zvolen, 15. october 2003 methods and procedures of forest management planning in close to nature...
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Zvolen, 15. October 2003
Methods and Proceduresof Forest Management Planning
in Close to Nature Forestryand Its Ecological Impacts
Heinrich Spiecker, Institute of Forest Growth, Freiburg
International Seminar
Zvolen 2003
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Zvolen, 15. October 2003
Three Principles of Close toNature Forest Management
Forest structure:ecological stability, biodiversity
Tree species composition: native and site adequate species
Management:application of self-regulating processes
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Zvolen, 15. October 2003
Management Conditions
State of the ForestMany Forests have not been managed according to the principle of “close to nature forestry”!History: Forest devastation, afforestation…..not always site adequate species, even aged stands,low stability (snow, storm, drought, insects, fungi)
KnowledgeExperience and knowledge on “Close to NatureForestry” and its impacts on ecological values is limited
Conditions are changing:socio-economic conditions and ecological conditions
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Two types of “Close to Nature Forest Management”
B. Management of “Close to Nature Forests”
A. Many forests needed to be converted when applying the criteria of “Close to Nature Management”: A management of Conversion is needed.
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e.g. natural range of Norway spruce
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0
20
40
60
80
100%
100
-10-20
20
Abies albaPicea abiesPinus sp.other broadleaved sp.Quercus sp.Fagus sylvatica
'natural' today source: Mayer 1984
Tree species distribution in Central Europe
Close to nature forestry: more broadleaved trees
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S a lvag e cu t - an in d ica to r fo r“c lo se to n atu re ”?
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0
20
40
60
80
10 0
12 0
19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 20 00
Storm
sa lva ge cut in % of a llo wa ble cu t inthe p ub lic fore st o f th e B la ck F o re st
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sa lva ge cut in % of a llo wa ble cu t inthe p ub lic fore st o f th e B la ck F o re st
0
20
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
d es icca te d & k illed b y in se cts
sn o w
0
20
40
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
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To provide a solid base for management planning related to close to nature management contributions
of various disciplines are needed:
Understanding of History
Silviculture
Inventory: sites, species, stand structure
Ecology: Ecological values such as ecological risk, soil fertility, biodiversity, water quality
Policy
Forest Operations
Economy
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Where should close to nature forestry be applied?
- Site conditions
- political conditions: incentives, restrictions
- Stand/landscape conditions
- Special values: protection of habitats, erosion, water quality
- ecological risks
- economic expectations of the owner
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What options for management towards close to nature forestry exist?
- clear cut
- shelter-wood cut
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- work and machinery input
Some prerequisites of close to nature forestry on management activities:
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- work and machinery input
- quality of work
- information and education
Prerequisites of close to nature forestry on management activities:
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Prerequisites of close to nature forestry on management activities:
- work and machinery input
- quality of work
- infrastructure
- education and information
- game density
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What are the results of close to nature forestry:
- ecological riskEcological aspects
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- ecological risk
- water quality- biodiversity- long-term site fertility (nutrient cycling etc.)
Ecological aspects
What are the results of close to nature forestry:
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Ecological Impact of Close to Nature Forestry
Nutrient balance in conifer forests:often higher acidificationnutrient cycling is slowed downaccumulation of organic matter
In conifer Forests Susceptibility towindthrowsnow damagebark beetlesfungi is relatively high
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Biodiversity in conifer forests:less diversity in pure coniferous forestsis a generally accepted hypothesis
Water quality in conifer forests:higher acidity in surface water transpiration rate is lowerwhile interception is higher
Ecological Impact of Close to Nature Forestry
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- ecological risk
- cost of managing (harvesting etc.)
- water quality- biodiversity- long-term site fertility (nutrient cycling etc.)
Ecological aspects
Economic aspects
- wood characteristics
What are the results of close to nature forestry:
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Criteria:- net present value (profitability)- cash flow (liquidity)- risk- flexibility
Economic Impact of Close to Nature Forestry
Relevant impacts:- wood quantity- wood dimension and quality- length of the production period- establishment, tending and harvesting cost
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Conclusions IThe choice of the management option depends on:
- site conditions, stand conditions, etc.
- economic conditions
- ownership
- political conditions
No one single optimal management option!
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Conclusions II
- improvement of knowledge/technologies
- changing economic conditions
- changing values
- changing ecologic conditions
As management has long-termimpacts we have to deal with
- changing political conditions
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Conclusions III
Uncertainty:
Strategies should allow various options for the future
Management strategies need to be flexible!
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Zvolen, 15. October 2003