zooplankton and biogeochemical cycles: who is conducting ... · zooplankton and biogeochemical...
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Zooplankton and biogeochemical cycles: Who is conducting the orchestra?
Santiago Hernández-León
Facultad de Ciencias del MarUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaCanary Islands, Spain
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Gravitational Flux
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Neuer et al. (2007)
ESTOC
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Mesozooplankton
Primary producers
Microzooplankton Microbial pathway
Respiration
Low gravitational flux
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500 m!
Active Flux
Bordes et al. (2010)
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-900
-800
-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Respiration (day)
Hernández-León et al. (2001)
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-900
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-700
-600
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
Respiration (night)
Hernández-León et al. (2001)
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-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-900
-700
-500
-300
-100
Day minus night
Hernández-León et al. (2001)
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Location Time of year Migrant biomass (mmolC·m-2)
Respiratory flux (mmolC·m-2·d-1)
Gut flux (mmolC·m-2·d-1)
Mortality flux (mmolC·m-2·d-1)
% of POC flux* References
Pacific OceanEastern Equator March - April 8±2.1 0.35±0.10 - 0.24±0.07 18 Zhang and Dam (1997)Eastern Equator October 12.9±2.7 0.61±0.12 - 0.45±0.09 25 Zhang and Dam (1997)Central Equator (HNLC)
October 4.41 0.50 - - 4 Le Borgne and Rodier (1997)
Western Equator October 3.91 0.25 - - 6 Le Borgne and Rodier (1997)Western Equator February 25 (12-37) 1.10 (0.61-1.58) - 0.29 (0.22-0.37) 24 (13-35) Hidaka et al. (2001)ALOHA Year-round 13.5 (9-18) 0.30 (0.22-0.4) - - 15 (12-18) Al-Mutairi and Landry (2001)ALOHA June - July 13.16 0.31 - - 18 Steinberg et al. (2008)Equator divergence
0.23-1.82 0.08-0.1 - - <1-2 Roman et al. (2002)
Oligotrophic area 2.52-2.82 0.11-0.14 - - 4 Roman et al. (2002)Atlantic Ocean -
NFLUX September 2.42 0.16 - - 3 Longhurst et al. (1989, 1990)Oligotrophic (BATS)
March/April 16 (7–45) 1.21 (0.52-3.4) - - 34 (18-70) Dam et al. (1995)
Oligotrophic (BATS)
year-round 4 (0-10) 0.17 (0-0.83) - - 8 (0-39) Steinberg et al. (2000)
Oligotrophic (BATS)
year-round 0.05-39 - 0-0.37 - 0.03-21 Schnetzer and Steinberg (2002)
North (coastal) Oct-November
30 5.8 2.5 0.1 - - - Isla and Anadón (2004)
North (poleward current)
Oct-November
22.5 17 0.86 0.5 - - - Isla and Anadón (2004)
North (Oceanic) Oct-November
2.5 0.8 0.2 0.02 - - - Isla and Anadón (2004)
Canary Islands August 15 (10-20) 0.26 (0.16-0.36) 0.11 (0.03-0.20) - 30 (16-45) Hernández-León et al. (2001a)Canary Islands June 48-107 0.19-0.70 0.01-0.04 - 15-53 Yebra et al. (2005)Canary Islands March 9.0-28.46 0.04-0.11 0.005-0.015 - 1.1-2.7 Putzeys et al. (submitted)
Revised from Ducklow et al (2001) in Putzeys et al. (submitted)
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O N D J F M A M J J A S
Hernández-León (1998)
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Gliwicz (1986)
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Bordes et al. (2010)
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DSL
DVMs duringfull moon
0
100
200
300
400
500
Depth (m)
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MOHT netOozeki et al. (2004)
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DSLC
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Hernández-León et al. (2001)
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100-200
200-500
500-1000
>1000
May 1999
g dw
·m
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
24 26 28 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
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%dw 100-200%dw 200-500%dw 500-1000%dw >1000Moonlight
May 1999
% d
ry w
eigh
t
moon illum
ination
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0
20
40
60
80
100
26 28 30 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
mg
dry
wei
ght ·
m-2
Days after 18th January
Hernández-León et al. (2004)
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26 de Febrero de 2000
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
mg
dry
wei
ght ·
m-2
Days after 18th January
Hernández-León et al. (2004)
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O | N | D | J | F | M | A | M | J
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Chlorophyll a (m
g·m-3
)
18
19
20
21
22
23
24Tem
perature (o C)
2006
Hernández-León et al. (2010)
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O | N | D | J | F | M | A | M | J0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
Me
sozo
op
lan
kton
Bio
ma
ss(m
g d
ry we
igh
t·m
-3)
0 ,0
0 ,2
0 ,4
0 ,6
0 ,8
1 ,0
Mo
on
illum
ina
tion
Hernández-León et al. (2010)
2006
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Hernández-León et al. (2010)
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Values of active flux:• No-bloom May 1999 1.9 mmolC·m-2·d-1
• No-bloom January 2006 1.8-2.7 “
• Bloom February-March 2000 2.9 “• Bloom March-May 2005 1.8-3.3 “• Bloom February-March 2006 3.8-6.2 “• Bloom February-March 2007 2.6-10.1 “
Values of gravitational flux:
• Canary Current Neuer et al. (2007) 0.1-1.3 mmolC·m-2·d-1
• Canary Current Alonso-G. et al. (2009) 5.8-9.7 “• Canary Current Alonso-G. et al. (2010) 0.1-2.0 “• Hawaii Karl et al. (2001) 2.3-6.0 “• Bermuda Karl et al. (2001) 2.4-6.0 “
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Moreover,
• Hidaka et al. (2001) showed that flux due to micronektonic organisms was 56-60% of total active flux.
• Geochemical estimates• of new production : 6.8-14.6 mmolC·m-2·d-1
• Gravitational flux : ~2-6 mmolC·m-2·d-1
• Active flux : ~2-6 “• Others (DOC,...) : ?
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Mesozooplankton
Microzooplankton
Primary producers
Active flux
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• Which are the consequences of this predatory cycle for theeuphotic zone?
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Month
No.
of c
opep
ods·
m-3
Prim
ary production
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
200
600
1000
1400
1800
N | D | J | F | M | A | M | J
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The late winter bloom - 2005
Schmoker et al. (submitted)
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J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A0
20
40
60
80
100
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A0
20
40
60
80
100
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A0
20
40
60
80
100
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A0
20
40
60
80
100
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A0
20
40
60
80
100
Late winter bloom 2005R
elat
ive
biom
ass
Schmoker et al. (submitted)
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In summary,
• 1. Microbial loop scenario: energy and matter in the euphotic zone isnaturally recycled promoting low values of gravitational flux
• 2. Mesozooplankton is temporarily enhanced during the lunar cycle
• This energy and matter is shunt to the mesopelagic zone
• Active flux seems similar to gravitational flux
• And finally,
• Oceanographers are mostly educated in the bottom-up controls but top-down forces are also important to understand the carbon cycle
• Light is important in structuring the marine ecosystems
• There is a gap in our knowledge of the biological pump, mainly due to a gap in sampling the ocean
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Collaborators:
• Claire Schmoker• Inma Herrera-Rivero• Gara Franchy• Alejandro Ariza• Marta Moyano• Pascal Lehette• Lidia Yebra• Sébastien Putzeys• Laia Armengol• Lidia Nieves
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