance, 279

visceral larva migrans, 47

water-borne disease, 10, 17

Weil's disease see leptospirosis

West Caucasian bat virus, 196

West Nile virus, 6, 7, 13, 63, 161,226-31,

240,285

outbreaks, 227-9

transmission, 227, 230

Western equine encephalomyelitis, 210, 285

wild animals, 238, 239-40

bushrneat,241-2

live animal trade, 241, 242

transmission pathways, 240-4

wildlife diseases, 244

prevention of spread, 260-1

surveillance, 261-2

WIRED (wildlife-related emerging diseases),

240

woolsorter's disease see anthrax,

inhalationallpulmonary

xenotransplantation, 287-8

Yersinia enterocolitica, 131-2

Yersinia pestis, 7, 13, 177, 185

antimicrobial resistance, 180,279

yessotoxin, 112

Yuli virus, 196

zanamivir, 67, 69, 72

zoological parks, 243-4