© 2015 tatiana chichugova - ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edurobot™ structural analysis second type...

APPLICATION OF BIONIC PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING TOOLS

By

TATIANA CHICHUGOVA

A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

2015

To my family and friends

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to thank my family who has always understood and supported me. I am

grateful to my advisor, Nawari O. Nawari, for great help and patience through all the

years of my studying and support in completion of this thesis. I thank my co-chair,

Michael Kuenstle, for his helpful suggestions and comments during the presentation. I

also want to thank the UF School of Architecture graduate support stuff, particularly

Becky Hudson, Mary Kramer and Director of School of Architecture Jason Alread, for

their assistance with curriculum matters and overall administrative support. I would like

to thank my friends, Ayad Almaimany, Jitayu Purani and Hamed Akim, for their

encouragement and help with my research. I would like to give special thanks to UF

Professor and Professional Engineer Monrad Thue for many generous and helpful

suggestions and support to finish this program.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 7

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 12

2 BIONIC PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURE .............................................................. 15

Bionics: Biology and Technology ............................................................................ 15 Organic Architecture ............................................................................................... 16

3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 19

Purpose of Study and Objective ............................................................................. 19 Analysis of Biological Cells ..................................................................................... 20 Bionic Patterns in Architecture ................................................................................ 20 Modular Construction .............................................................................................. 22

4 CHOOSING A MODEL DESIGN ............................................................................ 27

Choosing a Cell ...................................................................................................... 27 Cardiac Muscle Сells ........................................................................................ 27 Brain Neurons .................................................................................................. 28 Radiolaria ......................................................................................................... 29

Truncated Octahedron or “Kelvin Cell” ................................................................... 30 Design Proposal ..................................................................................................... 31

5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS USING BIM TOOLS ............................. 41

Structural Design .................................................................................................... 41 Single residential house. First type of bracing .................................................. 42 Single residential house. Second type of bracing ............................................. 43 Module combination. Residential Community House ....................................... 43

Autodesk® Robot™ Structural Analysis Professional ............................................. 45 Design Combinations .............................................................................................. 47

Gallery .............................................................................................................. 47 Office Tower ..................................................................................................... 48 Spiral Tower ..................................................................................................... 49

6 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 75

6

LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 77

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ............................................................................................ 80

7

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure page 2-1 Invention of the hook and loop fastener (Velcro®).............................................. 17

2-2 Bionics in architecture. ....................................................................................... 17

2-3 Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright. Example of organic architecture. .... 18

3-1 Olympic Stadium in Munich, Frei Otto. ............................................................... 24

3-2 The Shanghai Tower, Marshall Strabala and Jun Xia. ........................................ 24

3-3 Cypress tree. Inspiration for the Shanghai Tower. .............................................. 25

3-4 Dymaxion House by Richard Buckminster Fuller. ............................................... 25

3-5 Structure of Dymaxion House by Richard Buckminster Fuller. ........................... 26

4-1 Human body cell types. ...................................................................................... 33

4-2 Cardiac Muscle Cell. ........................................................................................... 33

4-3 Brain neurons. .................................................................................................... 33

4-4 Radiolaria Molecule. ........................................................................................... 34

4-5 Truncated Octahedron. ....................................................................................... 34

4-6 Formation of truncated octahedron from soap bubbles. ..................................... 34

4-7 Soap bubbles. Formation of adjacent walls. ....................................................... 35

4-8 Design Proposal Model. ..................................................................................... 35

4-9 Single Unit. Floor plan first floor. ........................................................................ 36

4-10 Single Unit. Floor plan second floor. .................................................................. 36

4-11 Single Unit. Section View. .................................................................................. 37

4-12 Single Unit. Rendering outside view. ................................................................. 37

4-13 Single Unit. Prospective sectional rendering. .................................................... 38

4-14 Single Unit. Elevation rendering. ....................................................................... 38

4-15 Single Unit. Perspective rendering. ................................................................... 39

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4-16 Single Unit. Village rendering 1. ........................................................................ 39

4-17 Single Unit. Village rendering 2. ........................................................................ 40

4-18 Single Unit. Interior rendering. ........................................................................... 40

5-1 Single Unit. First type bracing. ........................................................................... 49

5-2 Single Unit. First type bracing, member tags. .................................................... 50

5-3 Single Unit. Analytical model of first type bracing. ............................................. 50

5-4 Single Unit. Analytical model adjustments of first type bracing. ......................... 51

5-5 Single Unit. Second type bracing type bracing. ................................................. 51

5-6 Single Unit. First type bracing. ............................................................................ 53

5-7 Single Unit. Second type bracing, member tags. ............................................... 54

5-8 Module Combination. Residential community house rendering 1. ..................... 54



5-11 Module Combination. Residential community house. South Elevation. ............. 56

5-12 Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure. ........................ 56

5-13 Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure perspective view. .................................................................................................................. 57

5-14 Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure tags. ................ 57

5-15 Module Combination. Residential community house. Truncated octahedrons. . 58

5-16 Module Combination. Residential community house. Levels composition. ........ 59

5-17 Module Combination. Residential community house. ......................................... 61

5-18 Module Combination. Residential community house. West Elevation. .............. 62

5-19 Module Combination. Residential community house. Section view. .................. 62

5-20 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis. Sending model from Revit® 2015 to structural analysis. ............................................................................................. 63

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5-21 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis first deformation results of first type bracing. .............................................................................................................. 63

5-22 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing. .......................... 64

5-23 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, no deformation. ....................................................................................................... 64

5-24 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, stresses distribution. ........................................................................................................ 65

5-25 Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, stresses distribution. ........................................................................................................ 65

5-26 Module combination. Residential community. Deformation of the scale structure. ........................................................................................................... 66

5-27 Module combination. Residential community. Stress distribution. ..................... 66

5-28 Module combination. Residential community. Moment diagrams. ..................... 67

5-29 Module combination. Residential community. Rotation y-axis. .......................... 67

5-30 Module combination. Steel connection of the members (gusset plate). ............. 68

5-31 Module combination. Gusset plate connection. ................................................. 68

5-32 Module combination. Single member analysis. Lower beam moment diagram. ............................................................................................................ 69

5-33 Module combination. Single member analysis. Mx Moment diagram for three members. ........................................................................................................... 69

5-34 Module combination. Steel design calculations. ................................................ 70

5-35 Module combination. Steel design. Identifying members with the wrong section. .............................................................................................................. 70

5-36 Module combination. Wind simulation analysis. ................................................ 71

5-37 Module Combination. Gallery rendering 1. ........................................................ 71



5-40 Module combination. Spiral residential tower rendering 1. ................................ 73

5-41 Module combination. Spiral residential tower rendering 2. ................................ 73

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5-42 Module combination. Office tower rendering 1. ................................................. 74

5-43 Module combination. Office tower rendering 2. ................................................. 74

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Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architectural Studies

APPLICATION OF BIONIC PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING TOOLS

By

Tatiana Chichugova

May 2015

Chair: Nawari O. Nawari Cochair: Michael Kuenstle Major: Architecture

Application of technologies in digital design and construction is undergoing great

development. Today, however more designers tend to go back to nature and find their

inspiration there. It is very important to remember that architecture is the design made

for people, which should be affordable, comfortable and aesthetically beautiful. In order

to combine those needs, this research is proposing a module design driven form the

analysis of natural biological shapes (bionics) utilizing Building Information Modeling

(BIM) technologies. The main approach for this research is to utilize nature as an

inspiration for discoveries and the model of learning from natural shapes to create an

innovative bionic structural systems.

This thesis focuses on analyzing and designing truncated octahedron shape for

an initial building module. This shape (besides cubes) out of all of Plato’s and

Archimedean solids is capable of closely packing space. The ultimate aim of the

research is to propose a design concept for affordable, structurally sound and

architecturally appealing buildings.

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

In 1920, in the book “Beyond the Pleasure Principle Biology”, Sigmund Freud

said:

Biology is truly a land of unlimited possibilities. We may expect it to give us the most surprising information, and we cannot guess what answers it will return in a few dozen years.

Today architects and structural engineers tend to go back to nature, biology and other

disciplines to find their conceptual design inspiration there. There are so many

examples, where nature and biology can help us create new technologies and

approaches. The fire beetle can detect a fire in the forest within a 50 mile radius. The

man-made detectors will be 100 times less efficient than this insect, that doesn’t require

any electrical power or burning fossils. Another inspiring example is a spider web. It is

the stronger biological material in the world. Arizona State University research (Science

and Nature journal 2011) shows that spider web is five times stronger than piano wire.

All those remarkable features of nature laws help designers to form so called

conceptual design stage, where all the major decisions are made.

Man was born in nature and he lives in nature, he utilizes all the natural

resources for survival and creating better living conditions for himself, sometimes

“extensively modifying the ecological and climatic systems of the world”. For this

reason, it is always important to remember, that humans are part of nature and they

should be very careful to it and try to learn from its perfection as much as they can. All

forms of nature have “architecture” in them. The wonder of nature is that it has a great

“capacity to adapt and change significantly to generate new forms, structures and

properties from existing ones” (Michael Weinstock, 2010). Equally important is a

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description of a close relationship between form and behavior. The form of organism,

building or city changes within the changes in behavior of the environment. As an

example, cities and plants in the northern latitude have developed special behavior to

adjust to that life cycle, weather the same settlements would have a completely different

features in the southern latitudes. Another example of nature, is the perfect organization

of the trees, where its trunk and branching provides moving roads for fluids, as well as

structural stability and support for leafs.

Furthermore, another interesting concept being utilized in this research is the

concept of “emergence”. In a simple definition emergence is “applied to the properties of

a system that cannot be deduced from its components” (Michael Weinstock, 2010). It is

very important that all the properties of “a whole” are as much important as properties of

any smaller parts while analyzing the dynamics of a system. For example, human body

is constructed of a perfectly balanced architectural and structural systems. (Molecules.

Atoms, Cells). Atoms arrange in an organized way and form perfect structures of

molecules, while the molecules create “complex architecture of proteins” (Michael

Weinstock, 2010). This process is the beginning of building hierarchy of body structures,

which increases its complexity with every new level. The human body undoubtedly

depends on all processes of low level structures, however they don’t necessary

describe one’s behavior.

The next chapters will focus on the above indicated concepts and study in depth

the structure and behavior of single cells and compare them with the behavior of

organism that are built from these cells.

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There are two processes that have created the ground for all living forms to

emerge: “embryological development from a single cell to an adult form” and “the

evolution of diverse species of forms over extended time” (Michael Weinstock, 2010).

This research will cover both processes, looking for similarities and differences and

applying this knowledge to the architectural design.

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CHAPTER 2 BIONIC PATTERNS IN ARCHITECTURE

Bionics: Biology and Technology

The term “Bionics” has different meanings and applications in different fields. It

derives from the Greek word meaning “Element of life”. It is used to describe a linkage

between certain technologies and biological systems (biology and technology). During a

three-day Bionics symposium in 1960 in Daytona, the USA, this term was first used by

Jack E. Steele, an American medical doctor and Air Force colonel. The idea behind it is

that, nature and biology are great sources for inspiration in engineering and technology.

(Goujon, 2001). The most famous example of using bionics in technology is the

invention of Velcro® fabric (Figure 2-1). It was invented by George de Mestral, Swiss

electrical engineer in 1948, while hunting. He noticed that his dog has a lot of burs in its

fur from the forest, and it made him think how these little things could clung so easily to

the fur. The answer was a new invention (Stephens, 2007).

Architectural bionics is similar to the technical term described above. However,

the sphere of use is so specific that it forms an independent branch, which solves not

only technical, but mostly architectural problems. The scientific basis of architectural

bionics were established in the Soviet Union by works of Seefeld and Lebedev

architects (Lebedev, 1990).

The world is interdependent. All objects and events are directly or indirectly

connected with each other. There are no barriers between wildlife and man-made forms

and designs, but there are laws of nature that unite the entire world into a single unit.

The basis for this is the biological relationship of man and nature (Lebedev, 1990).

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Bionic architecture consists of two types: the architecture that links between

biology and technology and the architecture that mimics structures appearance and its

function.

Organic Architecture

Different methods and theory have helped to study the progress in biology,

structures, forms, organs, systems, and processes in living nature. The results of these

studies assisted engineers and architects in searching better solutions for their issues. It

also supported the development of new architectural forms that are sustainable,

structurally sound and aesthetically pleasing.

Organic architecture is the part of architectural design that appeared in 1890s

and was defined by Louis Henry Sullivan and was developed further by Frank Lloyd

Wright in 1920-1950s. (Sloan, 2001). In his opinion, the shape of the building should

arise from its specific purpose and environmental conditions it is being built in. “Prairie

houses”, designed by Wright, were natural extensions of the living organisms of the

environment (Anisimova, 2009).

Organic architecture utilizes principle of creating buildings that reveals the

properties of natural materials and blends in with the surrounding landscape. However

“organic nature” of this architecture in practice has been reduced to the usage of

external architectural forms to blend with local landscape and to the usage of local

building materials to preserve the national colors. Thus, the “organic” trend in

architecture didn’t have direct relation to the bionics. However, in twenty first century the

interest in organic architecture was revived. Together with the formation of bio-tech

aesthetics it started to accept the possibility and importance of outside analogies of

architectural forms and forms in organic nature.

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A B

Figure 2-1. Invention of the hook and loop fastener (Velcro®). A) Burrs B) Velcro®. Source A: http://lightbeam.org/2011/11/27/love-like-there-is-no-tomorrow/cluster-of-burrs-lisa-difruscio/. Source B: http://www.livescience.com/34572-velcro.html

A B

Figure 2-2. Bionics in architecture. A) Restaurant “Bermet” in Frunze city, Russia B) Clamshell. Source A: http://yiv1999.narod.ru/ABC_0040.htm. Source B: http://www.buythesea-bymail.co.uk/giant-clam-shell-lamp-3785-p.asp

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Figure 2-3. Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright. Example of organic architecture. Source: http://www.fallingwater.org/

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

Purpose of Study and Objective

“The Traffic between biology and architecture has been heavy in both directions

since the beginnings of biology as a scientific discipline in the 1800s.” (Smith and Kaji-

O’Grady, 2014). “Exaptive translations between biology and architecture” journal article

describes tight connections between genetics and architecture. It describes discovery of

the DNA structure by noticing spiral staircase structure in architecture and thinking that

they might look the same. However, the first double helix staircases are found in old

Islamic architecture (902-908s), the earlier European double helix staircases were built

in Staffordshire, England (1380s). All of those examples were inspired by nature curves

and interpreted into the architectural design, which couple of hundred years later helped

to discover the genetic structures. (Smith and Kaji-O’Grady, 2014)This great example

shows the broad relationship between disciplines that works in both directions.

The purpose of this study is to explore and learn from patterns in biology and

apply them in designing architectural modules for further structural analysis and design

combinations. The objective of the research is to develop innovative structural systems

derived from bionic patterns.

The first phase of the research involves studying existing examples of

implementation bionic patterns and organic architecture in structural design. The

second phase involves studying different types of cells and choosing the best pattern for

future design of a single module. This phase also identifies the shape, structure and

architectural spacing of the single module. The third phase includes actual design and

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structural analysis of the single module. The final phase involves design of module

combinations and its structural analysis.

Analysis of Biological Cells

The cell is the simplest and smallest organization of life, however it has a

complex organization of “internal systems” that support its living conditions and creates

a cell as an independent living organism. It has an “enclosed surface” – membrane, and

internal living processes that keeps stability of the cell. The goal of this research is to

study structure of different biological cells and use this knowledge in the architectural

design. “The examination of structure in nature…reveals varied efficient geometric

possibilities and alternative spatial vocabularies that can infuse innovative design

concepts in the built environment” (Nawari et al., 2013).

The beauty and simplicity of this concept was taken as a basic idea for this

research and design proposal. The following chapters will discuss different types of cells

and the flow of design.

Bionic Patterns in Architecture

Architectural bionics is designed not only to solve the functional architecture

issues, but help to understand the synthesis of function and aesthetic forms of

architecture. Architectural bionics tries to solve not only technical part of the design, but

helps to inspire on creating naturally comfortable living atmosphere for people.

Spiritual part of creating bionic forms is associated with the attempt to

understand the human mission. So one of the goals of architectural bionics is to design

a space where people can feel opened with themselves. The bionic building should

create a place that fills the human life with artistic and natural atmosphere.

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These forms have started to be successfully applied in various field of

architecture typology, high-rise construction, creating a rapidly transforming structures,

standardization of elements of buildings and structures.

There are a lot of existing examples of implementation of bionic patterns in

architecture. To develop new design ideas, numerous examples of bionic patterns in

architecture were studied.

Stuttgart, Germany, is a city for engineering innovation. One of the most

interesting modern movements here is the "Stuttgarter Bauschule," also known as the

Stuttgart School of Building Design. The city hosts the International “Biology and

Construction” research group founded by Frei Otto (Nerdinger, 2005). It employs

leading biologists, architects and engineers. The group was organized in 1961 by

talented engineers and architects. Its purpose was to work with maximum connection

with biology, engineering and building art. The group tries not only to carry out the

interpretation of natural skeletons and shells in buildings, but also understand physical

and technical processes of forming those structures (such as diatoms, invisible biology

beings that form a very strong shell) (Nerdinger, 2005). Frei Otto became famous in the

1960-1970s after creation of the German pavilion at the World Expo in Montreal and

the Olympic Stadium in Munich, where he used the membrane and flexible design with

the main advantage of being light and transparent (Figure 3-1).

Another great example of architectural bionics is the Shanghai Tower (Figure 3-

2). Construction work began in November 2008 and is planning to be finished in 2015. It

is designed by Gensler architects, Marshall Strabala and Jun Xia. The population of the

tower will be more than hundred thousand people. The tower has a cypress shape will

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be about two thousand feet height. Carefully thought-out design is similar to the

structure of the branches and the crown of cypress. The Shanghai Tower will stand on

pile foundations. The structure works like an accordion, the same way as the cypress

root system developed. The resistance of the upper floors to wind loads will be provided

by free spacing inside the tower, which will let air go through with no resistance.

Modular Construction

Modular construction has a long history. Starting from 1950s these technologies

have been used for the construction of buildings of commercial and industrial

applications. It was a fast way of building prefabricated buildings with relatively low

costs.

Modular buildings are widely used in almost all spheres of human activity. These

structures can solve many problems associated with the placement of personnel, plant

and equipment. Modular buildings can be used as,

trade stalls, shops, warehouses;

large cold stores;

restaurants, bars, canteens;

camping, recreation centers, tourist centers;

auto service stations, gas stations, garages;

offices, laboratories;

building campuses, facilities for protection, traffic police posts, military. In developed countries, modular construction technology is being built about 90%

of public buildings, industrial buildings and sports and entertainment complexes (Staib,

2008).

The modular method of building structures today is one of the most effective way

of building construction. Firstly, it significantly reduces construction time. Secondly, this

type of construction is much cheaper than traditional capital construction. The use of

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panel-frame construction system can be successfully used, if necessary, fast erection

and commissioning of buildings for industrial, warehouse, sports and many other

destinations.

Installation of modular buildings of small size - container type - is successfully

used for technical or economic reasons. If it is necessary to rapidly expand, collapse or

move a small business, the solution will be to place it in the container or in the pavilion.

The modular construction is a very broad topic, however this research will

underline one case study that helped to identify a functional space organization of the

proposed design in the next chapter. Richard Buckminster Fuller was an American

architect, designer, engineer, inventor and author. One of his greatest inventions was

Dymaxion house (Sieden, 2000). There have been several versions of this concept.

They were all factory made and assembled on site and held for anywhere in the world

with an efficient use of resources. The design allows easy transportation and assembly

(Figure 3-4 and Figure 3-5).

The final version of the Dymaxion House had a central tower of stainless steel on

the sole basis. Down with this spacers there were "spokes" (like in a bicycle wheel),

supporting the roof with light beams, resting on the floor. Aluminum fans with wedge-

shaped blades must be installed on the roof, as well as the highest point in the field.

This project was the first attempt to create a stand-alone property in the twentieth

century. The prototype offers a mobile toilet, water tank and fan roof, driven by

convection currents. This was the solution for places with a rainy weather, like in

Florida. (Sieden, 2000).The great idea of designing interesting, efficient and cost

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effective residential houses helped to develop the singe residential module design of

this research which will be described in the design section of this thesis.

Figure 3-1. Olympic Stadium in Munich, Frei Otto. Source:

http://www.archdaily.com/109136/ad-classics-munich-olympic-stadium-frei-otto-gunther-behnisch/

Figure 3-2. The Shanghai Tower, Marshall Strabala and Jun Xia. Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shanghai_Tower_July_2014_-_1.jpg

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Figure 3-3. Cypress tree. Inspiration for the Shanghai Tower. Source: http://www.tree-land.com/trees_italian_cypress.asp

A B

Figure 3-4. Dymaxion House by Richard Buckminster Fuller. A) Inside rendering, B) Plan view. Source: http://imgkid.com/buckminster-fuller-dymaxion-house.shtml

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Figure 3-5. Structure of Dymaxion House by Richard Buckminster Fuller. Source: http://imgkid.com/buckminster-fuller-dymaxion-house.shtml

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CHAPTER 4 CHOOSING A MODEL DESIGN

Choosing a Cell

Before working on the design of the module structure, research on different types

of bionic structures has been made. The initial concept of the design was to study

structure of one type of biological cell and create the housing module using the same

structural principles as nature. The second phase of the structural design would be

combination of the modules (modular construction) using principles of cell multiplication

in nature. The third phase of the research would consist of the structural analysis and

structural design using Autodesk® Robot™ Structural Analysis 2015. The human body

is a perfect structured organization of different kind of cells, shaping in a perfect body.

While choosing the model shape for the design, a lot of research has been done on

different structural systems and cells of human body (Figure 4-1).

Cardiac Muscle Сells

Our body has several vital important organs, and heart is one of them. Our buddy

can’t survive without healthy heart. Because of its central meaning in our life, it was

decided to investigate the structure of this organ to find inspiration for the modular

design. This type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart (Mccann and Wiser, 2011).

Cardiac muscle is also striated, but differs in other ways from skeletal muscle: Not only is it involuntary, but also when excited, it generates a much longer electric impulse than does skeletal muscle, lasting about 300 ms. Correspondingly, the mechanical contraction also lasts longer. Furthermore, cardiac muscle has a special property: The electric activity of one muscle cell spreads to all other surrounding muscle cells, owing to an elaborate system of intercellular junctions (Malmivuo and Plonsey, 1994)

The unique feature of cardiac muscle is its mesh structure that is formed from

muscle fibers. This structure develops extremely tight relations between the fibers,

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which helps to establish great communication between cells. An important feature of the

heart muscle is its ability to decrease without affecting the external nerve impulse (nerve

impulse in the nervous system). The heart muscle itself generates nerve impulses and

reduced under their influence. Nerve impulses of the nervous system do not cause

contractions of the heart muscle, but can change the frequency of the generation of

nerve impulses of the heart muscle. That means that cardiac muscle is relatively

independent from nervous system and can sustain human life without his direct

influence (Tony Smith, 2011).

However the structure of the cardiac muscle is very interesting and complex, it

was very hard to convert this structural and functional concept into architectural

structural system (Figure 4-2). The next study cell is brain neuron.

Brain Neurons

Brain is the center of human nervous system. It consists of millions of neuron

cells that have incredibly beautiful structure. Communication between neurons occurs

by synaptic transmission. Neurons are the physical vehicles from the cerebral cortex to

the periphery of our body and vice versa. Each neuron has a long process, called

axons, through which it transmits impulses to other neurons. Axon branches, and the

point of contact with other neurons form synapses. The chemistry (electrical impulse)

between neurons is the most fascinating and beautiful process in the cell structure

(Figure 4-3). Brain neurons transmit all the information using those multiple links. There

are also special chemicals that brain neurons consist of, and they have a great impact

on the reactions and transferring information between the cells. Such substances are

called neurotransmitters. These substances have an inhibitory or excitatory effect on

our brain, which is reflected in our emotions, behavior and actions.One more interesting

29

aspect of the neuron structure is its inability to reproduce itself and form reflexes.

Human body is a huge factory that is operating on the electrical impulses from more

than one billion brain neurons. All our actions are formed there. If there is a slight

dysfunction of the system, it will result in psychiatric disorders and diseases. It is very

interesting how the smallest cells and chemicals can control human behavior. (Tony

Smith, 2011).

Human brain is the most amazing, mysterious and still poorly explored organ. If

people knew how to use at least half of its capabilities, so much more knowledge could

have been opened for the mankind. However, even such a great concept of the cell

connection type and structure did not result in a successful architectural design

Radiolaria

Radiolaria has already played a great role for inspiring designers and architects.

It is one of the oldest molecules on the Earth. It can be found in the warm ocean waters.

It’s skeleton made of chitin, silica or strontium sulfate (celestite). It has rays that

are used to strengthen the pseudopodia. (Anderson, 1981). After radiolarian dies first

stored as radiolarian ooze, and then converted into sedimentary chert hemobiogennye -

flint, flask and radiolarians. Radiolaria has been studied by paleontologists for a long

time because of their “well-established presence in the fossil record”. However, these

unicellular forms have always been attractive for art and architecture because of their

unique and beautiful skeleton (Figure 4-4). “Crystallized from opaline silica, this unusual

and often strikingly beautiful characteristic of these organisms is their primary

morphological characteristic, providing both a basis for their classification and an insight

into their ecology.” (Anderson, 1983). Silica is an important material and a lot of it is

found in the Earth's crust. It also plays very important role of protection and survival of

30

radolarians. It is used for preserving the record of their existence in the world's oceans

and determining the age of sedimentary rocks as well. The delicate hexagonal

skeletons of radiolarians is a natural fundamental phenomenon: the densest possible

packing of spheres. It is organized of free floating spherical organic compartments in a

greatly stable arrangement. These organisms have already inspired many large-scale

architectural projects. For example, the U.S. Pavilion at EXPO '76 in Montreal. The

pavilion's dome was inspired by the radiolarians and now is a museum dedicated to the

environment.

Truncated Octahedron or “Kelvin Cell”

In crystallography and irregular polyhedrons, there is only one figure which

allows building a stable, fully integrated three-dimensional lattice – tetrakaidecahedron

(or it is sometimes called a tetradecahedron).

This shape (besides cubes) out of all of Plato’s and Archimedean solids is

capable of closely packing space. It is a 14-faced Archimedean solid with six square

and eight hexagon faces, also known as Kelvin foam model (Figure 4-6). One example

of tetradecahedron is truncated octahedron. It consists of eight hexagonal and six

square faces. Several of these figures are easy to connect in space because of their tilt

angles and intersections (Steinhaus 1999). In 1887, Lord Kelvin found how space could

be divided into cells that will be equal in volume and with the least area of surface

between cells. He suggested a foam (soap bubbles), based on the bi truncated cubic

honeycomb. Analyzing a point where three or more soap bubbles meet, he found that

they form three walls joining along a single line (Papanek, 1985). On each of the three

bubbles the surface tension is the same and the three angles between bubble walls

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equal 120° (Figure 4-7). It was later called “mecon” by Buckminster Fuller and was used

as an inspiration for his geodesic domes.

If we analyze a truncated octahedron as a separate shape, we will find that it is

"rounder" than the cube, but "square" than the sphere. It withstands pressure (both

outside and inside) better than the cube, but worse than the sphere. If put together a lot

of spheres of the same size (balloons) as a bunch of grapes and put them under

smooth and constant pressure (plunging under the water) we will see that our two balls

there are areas of low pressure (in the form of concave spherical triangular pyramids). If

the pressure increases further, the balls will be the most stable form, becoming a

truncated octahedron cluster. In fact truncated octahedron cluster is also a generalized

form of human fat cells, as well as many other basic cellular structures (Papanek,

1985).

These shapes are very complex and simple at the same time. Their unique

feature of being able to fill the space with no additional shapes makes it a perfect

concept for the initial design of this research.

Design Proposal

Truncated octahedron shape was used to design a single module. Two-story

single residential housing was designed, with the following parameters: height – 20 feet,

living space – 850 square feet, rooms – living room, kitchen, toilet, master bedroom,

bedroom, bathroom and corridor (Figure 4-6 and Figure 4-7).

The complex geometry and inclined walls of the house were the main criteria that

defined the building size. In truncated octahedron the dihedral angle between two

hexagons equals 109, 47° and the dihedral angle between hexagon and square equals

125, 26°.After creating truncated octahedron shape in Autodesk® Revit® 2015 the

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optimal scale for the single house was found. The edge length is 9 feet. Taking into

consideration the angles between the walls that define the building shape, the total

height of the building became almost 19’. In order to create enough height for the first

floor design approach proposes to move the floor from mitting point of two hexagonal

wall on about 2 feet higher. The architectural reasoning for that is the low ceiling on the

first floor (only 6 feet 4 inch). However increasing the size of the edge length from 9 feet

to 10 feet will result in an unnecessary tall ceilings, which will not be able to keep the

house in economy class.

The concept of this house is to be an affordable home for young just-married

families. All the utilities will be efficiently accommodated behind the kitchen next to the

toilet area. Beautiful and contemporary design will be favored by a young couple and

their kids. The structural frame of the house, provides possibility of easily combining

different modules on the top, to increase the house space, in case of need to create

more living spacing. The assemble time will be within four weeks, which makes a very

fast assembling house. The finish stucco material could be any color per client request.

It will provide customers with a great opportunity to be partly involved in the house

design with no additional cost.

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Figure 4-1. Human body cell types. Source: http://www.ayanawater.com/benefits/weight-loss/

Figure 4-2. Cardiac Muscle Cell. Source: http://www.learninglab.co.uk / headstart/four45.htm

Figure 4-3. Brain neurons. Source: http://allinallnews.com/psychology/how-many-neurons-are-in-our-brain

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Figure 4-4. Radiolaria Molecule. Source: http://www.radiolaria.org/what_are_radiolarians.htm

Figure 4-5. Truncated Octahedron. Source: https://jakdrinnan.wordpress.com/2012/07/24/material-designing-complexity/

Figure 4-6. Formation of truncated octahedron from soap bubbles. Source: https://jakdrinnan.wordpress.com/2012/07/24/material-designing-complexity/

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Figure 4-7. Soap bubbles. Formation of adjacent walls. Source: https://jakdrinnan.wordpress.com/2012/07/24/material-designing-complexity/

A B

Figure 4-8. Design Proposal Model. A) Single Unit, B) Unit combination. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 4-9. Single Unit. Floor plan first floor. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 4-10. Single Unit. Floor plan second floor. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 4-11. Single Unit. Section View. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 4-12. Single Unit. Rendering outside view. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 4-13. Single Unit. Prospective sectional rendering. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 4-14. Single Unit. Elevation rendering. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 4-15. Single Unit. Perspective rendering. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 4-16. Single Unit. Village rendering 1. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 4-17. Single Unit. Village rendering 2. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 4-18. Single Unit. Interior rendering. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS USING BIM TOOLS

Structural Design

Every part of a building is subject to the effects of outside forces. So the basic

building structural systems function is to provide building strength and serviceability

during normal use conditions, maximum considered use occupancy and environmental

loading of different intensities.

This section shows structural design and analysis of the single residential house

(one module) and a combined design of three modules (residential community house)

will be investigated. The initial structural design of single module residential house is

considered to have two different types of bracing. Both types will be analyzed and

compared.

The structural design of the building should be able to control displacements

within acceptable limits during service loading, and provides strength and stability due

to factored loadings and environmental loadings. There are two major categories of

loads: gravity and lateral loads. Gravity loads generally include dead, live, snow and

rain/flood loads. Lateral loads include wind earthquake, soil lateral pressure and thermal

loads. In this research buildings are assumed as subjected to dead, live and wind loads.

The location of houses is in central Florida, which eliminates the influence of snow and

earthquake loads.

All the designs, from conceptual to the final renderings were made in Revit®

2015 and the analysis was made in Robot™ Structural Analysis 2015.

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Single residential house. First type of bracing

Two types of structural systems are assumed: main structure and secondary

structure (Figure 5-1). For the main structure, 8x31 W-wide flange columns are used,

6x6x.5 HHS steel sections are used for beams, 5-inch concrete floor on metal deck. The

floor support consists of one-way floor joist system using 6x6x0.5 HHS-hollow structural

section beams (Figure 5-2). Wall frames are used for the lateral stability of the building.

It helps to optimally use floor spacing of the building and provides economical and

generally simple construction process. For the wall frame secondary bracing the 6x6

light gauge wall framing with minimum stud spacing of 2 feet on center is used. This

type of wall framing system will provide more cost effective walls with all the necessary

deformation resistance (not greater than 1 inch). The walls will be made from metal,

insulation and stucco as a finishing material. The foundation is 12 -inch mat concrete

foundation. If amount of steel reinforcement of the foundation is increased, it will provide

the future expansion of the building by the ability to add more modules vertically.

Wind load is calculated for the main wind force resisting system (metal framing,

components and cladding. While designing the type of wind force resisting system,

additional calculations would need to be done. In order to design cost effective and

reliable framing system, it is necessary to contact the light gauge manufacture and

provide it with all dimensions. The manufacture will be able to finish the structural

design by proposing the best system suitable for this situation, as different building

zones will have different pressure. Higher wind pressure will be on the corners, edges

and interiors. It will improve the initial design, but not change it completely (Figure 5-5).

Average wind pressure is considered to be 34psf for Gainesville, FL location and

will be acting on the main force resisting system, as it differs depending on the different

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zones. The overall proposed structural design is conservative, and it should limit the

building deformation.

Single residential house. Second type of bracing

The substructure of the second type bracing system is assumed to be a 12 -inch

mat concrete foundation. This type of foundation was selected based on the research

and recommendations from the geotechnical engineer and close coordination with the

construction management specialists. The superstructure of the building consists of

8x31 W-wide flange columns, 6x6x.5 HHS steel sections beams, 5-inch concrete floor

on metal deck. The floor support consists of one-way floor joist system using HSS

2x6x1/8 steel sections beam systems. Applying single diagonal bracing allows the HSS

members support lateral loads (Figure 5-5).

The connection type for beams, girders and columns is considered to be rigid

connection. It will make the structure act as a moment frame for resisting lateral loads.

This method will help structural design to be more conservative. 8x31 W-wide flange

columns are used to distribute the loads from the floor and beams to the mat foundation

(Figure 5-6).

Module combination. Residential Community House

The residential community house design consists of three complete truncated

octahedron shapes and one half section. The community house is a non-profit

organization which sponsors cultural, social, educational and recreational programs

devoted to different topics supporting young families. The building has 7 living floors

and a roof as a top floor. The community house has 7500 square feet of living space

(five two-story apartments) and 4000 square feet of commercial space for the

community needs. It can accommodate living space for five families and provides space

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for social events, exhibition areas, office space for the community hear quarters. The

community can organize a variety of family and children’s programs, activities for

seniors, community events and gatherings of all types. There is an additional outside

recreational space (2000 square feet) on the second floor. The building has enough

spaces to host many programs and activities for families and children, as well as to

provide adequate living space for certain families.

The complex geometry and inclined walls of the house are the main criteria that

defined the building size, as in the single unit module. However in the combined module

the size of the edges is increased from 9 feet to 13 feet. Due to the truncated

octahedron geometry it brought the floor height to almost 9 feet and made one

truncated octahedron unit a four story structure instead of two-story as in the first design

proposal. The height of the building is 65 feet.

As in the truncated octahedron, the dihedral angle between two hexagons equals

109, 47° and the dihedral angle between hexagon and square equals 125, 26°.These

angles were kept the same for the walls in the building. This helped to use the wooden

spiral stairs for the two-story apartments. Stair goes on the inclined wall and leaves

more the floor space for the rooms. The inclined walls are used efficiently as additional

space for shelves and storage. The glass panels used as curtain walls on the first floor

create 2000 square feet of exhibition space. The glass panels on the top floors of the

building provide additional light for the well-appointed apartments and add architectural

appealing view for the house.

First two floors have a polygon shape and the upper floors have truncated

octahedron shape. The elevator shaft in the middle of the structure works for the lateral

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stability of the structure. There are shear walls on the first floors of the building

protecting it from lateral loads. The 12-inch raft foundation is carrying the load from all

the members and floors transferred to them through columns. The 6x6x.5 HHS-hollow

structural sections were used as the steel bracing.

All the designs, from conceptual to the final renderings were made in Revit®

2015 and the analysis was made in Robot™ Structural Analysis 2015.

Autodesk® Robot™ Structural Analysis Professional

Autodesk® Robot™ Structural Analysis Professional 2015 software provides

structural analysis and design for various types of buildings. This software application

provides a 3d bidirectional link to Autodesk® Revit® 2015. As a result architects and

engineers can use these integrated BIM tools to design buildings of all complexity

levels. This research utilizes the BIM tools to show how integrated design can improve

efficiency and accuracy of the design stage of the projects.

After the completion of the architectural design in Revit Architecture 2015 the

structural model was created. All the structural elements and members were transferred

to Revit 2015 Structural template. This gives the designer and opportunity to check the

model for supports and complete analytical adjusts. After that the model can be

transferred to Robot for further structural analysis using Autodesk Revit Extension

analysis link (Figure 5-20).

When the model is opened in Robot Analysis the loads should be defined and

applied if this was not done in Revit 2015. For the single module analysis the following

loads were used: 30psf Dead Load, 40psf Life Load for the floors; 20psf Deal Load,

10psf Life Load for the roof system, 35psf for the average wind pressure. The next step

is to define the load combinations. Robot Analysis has a great library of built-in codes.

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For our analysis full automatic set of load combinations is generated using LRFD ASCE

7-10 code. These load combinations would be used for the unit combination analysis as

well. After all adjustments are made the analysis will run the calculations. This program

is a powerful and efficient tool not only for general linear static analysis but also for

many types of nonlinearity, tension/compression members, and supports.

After running the analysis for single unit module the results were showing, that

model has a huge deflection (Figure 5-21). The analytical adjust of the Revit model and

increasing the beams section from 6x6x0.5 HHS to 8x8x0.375 HHS helped to reduce

the building deformation. In Robot Analysis the results may be viewed as individual

members or parts of the structure in the forms of diagrams and maps (Figure 5-23 and

5-25).

For the single unit model with the first type bracing, Robot Analysis was not able

to complete calculations, as it could not recognize structural properties of 6x6 light

gauge wall framing. For analysis purposes it was changed to the same size C-Chanel

bracing. This type of bracing will provide almost the same force resistance but it will be

less cost effective as light gauge. For that reason C-Chanel framing will be kept only for

analysis purpose and will be changed to 6x6 light gauge wall framing for the

construction drawings.

The module combination residential house analysis is much more complex than

the single unit. The bracing framing was failing as a result of excessive deformation due

to a large number of instabilities which were caused by a wrong settings in Revit 2015.

In order to fix it, the analytical adjust tool was used in Revit Structure 2015 and the

model was again updated in Robot Analysis. The following loads were used: 50psf

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Dead Load, 80psf Life Load for the floors; 25psf Deal Load, 50psf Life Load for the roof

system, 35psf for the average wind pressure calculations. The load combinations were

automatically generated based on LRFD ASCE 7-10 code. The results of the analysis

could also be easily output to spreadsheets and use tabular view.

After the steel design calculations, some beam needed to be changed to a bigger

section to improve the design from the 6x6x0.5 HHS-hollow structural section beams a

bigger section 8x8x0.5 HHS. As for the connections, rigid welded connections are

assumed. This method is not practically cost effective, however it will provide more

stable design.

Utilizing BIM integrated process for creating models in Revit Architecture and

Revit Structure and improving them by directly sending the model form Robot helped to

deliver a conservative and well-structured design.

Design Combinations

Gallery

The final phase of the research is to propose more module combinations based

on the single unit design. The inspiration for the further design extension was taken

from the ability of the truncated octahedron shape to perfectly fill the space. Just like

honey comb or the plant cells create a perfect grid. The design is based on combining

these modules together and then extracting some modules to find an interesting but

stable shape. The first design proposal is the Gallery house. It consists of 30 modules

with the edge length of 13 feet and the total height of the building - 45 feet. The height

of one floor is 9 feet. The Gallery building has about 40 000 square feet of open space

for different kind of exhibitions. The building has five floors with a green roof as a

recreational area on the top. The floors will be acting as a membrane to pull the

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structure together and inside columns together with the beam system will be holding it.

The second and third floors don’t cover the space entirely, leaving the open areas to

display big units (like planes or machines). The purpose of the building is to become a

moving exhibition space that can host huge events. It will require square feet of building

pad for construction and can be fast constructed using metal framing. The outskirts of

big cities always have a lot of land, where this Gallery can be built for the time of the

exhibition event and then easily disassembled and moved to another one.

Office Tower

Office Tower is the 300 feet high-rise building. It has 33 floors and consists of 40

truncated octahedron modules with 13 feet edge length each. The intention of this

design was to show the ability of modules to grow not only horisontaly but verticaly as

well. The inspiration for the the tower desing was a cypress tree (like the Shanghai

Tower). Its tall and staight stucture can be easily constructed with the truncated

octahedrone modules.

The tower has 18 feet wide elevator in the core of its structure to provide lateral

stability. The building will be occupied by different companies and provide square feet

for office use. Each floor can have a unique interior design and space differentiation that

will provide great working atmosphere. The walls will be made from glass to have the

massive structure look fragile and appealing. The glass will have inter lamination as a

layer to provide strength against brittle fracture of the glass plates. For strength and

insulation purposes windows will be prefabricated with multiple thick panes, for both

thermal, sound insulation and wind load resistance.

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Spiral Tower

Spiral Tower is a residential complex center. Inspired by the natural curves

(snails and DNA) and using truncated octahedron shape units this building rises up to

230 feet high. Its complex structure needs a lot of additional support for the cantilever

modules that span for about 45 feet from the core of the building. It could be reinforced

by adding angled beams underneath the cantilever modules and help transfer the loads

to the columns (forming a triangular). In the very center of the tower there is an elevator

shaft, which is 18 feet wide. This shear wall will play significant structural role for the

whole building. The design of the tower is symmetrical which will help with overall

stability. The tower has a rectangular base to provide lateral stability for the building as

well as additional commercial spacing and easy access to the building. The tower has

18-inch mat concrete foundation.

Figure 5-1. Single Unit. First type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-2. Single Unit. First type bracing, member tags. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-3. Single Unit. Analytical model of first type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-4. Single Unit. Analytical model adjustments of first type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-5. Single Unit. Second type bracing type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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A

B

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C

D Figure 5-6. Single Unit. First type bracing. A) Ground floor, B) First floor, C) Second

floor, D) Roof. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-7. Single Unit. Second type bracing, member tags. Source: Photo courtesy of

author

Figure 5-8. Module Combination. Residential community house rendering 1. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-11. Module Combination. Residential community house. South Elevation. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-12. Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-13. Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure perspective view. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-14. Module Combination. Residential community house. Structure tags. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-15. Module Combination. Residential community house. Truncated

octahedrons. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-16. Module Combination. Residential community house. Levels composition. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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A

B

61

C

D Figure 5-17. Module Combination. Residential community house. A) Foundations, B)

First floor, C) Second floor, D) Third floor. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-18. Module Combination. Residential community house. West Elevation. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-19. Module Combination. Residential community house. Section view. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-20. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis. Sending model from Revit® 2015 to structural analysis. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-21. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis first deformation results of first type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-22. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-23. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, no deformation. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-24. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, stresses distribution. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-25. Single Unit. Robot™ Structural Analysis second type bracing, stresses distribution. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-26. Module combination. Residential community. Deformation of the scale

structure. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-27. Module combination. Residential community. Stress distribution. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-28. Module combination. Residential community. Moment diagrams. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-29. Module combination. Residential community. Rotation y-axis. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-30. Module combination. Steel connection of the members (gusset plate). Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-31. Module combination. Gusset plate connection. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-32. Module combination. Single member analysis. Lower beam moment diagram. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-33. Module combination. Single member analysis. Mx Moment diagram for

three members. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-34. Module combination. Steel design calculations. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-35. Module combination. Steel design. Identifying members with the wrong section. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-36. Module combination. Wind simulation analysis. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-37. Module Combination. Gallery rendering 1. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-40. Module combination. Spiral residential tower rendering 1. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-41. Module combination. Spiral residential tower rendering 2. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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Figure 5-42. Module combination. Office tower rendering 1. Source: Photo courtesy of author

Figure 5-43. Module combination. Office tower rendering 2. Source: Photo courtesy of author

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION

Buildings are products of rational thinking, systematic analysis, design and

optimization. However, they would never be created without inspiration. “Bionic practice

gave rise to the new and unusual architectural forms which are useful from functional

and practical point of view and original in their aesthetic qualities” (Zakharchuk, 2013).

Learning from nature lessons is not the new concept, but it should be implemented

more into the architectural and structural design nowadays.

During the research five examples of implementing Bionic patterns were

presented showing the importance of integrating BIM into earlier stages of design.

This research also shows the importance of integrated work and education for

engineering and architectural design. Without help of biology, geometry and physics

knowledge it would be impossible to develop new interesting ideas that can be made

real.

This study shows the importance of technology knowledge today, especially BIM

tools for both disciplines, architecture and engineering. However the tools that have

been utilized in this research (Autodesk® Revit® 2015 and Autodesk® Robot™

Structural Analysis 2015) have insignificant limitations (such as requirement of a

powerful computers for complex analysis), it helped a lot to learn the structural behavior

of the models.

Further research within the topic of this thesis should contain completing

structural analysis of even more complex models. Comparing results with the single

module analysis should show the difference between a cell structure and a whole form.

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The combination of different software results such as Revit Structural Cloud

analysis and other structural engineering software could be considered for future

research studies.

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Benyus, M., 2002. Biomimicry Innovation inspired by nature, HarperCollins

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Lebedev, Y.S., 1990. Bionic Architecture, Moscow, Stroiizdat

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Zakharchuk, A., 2013. Bionics in architecture. Challenges of Modern Technology, 3(2), 50-53. Retrieved from http://www.journal.young-scientists.eu/index.php/isuues/file/93-bionics-in-architecture

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Tatiana Chichugova has graduated from Plekhanov Russian University of

Economics with a Diploma of Honor. She has always been active participant of the

student life and active member of student government. By the time, she arrived to

pursue her degree in architecture at University of Florida, she has already worked for

about two years in construction industry and was ready to continue her carrier in this

field in the USA. However, her interest in the structural analysis and building behavior

made her very enthusiastic about this topic. As a result after receiving the degree

Master of Science in Architectural Studies, she will try to continue doing research in BIM

and structural design.

© 2015 tatiana chichugova - ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edurobot™ structural analysis second type...

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