© 2007 aims and objectivesstructures structural framework 1.1.1a child and youth services in...

© 2007

Aims and ObjectivesStructures Structural Framework

1.1.1a

Child and Youth Services in Germany

www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info

Structural Framework Society

© 20071.1.1 E

The family as a communityof adults (parents) and children …

is subject of changing processes

Tendencies

changing values.

is highly appreciated - also by young people

is a focal point of life for children

two-generations-family

fewer children / one-child-family

differentiation of ways of life in the family

is under the special protection of the state.



© 20071.1.2 E

Children today ...

are (normally) planned for and wanted,

do not have siblings as often (are only children) and have fewer relatives,

spend more time in educational institutions,

are subject to the influence of many medias,

live more often in conglomerations (city childhood),

have rights for example to ... :

- protection against economic and sexual exploitation.

- parental care,

- equality of opportunity,

- health,

- education,

- play and leisure time,

- freedom of opinion,

- information and legal hearing,

- an upbringing without violence,



© 2007

1.1.1a

1.1.3 E

Demographical development (I)

Population figures in Germany as at 31.12.2004 (in Millions):

5,8

2,8

3,8

4,4

6,5

Children under 6 years

Children aged between 6 and 13

Young People aged between 14 and 18

Young people aged between 18 and 20

Young adults aged between 21 and 27

Overall 28 percent of the population was under 27 years by an entire population of 82.5 Millions.



© 20071.1.8 E

Young people live in a push-and-pull situation of …

favorable development conditions and intensified competition,

commercialised leisure time and self organisation,

Integration/emancipation and exclusion,

Tradition and modern life.

Important for young people: ... less important:

- religion.

- financial security,

- good job/interesting work,

- partnership,

- family and children,

- living together with others in harmony,

- achieving something in life.

- political activity,

- belief,



© 2007

40%

42%

52%

58%

71%

70%

68%

35%

33%

61%

1.1.9 E

Most frequently fears of young people (aged between 12 and 25 years) 2006

Bad economic situation, poverty

Loss of job, no employment/no training place

Terrorist attacks

Environmental pollution

Dangerous illness (cancer, AIDS)

War in Europe

Xenophobia in Germany

Threat/violence

Immigration to Germany

Stealing Source: 15. Shell-Studie 2006



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School (education) is to …

prepare transition to vocational training and the job situation,

compensate for social disadvantages (equal opportunities),

make social problems transparent and provide skills to take action.

promote social skills,

assess achievement,

impart knowledge,



© 20071.1.11 E

Number of pupils in Germany according to school types 2004(figures given in millions):

43,2% 24,3%

11% 21,5 %

Primary school: 3,15

Grammar school: 2,40

Former secondarymodern school: 1,35

Basic secondaryschool: 1,19

Integrated compre-hensive school: 0,61

Grammar 43,2%

Former sec. 24,3%

Basic sec. 21,5%

Integrated 11%

Pupils attending secondary schools (in %):



© 20071.1.16 E

Intensification of social problems

Demographic development

Increase in crises in young peoples lives

Increase in demands and overwhelming situations in families

Increase in unemployment, also among young people

Reduction in social support for families

Growing doubts about the ability of the political system to solve problems

Therefore:

Participation of young people and the further development of democracy will gain central significance in overcoming social problems and crises.


Structural Framework The State

© 20071.2.1 E

The Federal Republic of Germany is a state based on the rule of law

The principle of the legislation being bound by the constitutional order

The principle of the executive and judiciary being bound by law and justice

The fundamental principles shaping the state based on the rule of law are:

Legislative (legislation): Parliament

Executive (executive power): Government/Administration

Judiciary (administraton of justice): Justice

Against unlawful acts of the administration, the citizens enjoy protection by independent courts.

The principle of separation of powers:



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"Social state" can be used as a normative or descriptive term.

Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: : >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. <<

Used as a normative term, social state is meant as a state based on social justice how it should be: :

Basic Law, Article 28, Paragraph 1: >> The constitutional order in the Länder must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic and social state governed by the rule of law, within the meaning of this Basic Law... <<

Used as a deskriptive term, social state characterises the structure and the extent of measures and schemes run by the state to achieve greater social justice (social security and social balance). Fundamental elements of the social state are the social policy and the social security benefits which are provided by it.



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Democracy

Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. <<

Democracy as form of government of the Federal Republic of Germany

Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people through elections and other votes and through specific legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. <<

Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> Political parties shall participate in the formation of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organisation must conform to democratic principles... <<

Democracy as pluralism of parties

Democracy as a question of self-determination, participation and the power of decision-making of the citizens (the right of participation in decision-making, codetermination, community action groups)



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Federal structure (I)

Article 30 Basic Law>> Except as otherwise provided or permitted by this Basic Law, the

exercise of state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter

for the Länder. <<

The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal state consisting of 16 so-called Länder, each of which is a state in itself.

Article 31 Basic Law>> Federal law shall take precedence over Land law. <<

With the European integration process, topics and regulations of the European Union are gaining ever more significance.



© 20071.2.5 E

Federal structure (II)

Saxony-Anhalt

Schleswig-Holstein

Lower Saxony

North Rhine-Westfalia

Rhineland-Palatinate

Saarland

Baden-Wurttemberg

Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania

Brandenburg

Saxony

Bavaria

Hamburg

Bremen

Berlin

Thuringia

Hessen



© 20071.2.6 E

Local self-government

In order to perform the functions of local self-government in towns and districts there must be a council representing the citizens‘ interests. This is established on the basis of general, direct, free, equal and secret elections where citizens from other EU countries are entitled to vote as well.

There are four types of functions discharged in local administration:

Powers exercised in the local bodies‘ own right:

1. voluntary responsibilities(e. g. theatre, sports centres …)

2. statutory functions of self-government (e. g. youth services, social assistance benefit …)

Powers transferred to the local bodies:

3. functions discharged as directed(e. g. fire brigade, housing benefit)

4. functions exercised on behalf of the State(e. g. national elections, population census ...)



© 2007

Public finance

1.2.7 E

The Federation’s public revenue is mainly derived from Federal taxes and the share of joint taxes allocated to the Federation. Gemeinschaftssteuern.

The Länder (states) obtain their revenue mainly from Land taxes and portions of joint taxes going to the Länder, from the Financial Equalization Scheme aiming to mitigate financial disparities between the Länder, and from Federal ‚complemental grants.

The communities derive their funds mainly from community taxes, the community share of the wages and income tax as well as the trade tax, and from allocations made by the respective Land.

Public revenue in 2005 in million €: The most important sources of revenue are the two major joint taxes.In 2005 they made up 62 % of the overall tax revenue.

Wages/income tax: 163,4 Mrd. € Turnover tax: 139,7 Mrd. €

Federation Federal States

Communities

151,060 €235,301 €250,043 €

Structures Institutions

www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info © 20072.1.1.1 E

The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in childand youth services (I)

Federation: Child and Youth Services Act (German abbreviation KJHG); incentives to and financial support for youth services involving several Länder; Federal Advisory Board on Youth Problems; Child and Youth Report of the Federal Government every four years.

The Länder give financial support to the organisations and bodies responsible for child and youth services, aimed at the further development and balanced expansion of provision. They assist the local youth service bodies by providing counselling and advanced training.

Towns and districts set up a youth office: Responsibility for, planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government.


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Federation Länder Towns and districts

Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

16 Youth ministries of the Länder (Federal states)Youth offices of the Länder

Youth offices in every district and town (administrative district in their own right)

SGB VIII Child and Youth Act

Carrying-out laws to SGB VIII

Mid-range child and youth plans

Authority

Basics

Nationwide stimulation and furthering

Stimulation, furthering, further development of of non-statutory and statutory youth servies

Responsibility for planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government

Instruments

Child and youth plan of the Federation (KJP)

Child and youth report

Child and youth plans of the LänderChild and youth reports of the Länder

Funding of local and regional institutions and offerings of non-statutory and statutory bodies

Funding and reports

2.1.1.2 E

The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in child and youth services(II)


www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info © 20072.1.2 E

Bodies of the non-statutory youth work and youth services

Child and youth services are mainly provided by non-statutory, non-profit making bodies and organisations:

Federation Länder Towns and districts

Federal Youth Council (Bundesjugendring)

Standing conferences of youth organisations at the Land level

Standing conferences of youth organisations

Youth organisations at the Federal level

Youth organisations at the Land level

Local youth organisations and groups

Associations of Voluntary Social Welfare Services(Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der freien Wohlfahrtspflege)

Land-level working parties of welfare organisations

Working parties of the welfare organisations operating atthe local level (towns and districts)

Central associations of organisations engaged in voluntary welfare work and associations of other organisations

Central associations of organisations engaged in voluntary welfare work and associations of other organisations

Welfare organisationsReligious communitiesOther associations andbodiesGroup initiatives



2.1.4

at federal level

Statutory child and youth services

at municipality / district level


at federal level

Voluntary child and youth services

at federal state level


at municipality / district level

Structure of child and youth services in the Federal Republic of Germany

at federal state level





German National Comitee forInternational Youth Work

GermanFederalYouth

Council

GermanSportsYouth(GSY)

Councilof Political

Youth Organi-sations (CPYO)

Welfareorgani-sations

Voluntary child and youth services at federal level

Other centralorganisationsandinstitutionse.g. AGJ, AdB, BKJ,DJH, DJI, IJAB

Statutory bodies

Fed

eral

sta

te l

evel

Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activities Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination


www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info © 2007

Statutory bodies

2.1.3.3 E

RegionalYouthCouncils

Federalstate SportsAssociationsof the GSY

Federal state Committee of the CPYO

Welfare associationsat federalstatelevel

Voluntary child and youth services at federal state level

Other associatons at the federal state level

Fed

eral

sta

teM

un

icip

alit

y /

dis

tric

t le

vel

Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity

Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination



Town- or districtYouth Councils

Localsportsassociations

Town or districtcommitteeof theCPYO

Local welfare organisations

Voluntary child and youth services at municipality or district level

Otherlocal organisations

Statutory bodies

Fed

eral

sta

te l

evel

Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity

Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination


www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info © 20072.1.3.5 D

Statutory child and youth service at federal level

German Bundestag

Federal Government

Bundesrat (Federal Council)

Bundestag Committee for Family, Senior

Citizens, Women and Youth

Commission for Children of theGerman Bundestag

Federal Ministry for Family,

Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

Working Party of the Supreme

Youth Departments of

the federal states

Local authorities at federal level

Federal AdvisoryCommittee onYouth Issues

Voluntary bodies

Fed

eral state land

Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination


www.kinder-jugendhilfe.info © 20072.1.3.6 D

Association of the Local Authorities at federal state level

Youth Office of the federal state

SupremeYouth Department of the federal state

Federal state Youth Services Committee

Federal state parliament, House of Representatives orCitizenry

Federal state Government or Senate

Statutory child and youth services at federal state level

Voluntary bodies

Fed

eral stateM

un

icip

ality / district Key:

Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination



Town-, district-,municipal-administration

Town- or district-Youth Services Committee

Town-/district-/municipal council

Towndistrictmunicipality

Town- ordistrict Youth Office

Statutory child and youth services at municipality or district level

Fed

eral state level

Voluntary bodies

Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination



Organisation of the youth office at the local level

The youth office

Youth Services Committee (JHA) Administration

The Youth Services Committee deals with all matters of child and youth services an, in particular, with: advice given to young people

an families with problems suggestions and proposals for the

development of child and youth services youth service planning

funding of and public support for the voluntary sector .

Ongoing administrative functions performed in accordance with the statutes of and the resolutions passed by the local council and by the Youth Services Committee.

Composition of the Youth Services Committee:2/5 of the members are representatives of youth organisations, welfare organisations, religious communities, associations3/5 of the members are representatives of the local council.



Organisation of the youth office at the local level

The Youth Office

Principal youth officer

central guidance

planning

appraisal/ controlling

organisation

staff

finance

public relation

Administration

socio-educational provision for children with problems

adoptions

social worker support in juvenile and family court proceedings

guardianship exercised by the local authority /curatorship

Social services

advice centre

informal education centre for the young

residental centre

Centralestablishments

funding and running of establishments

youth work

youth work and socio-educational provision for young people

family support

Generalsupport

funding and running of establishments

child minding

specialist counselling

Day care forchildren

Youth Services Committee

Structures Procedures / Organisation


Cooperation between the statutory and the voluntary sector

Precedence of the voluntary youth services (Principle of subsidiarity)Where the voluntary youth services can discharge suitable functions the

statutory sector shall refrain from activities of its own.

Funding for and furtherance of the voluntary sectorThe statutory youth services must subsidize and further the voluntary sector.

Basic principleStatutory and voluntary youth services shall cooperate on a basis of partnership.

Overall responsibility of the statutory sectorThe statutory sector, i.e. the youth office, has the overall responsiblity for

child and youth services.



Participation (Youth services plan)

Principle:

Parents and young people are citizens and entitled to benefits.

They have rights of participation.

Professional workers in child and youth services are obliged to give them a share.



Right to have a say in decision-making for those who are granted specific provision

Right of choice (§ 5 KJHG) = right to choose among the establishments and services of different bodies and organisations

Involvement of children and young persons (§ 8 KJHG) = right of information, counselling and co-determination in accordance with stage ofdevelopment

General principles of education and upbringen, equal rights for girls and boys (§ 9 KJHG) = right of consideration of gender-specific, social and cultural peculiarities

Participation in youth work (§ 11 KJHG) = right to co-organise and co-determine is the basis of youth work

Participation in child care establishments (§ 22 KJHG) = right of involvement in all major decisions running the day care establishment

Participation in granting educational/upbringing support (§ 36 KJHG) = right to joint development to set up a help plan, on which needs, type and extent of provision is based



Gender Mainstreaming

aims …

was …

should …

... to take the differing living conditions and interests of men and women into account from the very beginning and on a regular basis in all social projects and decisions.

... conceived within the context of development co-operation and made obligatory for the actions of the federal government by the United Nations and the European Union.

... not replace equality policy but rather make it more general, concrete and more effective.

Structures Funding


Expenditure for youth service provision in 2004

Overall expenditure in 2004 20,7 billion Euro = 3 percent of social security benefits

Expenditure in billion Euro:

10,9

18,6 19,220,7

1991 1994 2001 2004

Structure of the expenditure (%):

57,3 % Day care for children 28,2 % Socio-educational provision for children

with problems, provision for young adults

8,1 % Youth work, protection of young persons in public, socio-educational provision for young people

0,4 % General furtherance of education and up-bringing by the family

5,0 % other provision

57,3%

0,4%5,0%

8,1%

28,2%

Structures Funding


61 percent of the statutory funds made available for child and youth services are provided by the local authorities (towns, communities and districts)

3,5%

61,0%

35,5% Youth offices anddistrict-affiliated communities without a youth office of their town

Land Youth offices andyouth authorities of the Land government

Supreme Federal Authority

Funding sources

Structures Funding


Child and Youth Plan of the Federation

Support goals and programmes:

Political education

Cultural education

Youth and sport

Social education

Youth social work

Equality of girls and boys, work with girls and boys

Young people with disabilities

Assistence for young people and families

Assistence for children

Improvement in dealing with media

Youth organisation work

Child and youth services provided by voluntary social service agencies

Further training

New ways of child and youth services, evaluation, innovation

International youth work

International study programmes for specialised staff engaged in child and youth services and in social work

Integration of young people with a migrant background

Construction, acquisitions, equipment and maintenance of child and youth service facilities

Development and opportunities for young people in socially deprived areas

Other support measures

Protection of children and young people

Structures Funding


Child and Youth Plan of the Federation

Support procedures:

Direct procedure For recipients of institutional supportApplication to be forwarded directly to BMFSFJ

Central providers procedureApplication via federal working parties of voluntary service agencies

Federal states procedureApplication via the highest youth authorities of the federal states

Types of support:

Project support

Institutional support

Structures Personal in Youth Service

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Fields of work of the professionals in child and youth services

10,4%

89,6%

Men Women

Proportion of the professionals by sex 2002 (in %):

Socio-educational provision for children with problems 14%

Youth work/socio-educational provision for young people 9%

Youth offices/Youth offices by the Länder 6%

Other 5 %

Day care provision66%

Structures Personal in Youth Service


Social commitment by citizens – voluntary work

Voluntary social work: more than 600,000 people

in practical areas of activity: Work in youth organisations, activities for young people, mainly in the form of leasure time provision, care activities, guardianship/custodianship,

in organisations: Clubs, self-help groups, Boards, expert political committees.

Family commitment: approximately 60.000 foster parents

in substitute families

in all areas of family care

Social services by young people: approximately 13,000 persons on compulsory, non-military national service and approximately 1,750 young people doing a voluntary year of social work.

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Tasks and Objectives Mission and Claim

3.1.1 E

§ 1 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act)

(1) Every young person has a right to assistance in his or her development and to an appropriate upbringing so that he or she can be a responsible member of society.

(2) Care, upbringing and education of children are the natural right of parents and their primary duty. The public community watches over the fulfilment of that duty.

(3) For the realisation of this right, child and youth services shall

1. further young persons in their individual and social development and help to avoid or remove disadvantages,

2. give educational counsel and assistance to parents and other persons having parental powers,

3. protect children and young persons from harm to their welfare,

4. help maintain or create positive living conditions and a favourable environment for children, young people and their families.


Tasks and Objectives Mission and Claim

3.1.2 E

Tasks of child and youth services §§ 11-60 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act)

Provisions §§ 11-41 KJHG:

Other tasks (§§ 42-60 KJHG):e.g. provision of shelter and protectionparticipation in decision-making in guardianship, family and youth courts

§§ 11 – 15

Youth workSocio-educational provision for young people Socio-educational child and youth protection

International youthwork

Support for youth organisations

§§ 16 – 21

Furtherance of education and upbringing within the family

family education family advice family holiday schemes

separation and divorce consultation

§§ 22 – 26

Support of children in day care establishments and day care

crêche (Krippe) Kindergarten day care centre self-organised group

§§ 27 – 41

Socio-educational provision for children with problems Integration assistence for children and young persons with emotional disabilities Help for young adults non-residential socio-educational provision foster family residental care


Tasks and Objectives Support and Advancement

3.2.1 E

Youth work

Youth work offers should

Youth work is offered by youth associations and other statutory and voluntary bodies responsible for youth services.

youth work in sports, games and social activities,

youth work in connection with the working world, school and family,

be linked to the interests of young people,

be co-organised and determined by young people,

motivate young people to be socially responsible and encourage them to be socially committed.

out-of-school informal education for young people,

international youth work, holiday schemes for children and

young people, counselling services for young

people.

empower young people for self-determination,

… is in addition to family, school and vocational education a socialisation and educative area in itself.



3.2.2 E

Socio-educational provision for young people

to integrate into school and vocational/professional education,

to integrate into the world of work

to integrate into social life.

Socio-educational provision is a bridge to help with the transfer from school to working life:

in workshops

in adisory offices in training projects

in residental homes for young people

in projects for integration of young people with a migration background.

... is an aid to integration for young people :



3.2.3 E

Socio-educational child and youth protection

Socio-educational child and youth protection is a preventive service provided by the child and youth services for children, young people and for parents which is there to

enable young people to protect themselves against dangerous influences, empower them to constructive criticism, the ability to make decisions, take responsibility for their actions as well as be responsible towards others,

improve the ability of parents and others responsible for educating and bringing up children (kindergarten teachers, school teachers) to protect children and young people from dangerous influences.

Socio-educational child and youth protection is done, for example by:

working with parents (in kindergartens),

in family education courses,

family planning,

youth work or

via general informational campaigns (on AIDs, drugs etc.).



3.2.6 E

Promotion of education and upbringing within the familiy

Education and upbringing within the family are faced with growing demands,challenges and sometimes risks in modern society.

Families/parents need a wide range of advisory services, support and relief tosucceed in bringing up and educating their children.

The task of child and youth services is to strengthen parents‘ responsibility forcare and upbringing/education of their children by:

advice in matters of upbringing and education

family leisure time and holiday schemes

family education

support for single parents

advice in matters of partnership, separation, divorce.



3.2.7 E

Tasks of day care establishments for children

Day care establishments for childrenaim to …

Main tasks of day care

CareEnsuring children are supervisedand provided for during the day

Social educationCommunications of norms and values as well as social skills

EducationCommunication of skills and abilities

support of parents

support of children

© 2007 aims and objectivesstructures structural framework 1.1.1a child and youth services in...

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