© 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.1. © 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.2 light energy...

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7.1


Figure 7.2

Lightenergy

ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesisin chloroplasts

CO2 H2OCellular respiration

in mitochondria

Organicmolecules O2

ATP ATP powersmost cellular work

Heatenergy


Figure 7.3

Reactants Products

Methane(reducing

agent)

Oxygen(oxidizing

agent)

Carbon dioxide Water

becomes reduced

becomes oxidized


Figure 7.4

NAD

Nicotinamide(oxidized form)

Nicotinamide(reduced form)

Oxidation of NADH

Reduction of NAD

DehydrogenaseNADH

2[H] (from food)

2 e− 2 H

2 e− H

H

H


Figure 7.4aNAD

Nicotinamide(oxidized form)


Figure 7.4b

Nicotinamide(reduced form)

Oxidation of NADH

Reduction of NAD

DehydrogenaseNADH

2 e− 2 H

2 e− H

H

H 2[H] (from food)


Figure 7.5

Explosiverelease

(a) Uncontrolled reaction (b) Cellular respiration

H2O

Fre

e en

erg

y, G

Fre

e en

erg

y, G

Electro

n tran

spo

rt

chain

Controlledrelease of

energy

H2O

2 H

2 e−

2 H 2 e−

ATP

ATP

ATP

½

½

½H2 O2 O2

O2

2 H


Figure 7.6-1

Electronsvia NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

CYTOSOL

ATP

Substrate-level

MITOCHONDRION


Figure 7.6-2

Electronsvia NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvateoxidation

Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

Electronsvia NADH and

FADH2

CYTOSOL

ATP

Substrate-level

ATP

Substrate-level

MITOCHONDRION


Figure 7.6-3

Electronsvia NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose Pyruvate

Pyruvateoxidation

Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

Electronsvia NADH and

FADH2

Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transport

andchemiosmosis

CYTOSOL

ATP

Substrate-level

ATP

Substrate-level

MITOCHONDRION

ATP

Oxidative


Figure 7.7

Substrate

P

ADP

Product

ATP

Enzyme Enzyme


Figure 7.8

Energy Investment Phase

Energy Payoff Phase

Net

Glucose

Glucose

2 ADP 2 P

4 ADP 4 P

2 NAD 4 e− 4 H

2 NAD 4 e− 4 H

4 ATP formed − 2 ATP used

2 ATP

4 ATP

used

formed

2 NADH 2 H

2 Pyruvate 2 H2O

2 Pyruvate 2 H2O

2 NADH 2 H

2 ATP


Figure 7.9a

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Phase

GlucoseATP

ADP

Glucose6-phosphate

Phosphogluco-isomerase

Hexokinase

12 3

4

ATP

ADP

Fructose6-phosphate

Phospho-fructokinase

Fructose1,6-bisphosphate

Aldolase

Isomerase

5

Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate (G3P)

Dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP)


Figure 7.9aa-1


Glucose


Figure 7.9aa-2


GlucoseGlucose

6-phosphateADP

ATP

Hexokinase

1


Figure 7.9aa-3


GlucoseGlucose

6-phosphateADP

ATP

Hexokinase

1

Fructose6-phosphate

Phosphogluco-isomerase

2


Figure 7.9ab-1


Fructose6-phosphate


Figure 7.9ab-2


Fructose6-phosphate


3


ATP

ADP


Figure 7.9ab-3


Fructose6-phosphate


3

Aldolase

Isomerase

4

5



ATP

ADP



Figure 7.9b

Glycolysis: Energy Payoff Phase

2 NADGlyceraldehyde

3-phosphate (G3P)

Triosephosphate

dehydrogenase

6

2 H

2 NADH

2

2 Pi

1,3-Bisphospho-glycerate

3-Phospho-glycerate

2-Phospho-glycerate

Phosphoenol-pyruvate (PEP)

Pyruvate

Phospho-glycerokinase

Phospho-glyceromutase

Enolase Pyruvatekinase

2 ADP 2 2 2 22 ADP

2 ATP2 H2O

2 ATP

91087


Figure 7.9ba-1

Isomerase

4




Aldolase5


Figure 7.9ba-2

Isomerase




2 NAD

Triosephosphate

dehydrogenase

2 H

2 NADH

2


2

Aldolase

Pi

5 6

4


Figure 7.9ba-3

Isomerase




2 NAD

Triosephosphate

dehydrogenase

2 H

2 NADH

2


3-Phospho-glycerate

Phospho-glycerokinase

2 ADP

2 ATP

2

Aldolase

Pi

2

5 76

4


Figure 7.9bb-1

3-Phospho-glycerate


2


Figure 7.9bb-2

83-Phospho-glycerate



222

2 H2O

2-Phospho-glycerate


Enolase

9


Figure 7.9bb-3

3-Phospho-glycerate


2 ATP


22222 ADP

2 H2O

2-Phospho-glycerate


Pyruvate

Enolase Pyruvatekinase

9108


Figure 7.10

CYTOSOLPyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)

CO2

CoANAD

NADH

MITOCHONDRION CoA

CoA

Acetyl CoA H

Citricacidcycle

FADH2

FAD

ADP Pi

ATP

NADH

3 NAD

3

3 H

2 CO2


Figure 7.10a

CYTOSOLPyruvate(from glycolysis,2 molecules per glucose)

CO2

CoANAD

NADH

MITOCHONDRION CoAAcetyl CoA H


Figure 7.10b

CoA

Citricacidcycle

FADH2

FAD

ADP Pi

ATP

NADH

3 NAD

3

3 H

2 CO2

CoAAcetyl CoA


Figure 7.11-1

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

CoA-SH

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

Citricacidcycle

2

1


Figure 7.11-2

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

NADH

NAD

H

CO2

-Ketoglutarate

Citricacidcycle

3

1

CoA-SH

2


Figure 7.11-3

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

NADH

NAD

H

CO2

-Ketoglutarate

Citricacidcycle

CoA-SH

CO2NAD

NADH

HSuccinylCoA

4

1

3

CoA-SH

2


Figure 7.11-4

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

NADH

NAD

H

CO2

-Ketoglutarate

Citricacidcycle

CoA-SH

CO2NAD

NADH

H

ATP formation

SuccinylCoA

ADP

GDPGTP

Pi

ATP

Succinate

5

4

1

CoA-SH

3

CoA-SH

2


Figure 7.11-5

Malate

Succinate

FAD

FADH2

Fumarate

H2O7

6

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

NADH

NAD

H

CO2

-Ketoglutarate

Citricacidcycle

CoA-SH

CO2NAD

NADH

H

ATP formation

SuccinylCoA

ADP

GDPGTP

Pi

ATP

5

4

1

CoA-SH

3

CoA-SH

2


Figure 7.11-6

NADH

NAD

H

8

Malate

Succinate

FAD

FADH2

Fumarate

H2O7

6

Acetyl CoA

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

H2O

Isocitrate

NADH

NAD

H

CO2

-Ketoglutarate

Citricacidcycle

CoA-SH

CO2NAD

NADH

H

ATP formation

SuccinylCoA

ADP

GDPGTP

Pi

ATP

5

4

1

CoA-SH

3

CoA-SH

2


Figure 7.11a

CoA-SH

Acetyl CoA

Start: Acetyl CoA adds itstwo-carbon group tooxaloacetate, producingcitrate; this is a highlyexergonic reaction.

Oxaloacetate

Citrate

Isocitrate

H2O1

2


Figure 7.11b

Isocitrate Redox reaction:Isocitrate is oxidized;NAD is reduced.

Redox reaction:After CO2 release, the resultingfour-carbon molecule is oxidized(reducing NAD), then madereactive by addition of CoA.

CO2 release

CO2 release

-Ketoglutarate

SuccinylCoA

NAD

NADH

H

CO2

CO2

CoA-SH

NAD

NADH

H

3

4


Figure 7.11c

CoA-SH

Redox reaction:Succinate is oxidized;FAD is reduced.

Fumarate

Succinate

SuccinylCoA

ATP formation

ATP

ADP

GDPGTP

FAD

FADH2

Pi

5

6


Figure 7.11d

Redox reaction:Malate is oxidized;NAD is reduced.

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

H2O

NAD

H

NADH

7

8


Figure 7.12

Multiproteincomplexes

(originally fromNADH or FADH2)

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) re

lati

ve t

o O

2 (k

cal/

mo

l)

50

40

30

20

10

0

NADH

NAD

FADH2

FAD

2

2

e−

e−

FMN

Fe•S Fe•S

Q

III

IIICyt b

Cyt c1

Fe•S

Cyt cIV

Cyt a

Cyt a3

2 e−

O22 H ½

H2O


Figure 7.12a

Multiproteincomplexes

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) re

lati

ve t

o O

2 (k

cal/

mo

l)

50

40

30

20

10

NADH

NAD

FADH2

FAD

2

2

e−

e−

FMN

Fe•S Fe•S

Q

III

IIICyt b

Cyt c1

Fe•S

Cyt cIV

Cyt a

Cyt a3

2 e−


Figure 7.12b

30

20

10

0

Cyt c1

Cyt cIV

Cyt a

Cyt a3

2 e−

Fre

e en

erg

y (G

) re

lati

ve t

o O

2 (k

cal/

mo

l)

(originally fromNADH or FADH2)

2 H ½ O2

H2O


Figure 7.13

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX

Rotor

Internal rod

Catalytic knob

StatorH

ATP

ADP

Pi


Figure 7.14

Proteincomplexof electron carriers

H

HH

H

Q

I

II

III

FADH2 FAD

NADNADH

(carrying electronsfrom food)

Electron transport chain

Oxidative phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

ATPsynthase

H

ADP ATPPi

H2O2 H ½ O2

IV

Cyt c

1 2


Figure 7.14a

Proteincomplexof electron carriers

H

Q

I

II

III

FADH2FAD

NADNADH

(carrying electronsfrom food)

Electron transport chain

H2O2 H ½ O2

Cyt c

1

IV

HH


Figure 7.14b

ATPsynthase

Chemiosmosis2

H

H

ADP Pi

ATP


Figure 7.15

Electron shuttlesspan membrane

CYTOSOL2 NADH

2 NADH

2 FADH2

or

2 NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose 2Pyruvate

Pyruvateoxidation

2 Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

6 NADH 2 FADH2


andchemiosmosis

about 26 or 28 ATP 2 ATP 2 ATP

About30 or 32 ATPMaximum per glucose:

MITOCHONDRION


Figure 7.15a

Electron shuttlesspan membrane

2 NADH

2 FADH2

or

2 NADH

Glycolysis

Glucose 2Pyruvate

2 ATP


Figure 7.15b

2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2

Citricacidcycle

Pyruvateoxidation

2 Acetyl CoA

2 ATP


Figure 7.15c

2 NADH

2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH2

2 FADH2

or


andchemiosmosis

about 26 or 28 ATP


Figure 7.15d

Maximum per glucose:About

30 or 32 ATP


Figure 7.16

2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate

2 CO22 NADH

2 H

2 NAD

2 Ethanol

(a) Alcohol fermentation

2 Acetaldehyde

(b) Lactic acid fermentation

2 Lactate

2 NADH 2 H

2 NAD

2 Pyruvate

Glycolysis

2 ATP2 ADP 2 Pi

Glucose


Figure 7.16a

2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate

2 CO22 NADH

2 H

2 NAD

2 Ethanol

(a) Alcohol fermentation

2 Acetaldehyde


Figure 7.16b

2 ADP 2 2 ATPPi

Glucose Glycolysis

2 Pyruvate

2 NADH 2 H

2 NAD

(b) Lactic acid fermentation

2 Lactate


Figure 7.17Glucose

CYTOSOLGlycolysis

Pyruvate

O2 present:

Aerobic cellular respiration

No O2 present:

Fermentation

Ethanol,lactate, or

other products

Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

MITOCHONDRION


Figure 7.18-1

Proteins

Aminoacids

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Fats

Glycerol Fattyacids


Figure 7.18-2

Proteins

Aminoacids

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Glucose

Glycolysis

Glyceraldehyde 3-

Pyruvate

P

NH3

Fats

Glycerol Fattyacids


Figure 7.18-3

Proteins

Aminoacids

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Glucose

Glycolysis

Glyceraldehyde 3-

Pyruvate

P

Acetyl CoA

NH3

Fats

Glycerol Fattyacids


Figure 7.18-4

Proteins

Aminoacids

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Glucose

Glycolysis

Glyceraldehyde 3-

Pyruvate

P

Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

NH3

Fats

Glycerol Fattyacids


Figure 7.18-5

Proteins

Aminoacids

Carbohydrates

Sugars

Glucose

Glycolysis

Glyceraldehyde 3-

Pyruvate

P

Acetyl CoA

Citricacidcycle

NH3

Fats

Glycerol Fattyacids

Oxidativephosphorylation


Figure 7.UN01

becomes oxidized(loses electron)

becomes reduced(gains electron)


Figure 7.UN02

becomes oxidized

becomes reduced


Figure 7.UN03

becomes oxidized

becomes reduced


Figure 7.UN04


Figure 7.UN05

Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter)

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle(color-coded salmon)

1.

Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport andchemiosmosis (color-coded violet)

2.

3.


Figure 7.UN06

Glycolysis Pyruvateoxidation

Citricacidcycle


ATP ATP ATP


Figure 7.UN07


Citricacidcycle


ATP ATP ATP


Figure 7.UN08



ATP ATP ATP

Citricacidcycle


Figure 7.UN09


Citricacidcycle

Oxidativephosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis

ATP ATP ATP


Figure 7.UN10a


Figure 7.UN10b


Figure 7.UN11

Inputs

GlucoseGlycolysis

2 Pyruvate 2

Outputs

ATP NADH 2


Figure 7.UN12

Inputs

2 Pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA

2 OxaloacetateCitricacidcycle

Outputs

ATP

CO2

2

6 2

8 NADH

FADH2


Figure 7.UN13a

Proteincomplexof electroncarriers

INTERMEMBRANESPACE

MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX(carrying electrons from food)

NADH NAD

FADH2FAD

Cyt c

Q

I

II

III

IV

2 H ½O2 H2O

H

HH


Figure 7.UN13b

INTER-MEMBRANESPACE

MITO-CHONDRIALMATRIX

ATPsynthase

ATPADP H

H

Pi


Figure 7.UN14

Time

pH

dif

fere

nce

acro

ss m

emb

ran

e

© 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.1. © 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 7.2 light energy...

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