電業自由化與再生能源發展Utility De-regulation

and Renewable Energy Development

謝宗宏 Simon Hsieh

總經理 President

1

林佳蓉 Jessica Lin專案主任 Project Supervisor

菱光科技 Creative Sensor Inc.

Agenda台灣與美國及加州之比較

• 電業自由化• 再生能源發展

個案探討 : 加州• Energy Landscape in California• Utility in California• Renewable Energy in California • Solar in California • Energy Storage in California • Green Economy in California

結語Appendix

– Quick View of USA Electric Utility Liberalization– USA Renewable Energy Development : From EPA Establishment to

Obama The Clean Power Plan– Green Economy in USA– 名詞檢索– Websites

2

台灣與美國及加州之比較Taiwan v.s. USA and California

3

電力批發與零售在自由化後出現

4

Purchase fuel and produce

power

Facilitate buying/ selling of power

between generation and retail players

Transmit power over long distance

Deliver power locally to

customers

Sell power to

customers and handle

billing

電業自由化與市場架構

整體政策 : 台灣與美國及加州之比較

- 1996 AB1890

- 1998 CAISO

 

1978 PURPA- Allows non-utility generation

- 2000-2001 California Energy Crisis - 2000 NET-Metering and PBF- 2001 CPUC SGIP for RE- 2002 RPS- 2003 CEAP Energy efficiency Incentive and

policy Renewable energy Incentives IOUs – TOU/RTP/CPP for demand

response- 2006 AB 32, the California Global

Warming Solutions Act- 2006 CPUC CSI-PV incentive- 2007 CEC NSHP- 2008 CEAP/ CPUC ReMAT FiT

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

- 2010 EES- 2011 LADWP NET-

Metering

- 2015 CPUC SGIP for Advance Energy Storage

- 2015 LADWP FiT

1992 Energy Policy Act -Increase clean energy-Improve energy efficiency

1996 FERC Order 888 & Order 889- ISO/OASIS-Feds open wholesale market-Decoupling

1998 CECP- States adopt RPS, net metering and PBF

~ 1947 電業法

2008 永續能源政策綱領-Reduce carbon emission2009 再生能源發展條列-定義再生能源-再生能源推廣目標6500MW~10000MW-再生能源發展基金-併聯、躉購辦法

2010 國家節能減碳總行動方案-Energy efficiency-Reduce carbon emission

2011 新能源政策- 2025 & 2030 renewable target-陽光屋頂百萬座-千架海陸風力機-新北 / 桃園 / 新竹 /台南 / 高雄

1997 The Kyoto Protocol

is adopted

2005The Kyoto Protocol

is entered to force

2000FERC Order 2000- RTO-States offer “decoupling”- States adopt energy efficiency standards

2002 OMOI, SMR2005 Energy Policy Act 2009 Obama GHG emission target

2015 The Clean Power Plan

台灣

美國

加州

Shock & Competition Stability Deregulation Transition

~1935 PUCHA - Law passed to regulate utilities by PUC

5

1995.9 1999.12 2002.5 2007.9 2008.2

2013 成立「電業法修法工作小組」

2015 《電業法》修正草案

歷次送院審議未達共識

美國電業自由化後市場架構

6

RTO/ ISOElectric Power Markets

(CAISO)

RTO/ ISOElectric Power Markets

(CAISO)

美國電業管制單位 – 傳輸與可靠性

Area / Regional CouncilsArea / Regional Councils((Western Electricity

Coordinating Council in CA))

Area / Regional CouncilsArea / Regional Councils((Western Electricity

Coordinating Council in CA))

7

美國電業管制單位 – 電價與服務

National Association of

Regulatory Utility Commissioners

Alabama Public Service Commission Regulatory Commission of Alaska Arizona Corporation Commission Arkansas Public Service Commission California Public Utilities Commission Colorado Public Utilities Commission Connecticut Department of Public Utility Control Delaware Public Service CommissionDistrict of Columbia Public Service Commission Florida Public Service Commission Georgia Public Service CommissionHawaii Public Utilities CommissionIdaho Public Utilities Commission Illinois Commerce CommissionIndiana Utility Regulatory Commission Iowa Utilities BoardKansas Corporation CommissionKentucky Public Service Commission Louisiana Public Service Commission Maine Public Utilities Commission Maryland Public Service Commission Massachusetts Department of Public UtilitiesMichigan Public Service Commission Minnesota Public Utilities CommissionMississippi Public Service Commission

Missouri Public Service Commission Montana Public Service Commission Nebraska Public Service Commission Nevada Public Utilities Commission New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission New Jersey Board of Public Utilities New Mexico Public Regulation Commission New York Public Service Commission North Carolina Utilities Commission North Dakota Public Service CommissionPublic Utilities Commission of Ohio Oklahoma Corporation Commission Oregon Public Utility Commission Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission South Carolina Public Service Commission South Dakota Public Utilities Commission Tennessee Regulatory Authority Texas Public Utility Commission Utah Public Service Commission Vermont Public Service Board Virginia State Corporation Commission Washington Utilities and Transportation CommissionWest Virginia Public Service Commission Wisconsin Public Service Commission Wyoming Public Service Commission

8

加州電業自由化主要政策- 1996 AB1890- 1998 CAISO 

1978 PURPA- Allows non-utility generation

- 2000-2001 California Energy Crisis

- 2000 NET-Metering and PBF- 2001 CPUC SGIP for RE- 2002 RPS- 2003 CEAP Energy efficiency Incentive and

policy Renewable energy Incentives IOUs – TOU/RTP/CPP for demand

response

- 2006 AB 32, the California Global Warming Solutions Act

- 2006 CPUC CSI-PV incentive- 2007 CEC NSHP- 2008 CEAP- 2008 CPUC ReMAT FiT

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

- 2010 EES- 2011 LADWP NET-

Metering

- 2015 CPUC SGIP for AES

- 2015 LADWP FiT

1992 Energy Policy Act -Increase clean energy-Improve energy efficiency

1996 FERC Order 888 & Order 889- ISO/OASIS-Feds open wholesale market-Decoupling

1998 CECP- States adopt RPS, net metering and PBF

1997 The Kyoto Protocol

is adopted

2005The Kyoto Protocol

is entered to force

2000FERC Order 888 and Order 889- RTO-States offer “decoupling”- States adopt energy efficiency standards

2002 OMOI, SMD2005 Energy Policy Act 2009 Obama GHG emission target

2015 The Clean Power Plan

美國

加州

Shock & Competition Stability Deregulation Transition

9

加州電業自由化重整與能源危機電力自由化的主要目標•Low prices Cut retail price for 10%•Stable bills for customers Froze rates•Efficient use of resources by producers and consumers•A reliable supply of electricity•Administrative feasibility•Protection of the environment

10

加州電業自由化重整與能源危機能源危機所帶來的淨損失•PG&E declared bankruptcy - need to pay creditors about $13 billion. •Southern California Edison accepted a deal CPUC to pay off $5~6 billion debt•CA spent $8.7 billion on wholesale power in the first half of 2001 and projected to spend $17.2 billion by the end of the year.•The state began signing long-term contracts to secure a source of supply, and it committed to purchase $42 billion worth of electricity over the next ten years.•The total economy costs can be placed around $40 billion to $45 billion including the cost of of blackouts and reductions in economic•growth

11

能源危機的成因 ( 紅字部分需要特別注意 )

•發電短缺– Strong demand growth of west region reduce import power available– Weather condition – Lowe hydro power supply and high temperature

•政策缺陷– Regulatory uncertainty and a slow review process delayed the construction of new

capacity– Excessive exposure to spot markets

•相關市場所存在的瓶頸– Raise of natural gas price due to weather, explosion of gas pipelines and low gas storage,

manipulation of gas pipeline company – Raising cost for for pollution permits– Electricity transmission system

•電力批發市場的價格操控– Small number of electricity generator make manipulation easier

•市場機制不彰 – Low prices impede investment until the market tightens, leading to market increases in

prices. A rush of investments induced by high prices then frequently leads to over capacity and collapsing prices.

12

政策制定者從能源危機中應該學習到

1.Electricity market design is fraught with difficulties.

2.Heavy reliance on wholesale spot markets is extraordinarily risky.

3.Fragmented regulatory authority impedes effective policymaking.

4.Competitive markets require behavioral adjustments.

13

電業自由化展望發電業

( 既有台電電廠或民營 )發電業

( 台電或民營 )發電業

( 台電或民營 )發電業

( 台電或民營 )

電力網業( 獨佔、國營 )

電力調度中心

電業管制機關

售電業

一般用戶( 費率受管制 )

具選擇權用戶( 費率不受管制 )

發電Generation

輸配電Transmission &

Distribution

售電Retail

用戶Customer

售予電力網

透過電力網代輸與用戶 直供

透過電力網售予售店業

• 核能及大水力電廠維持公營• 電力網業經營輸配及售電業務• 表示新增單位，包括電力管制機關、電力調度中心及售電業• 電力管制機關負責電業及電力市場之監督及管理

Coordinating CouncilPUC/PSC

RTO/ISO

14Appropriate Role and Responsibility of 電業管制機關

再生能源發展Renewable Energy Development

15

再生能源 : 台灣與美國及加州之比較

- 2000 NET-Metering and PBF- 2001 CPUC SGIP for RE- 2002 RPS- 2003 CEAP Energy efficiency Incentive and

policy Renewable energy Incentives IOUs – TOU/RTP/CPP for demand

response- 2006 CPUC CSI-PV incentive- 2007 CEC NSHP- 2008 CPUC ReMAT FiT

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

- 2010 EES- 2011 LADWP NET-

Metering

- 2015 CPUC SGIP for AES

- 2015 LADWP FiT

1992 Energy Policy Act -Increase clean energy-Improve energy efficiency

1998 CECP- States adopt RPS, net metering and PBF

2009 再生能源發展條列-定義再生能源-再生能源推廣目標6500MW~10000MW-再生能源發展基金-併聯、躉購辦法

2011 新能源政策- 2025 & 2030 renewable target-陽光屋頂百萬座-千架海陸風力機-新北 / 桃園 / 新竹 / 台南 / 高雄

1997 The Kyoto Protocol

is adopted

2005The Kyoto Protocol

is entered to force

2005 Energy Policy Act 2015 The Clean Power Plan

台灣

美國

加州

Shock & Competition Stability Deregulation Transition

16

2011 新能源政策

能源別 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030

太陽光電 615 1115 3615 6200 8700

陸域風力 637 737 1200 1200 1200

離岸風力 0 15 520 2000 4000

水力 2081 2089 2100 2150 2200

地熱能 0 0 100 150 200

生質能 741 741 768 813 950

再生能源總量 4074 4697 8303 12513 17250

電力系統總量 40355 40608 44784 53151 56251

再生能源於電力系統占比

10.1% 11.6% 18.5% 23.5% 30.7%

我國擴大各類型再生能源推廣目標 裝置容量 (MW)

19

再生能源 : 台灣與美國及加州之比較2014

( 實際 )2015 2020 2025 2030

再生能源於電力系統占比

台灣 10.1% 11.6% 18.5% 23.5% 30.7%

美國 13% 27%

加州 22.54% 25% by 2016

33% 50%

2014 2030

人口 GDP (B)

人均GDP

加總太陽能( 實際 )

加總風力( 實際 )

加總太陽能( 目標 )

加總風力( 目標 )

台灣 23M 505 20,900 615 MW 637 MW 6,200MW 5,200MW

加州 38M 2,200 59,574 9,977 MW 5,896 MW

美國 322M 17,420 52,800 20,000 MW 65,879MW

23

綜合台灣與美國之比較Taiwan USA

整體政策發展進程

能源效率– 降低溫室氣體 /二氧化碳 – 再生能源發展 – 電力自由化

電力自由化 - 能源效率–再生能源發展 –降低溫室氣體 / 二氧化碳

電業自由化 修正草案階段 自 1978 年開始，三十多年的演進，法規、相對應機關及相關運作機制完備。如 FERC 、NERC 、 Area / Regional Councils 、ISO 、 OASIS 、 RTO 、 OMOI 、 SMR

再生能源配比標準

分別制定各種綠能至 2030年之目標

聯邦政府制定總目標，各州訂定各州目標，有些州有太陽能或風力之個別目標

政府之於再生能源發展

各縣市並無個別之再生能源配比標準，少數縣市政府提供太陽能補助

聯邦政府制定總目標，超過半數的州訂定各州再生能源配比標準，各州級以下各級地方政府針對節能、綠能有相當多樣的補貼、稅賦減免、貸款幫助

民間之於再生能源發展

由於台電的獨佔性，大型再生能源專案皆由其主導，企業、公家機關、學校、個人用戶基於政策、法規、價格等因素相較美國參與度低

許多電力公司與企業共同開發大型綠能專案以符合法規之再生能源配比標準。企業、學校、個人用戶為了降低電費，有需多自發性的綠能安裝

台灣綠能發展之瓶頸與建議方向

再生能源普遍成本仍高

• 需要更積極的補貼政策如美國的所得税的抵免 (Income Tax Credit) 、自主發電補助計畫 (Self Generation

Incentive Program) 、不動產稅減免 (

Property Tax Incentives)和營業稅減免 (Sales Tax Incentive)

• 增加企業與個人用戶設置再生能源的獎勵辦法

太陽能、風力等易受天候影響

電力輸出不穩定

• 投資電網基礎設施以增加電網穩定性

• 導入儲能設備以增加電網穩定性

電力儲存困難成本高

• 儲能設備技術逐漸成熟，價格下降，需要更積極的政策與補助來加速儲能設備的導入及降低成本

25

個案探討 : 加州Case Study: California

26

Energy Landscape in California• Total energy demand ranks number 2. Second only to Texas• In 2012, California’s per capita energy consumption ranked 49th

in the nation; the state's low use of energy was due in part to its mild climate and its energy efficiency programs.

Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)• Current goal of sourcing 33% of electricity from renewable

sources by 2020 (Ahead of schedule)• Gov. Brown proposes new RPS target – 50% by 2030.

• California leads the nation in generation capacity from solar PV, geothermal, biomass, and solar thermal electric projects.

• California placing second in wind and hydropower generation capacity.

• California is oil rich. Excluding federal offshore areas, California ranked third in the nation in crude oil production in 2013. Even though California's crude oil production has declined overall in the past 25 years, it accounts more than 7% of total U.S. production.

27

CA Energy Consumption Estimates, 2012

CA Energy Production Estimates, 2012

28

Source : http://en.openei.org/wiki/CaliforniaSource : http://en.openei.org/wiki/California

State Profile

Governor Jerry Brown

Population 38,802,500 (2014)

Median Household Income

$61,021.00

Energy Maps 46

Energy Organizations 1239

Utility Companies 101

Active Energy Incentives 159

Utility in California

30

Three Main Utilities in CA•Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E)•Southern California Edison•Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)

31

Renewable in CaliforniaRenewables Portfolio Standard (RPS)

Current goal of sourcing 33% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 (Ahead of schedule: California's three large IOUs collectively served 22.7% of their 2013 retail electricity sales with renewable power)Gov. Brown proposes new RPS target – 50% by 2030.

Net Metering淨電表計量

• System capacity limit of 1 MW for most systems• Up to 5 MW for university or local government systems• Aggregate capacity limit of 5% of customer peak demand• Net excess generation (NEG) credited to customer’s next bill at retail

rate; at end of 12- months, may be rolled over indefinitely or purchased by utility

• Customers own RECs for system, but not RECs for NEG purchased by utility

• Virtual net metering allowed for multi-tenant properties, and meter aggregation allowed for governments and businesses with multiple meters

34

Renewable in California

Go SolarCalifornia!Campaign

• Goal to install 3,000 MW of solar power capacity by end of 2016 and 585 million therms of solar hot water systems by end of 2017; state-wide budget of $3.6bn

• For IOU service territories• California Solar Initiative (CSI):

• For all systems in IOU areas except new homes• PV and solar thermal electric rebates; solar hot water rebates;

single and multi-family affordable homes rebates; research grants (funding for some programs exhausted)

• PV incentive offered as a one-time payment based on expected performance or as a monthly payment based on production

• Operated by California Public Utilities Commission• New Solar Homes Partnership (NSHP):

• Offers incentives for solar PV on new homes to support home builders

• Operated by California Energy Commission

35

Renewable in CaliforniaOther Incentives

Self-Generation Incentive Program:•For systems 30 kW or larger: 50% incentive received upfront and 50% received based on kWh production over first five years•For systems under 30 kW, 100% paid upfront•Maximum rebate: lesser of $5m or 60% of eligible project costs (up to 3 MW)•For wind, waste heat, energy storage, biogas, CHP, and fuel cell systemsRenewable Market Adjusting Tariff (ReMAT):•Replaced state’s existing feed-in tariff in July 2013•Project size cap of 3 MW; statewide program cap of 750 MW•Pricing adjusts based on demandCalifornia FIRST PACE Financing:•Allows property owners to finance the installation of energy and water improvements on their buildings and pay the amount back through property taxes•Available to commercial, industrial, agricultural, and multi-family buildings in participating local governments

36

Solar in California California has the largest market for solar photovoltaic applications in the nation.

PV installed in 2013: 2,608 MWPV installed in 2014: 4316 MWCumulative Solar Capacity Installed (MW) till 2014 : 9977 MW (or 10,695 MW ). There is enough solar energy installed in the state to power 2,599,000 homes.

•In 2014, $11.773 billion was invested on solar installations in California.  This represents a 66% increase over the previous year, and is expected to grow again this year.•There are currently more than 2,226 solar companies at work throughout the value chain in California, employing 54,700 people.

SEIA California State Solar Policy PrioritiesEncourage policies promoting robust penetration of customer-sited and wholesale distributed generation to help meet the Governor’s 12 GW goal.Establish a favorable net energy metering successor tariff (NEM 2.0) that ensures robust market growth.Protect and expand residential and commercial utility rate design which encourages deployment of customer-sited solar energy.Enable access to solar energy to ratepayers who otherwise would not have had such access, such as apartment tenants and low‐income customers.

37

2014 PV Installations by State

39

Energy Storage in California

40

California Storage Mandate • Based on state law (AB 2514), the California Public Utilities Commission

(CPUC) established a mandate on investor-owned utilities to integrate 1.3 gigawatt (GW) of storage by 2020

• The CPUC set MW capacity targets for each utility, separate from the RPS. For each utility, the CPUC also set sub-targets for storage connected at the transmission, distribution, and customer levels.

• In addition to the investor-owned utility targets, Electric Service Providers and Community Choice Aggregators have targets to purchase energy storage projects equal to 1% of their 2020 annual peak load by 2020, with installation and operation of the projects required by the end of 2024.

41

Energy Storage in CaliforniaCalifornia is quickly becoming the U.S. leader in energy storage after the state’s 2013 mandate that its largest utilities have 1,325 megawatts — roughly enough for 1 million homes — of electricity storage operating by 2024 as one step to fight climate change. Storage will help the state reach its climate goal of having 50 percent of its electricity supplied by renewables by 2030.

Project- Tehachapi Energy Storage Project, an

experiment in storing wind power in giant lithium-ion

batteries, so far the largest energy storage project of its kind in North America. The

project is Southern California Edison’s $50

million effort to demonstrate how energy storage can

improve the region’s power grid and help reduce

greenhouse gas emissions

42

Green Economy in California• Total 7,323 job announcements

• More than 4,400 job announcements from California’s solar sector, as residential installers opened new offices and utilities announced large-scale projects.

• California has a suite of policies and programs to bolster clean energy, including the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32); an ambitious Renewables Portfolio Standard and numerous municipal financing programs to advance energy efficiency, solar, biofuel and wind generation.

• Gov. Brown in January 2015 proposed the state set policies to generate 50 percent of electricity from renewables by 2030.

43

歐巴馬總統 : 潔淨能源計劃The Clean Power Plan

保障美國家庭的健康，在 2030 年達成：•防止 3,600 起早產死亡個案•防止 1,700 起心臟病個案•防止 90,000 起孩童氣喘個案•防止 300,000 工作因健康而造成的缺勤與缺課個案

提升經濟發展，在 2030 年達成 :•提升百分之三十的再生能源發電•創造數萬個工作機會 •持續降低再生能源發電成本

美國家庭節費，在 2030 年達成： •幫助每個家庭平均節省 85 美金的電費•結節約可供應 3000 萬家庭用電之總電量•在 2020-2030期間幫助消費者節約共 1550億美金的能源支出

潔淨能源計劃要求各州政府提出二氧化碳減排計畫，務求在 2030 年使全國總二氧化碳排放比 2005 年水平降低百分之三十二。此計畫預期效應為：

44

政府政策Policy

財務Financial

經營Operational

環境Environmental

社會福祉Social Welfare

結語

• 如何提升社會福祉，發展綠色經濟、促進大眾健康並減少能源消耗和能源支出

• 如何根據台灣的自然條件發展最適宜的再生能源並運用最新的科技

• 如何在現有電業與基礎建設架構下兼顧短期與中長期發展

• 如何參考美國等先進國家的經驗，避免其犯過的錯誤

公民參與Citizen Participation

45

Thank You

46

Appendix

47

Quick View of USA Electric Utility Deregulation

48

The Electric Utility Value Chain

49

The U.S. Electricity Timeline

50

U.S. & CA Key Regulation

1935 PUCHA- Regulated monopolies- Profits from sales Profits from new power plants - “bigger is better”

“GOLDEN AGE” SHOCK &COMPETITIO

N

STABILITY DEREGULATION

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1978 PURPA-Allows non-utility generation

US RULE CHANGES

1900

TRANSITION

1992 Energy Policy Act - Increase clean energy- Improve energy efficiency1996 FERC Order 888 and Order 889-ISO/OASIS-Feds open wholesales market -Decoupling1998 CECP-States adopt RPS, Net metering, and PBF-Some States introduce competition for generation and retail

2000 FERC Order 888 and Order 889-RTO-States offer “decoupling”- States adopt energy efficiency standards2002 OMOI, SMD2005 Energy Policy Act

51

Types of Electric Utility Markets Across the US

55

New Challenges for Utilities

56

Financial & Environmental: ‘Decoupling’ Profits from Energy Sales to Encourage Efficiency

57

Environmental targets: Energy Efficiency Targets

58

Environmental targets: Renewable Portfolio Standards

59

USA Renewable Energy Development

From EPA Establishment to Obama The Clean Power Plan

60

U.S. & CA Key Regulation

- 1998 CAISO 

2000FERC Order 888 and Order 889- RTO-States offer “decoupling”- States adopt energy efficiency standards

2002 OMOI, SMD2005 Energy Policy Act

2007 Energy Independence and Security Act

1935 PUCHA- Regulated monopolies- Profits from sales Profits from new power plants - “bigger is better”

“GOLDEN AGE” SHOCK &COMPETITIO

N

STABILITY DEREGULATION

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

1978 PURPA-Allows non-utility generation

US RULE CHANGES

1900

CA RULE CHANGES

- 2000 NET-Metering-2000 PBF-2001 CPUC SGIP for RE(inl. PV)

- 2002 RPS- 2003 CEAP > 31/71 energy efficiency Incentive and policy > 38/71 renewable energy Incentives > IOUs – TOU/RTP/CPP for demand response- 2006 CPUC CSI-PV incentive- 2007 CEC NSHP-2008 CPUC ReMAT FiT

TRANSITION

- 2010 EES- 2011 LADWP

NET-Metering

- 2015 CPUC SGIP for AES

- 2015 LADWP FiT

1992 Energy Policy Act -Increase clean energy-Improve energy efficiency

1996 FERC Order 888 and Order 889- ISO/OASIS-Feds open wholesale market-Decoupling

1998 CECP- States adopt RPS, , Net metering and PBF- Some states introduce competition for generation and retail

2015 The Clean Power Plan

61

Key Renewable Policies• 1992 Energy Policy Act

– As mandated by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, EPA reduced energy use by 10 percent between 1985 and 1995.

– Attaining 20% reduction by 2000 and 30% by 2005– (1) Increases in the production and utilization of energy from renewable energy resources;– (2) Further advances of renewable energy technologies; and– (3) Exports of United States renewable energy technologies and services.

• 1998 CECP (Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan)– RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standard)

• The standard was expressed as a percent of sales that must be met with renewables and was assumed to increase gradually over the 2001 to 2010 period

• In 2010, the RPS was set at 5.5 percent.– All non-hydro renewable generation qualifies to meet the standard, including industrial cogeneration.

– PBF(Public Benefit Fund)• Create a $3 billion per year public benefit fund to provide matching funds.• To States for low-income assistance, energy efficiency programs, consumer education and the

development and demonstration of emerging technologies, particularly renewables.

– Net Metering

• The energy reduction goal 2% per year, in fiscal years 2006 through 2015

– A PV commercialization program must be established for Federal buildings and 20,000 solar energy systems must be installed in Federal buildings.

– The Secretary of Energy require the total electric energy consumed to be provided by renewable energy for the Federal government:

> 3% from 2007–2009

> 5% from 2010–2012 > 7.5% from 2013 and beyond

• EISA 2007(Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)

• Section 431 of EISA 2007 increased the federal energy reduction goal from 2% per year to 3% per year

• resulting in 30% greater efficiency by 2015

Fiscal Year % Reduction

1995 10

2000 20

2005 30

Energy Reduction

Goal

Renewable

Renewable

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Key Renewable Policies• 2005 Energy Policy Act

– The energy reduction goal 2% per year, in fiscal years 2006 through 2015

– A PV commercialization program must be established for Federal buildings and 20,000 solar energy systems must be installed in Federal buildings.

– The Secretary of Energy require the total electric energy consumed to be provided by renewable energy for the Federal government:

> 3% from 2007–2009

> 5% from 2010–2012 > 7.5% from 2013 and beyond

• EISA 2007(Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007)

• Section 431 of EISA 2007 increased the federal energy reduction goal from 2% per year to 3% per year

• resulting in 30% greater efficiency by 2015

EPA 2005

EISA 2007

Fiscal Year

% %

2006 2 2

2007 4 4

2008 6 9

2009 8 12

2010 10 15

2011 12 18

2012 14 21

2013 16 24

2014 18 27

2015 20 30

Energy Reduction

Goal

Renewable

Energy Reduction

Goal

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Temperatures are rising across the U.S.

Globally, the 10 warmest years on record all occurred since 1998.

For the contiguous 48 states, 7 of the 10 warmest years on record have occurred since 1998.

WHY The Clean Power Plan

Extreme weather comes at a costClimate and weather disasters in 2012 alone cost the American

economy more than $100 billionThere are also public health threats associated with extreme weather

Children, the elderly, and the poor are most vulnerable to a range of climate-related health effects, including those related to heat stress, air pollution, extreme weather events, and diseases carried by food, water, and insects.

https://www.whitehouse.gov/energy64

The Clean Power Plan

Protect the health of American families. In 2030, it will:•Prevent up to 3,600 premature deaths•Prevent 1,700 non-fatal heart attacks•Prevent 90,000 asthma attacks in children•Prevent 300,000 missed workdays and schooldays

Boost our economy by:•Leading to 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030•Creating tens of thousands of jobs•Continuing to lower the costs of renewable energy

Save the average American family:•Nearly $85 a year on their energy bills in 2030•Save enough energy to power 30 million homes in 2030•Save consumers $155 billion from 2020-2030

The Clean Power Plan sets achievable standards to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030. By setting these goals and

enabling states to create tailored plans to meet them, the Plan will:

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Where does GREENHOUSE Pollution come from?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 82%Enters the atmosphere through burning fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of certain chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement).

Fluorinated gases, 3%Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride are synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases that are emitted from a variety of industrial processes.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O), 6%Emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

Methane (CH4), 9%Emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil as well as from landfills.

Source: EPA

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Progresses Are Made With

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Reducing Carbon Pollution from Power PlantsPROGRESS:

–In Sep 2013, EPA announced proposed carbon pollution standard for new power plants

–In August 2015, President Obama and EPA established the Clean Power Plan — the first-ever carbon pollution standards for existing power plants, which put USA toward a 32 percent reduction in carbon pollution by 2030.

Expanding the Clean Energy Economy–The Clean Power Plan will lead to 30% more renewable energy generation in 2030.

PROGRESS:

–Since President Obama took office, the U.S. has increased solar generation by more than twenty-fold and tripled electricity production from wind power.

–the Department of the Interior has permitted over 50 wind, solar, and geothermal utility-scale projects on public or tribal lands. The projects could support over 20,000 jobs and generate enough electricity to power 4.8 million homes.

–Building on our progress in wind and solar, the Administration secured more than $4 billion in private sector commitments and actions to scale up clean energy innovation and technologies that reduce carbon pollution.

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PROGRESS:-In January 2014, President Obama signed a Presidential Memorandum establishing the federal government’s first Quadrennial Energy Review (QER) process, with an initial focus on our nation's energy infrastructure.-In February 2014, President Obama directed EPA and DOT to develop and issue the next phase of heavy-duty vehicle fuel efficiency and greenhouse gas standards. The standards are proposed in March 2015 and finalized in March 2016.-In 2011, the Administration finalized fuel economy standards for Model Year 2014-2018 for heavy-duty trucks, buses, and vans. This will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by about 270 million metric tons and save 530 million barrels of oil.-The Administration has already established the toughest fuel economy standards for passenger vehicles in U.S. history. These standards require an average performance equivalent of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025.-In partnership with industry leaders and other key stakeholders, the Administration will develop post-2018 fuel economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles to further reduce consumption through the application of advanced cost-effective technologies.-The Administration will also support the Renewable Fuel Standard and invest in research and development to help bring next-generation biofuels on line.

Building Clean Energy Infrastructure

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Cutting energy waste in homes, businesses, and factories

• Better Buildings Challenge, enlisted more than 250 partners in cities, states, utilities, manufacturers, school districts, and businesses to improve energy efficiency. Since the program’s launch in 2011, partners have saved 94 trillion units of energy and $840 million.

• In President Obama's first term, DOE and HUD completed efficiency upgrades in nearly two million homes, saving many families more than $400 on their heating and cooling bills in the first year alone.

• In December 2013, the Department of Agriculture announced it will provide up to $250 million to help businesses and residential customers in rural areas cut their energy bills through energy efficiency and renewable energy use.

• In 2014, DOE issued nine proposed and 10 final energy conservation standards for appliances and equipment. If finalized and combined with rules already issued, the energy savings will help cut consumers' electricity bills by hundreds of billions of dollars.

• The Administration will build on its progress and continue to establish impactful energy conservation standards for appliances that — when combined with the progress already underway from the first term — will reduce carbon pollution by at least 3 billion metric tons by 2030, equivalent to more than a year's carbon pollution from our entire electricity system.

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Reducing other greenhouse gas emissions

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are among the fastest-growing greenhouse gases. Methane, another potent greenhouse gas, accounted for nearly 10% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2012.

•In September 2014, the White House announced new private-sector commitments and executive actions to decrease HFC emissions, reducing the equivalent of 700 million metric tons of carbon emissions globally through 2025.•The Administration has partnered with farmers to cut emissions and increase carbon sequestration in the agricultural and forestry sectors through voluntary and incentive-based measures.•The EPA and the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, Interior, Labor, and Transportation will implement a methane strategy.•The EPA will use its authority under the Clean Air Act to encourage private sector investment in low-emissions technology by identifying and approving climate-friendly chemicals while prohibiting certain uses of more harmful HFCs.•Investments to build and upgrade gas pipelines to reduce emissions , enhance economic productivity and put more Americans to work, but also

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Federal LeadershipSince 2008, federal agencies have reduced greenhouse gas pollution by more than 17 percent and set an aggressive new goal of reducing federal emissions by 40 percent by 2025.

– Expanded energy performance contracts from $2 billion to $4 billion to provide energy efficiency upgrades for Federal buildings, at no net cost to the taxpayer.

– In December 2013, President Obama signed a Presidential Memorandum directing the federal government to buy at least 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020.

– In December 2013, President Obama signed a Presidential Memorandum directing the federal government to buy at least 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020.

– The President committed to reduce the federal government’s direct greenhouse gas emissions by 28 percent below 2008 levels by 2020.

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Prepare for the impacts of

climate change• Assess the Impacts of Climate Change

– On May 6, the Administration released the Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), the most authoritative and comprehensive source of scientific information to date about climate change impacts across all U.S. regions and on critical sectors of the economy.

• Support climate-resilient investments• Rebuild and learn from Superstorm Sandy

– From HUD grants and DOT funding for resilient transit systems to a DOI competition for support for coastal resilience projects, over $10B in Sandy recovery funds is being used to increase resilience.

– In August 2013, the Hurricane Sandy Task Force delivered a rebuilding strategy that is serving as a model for communities across the nation.

• Launch an effort to create sustainable and resilient hospitals• Maintain Agriculture Productivity

– USDA established seven new “regional climate hubs” to help farmers and ranchers adapt their operations to a changing climate.

• Provide tools for Climate Resilience– In March 2014, the Administration launched the Climate Data Initiative, bringing together open

government data and innovation competitions to develop data-driven resilience tools for communities.– In November 2014, the Administration released the Climate Resilience Toolkit to provide access to

federal tools that can help planners and decision makers conduct their work in the context of a changing climate.

• Reduce Risk of Droughts and Wildfires– Launched the National Drought Resilience Partnership and released the National Wildfire Cohesive

Strategy.

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Lead international efforts to address global climate change

America will continue to take on a leadership role in engaging the world's major economies to advance key climate priorities and in galvanizing global action through international climate negotiations. The plan will:

•Lead public sector financing toward cleaner energy

•Bilat cooperation with major economies

•Expand clean energy use and cut energy waste

•Combat short-lived climate pollutants

•Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

•Negotiate global free trade in environmental goods and services Enhance multilateral engagement with major economies

•Mobilize climate finance

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Green Economy in USA

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2014 Clean Energy Jobs Report• Nearly 47,000 clean energy and clean transportation jobs were announced at more than

170 projects across the country in 2014.• Nevada, California, and New York led the nation in new job announcements last year.• Despite the continued growth, ongoing uncertainty over public policy at both the federal

and state levels, coupled with the expiration of beneficial tax policies, continued to cast a cloud over clean energy industries, resulting in fewer announcements than in the past. In 2013, more than 78,000 new clean energy and clean transportation jobs were announced at 260 projects.

• In 2014, the solar industry led all sectors in clean energy, thanks to declining materials

prices and favorable public policies, including the federal Investment Tax Credit and state Renewable Portfolio Standards. More than 20,000 solar-related jobs were announced at 60-plus projects.

• The advanced vehicle sector also had a strong year, with more than 9,000 jobs announced.

• Tesla Motors’ announcement of a 6,500-employee “Gigafactory” helped make Nevada the No. 1 state for clean energy jobs in the country.

Analysis by Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2)

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State Number of Job Announced

Number of Announcements

1 Nevada 8,591 6

2 California 7,323 23

3 New York 7,175 12

4 Michigan 3,628 6

5 Arizona 3,402 8

6 Texas 1,789 14

7 Colorado 1,583 5

8 North Carolina

1,420 11

9 Utah 1,210 2

10 New Mexico 1,148 5

A Closer Look at 2014’S Top 10 States

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SOLAR SHINES BRIGHT

• The solar industry was the leading creator of clean energy.

• Major solar announcements in 2014 included Solar City’s plans for a manufacturing facility that could employ 5,000 workers in Buffalo, NY.

• More than 4,400 solar jobs announced at utilities and installation companies in California.

• However, with the ITC for solar projects currently set to expire at the end of 2016, it is important to note solar job growth regionally could be inconsistent.

• A recent survey found over 60 percent of solar installers indicated they would lay off staff should the ITC expire, but there may also be a short-term job boost as developers rush to complete projects before the tax credit falls to 10 percent.2

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

• The electric vehicle sector announced more than 9,000 jobs, the second-highest of any sector in 2014. As automakers streamline electric vehicle production, they’re making advanced vehicles more affordable and more accessible to more consumers.

• General Motors and Tesla reported major investments in advanced battery technology and production, announcing 8,500 jobs in three states.

• In 2014, approximately 119,000 EVs were sold in the U.S., a 128-percent increase since 2012.4

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PUBLIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY

• On the federal level, Congress has failed to act to ensure the availability of federal tax credits for energy efficiency and clean energy, resulting in a chilling effect on the investment.

• On the state level, fossil fuel-backed lobby groups have convinced lawmakers in more than a dozen states to roll back or weaken renewable energy and energy efficiency standards. For example “net-metering” is under attack.

• If state legislatures halt these beneficial clean energy policies – despite their proven effectiveness – it would force consumers to pay higher prices for clean energy and discourage growth of solar, wind and other renewable technologies.

NEW POLICIES HOLD POTENTIAL

• Clean Power Plan calls on states to develop their own programs to reduce carbon pollution from existing power plants by 30 percent by 2030. To do so, states can increase the amount of renewable energy they generate, and also improve energy efficiency in buildings. Both options will create jobs and drive economic growth.

• A recent study estimated that efficiency measures under the Clean Power Plan can create up to 274,000 jobs in the energy efficiency sector alone.

• Congress this year also must pass a new authorization bill for the country’s transportation programs. 80

名詞檢索CEAP California Energy Action Plan 加州能源行動計畫

CEC California Energy Commission加州能源委員會

The California Energy Commission is the state's primary energy policy and planning agency.http://www.energy.ca.gov/commission/

CECP Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan電力競爭計畫

The Comprehensive Electricity Competition Plan embodies the overall agenda of the Clinton Administration to expand the economy and improve the environment. http://www.energymarketers.com/Documents/plan.htm

CPP Critical Peak Pricing 緊急尖峰時段電價

CPUC California Public Utilities Commission 加州公共事業委員會

FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission聯邦能源管制委員會

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, or FERC, is an independent agency that regulates the interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. Many areas outside of FERC’s jurisdictional responsibility are dealt with by State Public Utility Commissionswww.ferc.gov/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission

ISO Independent System Operator獨立電力系統調度機構

An ISO is an organization formed at the direction or recommendation of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In the areas where an ISO is established, it coordinates, controls and monitors the operation of the electrical power system, usually within a single US State, but sometimes encompassing multiple states.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_RTO

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LADWP Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 洛杉磯水電局

https://www.ladwp.com/

NERC North American Electric Reliability Corporation 北美電力可靠性公司

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is a not-for-profit international regulatory authority whose mission is to assure the reliability of the bulk power system in North America. NERC develops and enforces Reliability Standards; annually assesses seasonal and long‐term reliability; monitors the bulk power system through system awareness; and educates, trains, and certifies industry personnel. http://www.nerc.com/Pages/default.aspx

NSHP New Solar Homes Partnership 太陽能新屋夥伴計劃

OASIS Open Access Same-time Information System市場監督與調查辦公室

The Open Access Same-Time Information System (OASIS), is an Internet-based system for obtaining services related to electric power transmission in North America. It is the primary means by which high-voltage transmission lines are reserved for moving wholesale quantities of electricity. The OASIS concept was originally conceived with the Energy Policy Act of 1992, and formalized in 1996 through Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Orders 888 and 889.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Access_Same-Time_Information_System

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OMOI Office of Market Oversight and Investigation公益基金

On Dec. 10, 2009, the Commission announced that the Office of Competitive Market Oversight will serve as the Commission’s electric retail choice ombudsman, as described in the Default Service and Retail Electric Markets Policy Statement at 52 Pa. Code §69.1817. In this capacity, the OCMO will oversee the development and functioning of the competitive retail electric supply market. The OCMO was originally formed in January 2009 to similarly monitor the retail natural gas supply market.The OCMO is within the Office of the Executive Director, who calls upon a designated group of legal, technical and policy staff members from various Commission bureaus and offices to informally address obstacles faced by electric generation suppliers in participating in the retail market. The office is responsible for responding to questions from stakeholders regarding the competitive retail electric market, monitoring issues hindering the development of a competitive retail market and facilitating informal dispute resolution between default service providers and electric generation suppliers.

PBF Public Benefit Funds

Public Benefit Funds (PBF) typically are state-level programs developed through the electric utility restructuring process as ameasure to ensure continued support for renewable energy resources, energy efficiency initiatives, and low-income support programs. (These funds are also frequently referred to as a system benefits charge, or SBC). Such a fund is most commonly supported through a charge to all customers on electricity consumption.

PUHCA Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935《 1935年公用事業控股公司法》

The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA), [1] also known as the Wheeler-Rayburn Act, was a law that was passed by the United States Congress to facilitate regulation of electric utilities, by either limiting their operations to a single state, and thus subjecting them to effective state regulation, or forcing divestitures so that each became a single integrated system serving a limited geographic area. Another purpose of PUHCA was to keep utility holding companies that were engaged in regulated businesses from engaging in unregulated businesses.On August 8, 2005, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 passed both houses of Congress and was signed into law, repealing PUHCA.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Holding_Company_Act_of_1935

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PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 《公用事業管制政策法案》

The Public Utility Regulatory Policies is a United States Act passed as part of the National Energy Act. It was meant to promote energy conservation (reduce demand) and promote greater use of domestic energy and renewable energy (increase supply). The law was created in response to the 1973 energy crisis, and one year in advance of a second energy crisis.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act

ReMAT FiT

Market Adjusting Feed-in Tariff 市場調整躉購費率

E-ReMAT was established by CPUC Decisions (D.) 12-05-035 and (D.) 13-05-034 to implement Senate Bill (SB) 32, which increased the statewide procurement renewable target from 500 MW to 750 MW (applicable to both investor owned utilites and public owned utilities) and increased the eligible project size from 1.5 MW to 3 MW (AC).

RPS Renewable Portfolio Standard再生能源配比制度

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a regulation that requires the increased production of energy from renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal. Other common names for the same concept include Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) at the United States federal level and Renewables Obligation in the UK.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard

RTO Regional transmission organization區域性輸電組織

An RTO is an organization formed at the approval of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). In the areas where an RTO is established, it coordinates, controls and monitors the operation of the electrical power system, usually within a single US State, but sometimes encompassing multiple states. The official definition for an RTO: "An entity that is independent from all generation and power marketing interests and has exclusive responsibility for grid operations, short-term reliability, and transmission service within a region.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_RTO

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RTP Real Time Pricing即時定價

SGIP Self generation incentive program自營發電獎勵計劃

The CPUC's Self-Generation Incentive Program (SGIP) provides incentives to support existing, new, and emerging distributed energy resources. The SGIP provides rebates for qualifying distributed energy systems installed on the customer's side of the utility meter.  Qualifying technologies include wind turbines, waste heat to power technologies, pressure reduction turbines, internal combustion engines, micro turbines, gas turbines, fuel cells, and advanced energy storage systems.

SDM Standard Market Design標準市場設計

Established by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Standard Market Design is a set of established guidelines governing the sale of electrical power and the operations of electrical transmission lines in the United States of America.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Market_Design

TOU Time of Use時間電價

WebsitesDepartment of Energy http://www.energy.gov/

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) www.eia.gov/

American Council On Renewable Energy: ACORE www.acore.org/

Solar Energy Industries Association: SEIA www.seia.org/

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) www.nrel.gov/

United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) http://www.epa.gov/

White House https://www.whitehouse.gov/

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

http://www.dsireusa.org/

Clean Energy States Alliance http://www.cesa.org/

California Energy Storage Alliance www.storagealliance.org/

Environmental Entrepreneurs (E2) https://www.e2.org/

C2ES – the Center for Climate and Energy Solutions http://www.c2es.org/

Rocky Mountain Institute www.rmi.org/

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