23.1-23.3. functional group: a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable...
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Functional Groups23.1-23.3
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Functional Groups Functional Group: a specific
arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.
Organic compounds are classified based on their functional groups.
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Types of Functional Groups
“R” represents any carbon chains or rings attached to the functional group.
Functional groups give compounds unique properties.
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1) Halocarbons 1) Halocarbons: A carbon containing compound
with a halogen substituent.
Halogen: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
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Reactions Involving Halocarbons
Substitution Reactions: when an atom or group of atoms REPLACES another atom or group of atoms.
A halogen can replace a hydrogen atom on an alkene.
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Reactions Involving Halocarbons
Halocarbons can then be substituted with an Arrhenius base to make the functional group: Alcohol
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2) Alcohols An Alcohol is an organic compound with an –OH
group.
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2) Alcohols
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2) AlcoholsEthanol (ethyl alcohol) is a common component of many household products.
Fermentation is the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from sugars by the action of yeast or bacteria.
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3) Ethers Ether: an organic compound in which carbon is
bonded to two carbon groups.
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3) Ethers The earliest anesthetics, used during the Civil
War, belonged to a class of chemical compounds called ethers.
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4) Aldehyde An aldehyde is an organic compound in which
the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen.
**Carbonyl Group**
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4) Aldehyde
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5) Ketone A ketone is an organic compound in which the
carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons.
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5) Ketone
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Aldehyde and Ketoneo Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones• Many aldehydes and ketones have
distinctive odors.• Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring
agents. • Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond. • Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of
cinnamon.Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans.
A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone.
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6) Carboxylic Acids A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.
The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH.
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Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Also makes up fatty acids--- used in candles, waxes, etc.
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7) Ester Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link
to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.
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7) Esters
Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.
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Addition Reactions
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Addition Reactions Hydration: Addition reaction using water