© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter One: Chapter One: Shaping Your HealthShaping Your Health

1. Chapter Objectives:1. Chapter Objectives: Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Understand how health affects your lifestyleUnderstand how health affects your lifestyle• Recognize how the delivery of health care influences Recognize how the delivery of health care influences

definitions of healthdefinitions of health• Detail some of the health concerns outlined by the Detail some of the health concerns outlined by the

Institute of Medicine and Healthy People 2010Institute of Medicine and Healthy People 2010• Suggest additional reasons why health behavior change Suggest additional reasons why health behavior change

is difficult, beyond those outlined in the textis difficult, beyond those outlined in the text• Speculate on strategies for encouraging health behavior Speculate on strategies for encouraging health behavior

changechange• List Prochaska’s six stages of changeList Prochaska’s six stages of change• Describe and compare the range of traditional and Describe and compare the range of traditional and

nontraditional students on your campusnontraditional students on your campus• Describe the developmental tasks of young adulthood, Describe the developmental tasks of young adulthood,

and assess your level of progress in mastering themand assess your level of progress in mastering them

1. Chapter Objectives:1. Chapter Objectives:• Monitor your own activities, and list the dimensions of health from Monitor your own activities, and list the dimensions of health from

which resources are drawnwhich resources are drawn• Compare wellness and health promotion, noting both the differences Compare wellness and health promotion, noting both the differences

and the similarities between the two conceptsand the similarities between the two concepts• Describe your text’s new definition of health and compare it with Describe your text’s new definition of health and compare it with

definitions of episodic health care and health promotiondefinitions of episodic health care and health promotion

Behavior Change ObjectivesBehavior Change Objectives• Assess your commitment to your own individual wellness, rather than Assess your commitment to your own individual wellness, rather than

simply your ability to avoid illness.simply your ability to avoid illness.• Review your use of tobacco and alcohol, your participation in exercise, Review your use of tobacco and alcohol, your participation in exercise,

your diet, your coping techniques, your body weight, your access to your diet, your coping techniques, your body weight, your access to preventive health care, your outlook on life, and your belief system.preventive health care, your outlook on life, and your belief system.

• Depending on your age, assess your progress in the developmental Depending on your age, assess your progress in the developmental tasks of young adulthood, middle adulthood, or late adulthood.tasks of young adulthood, middle adulthood, or late adulthood.

• Identify at least three specific steps you can take to increase your Identify at least three specific steps you can take to increase your progress in the developmental tasks of your age group. progress in the developmental tasks of your age group.

• Identify a high-risk health behavior that you would like to change and Identify a high-risk health behavior that you would like to change and chart a plan to change it.chart a plan to change it.

Key TermsKey Terms

empowermentempowerment  the nurturing of an individual's or group's ability   the nurturing of an individual's or group's ability to be responsible for their own health and well-beingto be responsible for their own health and well-being

health promotionhealth promotion  movement in which knowledge, practices,   movement in which knowledge, practices, and values are transmitted to people for use in lengthening their and values are transmitted to people for use in lengthening their lives, reducing the incidence of illness, and feeling betterlives, reducing the incidence of illness, and feeling better

high-risk health behaviorhigh-risk health behavior  a behavioral pattern, such as   a behavioral pattern, such as smoking, associated with a high risk of developing a chronic smoking, associated with a high risk of developing a chronic illnessillness

holistic healthholistic health  a view of health in terms of its physical,   a view of health in terms of its physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational makeupemotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational makeup

morbiditymorbidity  pertaining to illness and disease  pertaining to illness and disease

Key TermsKey Terms

mortalitymortality  pertaining to death  pertaining to death

nontraditional-age studentsnontraditional-age students  administrative term used by colleges and   administrative term used by colleges and universities for students who, for whatever reason, are pursuing universities for students who, for whatever reason, are pursuing undergraduate work at an age other than that associated with the undergraduate work at an age other than that associated with the traditional college years (18–24)traditional college years (18–24)

preventive or prospective medicinepreventive or prospective medicine  physician-centered medical care   physician-centered medical care in which areas of risk for chronic illnesses are identified so that they might in which areas of risk for chronic illnesses are identified so that they might be loweredbe lowered

Prochaska's Stages of ChangeProchaska's Stages of Change  the six predictable stages—   the six predictable stages— precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination—people go through in establishing new habits and patterns of termination—people go through in establishing new habits and patterns of behaviorbehaviorrisk factorrisk factor  a biomedical index such as serum cholesterol level or   a biomedical index such as serum cholesterol level or a behavioral pattern such as smoking, associated with a chronic illnessa behavioral pattern such as smoking, associated with a chronic illness

wellnesswellness  the unlocking of our full potential through the adoption of an   the unlocking of our full potential through the adoption of an overall wellness lifestyleoverall wellness lifestyle

Eye on the MediaEye on the Media

Radio and TelevisionRadio and Television Newspapers and MagazinesNewspapers and Magazines Professional JournalsProfessional Journals Government DocumentsGovernment Documents BooksBooks InternetInternet

Take care of your health, because Take care of your health, because you’ll miss it when it’s gone.you’ll miss it when it’s gone.

Failing health affects:Failing health affects:• Pursuit of education and/or careerPursuit of education and/or career• SocializingSocializing• TravelTravel• Meeting new peopleMeeting new people• Having or raising childrenHaving or raising children• Hobbies and recreationHobbies and recreation• FoodFood• Living independentlyLiving independently

Keys to Longer LifeKeys to Longer Life

Test cholesterol and take appropriate Test cholesterol and take appropriate actions if neededactions if needed

Brisk walk 30 min/dayBrisk walk 30 min/day Seat beltSeat belt Olive oil vs. butterOlive oil vs. butter Reduce or quit tobaccoReduce or quit tobacco Avoid sun excessive exposureAvoid sun excessive exposure Question Dr.Question Dr. Don’t worryDon’t worry

Definitions of HealthDefinitions of Health

Episodic: seeking medical treatment Episodic: seeking medical treatment during episodes when ill or injuredduring episodes when ill or injured

Preventive Medicine: identifying risk Preventive Medicine: identifying risk factors to lower the risk of illnessfactors to lower the risk of illness

Morbidity: Pertaining to illness and Morbidity: Pertaining to illness and diseasedisease

Mortality: Pertaining to deathMortality: Pertaining to death

EpisodicEpisodic

Only when sickOnly when sick Racial groupsRacial groups

• Whites 3.4/yrWhites 3.4/yr• Blacks 2.5/yrBlacks 2.5/yr• Asians 2.3/yrAsians 2.3/yr• Native Americans 0.8/yrNative Americans 0.8/yr

2004 Statistics2004 Statistics

Top eight causes of death, first time cancer surpassed heart Top eight causes of death, first time cancer surpassed heart disease as leading cause of death in Americans under age disease as leading cause of death in Americans under age 8080

Preventive or Prospective MedicinePreventive or Prospective Medicine

Defined: physician-centered medical care Defined: physician-centered medical care in which areas of risk for chronic illnesses in which areas of risk for chronic illnesses are identified so that they might be are identified so that they might be lowered.lowered.

Risk factorRisk factor: a biomedical index such as : a biomedical index such as serum cholesterol level or a behavioral serum cholesterol level or a behavioral pattern such as smoking, a/w a chronic pattern such as smoking, a/w a chronic illness.illness.

High-risk health behaviorHigh-risk health behavior: a behavioral : a behavioral pattern, such as smoking, a/w a high risk pattern, such as smoking, a/w a high risk of developing a chronic illnessof developing a chronic illness

Risk ReductionRisk Reduction Refrain form tobaccoRefrain form tobacco Drink in moderation or not at allDrink in moderation or not at all Regular exerciseRegular exercise Follow dietary guidelinesFollow dietary guidelines

• Reduce portionsReduce portions• Increase fruits and veggiesIncrease fruits and veggies• Maintain normal body weightMaintain normal body weight

Effective coping strategiesEffective coping strategies Regular preventive health careRegular preventive health care Maintain optimismMaintain optimism Spiritual growthSpiritual growth

What is Health Promotion?What is Health Promotion?

Defined: Movement in which Defined: Movement in which knowledge, practices, and values are knowledge, practices, and values are transmitted to people for use in:transmitted to people for use in:

• Longer and better quality of lifeLonger and better quality of life• Reducing incidence of illnessReducing incidence of illness• Feeling betterFeeling better

Why Men Die YoungWhy Men Die Young

Females - 80, men – 70Females - 80, men – 70 Once believed mostly genetics, i.e. Once believed mostly genetics, i.e.

protective effects of estrogenprotective effects of estrogen New evidence demonstrates New evidence demonstrates

discrepancy due to male behaviors discrepancy due to male behaviors than geneticsthan genetics

Why Men Die YoungWhy Men Die Young

More men smoke More men smoke Men twice as likely to drink heavilyMen twice as likely to drink heavily Men work in more dangerous settingsMen work in more dangerous settings More men drive SUV’sMore men drive SUV’s

Individual vs. Community Health Individual vs. Community Health PromotionPromotion

Individual focuses upon risk reduction that Individual focuses upon risk reduction that doesn’t always emphasize the reduction of doesn’t always emphasize the reduction of chronic illnesschronic illness

Community places emphasis on a group Community places emphasis on a group centered concept to promote centered concept to promote empowermentempowerment

Empowerment: gain more self control over Empowerment: gain more self control over one’s health perspective (i.e., drug one’s health perspective (i.e., drug prevention within communities at risk)prevention within communities at risk)

Healthy People 2010Healthy People 2010

GoalsGoals Increase the quality and years of lifeIncrease the quality and years of life Eliminate health disparities in areas Eliminate health disparities in areas

such as gender, race, ethnicity, such as gender, race, ethnicity, income and education level.income and education level.

Why Behavior Change is DifficultWhy Behavior Change is Difficult

Factors that influence a person to change Factors that influence a person to change health behaviors.health behaviors.• Behavior must be associated with a health Behavior must be associated with a health

problemproblem• The belief must exist that the behavior causes The belief must exist that the behavior causes

the health problemthe health problem• The knowledge that risk prevention-intervention The knowledge that risk prevention-intervention

programs exist and can be effectiveprograms exist and can be effective• The belief that a new behavior can justify the The belief that a new behavior can justify the

change of old behaviorchange of old behavior• The belief that people who care about them will The belief that people who care about them will

be accepting of such changesbe accepting of such changes

Stages of ChangeStages of Change

Prochaska et al. (1994) Prochaska et al. (1994) demonstrated the following 6 stages demonstrated the following 6 stages to accomplish change of health to accomplish change of health behaviorsbehaviors• Pre-contemplationPre-contemplation• ContemplationContemplation• PreparationPreparation• ActionAction• MaintenanceMaintenance• TerminationTermination

Today’s College Students Today’s College Students

1.1. Traditional (early adults = 66%)Traditional (early adults = 66%)

2.2. Non-traditional (older adults)Non-traditional (older adults)

3.3. Minority groups (numbers Minority groups (numbers increasing)increasing)

4.4. Disabled population (9.3%)Disabled population (9.3%)

Identifying Developmental Identifying Developmental Tasks of Young AdultsTasks of Young Adults

1.1. Forming an initial adult identity Forming an initial adult identity (who am I?)(who am I?)

2.2. Establishing independenceEstablishing independence

3.3. Assuming responsibilityAssuming responsibility

4.4. Broadening social skillsBroadening social skills

5.5. Nurturing intimacyNurturing intimacy

Developmental Tasks of Young Developmental Tasks of Young AdultsAdults

Related Developmental Tasks Related Developmental Tasks of Young Adulthoodof Young Adulthood

1.1. Obtaining entry-level Obtaining entry-level employmentemployment

2.2. Development of parenting skillsDevelopment of parenting skills

Multiple Dimensions of HealthMultiple Dimensions of Health PhysicalPhysical EmotionalEmotional SpiritualSpiritual SocialSocial OccupationalOccupational IntellectualIntellectual

Holistic health: A requirement of health that Holistic health: A requirement of health that moves beyond the cure/prevention of moves beyond the cure/prevention of illness and the postponement of deathillness and the postponement of death

What is Wellness?What is Wellness?

A form of health promotionA form of health promotion Uses assessments and informationUses assessments and information Develops boundaries of health Develops boundaries of health

beyond mortality/morbiditybeyond mortality/morbidity Unlocks an individual’s full Unlocks an individual’s full

potential at discovering a positive potential at discovering a positive lifestylelifestyle

A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

A view less centered on the A view less centered on the concepts of mortality and morbidityconcepts of mortality and morbidity

Two areas of differences to focus Two areas of differences to focus upon:upon:

A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

1) The Role of Health (process of 1) The Role of Health (process of transitions)transitions)• Moving through each stage of Moving through each stage of

adulthood does not occur simply adulthood does not occur simply because time passesbecause time passes

• We actively participate daily in We actively participate daily in demands appropriate to our life stagedemands appropriate to our life stage

A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

2)2) The Composition of HealthThe Composition of Health: : Health is a reflection of one’s ability to Health is a reflection of one’s ability to

use the intrinsic and extrinsic use the intrinsic and extrinsic resources related to each dimension of resources related to each dimension of health to participate fully in the health to participate fully in the activities that contribute to growth and activities that contribute to growth and development, with the goal of feeling a development, with the goal of feeling a sense of well being as one evaluates sense of well being as one evaluates one’s progress through life.one’s progress through life.

A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

• IntrinsicIntrinsic resourcesresources basic and essential: basic and essential: belonging to something as belonging to something as

one of the basic and essential elements that make it one of the basic and essential elements that make it what it is what it is

of itself: of itself: by or in itself, rather than because of its by or in itself, rather than because of its associations or consequencesassociations or consequences

• ExtrinsicExtrinsic resourcesresources inessential: inessential: that is not an essential part of that is not an essential part of

something something coming from outside: coming from outside: coming or operating from coming or operating from

outside somethingoutside something

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter One: Chapter One: Shaping Your HealthShaping Your HealthPractice QuestionsPractice Questions

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice The most important reason that talk radio is a poor source of health information is The most important reason that talk radio is a poor source of health information is

thatthat• the radio hosts make poor moderators.the radio hosts make poor moderators.• the shows are commercially sponsored.the shows are commercially sponsored.• much of the information broadcast could be wrong.much of the information broadcast could be wrong.• information is delivered in a very emotional fashion.information is delivered in a very emotional fashion.• there is seldom time to explore all sides of an issue.there is seldom time to explore all sides of an issue.

The biggest problem with obtaining all of your health information from magazines is The biggest problem with obtaining all of your health information from magazines is thatthat

• the articles are too short.the articles are too short.• the articles are written at too low a of an academic level.the articles are written at too low a of an academic level.• their accuracy and reliability vary widely.their accuracy and reliability vary widely.• they are an expensive information source.they are an expensive information source.• their purpose is to sell products, not convey information.their purpose is to sell products, not convey information.

The best reason to trust the health-related articles in professional journals is thatThe best reason to trust the health-related articles in professional journals is that• the authors have extensive credentials in their fields.the authors have extensive credentials in their fields.• they are not driven by advertising.they are not driven by advertising.• the authors are very competitive in their fields.the authors are very competitive in their fields.• they are usually reviewed by experts before publication.they are usually reviewed by experts before publication.• many are sponsored by federal government research grants.many are sponsored by federal government research grants.

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice The vast majority of Americans use the services of health-care providers during periods of The vast majority of Americans use the services of health-care providers during periods of

illness and injury, a practice calledillness and injury, a practice called• intensive health care.intensive health care.• episodic health care.episodic health care.• health promotion.health promotion.• consumer health care.consumer health care.• interventional health care.interventional health care.

When physicians attempt to practice preventive medicine, they first attempt toWhen physicians attempt to practice preventive medicine, they first attempt to• schedule more patients.schedule more patients.• get patients to schedule appointments only when they are sick.get patients to schedule appointments only when they are sick.• treat emergency cases.treat emergency cases.• identify risk factors.identify risk factors.• become more specialized.become more specialized.

The health professionals at your local YMCA will attempt to guide you The health professionals at your local YMCA will attempt to guide you towards activities and behaviors that will lower your risk of chronic illness. This process is towards activities and behaviors that will lower your risk of chronic illness. This process is termedtermed

• health promotion.health promotion.• episodic health care.episodic health care.• invasive health care.invasive health care.• managed health care.managed health care.• comprehensive health care.comprehensive health care.

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice The process in which individuals gain increasing control over their health is known The process in which individuals gain increasing control over their health is known

asas• risk reduction.risk reduction.• preventive health care.preventive health care.• empowerment.empowerment.• prospective medicine.prospective medicine.• quality health assessment.quality health assessment.

Of the following, the main reason the Of the following, the main reason the Healthy People 2000Healthy People 2000 goals were revised to goals were revised to produce produce Healthy People 2010Healthy People 2010 was was

• little or no progress was reported in some areas.little or no progress was reported in some areas.• the WHO’s global initiatives took precedence.the WHO’s global initiatives took precedence.• the the Healthy People 2000Healthy People 2000 goals were achieved. goals were achieved.• the the Healthy People 2000Healthy People 2000 goals were unrealistic. goals were unrealistic.• a major change in emphasis from disease prevention to wellness.a major change in emphasis from disease prevention to wellness.

All of the following are stages in Prochaska’s Stages of Change All of the following are stages in Prochaska’s Stages of Change exceptexcept• maintenancemaintenance• preparationpreparation• actionaction• meditationmeditation• contemplationcontemplation

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice Lisa has a desire to lose 15 pounds but she has very little understanding on how to go Lisa has a desire to lose 15 pounds but she has very little understanding on how to go

about it. According to Prochaska’s Stages of Change, she is in which stage of change?about it. According to Prochaska’s Stages of Change, she is in which stage of change?• activeactive• precontemplationprecontemplation• contemplationcontemplation• preparationpreparation• ConsiderationConsideration

You have been named chairperson of a campus drive for famine relief. Which You have been named chairperson of a campus drive for famine relief. Which developmental task does this involve most strongly?developmental task does this involve most strongly?

• developing social skillsdeveloping social skills• assuming responsibilityassuming responsibility• establishing independenceestablishing independence• establishing an adult identityestablishing an adult identity• developing intimate relationshipsdeveloping intimate relationships

The most important reason to develop intimate relationships is toThe most important reason to develop intimate relationships is to• enhance your social skills.enhance your social skills.• release emotional stresses.release emotional stresses.• prepare you to accept responsibility.prepare you to accept responsibility.• demonstrate the ability to protect another’s privacy.demonstrate the ability to protect another’s privacy.• have someone with whom to share deeply held thoughts and feelings.have someone with whom to share deeply held thoughts and feelings.

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice The first developmental task of young adulthood, which serves as a foundation for The first developmental task of young adulthood, which serves as a foundation for

later stages, islater stages, is• establishing independence.establishing independence.• nurturing intimacy.nurturing intimacy.• broadening social skills.broadening social skills.• forming an initial adult identity.forming an initial adult identity.• getting a high paying job.getting a high paying job.

A view of health in which the six components or dimensions of health interact in a A view of health in which the six components or dimensions of health interact in a synergistic manner is termedsynergistic manner is termed

• holistic health.holistic health.• health management.health management.• interactive health.interactive health.• complete health.complete health.• dimensional health.dimensional health.

Which of the following is the best example of the emotional dimension of health?Which of the following is the best example of the emotional dimension of health?• coping with stresscoping with stress• analyzing health issuesanalyzing health issues• identifying with a faith traditionidentifying with a faith tradition• working successfully in groupsworking successfully in groups• monitoring one’s individual health statusmonitoring one’s individual health status

Multiple ChoiceMultiple Choice Of the following, the best example of using the intellectual dimension of health isOf the following, the best example of using the intellectual dimension of health is

• interacting with students of other ages.interacting with students of other ages.• coping with uncomfortable situations.coping with uncomfortable situations.• adapting to changing circumstances.adapting to changing circumstances.• developing aerobic fitness.developing aerobic fitness.• choosing medical providers.choosing medical providers.

The essence of the spiritual dimension of health isThe essence of the spiritual dimension of health is• finding an appropriate religion.finding an appropriate religion.• developing empathy for those in need.developing empathy for those in need.• developing the ability to compete successfully in one’s field.developing the ability to compete successfully in one’s field.• developing the ability to interpret the actions of others.developing the ability to interpret the actions of others.• better defining our relationship with the universe and all it contains.better defining our relationship with the universe and all it contains.

All of the following may be benefits of developing the occupational dimension of All of the following may be benefits of developing the occupational dimension of health health exceptexcept

• gain financial resources.gain financial resources.• learn to manipulate other people.learn to manipulate other people.• learn conflict resolutionlearn conflict resolution• learn to share responsibility.learn to share responsibility.• develop intellectual growth.develop intellectual growth.

True / FalseTrue / False The internet is an important source of health information The internet is an important source of health information

for both professionals and the general public.for both professionals and the general public. A sense of well-being is important to of the traditional A sense of well-being is important to of the traditional

definitions of health.definitions of health. Many physicians say they have little time to practice Many physicians say they have little time to practice

preventive medicine because of the high cost of managed preventive medicine because of the high cost of managed health care plans.health care plans.

An important tool in assessing risk is an accurate family An important tool in assessing risk is an accurate family history.history.

Episodic and preventive medicine both place their main Episodic and preventive medicine both place their main focus on illness.focus on illness.

During the maintenance stage new habits are well During the maintenance stage new habits are well established so efforts to change are complete.established so efforts to change are complete.

All college students face the same developmental tasks, All college students face the same developmental tasks, regardless regardless

True / FalseTrue / False

Gaining the ability to make mature Gaining the ability to make mature parenting decisions is parenting decisions is notnot considered one considered one of the five major developmental tasks.of the five major developmental tasks.

Social skills and insights are considered a Social skills and insights are considered a dimension of health.dimension of health.

Spirituality requires a belief in a higher Spirituality requires a belief in a higher power.power.

Wellness is mostly concerned with one’s Wellness is mostly concerned with one’s morbidity and mortality morbidity and mortality

Critical ThinkingCritical Thinking You have considered quitting smoking for sometime now. You have considered quitting smoking for sometime now.

What factors can strongly influence your desire to change What factors can strongly influence your desire to change this high health-risk behavior?this high health-risk behavior?

Describe how the different definitions of health represent Describe how the different definitions of health represent an evolving concept of health.an evolving concept of health.

Why is access to quality health care a major goal of both Why is access to quality health care a major goal of both Healthy People 2000Healthy People 2000 and and Healthy People 2010?Healthy People 2010?

Discuss the challenges faced by Franco, a 19-year-old Discuss the challenges faced by Franco, a 19-year-old man with hemophilia (a hereditary, life-threatening blood man with hemophilia (a hereditary, life-threatening blood disorder that requires frequent medical attention) as he disorder that requires frequent medical attention) as he tries to complete the developmental tasks of adulthood.tries to complete the developmental tasks of adulthood.

Try to make a case for the spiritual dimension of health Try to make a case for the spiritual dimension of health being the being the

SummarySummary

When used to define health, When used to define health, morbiditymorbidity and and mortalitymortality relate to the prevalence of relate to the prevalence of particular diseases and illnesses and to particular diseases and illnesses and to death resulting form those disease and death resulting form those disease and illnesses.illnesses.

When we seek the services of health care When we seek the services of health care practitioner because of symptoms of practitioner because of symptoms of illness or disease we are said to be illness or disease we are said to be seeking episodic health care.seeking episodic health care.

SummarySummary Preventive medical care attempts to Preventive medical care attempts to

minimize the incidence of illness and minimize the incidence of illness and disease by identifying early indicators of disease by identifying early indicators of risk to bring them under control.risk to bring them under control.

Individual health promotion involves risk Individual health promotion involves risk reduction activities similar to those used in reduction activities similar to those used in preventive medicine, except that the preventive medicine, except that the techniques cannot be invasive and are techniques cannot be invasive and are directed by professionals who are not directed by professionals who are not physicians. Its most visible emphasis tends physicians. Its most visible emphasis tends to be on fitness and body composition.to be on fitness and body composition.

SummarySummary

Community health promotion involves the Community health promotion involves the empowerment of individuals so that they empowerment of individuals so that they can organize and participate in their own can organize and participate in their own health promotion.health promotion.

Healthy People 2010 is federally funded Healthy People 2010 is federally funded program to improve the nation’s health, program to improve the nation’s health, increase life expectancy, and expand increase life expectancy, and expand access to comprehensive health care. access to comprehensive health care.

SummarySummary

A decision to change a health behavior is A decision to change a health behavior is often difficult to make bacause of the often difficult to make bacause of the multiplicity of factors underlying the multiplicity of factors underlying the maintenance of the high risk behaviormaintenance of the high risk behavior

Health behavior change requires Health behavior change requires movement through a multistaged process movement through a multistaged process including precontemplation, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.maintenance, and termination.

SummarySummary

A wide array of health problems A wide array of health problems persist despite today’s highly persist despite today’s highly sophisticated health care technology.sophisticated health care technology.

Today's college campus is a dynamic Today's college campus is a dynamic blend of students of both traditional blend of students of both traditional and nontraditional ages and of and nontraditional ages and of diverse background, cultures, and diverse background, cultures, and attributes.attributes.

SummarySummary

Young adulthood is characterized by five Young adulthood is characterized by five key developmental tasks: forming an key developmental tasks: forming an initial adult identity, establishing inde initial adult identity, establishing inde pendence, assuming responsibility, pendence, assuming responsibility, broadening social skills, and nurturing broadening social skills, and nurturing intimacy.intimacy.

Personal development during young Personal development during young adulthood involves a set of developmental adulthood involves a set of developmental tasks that are common to all yet may be tasks that are common to all yet may be undertaken differently by each individual. undertaken differently by each individual.

SummarySummary

Multidimensional definitions of health, Multidimensional definitions of health, including holistic health, have existed for including holistic health, have existed for decades—although the primary emphasis decades—although the primary emphasis has always been on the physical has always been on the physical dimension. dimension.

Current multidimensions of health may Current multidimensions of health may include many or all of the following include many or all of the following dimensions: physical, emotional, social, dimensions: physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational. intellectual, spiritual, and occupational.

SummarySummary Wellness contends a disinterest in morbidity and Wellness contends a disinterest in morbidity and

mortality, rather emphasizing living a wellness mortality, rather emphasizing living a wellness lifestyle that leads to a sense of well-being.lifestyle that leads to a sense of well-being.

Our definition of health includes the role of health Our definition of health includes the role of health and the composition of health. The role of health and the composition of health. The role of health is to enable individuals to participate in the is to enable individuals to participate in the activities that collectively constitute growth and activities that collectively constitute growth and development. The composition of health is the development. The composition of health is the intrinsic and extrinsic resources on which intrinsic and extrinsic resources on which individuals can draw to participate fully in their individuals can draw to participate fully in their own growth and development.own growth and development.