სემიოტიკა #2

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ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetiilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebishumanitarul mecnierebaTa da kulturis kvlevebis

fakultetifakultetifakultetifakultetifakulteti

semiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centrisemiotikis kvlevis centri

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k asamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnalisamecniero Jurnali

IIIIIIIIII

S E M I O T I C SSCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi2007

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mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

nomris redaqtori

Tamar berekaSvili

pasuxismgebeli mdivani

Tamar lomiZe

nino abakelia

nomris recenzentebi

guCa kvaracxelia

nodar ladaria

izabela qobalava

UDC 81´22

misamarTi:

saqarTvelo 0179 Tbilisi

ColoyaSvilis q. #3

semiotikis kvlevis centri

ISSN 1512-2409

© ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti 2007

saredaqcio kolegia

garekanis dizaini: daviT maWavariani

Editor-in-ChiefTsira Barbakadze

EditorTamar BerekashviliExecutive SecretaryTamar LomidzeNino Abakelia

ReferencesGucha KvaratskheliaNodar LadariaIzabela Kobalava

Editorial Board

E-mail: [email protected]

Address:Georgia 0179 TbilisiCholokashvili st. #3

Researching Centure of Semiotics

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S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i

enisa da literaturis semiotika

rusudan asaTiani

informaciis struqturirebis sintaqsuri modelebi qarTulSi 7

cira barbaqaZe

sityva azris ZiebaSi, anu varskvlavebis poetika~

ana kalandaZis poeziaSi 29

TinaTin bolqvaZe

nasesxebi sityvebis semiotika 41

marine ivaniSvili

mcenareTa samyaros protoqarTveluri da protoindo-

evropuli saxelebi 52

zaal kikviZe

leqtur terminTa semiotikuri wredi 65

Tamar lomiZe

filosofia da poezia (fixte da baraTaSvili) 75

merab RaRaniZe

`zevsuri~ akakis poeziaSi 84

kulturis semiotika

nino abakelia

saganTa funqcionirebisaTvis samyaros modelSi (qarTuli

masalis mixedviT) 99

daviT andriaZe

mxatvrul-diskursuli sivrcis kategoriaTa Tezaurusi 108

qeTevan alaverdaSvili

ferxul Zabras~ mniSvnelobisaTvis 115

qeTevan bezaraSvili

antikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebaTa reinterpretaciisaTvis

bizantiur da qarTul literaturaSi 123

Tamar berekaSvili

erovnuli ena, erovnuli kultura, erovnuli suli 132

nino doborjginiZe

TargmanTan dakavSirebuli problemebis funqcionalizacia

sxvadasxva enaSi 145

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zurab kiknaZe

Tasi, diogene da Svidi brZeni 164

irakli mWedliSvili

metafora, msgavseba da umSvenieresi kavSiri~, romelic samyaros

sxeuls srulyofilad aerTebs... 178

semiotikis istoria da Teoria

manana kvaWantiraZe

Carlz pirsi da Tanamedrove semiotikis problemebi 189

levan cagareli

metafora _ rogorc semiotikuri fenomeni 208

semiotika da sxva...

givi alxaziSvili

sami semiotikuri esse 223

cira barbaqaZe

`vinc wvimis saidumlo icis...~ (guCa kvaracxelias verlibri) 232

levan bregaZe

rogor vaswavli semiotikas or saaTSi 243

amiran gomarTeli

`meranis~ qaragma 250

gia joxaZe

XX saukunis istoriuli narativi da miTologia 258

debiuti

Tamar yuraSvili

semantema `gzis~ konceptualuri veli qarTulSi 267

Targmanebi

iuri lotmani

poeturi teqstis struqturuli analizis amocanebi da meTodebi

(Targmna Tamar lomiZem) 276

iuri lotmani

uflis gamocxadeba Tu azartuli TamaSi? (Targmna gia joxaZem)

290

alfred barkovi

`winaaRmdegobebis~ roli literaturul SedevrebSi

(Targmna Tamar berekaSvilma) 300

vladimer toporovi

saxeli, rogorc kulturis faqtori (Targmna nino abakeliam) 307

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C O N T E N T S

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Rusudan AsatianiSyntactic Means of Information Structuring in Georgian 28

Tsira BarbakadzeThe Word Related to Researching of Conception or “Poetics of Stars”in Anna Kalandadze’s Poetry 40

Tinatin BolkvadzeSemiotics of Borrowed Words 51

Marine Ivanishvili

Proto-Kartvelian and Proto-Indo-European Plant-Names

(the conifers: fir, fir (-tree), pine (-tree)) 63

Semiotics of Culture

Zaal KikvidzeA Semiotic Circuit of Lectal Terms 74

Tamar LomidzeSelf-conception in the Works of Georgian Romanticist Poets 84

Merab Ghaghanidze“Zevsuri” in the Poetry of Akaki Tsereteli 98

Nino AbakeliaTowards the Investigation of the Functions of things in the Pattern of World(According to the Georgian Data) 106

David AndriadzeThesaurus of Artistic – Discourse Space Categories 114

Ketevan AlaverdashviliOn the Meaning of the Round-dance Called “Dzabra” 122

Ketevan BezarashviliOn the Reinterpretation of the Concepts of Classical Rhetorical Theoriesin Byzantine and Georgian Literature 131

Tamar BerekashviliNational Language, National Culture, National Spirit 144

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Nino DoborjginidzeFunctionalisation of Problems Related to the Translation in DifferentLanguages 163

Zurab KiknadzeA Cup, Diogenes and Seven Sages 177

Irakli MchedlishviliMetaphor, Similarity and «the Finest Union» which in Perfection Connectsa Body of the Universe... 188

History and Theory of Semiotics

Manana KvachantiradzeCharles Peirce and Problems of Modern Semiotics 208

Levan TsagareliMetafiction as a Semiotical Phenomenon 222

Debute

Tamar KurashviliConceptual Field of the Semanthema “way” in the Georgian Language 275

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e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i se n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s

s e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k as e m i o t i k a

rusudan asaTiani

informaciis struqturirebis

sintaqsuri modelebi qarTulSi

1. Sesavali: sakiTxis dasma

winadadeba, sazogadod, ufro met in-

formacias moicavs da gadmogvcems, vidre

masSi Semaval sityvaTa mniSvnelobebisa da

sintaqsuri mimarTebebis struqturul-

semantikuri mTlianoba iZleva. winadadebaSi

informaciis struqturirebis sxvadasxva-

gvari saSualebebi cvlis winadadebis prag-

matikul Sinaarss da implikaciurad ufro

farTo konteqstur Sinaarsebsac moicavs.

am fenomenis sakvlevad Tanamedrove enaT-

mecnierebaSi SemuSavda garkveuli Teoriuli

safuZvlebi da meTodologia; ganisazRvra

ZiriTadi cnebebi, romelTa saSualebiT, met-

naklebi warmatebiT, SesaZlebelia winadadebis

sainformacio struqturis kvleva.

2. Teoriuli midgoma

informaciis struqturireba, misi

SefuTva, xorcieldeba opoziciis safuZvelze,

sadac informaciis erTi nawili gamoikveTeba

informaciis meore nawilisgan. sakomunikacio,

pragmatikuli TvalsazrisiT, es gamokveTili

Nnawili aris aqtualizebuli, xazgasmuli,

mniSvnelovani da warmogvidgens sainformacio

nakadSi dawinaurebul informacias. nebismieri

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, saq. mecnierebaTa

akademiis g. wereTlis sa-

xelobis aRmosavleT-

mcodneobis institutis

wamyvani mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi Sromebi:

qarTvelur enaTa tipo-

logiis sakiTxebi; Con-ceptual Representations ofthe Verb Forms Creation(on the Georgian Data);Semantics and Typology ofYes/No particles (on theGeorgian data); ZiriTadisemantikuri rolebis

konceptualuri warmod-

gena da situaciis lin-

gvisturi struqturireba.

interesTa sfero:

sintaqsur konstruqcia-

Ta tipologia, kognitiu-

ri lingvistika, sainfor-

macio struqturebi, qar-

Tvelur enaTa gramati-

kuli sistema da misi ti-

pologiuri Tavisebure-

bebi.

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saxis `dawinaureba~ (igive: xazgasma, gaSuqeba, fokusSi moqceva,

logikuri gamokveTa, win wamoweva, TvalTaxedvis centrSi moqceva

da sxva amgvari) SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc erTi, saerTo fenomeni

[asaTiani, 2007], romelic asaxavs informaciis lingvisturi

struqturirebis mTavar strategias. aqtualizeba sxvadasxva

struqturis mqone enebSi gansxvavebuli formaluri saSualebebiT

xorcieldeba da nebismier enobriv doneze SeiZleba iyos realizebuli.

2.1. konceptualuri aqtualizeba

eqstralingvisturi situaciis lingvisturi struqturireba

bunebriv enebSi ZiriTadad sami mTavari konceptualuri ganzomilebis

mixedviT mimdinareobs [Kibrik, 1997]:1. situaciis Semadgeneli semantikuri rolebis (agensi-paciensi-

adresati) markireba;

2. sainformacio nakadis pragmatikuli Rirebulebebis (topiki-

komentari) markireba;

3. sakomunikacio aqtis statusebis (molaparake/msmeneli-saubris

sagani) markireba.

konkretuli enebi irCeven maTTvis misaReb strategiebs da

Sedegad vRebulobT situaciis konceptualuri aqtualizebis

gansxvavebul modelebs.

semantikuri rolebis markirebaze orientirebul enebSi

informaciis TvalsazrisiT aqtualizebul saxelad konceptualizdeba

an agensi an paciensi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba nominatiuri an

ergatiuli konstruqciebi. pirveli afiqsirebs informaciis im

nawilis aqtualizebas, romelic gamoxatavs, Tu vin moqmedebs,

meore ki informaciis im nawilis aqtualizebas, romelic gamoxatavs,

Tu ra xdeba, ra iqmneba. konceptualurad aqtualizebuli saxeli

enobriv struqturebSi formalurad warmodgenilia aramarkirebuli,

saxelobiTi brunviT: nominatiur konstruqciebSi es aris agensi,

xolo ergatiul konstruqciebSi – paciensi.

enebi, romlebic, upirveles yovlisa, sainformacio nakadis

pragmatul konceptualizacias axdenen, formaluri struqturebiT

erTmaneTs upirispireben informaciis aqtualizebul:fonur

monakveTebs. aseT enebSi, rogorc wesi, aqtualizebuli saxeli

markirebulia specialuri morfologiuli afiqsiT.

rusudan asaTiani

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rac Seexeba mesame tipis enebs, aq informaciis aqtualur wevrad

konceptualizdeba sakomunikacio aqtSi monawile pirebi da

gramatikulad gamoixateba piris I/II : III diqotomia.

2.2. funqcionaluri aqtualizeba

funqciurad aqtualizebuli saxeli gramatikul tradiciaSi

aRiniSneba terminiT subieqti. es aris Setyobinebis is nawili,

romlis Sesaxebac modis garkveuli informacia da romelic, bunebrivia,

aqtualizebulia sainformacio nakadSi. konceptualurad ukve

struqturirebuli konstruqciebis Semdgomi aqtualizaciis procesi

swored aseTi funqciurad dawinaurebuli elementebis formalur

gamokveTas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, nominatiur enebSi, sadac agensia

konceptualurad aqtualizebuli, SeiZleba paciensi wamoiwios da

iqces gamonaTqvamis subieqtad; anu informacia gadalagdes ise, rom

gamonaTqvami gvawodebdes garkveul informacias swored rom

moqmedebis obieqtis, paciensis Sesaxeb da centralur, mTavar elementad

aqtualizdes ara agensi, aramed paciensi. nominatiur enebSi aqtiuri

konstruqciebi asaxaven agensis aqtualizebas (resp. agensi asrulebs

subieqtis funqcias), maSin, rodesac pasiuri konstruqciebi warmoaCenen

paciensis aqtualizebas (resp. paciensi aris subieqti). formalurad

paciensis amgvari dawinaureba gamoixateba misTvis nominatiuri formis

miniWebiT. e.i. paciensi pasiur konstruqciaSi formalurad imave

brunviT aris markirebuli, romliTac aqtiur konstruqciaSi

konceptualurad aqtualizebuli saxeli, agensia warmodgenili.

(agensi pasiur konstruqciaSi an sruliad gamqralia, an Tandebuliani

formiT dasturdeba.)

2.3. diskursuli aqtualizeba

komunikaciisas Cveulebrivia informaciis gacvla-gamocvla:

dialoguri formiT xdeba axali informaciis mopoveba da

informaciul nakadSi arsebuli garkveuli xarvezebis Sevseba.

sainformacio nakadis ucnobi elementebi dgindeba kiTxva-pasuxebis

garkveuli wyvilebiT. kiTxviT moTxovnili informacia moipoveba

pasuxebSi, sadac moTxovnili informacia Cveulebriv aqtualizebulia.

amgvar, diskursulad gamokveTil, aqtualizebul informacias uwodeben

fokuss. umravles SemTxvevebSi fokuss axasiaTebs specifikuri

informaciis struqturirebis sintaqsuri modelebi qarTulSi

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intonacia, magram sxvadasxvagvar enebSi arsebobs, agreTve, sxvadasxvagvari

formaluri meqanizmebi fokusis markirebisaTvis.

2.4. pragmatikuli aqtualizeba

zogierT SemTxvevaSi situaciis asaxvisas saWiro xdeba

informaciis dazusteba, misi pragmatikuli Rirebulebebis gaxazva,

movlenebs Soris arsebul (an ararsebul) kavSirebze miniSneba,

informaciis mosalodneloba-moulodnelobis asaxva, axali-Zveli

informaciis warmoCena, informaciaSi implikaciuri an presupoziciuli

mimarTebebis dafiqsireba da sxva amgvari. yoveli aseTi specifikuri

xasiaTis informacia vlindeba teqstis ufro farTo fragmentSi,

romelic metia, vidre ubralod gamonaTqvami, winadadeba.

winadadeba, tradiciuli ganmartebiT, gamoxatavs dasrulebul

azrs, magram is, rogorc ufro maRali enobrivi donis, teqstis,

Semadgeneli erTeuli, rogorc wesi, ufro met pragmatikul

informaciasac moicavs. informaciis aseTi damatebiTi niuansebi,

rogorc wesi, winadadebis aqtualizebuli wevris Sesaxeb grovdeba.

informaciis swored amgvar, pragmatikulad aqtualizebul, nawils

ewodeba topiki. topikis markirebis ZiriTadi universaluri

meqanizmia specifikuri intonaciuri konturi, Tumca arsebobs enaTa

mixedviT gansxvavebuli sxvadasxvagvari formaluri modelebic. enebSi,

romlebic orientirebulia sainformacio nakadSi pragmatikulad

aqtualizebuli elementebis konceptualur markirebaze, rogorc

wesi, topikis aRmniSvneli specialuri morfologiuri mawarmoebelic

gamoiyofa.

fokusi da topiki winadadebis sainformacio struqturis

ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi cnebebia. orive winadadebis aqtualizebul

wevrs aRniSnavs. gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom fokusi aRniSnavs

adre ucnob, axal informacias, romelic mopovebul iqna Sesabamis

kiTxvaze pasuxis amsaxvel winadadebaSi aqtualizebuli wevris

saxiT; xolo topikiT xdeba ukve cnobili wevris, Zveli informaciis

aqtualizeba masze informaciis mopovebis an arsebuli informaciis

gamokveTisa Tu gavrcoba-dazustebis mizniT. magaliTad, informacia,

romelic Seesabameba situacias, romlis drosac monadirem mokla

iremi, da romelic, magaliTad qarTulSi, struqturirdeba konkretuli

TxrobiTi winadadebis – monadirem mokla iremi – saxiT, srulia

da, amave dros, neitraluri informaciis romelime Semadgeneli

elementis aqtualizebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu situaciis romelime

rusudan asaTiani

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wevri ucnobia, komunikaciisas Cndeba kiTxva, mag.: vin mokla iremi?

pasuxSi: monadirem mokla iremi – aqtualizebulia monadire, e.i. is

aris fokusi; an, vTqvaT:

ra mokla monadirem? [iremi]F mokla monadirem.

ra qna monadirem? [iremi mokla]F monadirem.ra uqna monadirem irems? [mokla]F monadirem iremi.

Tu vsaubrobT monadireze da gvainteresebs mis Sesaxeb raime

informaciis mopoveba, es Sevsebuli informacia reprezentirebul

iqneba winadadebiT, sadac monadire kvalificirdeba rogorc topiki:

ras ityviT monadiris Sesaxeb? [monadirem]T mokla iremi.

formaluri TvalsazrisiT, topiki da fokusi SeiZleba

markirebul iqnes sxvadasxva enobriv doneze:

1. fonetika-fonologiis (intonacia, maxvili, toni, specifikuri

fonetikur-fonologiuri procesebi: gamJRereba-dayrueba, asimilacia-

disimilacia da sxv.);

2. morfologia-sintaqsis (specialuri brunva, Serwymuli

nawilaki an klitika; sityvaTa rigis cvla, elifsi, specifikuri

konstruqciebi, frazebis gagleja, tmesi da sxv.);

3. leqsika-semantikis (specialuri sityvebi, nawilakebi, artikli,

kvantoruli sityvebi: mxolod, marTlac, namdvilad, aseve, kidec da

sxv.).

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili SesaZlebloba xSirad Tanaarsebobs

informaciis “SefuTvisas” – warmoiqmneba rTuli, kompleqsuri

SemTxvevebi da, amdenad, rTuldeba formaluri analizic.

aqtualizaciis ierarqiulad organizebul rTul procesSi zogierTi

informacia aucilebelia da ierarqiis umaRles safexurzeve

ganisazRvreba (mag., konceptualuri an funqcionaluri aqtualizeba),

zogi mxolod dialoguri sistemebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (mag.,

fokusi), zogic nebismieria da konkretuli komunikaciuri funqciiT

ganisazRvreba (mag., topiki); formaluri meqanizmebi xSirad

implikaciuri xasiaTisaa (mag., sityvaTa rigis cvla xSirad intonaciur

gamokveTasac iwvevs da garkveul SemTxvevebSi sintaqsuri mimarTebebis

cvlasac) da sxv. miuxedavad imisa, rom es procesebi enaTa mixedviT

specifikuria (yoveli ena Tavisi strategiis mixedviT axorcielebs


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topik-fokusisa Tu sxva aqtualizebuli wevris formalizebas),

universalur maxasiaTeblebsa da niSnebze saubari mainc SesaZlebelia.

3. meTodologia

informaciis struqturirebis formaluri modelebis

moZiebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia bunebriv sametyvelo

situaciebSi warmoqmnili winadadebebi. aseTi situaciebis

stimulireba SesaZlebelia garkveuli saeqsperimento amocanebis

SerCeviT. am amocanebis gadawyvetaze dafuZnebuli eqsperimentebis

Sedegad mopovebuli masala 1 warmoadgens spontanurad warmoqmnili

sametyvelo teqstebis korpuss, romlis analizsac eyrdnoba

winamdebare kvleva.

1 eqsperimentebSi monawileobda 10 cdispiri – Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis aTi studenti (gogonebi da biWebi).

4. informaciis struqturirebis morfosintaqsuri

modelebi qarTulSi

qarTulSi naklebad aris Seswavlili winadadebis sainformacio

struqturebis formirebisa da aqtualizebis procesebi, gansakuTrebiT,

fokusisa da topikis ganmsazRvreli formaluri modelebi.

masalis analizidan cxadia, rom qarTulSi ara gvaqvs topikis

an fokusis morfologiuri mawarmoeblebi, Tumca SeiZleba gamovyoT

garkveuli morfosintaqsuri da sintaqsuri konstruqciebi, romlebic

gamoxataven aqtualizebis sxvadasxvagvar modelebs. am procesebSi

gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs intonacia [asaTiani, 2006].

4.1. ergatiuli konstruqcia rogorc paciensis

konceptualuri aqtualizebis saSualeba

qarTuli ar aris Tanmimdevrulad ergatiuli ena da gviCvenebs

seriaTa mixedviT gaxleCil ergatiulobas [Dixon, 1979]D: I serianominatiuria (e.i. aq agensia aqtualizebuli); II seria saxelur

argumentTa mixedviT ergatiulia (e.i. aq paciensia aqtualizebuli),

zmnuri piris niSnebis mixedviT ki nominatiuri (e.i. aq agensia

aqtualizebuli); III seria micemiTbrunviani subieqtiT – ergatiulia

(e.i. aq paciensia aqtualizebuli). qarTulis es monacemebi gvibiZgebs

davaskvnaT, rom qarTulSi konceptualur aqtualizebas ganapirobebs

rusudan asaTiani

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dro-kiloTa garkveuli semantikuri jgufebi: awmyosa da imperfeqtis

SemTxvevaSi kognitiurad wina planze iwevs subieqti da swored is

aqtualizdeba centralur, aramarkirebul erTeulad, maSin, rodesac

perfeqtisaTvis informaciulad meti Rirebulebisaa paciensi da

swored is aqtualizdeba centralur, aramarkirebul saxelad. amgvari

konceptualuri aqtualizebis kognitiuri safuZvlebi met-naklebad

naTelia: situaciis aRqmisas awmyoSi swored rom subieqtia wina

planze, paciensi ki, moqmedebis msvlelobis gamo, faqtobrivad

ganusazRvrelia, maSin rodesac perfeqtSi swored rom moqmedebis

Sedegia saxeze (resp. paciensi), subieqti ki, mxolod warsulis

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iyos (wyvetili) an sulac ar

iyos (III seriis TurmeobiTebi) cnobili.

amgvarad, ergatiuli konstruqcia gviCvenebs paciensis

aqtualizebas, nominatiuri ki _ agensis (ufro zustad, subieqtis).

amgvar daskvnas mxars uWers l. enuqiZis kvlevac [enuqiZe 1981: 109-

110]. avtori garkveuli teqstebis statistikur analizze dayrdnobiT

askvnis: “statistikuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom ergativis elifsi

ufro xSiria, vidre nominativis”. (Cven mier mopovebuli sametyvelo

teqstebis korpusis monacemebic adasturebs am statistikas.)

ramdenadac aqtualizebuli saxelis elifsi araa mosalodneli

(faqtiurad gamoricxulia), ergativis elifsisken swrafvis tendencia

SeiZleba miviCnioT warmodgenili interpretaciis erT-erT Zlier

argumentad: ergatiul konstruqciaSi topikalizebulia ara ergativSi

mdgari agensi, aramed nominativSi mdgari paciensi.

4.2. specifikuri morfosintaqsuri konstruqciebi:

nawilakebis funqcia sainformacio struqturebis

formirebaSi

sazogadod, kargad aris cnobili nawilakebis roli winadadebis

sainformacio struqturis formirebaSi, Tumca qarTul specialur

literaturaSi TiTqmis araferia naTqvami nawilakebis am funqciaze.

nawilakebi gaxazaven, gamokveTen informaciis garkveul nawils;

amasTanave, isini specifikur semantikur elfersac hmateben winadadebas

da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT leqsikuri SinaarsiTac arian

datvirTulni; amitomac maTi interpretacia topikis calsaxa

morfologiur markerebad ver CaiTvleba adekvaturad. nawilakebi,

rogorc wesi, qmnian specifikur morfosintaqsur konstruqciebs.

magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba ganvixiloT implikaciuri topikze


14

mimaniSnebeli nawilakebi: ai, mxolod, marto, swored (rom), arc –

arc, -c, -c ki, kidec. [wereTeli, 2007].

4.2.1. ai nawilaki cdispirebis mier gamoiyeneboda iseTi

implikaciuri topikis gamosaxatavad, romelic damatebiT, ZiriTadad

sapirispiro informacias gvawvdida rogorc zogadi (1), aseve

konkretuli situaciis (2) meore, nagulixmev wevrze:

(1) ai qalebi ar ewevian. (igulisxmeba, rom kacebi ZiriTadad

ewevian.)

(2) ai biWs qudi ar axuravs. (situaciis mixedviT, gogos qudi

axuravs.)

implikaciuri topikis gadmosacemad yvelaze xSirad swored

es nawilaki dafiqsirda. sazogadod, sainteresoa ai nawilakis

zogadi funqcia: `miTiTeba+substantivizacia+predikacia~, rac mas

a. veJbickas mier navaraudebi erT-erTi primitivis (demonstrativis,

substantivisa da predikaciis elementebiT) Sesabamis enobriv

realizaciad warmogvidgens [Wierzbichka, 1996]. swored am funqciebisgamo, is bavSvTa metyvelebis adreuli formebis aucilebel

Semadgenels warmoadgens, rac aseve TanxmobaSia a. veJbickas mier

`winaswarmetyvelurad aRdgenil~ (ramdenadac inglisurSi msgavsi,

sami funqciis gamaerTianebeli, universaluri semantikuri primitivis

enobrivi realizacia ar dasturdeba, veJbicka ki primitivebis

gamoyofisas ZiriTadad inglisur enas iSveliebs) primitivTan.

4.2.2. mxolod nawilaki sixSiriT meorea implikaciuri topikis

markirebis procesSi. is gulisxmobs, rom topikTa SesaZlebel

variantTagan erTi da mxolod erTia dasaSvebi situaciisda

Sesabamisad. es nawilaki mxolod aseT konkretul SemTxvevebSia

misaRebi:

(5) mxolod biWia navSi. (igulisxmeba, rom gogo ar aris

navSi)

4.2.3. EerT-erTma cdispirma mxolod nawilakis gamoyenebas

marto nawilaki amjobina. am nawilaks, rogorc Cans, igive funqciebi

aqvs, rac mxolod nawilaks: alternativebidan SearCios erTaderTi:

(6) ara, biWi marto ar aris navSi. (igulisxmeba, rom sxvebic

arian.)

rusudan asaTiani

15

Tumca maTi funqciebi msgavsia, isini Tavisuflad ar enacvlebian

erTmaneTs: marto uSvebs postpoziciur wyobas, mxolod ki ara.

magaliTad, (6) winadadebaSi marto-s mxolod-iT Canacvleba ver

gvaZlevs gramatikulad gamarTul winadadebas.

4.2.4. aseve erT SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirda ar+c nawilaki:

(7) arc biWs ar axuravs qudi. (e.i. viRac sxvasac ar axuravs.)

am rTuli, nawarmoebi nawilakis funqciaa SesaZlebel

alternatiul topikTagan uaryofiTi niSniT gamoarCios erT-erTi

imgvarad, rom implikaciurad meore wevris igive mdgomareoba

daafiqsiros. es nawilaki informantma gamoiyena kiTxvaSi mocemuli

uaryofiTi mniSvnelobis dasadastureblad imgvarad, rom

implikaciurad meore wevris Sesaxebac msgavsi, uaryofiTi informacia

mogvawoda.

4.2.5. swored nawilaki dafiqsirda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

informanti implikaciurad adasturebda kiTxvaSi mocemuli

informaciis sapirispiro informacias situaciis meore wevris

Sesaxeb. saiteresoa, rom uaryofiTi dadasturebis~ gasaZliereblad

man gamoiyena kompleqsuri fraza swored rom:

(8) swored rom kacs ar axuravs qudi. (e.i. qals axuravs)

gaZlierebis mizezi SeiZleba iyos zogadi warmodgena

(gansakuTrebiT Zlieri qarTuli tradiciis farglebSi), rom,

sazogadod, kacs ufro unda exuros qudi, vidre qals. swored

rom frazis gamoyenebiT cdispirma gaxaza mis zogad warmodgenasTan

Seusabamoba da eqsperimentis farglebSi SemoTavazebuli konkretuli

situaciis moulodneloba.

4.2.6. -c nawilaki Segvxvda, aseve, informaciis (mxolod

dadebiTis) dadasturebisas:

(9) qalic kiTxulobs wigns. (e.i. kidev viRac sxva kiTxulobs

wigns.)

rogorc Cans, swored da -c nawilakebis funqcia aris daTanxmeba,

dadastureba~ situaciis meore wevris Sesaxeb damatebiTi (dadebiTi

an uaryofiTi) implikaciuri informaciis gadmocemis mizniT.

4.2.7. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom nawilakebi, rogorc mosalodnelic

iyo, ar dadasturda martivi implikaciuri topikis SemTxvevebSi:


16

(10) ara, biWs ar axuravs qudi.

(11) ki, biWi navSia.

(12) ara, qali ar kiTxulobs wigns.

5. informaciis struqturirebis sintaqsuri saSualebebi

qarTulSi

5.1. funqciuri aqtualizeba: pasiuri konstruqciebi

qarTulSi pasiuri konstruqciebis saSualebiT paciensis

aqtualizebis SesaZlebloba SezRudulia dro-kiloTa seriebis

mixedviT:

(1) I-seriis zmnuri formebi qmnian nominatiur konstruqciebs,

rac gulisxmobs agensis aqtualizebas konceptualur doneze. Semdgom

safexurze (funqcionaluri done) SesaZlebelia paciensis rolis

gazrda, misi aqtualizeba, rac xorcieldeba pasiuri konstruqciebis

formirebiT, sadac paciensi iqceva funqciurad aqtualizebul wevrad

da kvalificirdeba subieqtad;

(2) II da III-seriis zmnuri formebi qmnian ergatiul

konstruqciebs, rac gulisxmobs konceptualur doneze paciensis

aqtualizebas. ramdenadac paciensi ukve aqtualizebulia

konceptualurad, misi Semdgomi funqciuri aqtualizeba sinTezuri

pasiuri konstruqciebis formirebiT sruliad gamoricxulia III-

seriis formebisaTvis da sakmaod SezRudulia II-seriisaTvis. am

mizniT upiratesoba eniWeba yofna~ zmniT Sedgenil aRweriT pasivebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pasiuri konstruqciebis formireba ar

aris SezRuduli I seriaSi (da nawilobriv II-Sic), konkretuli

eqsperimentebis safuZvelze mopovebuli masala gviCvenebs, rom

cdispirebi paciensis aqtualizebisaTvis iSviaTad iyeneben pasiur

konstruqciebs da upiratesobas aniWeben sityvaTa rigis cvlas, an

ganusazRvrelnacvalsaxelian Tu ganusazRvrelsubieqtian

konstruqciebs, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, roca paciensi sulieria.

es Tavisebureba qarTuli enis pasiuri konstruqciebis

specifikurobidan gamomdinareobs.

sazogadod, qarTuli pasivi gansxvavdeba indoevropuli enebis

pasivisgan:

indoevropul enebSi pasiuri konstruqcia, rogorc wesi,

Sesabamisi aqtiuri konstruqciis konversiuli konstruqciaa, sadac

paciensi dawinaurebulia da qceulia subieqtad, agensi ki

rusudan asaTiani

17

transformirebulia windebulianFfrazad. qarTulSi pasiuri

konstruqcia yovelTvis ar warmoadgens Sesabamisi aqtiuri

konstruqciis konversiul formas; e.i. is ar aris mkacrad sintaqsuri

kategoria da, rogorc Cans, ufro metad semantikuri safuZvlebi

aqvs. qarTulSi iseve, rogorc zogierT sxva enaSi, magaliTad, iaponurSi

[Shibatani, 2002], aqtiv-pasivis opozicia qmnis kontiniums, sadacprototipuli pasivi morfologiurad uTanabrdeba e.w. saSual

formebs da zogjer aqtiur semantikasac gamoxatavs, magaliTad:

eqaCeba, awveba, elaparakeba, uyveba, emaleba da sxv.

pasivi qarTulSi formalurad naTlad gansxvavdeba aqtiuri

formebisgan: awmyoSi subieturi III piris niSani aqtiuri formebisTvis

aris -s, pasiuri formebisTvis ki -a sufiqsi (SaniZe, 1948). zmnebi,

romelTa semantika ar emTxveva prototipuli aqtivis an pasivis

semantikas, formaluri markirebisaTvis irCeven an aqtiur models

-s sufiqsiT, an pasiur models -a sufiqsiT. am formalur modelTa

dapirispireba gvibiZgebs axali semantikuri interpretaciisken,

romelic naTels mohfens qarTuli aqtiuri da pasiuri formebis

ganmsazRvrel pirobebs.

is, rom aqtiv-pasivis formalur dapirispirebas ar aqvs mkacrad

sintaqsuri pirobebi cxadia, rac Seexeba semantikur niSnebs, aqac

ufro faqizi niuansebia misakvlevi, ramdenadac aseve cxadia, rom

semantikuri dapirispireba aqtivi: pasivi calsaxad ver faravs

formalur dapirispirebas aqtiuri forma: pasiuri forma. aseT

semantikur niSnad, romelic gansazRvravs aqtiv-pasivis formalur

dapirispirebas, SeiZleba SemoTavazebul iqnas Semdegi interpretacia:

Tu saSuali (e.i. prototipulad arc aqtiuri da arc pasiuri)

semantikis zmnebi ganasxvaveben moqmedebis (an mdgomareobis)

mimarTulebas (an lokacias), zmna uTanabrdeba pasivs da irCevs

markirebis pasiur models; Tu ki saSuali semantikis zmna ver

ganasxvavebs predikaciis mimarTulebas/lokacias, maSin zmna uTanabrdeba

aqtivs da irCevs markirebis aqtiur models. formalurad es wesi

advilad interpretirebadia: Tu saSuali zmna dairTavs zmniswin(eb)s,

mas eqneba pasiuri forma, Tu ara – aqtiuri. magaliTad, dgeba/a-

dgeba/Ca-dgeba/gada-dgeba; emaleba/da-emaleba; awveba/mi-awveba/da-awveba

da a.S.; magram cxovrobs, dgas, Rirs da a.S.

lingvisturi markirebis amgvari strategia SeiZleba aixsnas

markirebulobis mimarTebis kognitiuri safuZvlebiT: ramdenadac

pasiuri semantikisaTvis, sazogadod, naklebad mosalodnelia (e.i.

kognitiurad markirebulia) mimarTuleba/lokaciis gamoxatva (rac


18

bunebrivia prototipulad aqtiuri semantikis zmnebisTvis), is

medialuri Sinaarsis zmnebi, romlebic uSveben amgvar Sinaarsebs,

enobriv struqturebSic warmodgenilni arian markirebuli (resp.pasiuri) formebiT; anu: kognitiuri markireba lingvisturi

struqturebis markirebulobiT reprezentirdeba.

qarTuli enis pasivis amgvari Tavisebureba gansazRvravs im

SezRudvebs da specifikas, romelic Cndeba winadadebis sainformacio

struqturebis formirebisasac: eqsperimentebiT mopovebul masalaSi,

rodesac situaciurad vxvdebiT gaurkvevel agenss da pasiuri

konstruqcia (gauCinarebuli agensiT) yvelaze ufro mosalodnelia,

qarTveli cdispirebi upiratesobas aniWeben aqtiur konstruqciebs

ganusazRvrelnacvalsaxeliani subieqtiT viRac, raRac an

ganusazRvrelsubieqtian konstruqciebs subieqturi mesame piris

mravlobiTobis maCvenebeli sufiqsiT zmnaSi. magaliTad:

am kacs TavSi CaquCs urtyamen.

boTls kraven fexs.

mas viRac fexs urtyams.

da sxv.

mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi dafiqsirda `situaciurad ucnobi

agensis~ konkretuli arsebiTi saxeliT warmodgenis SemTxveva: tafas

iRebs qali, rac, rogorc Cans, aixsneba zogadi warmodgeniT, rom

`ZiriTadad qalebi amzadeben saWmels da saqme aqvT tafebTan~, ris

safuZvelzec ucnobi agensi~ cdispiris mier Canacvlda konkretuli

saxeliT qali.

amgvarad, QUIS-eqsperimentebis [Skopeteas et all, 2006] safuZvelze

spontanurad mopovebul qarTul sametyvelo teqstebSi `ucnobi

agensis~ gamosaxatavad ar dafiqsirda pasiuri konstruqciebi, rac

kidev erTi Zlieri argumentia im interpretaciis sasargeblod,

romlis mixedviT, qarTulSi pasiur konstruqciebs gansazRvravs

semantikuri da ara sintaqsuri (resp. sainformacio struqturis)ganmsazRvreli niSnebi.

rusudan asaTiani

19

5.2. sityvaTa rigi

5.2.1. sityvaTa rigi: qarTuli gramatikuli tradicia

rogorc cnobilia, qarTuls aqvs metad ganviTarebuli

morfologia mdidari afiqsaciiT. amdenad, sityvaTa rigis simkacre

qarTulSi ar aris aucilebeli piroba sintaqsuri mimarTebebis

gamosaxatavad, rogorc es gvaqvs enebSi Raribi afiqsaciiT. swored

mdidari afiqsaciis, kerZod brunvis niSnebis funqciuri

gansazRvrulobis gamo, qarTulSi sityvaTa rigi Tavisufalia da

sityvaTa faqtiurad nebismieri gadalageba dasaSvebia [SaniZe 1948;foCxua 1962; Ciqobava 1968; daviTiani 1973; afridoniZe 1986;

kvaWaZe 1996; da sxv.] Tumca, bevri mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom sityvaTa

rigi ar aris absoluturad Tavisufali, magaliTad: Tanamedrove

qarTulSi zedsarTavi Cveulebriv uswrebs arsebiTs; aseve, zmnizedebi

da damatebebi iswrafvian daikavon saxelzmnis wina pozicia; kiTxviTi

sityva yovelTvis zmniswina pozicias ikavebs; da sxv. da garkveuli

SezRudvebi, tendenciebi ganapirobeben sityvaTa aramarkirebul rigs.

statistikuri kvleva naTels hfens amgvar tendenciebs [foCxua

1962; afridoniZe 1986; Harris 2000] da saSualebas gvaZlevs

ganvsazRvroT sityvaTa kanonikuri, aramarkirebuli rigi: SOV / SVO.pirveli damaxasiaTebelia literaturuli, samwerlobo enisaTvis,

meore ki ufro xSirad sametyvelo, gansakuTrebiT modernuli

sametyvelo stilisaTvis [javaxiSvili 1929], aris bunebrivi. sityvaTa

am aramarkirebuli rigis nebismieri gadalageba ukavSirdeba

winadadebis sainformacio struqturis cvlas. sazogadod, qarTul

specialur literaturaSi sityvaTa rigis cvla am kuTxiT sistemurad

ar gaanalizebula; ZiriTadad ganixileboda aqtualizacia maTeziusis

gagebiT [Mathesius, 1967], da daskvnebi mxolod zogadi xasiaTis

SeniSvnebiT Semoifargleboda [javaxiSvili 1929; sergia 1972;

daviTiani 1973; zardiaSvili 1978; enuqiZe 1981 da sxv].

Tanamedrove lingvisturi Teoriebi da meTodologia, rac

faqtiurad maTeziusis ideebis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens,

ukeTes pirobebs iZleva sainformacio struqturebis sakvlevad.

QUIS-eqsperimentebi orientirebulia swored am tipis sakiTxebis

SeswavlisaTvis Rirebuli spontanuri sametyvelo teqstebis

mopovebaze.


20

5.2.2. sityvaTa rigi da axali/Zveli informaciis kodireba

enebSi Tavisufali sityvaTa rigiT `sityvaTa gadalageba~

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Zveli/axali informaciis

aqtualizaciisaTvis [Skopeteas and Fanselow, 2007]. winadadebis

sawyisi pozicia yvelaze Rirebulia sainformacio nakadis garkveuli

monakveTebis xazgasasmelad. eqsperimentebis Sedegad mopovebuli

masalis nawili damuSavda statistikurad: davTvaleT Agent-new,Agent-given, Object-new, Object-given erTeulebis gamoCena winadadebis

sawyis poziciaSi; calke Sefasda [Ag-new-invisible] da [O-given, Ag-new-invisible] SemTxvevebi. ramdenadac masalaSi dafiqsirda ramdenime

magaliTi lokativebiT, es SemTxvevebic aisaxa statistikuri

odenobebis amsaxvel cxrilebSi:

1. semantikuri rolebi winadadebis sawyis poziciaSi

New Given Ag-new-invisible TotalAg 11 18 3 32O 1 14 +8 23Loc 2 2

2. axali/Zveli informacia winadadebis sawyis poziciaSi

Ag O Loc TotalNew 11+3 1 17Given 18 14+8 2 40

am statistikuri monacemebidan gamomdinare, gamoikveTa Semdegi

tendenciebi:

1. agensi (gansakuTrebiT Zveli informaciis matarebeli)

miiswrafvis daikavos winadadebaSi sawyisi pozicia;

2. ucnobi agensi winadadebis sawyis poziciaSi

warmodgenilia ganusazRvreli nacvalsaxeliT viRac;

3. axali obieqti winadadebis sawyis poziciaSia iSviaTia;

SeiZleba iTqvas, gamonaklisuria (faqtobrivad, mxolod erTi aseTi

SemTxveva dafiqsirda);

4. winadadebaSi sawyisi poziciis dakavebis TvalsazrisiT

gamoikveTa semantikur rolebs Soris arsebuli Semdegi ierarqia:

Ag>O;

rusudan asaTiani

21

5. Zveli obieqti (gansakuTrebiT konteqstSi ucnob agensTan,

romelic gamoxatulia zmnaSi S.3.PL-sufiqsiT) aseve miiswrafvis

daikavos winadadebaSi sawyisi pozicia;

6. Zveli informacia sjobnis axals winadadebaSi sawyisi

poziciis dakavebis TvalsazrisiT: Given>New;7. gamovlenil or ierarqias (Ag>O,Given>New) Soris

konfliqturi situaciis warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs ufro

konkretuli ierarqia: Ag-given>O-given>Ag-new>O-new;8. damatebiTi argumentebs (Given>New)>(Ag>O) ierarqiis

sasargeblod iZleva konstruqcia Zveli-lokativiT sawyiss

poziciaSi.

sazogadod, lokativebis sakiTxi (bolo, (8) SemTxveva) Semdgom

kvlevas moiTxovs.

5.2.3. Llokativebi

qarTulSi sityvaTa Tavisufali rigi xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnis lokatiuri frazebis winadadebis sawyis poziciaSi moTavsebis

TvalsazrisiT: isini Tavisi Cveuli, aramarkirebuli poziciidan

(winadadebis bolo) gadmoinacvleben axal markirebul poziciaze,

rac mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs informaciis struqturirebisas.

Cvens masalaSi dadasturebuli 134 SemTxvevidan 61 SemTxvevaSi

isini win uswreben saxels, romlis lokalizebac xdeba. masalis

analizi gviCvenebs, rom gadanacvlebis kriteriumebi icvleba

cdispirebis mixedviT, Tumca garkveuli ganzogadebebi mainc

SesaZlebelia:

1. meoTxe sesiaSi (sul Catarda cdispirebis mixedviT

gansxvavebuli 4 sesia) monawile cdispirebi lokativebis pozicias

gansazRvraven lokalizebuli saxelis semantikuri niSnebiT: mxolod

adamianebi da didi cxovelebi uswreben lokativebs;

2. mesame sesiis cdispirebisTvis Rirebuli Cans lokatiur

frazaSi Semavali saxelisa da lokalizebuli saxelis zomebi: zomiT

(moculobiT) ufro didi saxeli win uswrebs ufro pataras;

3. es ori kriteriumi met-naklebad Rirebulia danarCeni, pirveli

da meore, sesiis cdispirebisaTvisac, Tumca Zveli/axali informaciac

TamaSobs garkveul rols: Zveli lokativi an axali saxeli

miiswrafvis daikavos pirveli adgili.


22

rogorc masalidan Cans, lokativebis Semcveli informaciis

struqturireba ZiriTadad mosaubris (resp. cdispiris)individualuri kognitiuri warmodgenebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba.

5.3. sintaqsurad Warbi erTeulebi rogorc

topikalizaciis markerebi

5.3.1. qarTuli zmnis poli personaloba da S/O pirisniSnebis siWarbe

qarTuli zmnis polipersonalobis gamo, ramdenadac zmnis forma

aRniSnavs erTdroulad subieqtsac da obieqtsac, winadadebaSi piris

nacvalsaxelTa dafiqsireba ar aris aucilebeli (Warbia); da Tu

isini mainc warmodgenilni arian, es umravles SemTxvevaSi niSnavs,

rom Sesabamisi subieqti (an obieqti) topikalizebulia; magaliTad:

[me]T vipove gza, [me]T viyide pamidvrebi, [me]T movutane dedas…

aq me Warbia (qarTulis enis specifikidan gamomdinare: ramdenadac

pirveli piri morfologiurad ukve warmodgenilia zmnur formaSi

pirveli subieqturi piris markeriT (v-), misi dublireba sintaqsur

konstruqciaSi me nacvalsaxelis saxiT Warbia da migvaniSnebs pirveli

piris topikalurobaze:

me da ara sxva vinmem, swored me da ara sxva vinmem, namdvilad

me da ara sxva vinmem moutana dedas pamidvrebi.…

5.3.2. qcevis kategoria da Tandebuliani frazebis siWarbe

qarTulSi qcevis kategoria gamoxatavs moqmedebis kuTvnileba-

daniSnulebas da xmovani prefiqsebi aRniSnaven im saxels, Tu visTvis

(risTvis) xdeba moqmedeba, amitom Tandebuliani saxeli, romelic

moqmedebis mizans aRniSnavs, Warbia da misi dafiqsireba migvaniSnebs

am saxelis topikurobaze:

ninom [TavisTvis]TCainiSna davalebebi

rusudan asaTiani

23

am winadadebaSi Tandebuliani refleqsuri nacvalsaxeli

TavisTvis Warbia, ramdenadac saTaviso qcevis maCvenebeli

xmovanprefiqsi -i- ukve aRniSnavs moqmedebis samizne saxels, romelic

subieqtis identuria (anu aRniSnavs refleqsurobas); da Tu is

mainc warmodgenilia, es migvaniSnebs, rom is aris implikaciuri

topiki:

ninom TavisTvis (da ara, vTqvaT, ZmisTvis) CainiSna davalebebi.

amgvarad, winadadebebi sintaqsurad Warbi erTeulebis elifsisis

gareSe aris implikaciuri topikis arsebobaze mimaniSnebeli:

sintaqsurad Warbi erTeulebi sainformacio struqturis

topikalizebul wevrebs warmogvidgenen.

5.4.4. sainformacio struqturis sxva sintaqsuri niSnebi

5 .4 . 1 . omonimuri sintaqsuri konstruqciebi da

winadadebis sainformacio struqtura

sxvadasxva saxis sintaqsuri omonimuri formebis gaxsnasa da

informaciis calsaxa interpretaciaSi xSirad gvexmareba winadadebis

sainformacio struqturis dadgena; magaliTad, winadadeba: maRali

gamyidvlis daxlTan dgas – omonimuria. am omonimiis moxsna

SesaZlebelia winadadebis sainformacio struqturis garkveviT,

risTvisac aucilebelia ufro farTo teqstualuri konteqstis

ganxilva. Tu es winadadeba aris pasuxi SekiTxvaze: sad dgas myidveli?

– maSin maRali gamyidveli iqneba fokusi da fokusisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli aRmavali, talRiseburi intonaciiT warmoiTqmis,

xolo winadadeba iqneba uqvemdebaro (myidvelis elifsisiT): [maRali

gamyidvlis]FF daxlTan dgas; Tuki maRali aris pragmatikulad

gamoyofili wevri, romelic gulisxmobs, rom vinme maRali da ara,

vTqvaT, dabali, dgas daxlTan, maSin igi warmoiTqmis aRmavali

intonaciiT, sadac intonaciuri maxvili meore marcvalzea, da topikad

kvalificirdeba: [maRali]T gamyidvlis daxlTan dgas. ase rom,

winadadebis sainformacio struqtura gamoricxavs omonimurobas

da komunikaciur orazrovnebas.


24

5.4.2. saxeluri frazebis gaxleCa, rogorc topika-

lizaciis erT-erTi meqanizmi

saxeluri frazebis gaxleCa damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli enisaTvis:

nebismieri saxis NP, garda Tandebuliani frazisa, SeiZleba gaixliCos

da es aris fokusirebuli saxelis warmodgenis erT-erTi formaluri

meqanizmi. aseTi gaxleCili konstruqciebi iSviaTia saliteraturo

enisaTvis, Tumca bunebrivia metyvelebasa da poeziaSi:

qalis xeli uWiravs bavSvs?

ara, [fexi]F uWiravs qalis.

patara Wiqas iRebs biWi?

diax, [pataras]F iRebs is Wiqas.

5.4.3. Cleft –konstruqciebi

e.w. Cleft –konstruqciebi qarTulSic dasturdeba, Tumca isini

arc Tu ise produqtiulia: cdispirebi mxolod Zalian specifikur

SemTxvevebSi iyenebdnen informaciis struqturirebis am models

topikis gamosayofad:

es biWia, visac qali urtyams.

es konstruqciebi aigeba yofna-meSvelzmniTa da daqvemdebarebuli

winadadebis formirebiT: topikalizebuli saxeli Tavsdeba mTavar

winadadebaSi meSveli zmnis klitikasTan erTad da qmnis Sedgenil

Semasmenels; topikis Sesaxeb mopovebuli axali informacia

(komentari) gadmocemulia damokidebul winadadebaSi.

yofna zmnis III piris klitikuri elementi -a topiks aRniSnavs

ara mxolod Cleft-konstruqciebSi, aramed, sazogadod, nebismierwinadadebaSi.

5.4.4. meSvelzmniani klitikuri konstruqciebi rogorc

topikis da/an fokusis markerebi

meSveli zmna yofna~ subieqtur mesame pirTan iqceva klitikad

da erTvis Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawils: is aris qali >

is qalia. is SeiZleba daerTos winadadebis nebismier sityvas da

rusudan asaTiani

25

aqcios is Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad. es klitika

topik-markerad gvevlineba: sityva, romelic warmodgenilia -a klitikiT,

misi wyalobiT topikalizebulia. magaliTisaTvis ganvixiloT, vTqvaT,

winadadeba:

lamazi gogo dRes aris saxlSi.

topikalizaciis yvela logikurad dasaSvebi SesaZlebloba

realizdeba -a klitikuri elementis darTviT:

(1) saxlSia dRes lamazi gogo. (da ara, vTqvaT, kinoSi)

(2) dResaa lamazi gogo saxlSi. (da ara, vTqvaT, erTi kviris

mere)

(3) lamazi gogoa dRes saxlSi. (da ara, uSno gogo)

(4) lamazia gogo dRes saxlSi.

(1) da (2) magaliTebi gamoxatavs CarCo-topikebs droisa da

sivrcis sxva SesaZleblobebis implikaciuri gamoricxviT. igive

winadadebebi intonaciuri konturis cvliT SeiZleba gamoxatavdnen

droisa da sivrcis viwro fokusebs. mTeli saxeluri frazis

topikalizaciis nimuSia (3) winadadeba, xolo rac Seexeba (4)-

winadadebas, is Zalian specifikur situacias aRwers, romelic

perifrazulad niSnavs: dRes gogo lamazia, imitom rom aris saxlSi.

5.4.5. mimarTvis formebi, rogorc filerebi da maTi

funqcia winadadebis sainformacio struqturis formirebaSi

mimarTvis formebi xSirad asruleben Txrobisas pauzis

Semavsebeli elementebis (e.w. filerebis) funqcias. aseTi filerebi

SeiZleba gaCndes winadadebis nebismieri wevris Semdeg:

(1) me, Cemo kargo, didi xania, aq vcxovrob.(2) wigns, Cemo batono, mwerali siyvaruliT wers.

(3) wer-s, Cemo kargo, aba ara?!

(4) lamazi, Cemo daTo, qali sando ar aris.

(5) kargad, RmerTo Cemo, aba vin aris?!

aseTi filerebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben informaciis

struqturirebaSi. isini Cveulebriv Cndebian sxvadasxva saxis

fokusebisa Tu topikebis momdevnod; magaliTad, zemoT mocemul (1),


26

(2), (5) winadadebebSi isini gamoxataven topikebs, maSin, rodesac (3)

da (4) winadadebebSi – fokusebs.

5.4.6. topikis `dasadgeni~ konstruqciebi qarTulSi

topikis gamosacnobad (dasadgenad) Cveulebriv iyeneben Semdeg

konstruqciebs: “As for X”, “As far as X is concerned”, “Concerning X”, “Asregard X”. qarTulSi am konstruqciebs Seesatyviseba rTuli

qvewyobili mimarTebiTi winadadeba:

ras ityviT am monadiris Sesaxeb?rac Seexeba monadires, [swored rom is]T klavs irems.

6. daskvnebi

informaciis struqturirebis ganxiluli sintaqsuri

saSualebebis Sejamebis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT:

qarTulSi informaciis struqturirebis ZiriTadi sintaqsuri

modelebia:

1. markirebuli intonacia//markirebuli sityvaTa rigi;

2. gadalageba – informaciulad gamokveTili wevris winadadebis

TavSi dasma (+intonacia);

3. specifikuri sintaqsuri konstruqciebi (+intonacia);

4. nawilakebi (+sintasuri cvlilebebi + intonacia).

am modelebs Soris unda arsebobdes garkveuli ierarqiuli

mimarTebebi. vvaraudobT, rom 1>2>3>4 ierarqia asaxavs aqtualizebis

xarisxobriv zrdas: rac meti formaluri saSualebaa gamoyenebuli

informaciis garkveuli nawilis gamosakveTad, miT maRalia

aqtualizaciis xarisxi.

literatura

afridoniZe 1986: afridoniZe S., sityvaTganlageba axal qarTulSi.

Tbilisi: mecniereba.

asaTiani 1982: asaTiani r., martivi winadadebis tipologiuri

analizi. Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis masalaze.

Tbilisi: mecniereba.

daviTiani 1973: daviTiani ak., qarTuli enis sintaqsi. I. martivi

winadadeba. Tbilisi: ganaTleba. E

rusudan asaTiani

27

enuqiZe 1981: enuqiZe l., winadadebis aqtualuri danawevreba da

misi mimarTeba sintaqsuri da semantikuri analizis

Tanamedrove meTodebTan Tanamedrove zogadi enatmecnierebis

sakiTxebi. VI. Tbilisi: enaTmecnierebis instituti.foCxua 1962: foCxua b., sityvaTa rigi qarTulSi. ike. XIII. Tbilisi:

mecn. akad. gamom.

kvaWaZe 1996: kvaWaZe l., Tanamedrove qarTuli enis sintaqsi.

Tbilisi: rubikoni.

SaniZe 1948: SaniZe ak., qarTuli enis gramatika. II. sintaqsi. Tbilisi:

Tsu gamomcemloba. 1973b. qarTuli enis gramatikis

safuZvlebi. Tbilisi: Tsu gamomcemloba.

Ciqobava 1968: Ciqobava arn.,Mmartivi winadadebis problema

qarTulSi. I. qvemdebare-damatebis sakiTxi Zvelss qarTulSi.

Tbilisi: Mmecniereba.

wereTeli 2007: wereTeli n., winadadebis sainformacio struqtura:

implikaciuri topiki qarTulSi.samagistro naSromi. Tbilisi.

Tsu.

javaxiSvili 1929: javaxiSvili iv., Tanamedrove qarTuli

saliteraturo enisaTvis. mnaTobi. 1. Tbilisi.

asaTiani 2007: Asatiani R., The Main Devices of Foregrounding in theInformation Structure of Georgian Sentences. Proceedings of TbilisiSymposium on language, Logic and Computation 1005.Amsterdam: Spriger. 21-31.

Ceifi 1971: Chafe W. L., Meaning and the structure of language. Chicagoand London: Chicago Un. Press.

diqsoni 1979: Dixon R. M. W., Ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge Un.press.

harisi 1998: Harris, Al. C., Georgian Syntax: A Study in RelationalGrammar. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press. 2000b, WordOrder Harmonies and Word Order Change In Georgian. In SornicolaR, Poppe E., Haley A. (eds), Stability, Variation and Change ofWord-Order Patterns over time. 133-163. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:Benjamins.

hiuiti 1995: Hewitt B. G., Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar.Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.

kibriki 1997: Kibrik A., Beyond Subject and Object: Toward aComprehensive Relational Typology. Linguistic Typology.I.. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 279-346.

maTeziusi 1967: Ì àòåçèóñ Â. Î., Î ñ è ñ ò å ì í îì ã ð à ì ìàòè÷åñêî ìà í àëèçå. Ïðàæñêèé ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêèé êðóæî ê . Ìî ñêâà. Íàóêà.226-238.

Sibatani 1985: Shibatani M., Passives and related constructions: A prototypeAnalysis. Language, Vol.61,No4. Kobe: Kobe Un. press.

skopeteasi 2006: Skopeteas S., Fiedler I., Hellmuth R., Schwarz, A.,Stoel, R., Fanselow, G., Féry, C., and Krifka M., Questionnaire onInformation Structure (QUIS). Interdisciplinary Studies on


28

Information Structure 4. Working Papers of the SFB 632, Potsdam:Universitätsverlag Potsdam.

skopeteasi 2007: Skopeteas S., Fanselow G., Effects of givenness andconstraints on free word order. In Information Structure from differentperspectives. Zimmermann, Malte and Caroline (eds.), Oxford: OxfordUn. Press.

TuiTi 1998: Tuite K., Kartvelian morphosyntax. Munich: Lincom Europa.veJbicka 1996: Wierzbicka A., Semantics (Primes and Universals). Oxford-

New York: Oxford Un. press.

Rusudan Asatiani

Syntactic Means of Information Structuring inGeorgian

Structuring of information proceeds through the foregrounding of certainparts of the information. Any kind of “foregrounding” (res. “Highlighting”, “LogicalEmphasis”, “Promotion”, “Standing out as the first, important” and etc) could beregarded as one, common phenomenon which represents the main strategy ofstructuring of linguistic structures. From this point of view Topic, Focus, Subject,Theme, Point of view and so on – are the same as far as they represent variousforms of “foregrounding”. It is supposed that such a wide, generalized interpretationof “topicalization” make more clear, what happens when we have mixed forms of“foregrounding”.

In general, foregrounding can be realized on various linguistic levels and itis possible to distinguish: Conceptual, Functional, Discourse and Pragmatic devices,which can be represented by various formal means: Phonetic-Phonological,Morphological-Syntactic and Lexical-Pragmatic. All the devices can co-occurduring the information packaging. Some of them are obligatory and are on the highlevel of the hierarchically organized processes of foregrounding (e.g. conceptualor functional foregrounding); some of them are optional and they are defined bythe specific discourse and/or pragmatic values of a sentence (e.g. focus or topic);some forms of foregrounding are implicational (e.g. sometimes reordering impliesemphasis of intonation) and so on. The relations between the different kinds offoregrounding are language specific, but it seems possible to speak about universalmodels of formalization of the information structures. In Georgian there is nomorphological topic marker, but all other devices of foregrounding are possible.The paper examines the main models of syntactic devices in Georgian.

rusudan asaTiani

29

cira barbaqaZe

sityva azris ZiebaSi anu

`varskvlavebis poetika~

ana kalandaZis poeziaSi

poezia, garda imisa, rom metyvelebis faqtad

rCeba, igi, amave dros, mis sazRvrebs gareTac

iWreba... enis stiqiis moZraobaSi Cafluli,

misi nawilakebis gadaadgilebiT garTuli

poeti, an TviTon irCevs sityvebs, an sityvebi

irCeven poets.

oqtavio pasi

...pirvelad iyo sityva... samyaro

warmogvidgeba, rogorc sityva, qmnadobis aqti

ki _ rogorc niSnis Seqmna.

lotmani

enaSi arsebuli nebismieri sityva poetur

metyvelebaSi SeiZleba iqces imgvar metafo-

rebad, romelTa srulad aRwera SeuZlebeli

iqneba. mwerali amravlebs mniSvnelobebs da

tovebs maT daumTavrebels da Rias. enis

meSveobiT is qmnis aRmniSvnelebiT gajerebul

samyaros da verasodes ver iRebs saboloo

aRsaniSns~ (barti 1989: 284).

Tavis droze xlebnikovma kruCenixTan

erTad wamoayena Tezisi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

mxatvruli nawarmoebi SeiZleboda, rom

mxolod erTi sityvisgan Semdgariyo. maTi

azriT, es iyo ara mxolod avangarduli

proeqti, aramed Tavad sityvis saxeobrivi

bunebis lingvisturad ganpirobebuli

rekonstruqcia. Tavad sityva ukve patara

nawarmoebia, _ acxadebdnen isini. amaze

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, ilia Wav-

WavaZis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa da kultu-

ris kvlevebis fakulte-

tis asocirebuli profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

qarTuli mWevrmetyve-

lebis lingvopragmatika,

folkloruli ritorika,

Tanamedrove politikuri

diskursis ritorikuli

Taviseburebani, qarTuli

sakanonmdeblo stili...

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, ritorika, sti-

listika.

30

miuTiTebs mixeil epSteini, roca wers: aforizmi iTvleba yvelaze

mcire literaturul Janrad, _ erT winadadebaSia azri SekumSuli...

magram arsebobs kidev ufro mcire Janri _ mxolod sityva. swored

sityva warmodgeba, rogorc dasrulebuli nawarmoebi, rogorc

sityvaSemoqmedebis damoukidebeli rezultati. epSteini xazs usvams

sityvas, ara rogorc enis erTeuls da enaTmecnierebis sagans, aramed

rogorc literaturul Janrs, romelSic aris plastika, idea, saxe,

TamaSi, kolizia da siuJeti. erTsityvianoba _ erTi sityvis xelovneba,

romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs axal ideas, an suraTs, _ maqsimumi

azri minimum enobriv erTeulSi!

me gavagrZelebdi epSteinis azrs da davamatebdi, rom amgvar

`literaturul Janrad~ da damoukidebel mxatvrul nawarmoebad

sityva SeiZleba iqces amave dros, sxva sityvebTan urTierTobis

Sedegad. enis bunebaSi Cadebuli metaforuloba mxatvrul saazrovno

sivrceSi kidev ufro aqtualizdeba da amouwurav qmnadobas

gvTavazobs. yoveli sityva uamrav potenciur mniSvnelobas Seicavs.

roca sityva sityvebs ukavSirdeba da iqmneba fraza, im mraval

mniSvnelobaTagan erT-erTi aqtiurdeba da mTavar mniSvnelobad

iqceva~(oqtavio pasi). enaSi devs mniSvnelobadqmnadobis imgvari

potenciali, romelic praqtikulad amouwuravia.

calkeul avtorTa poetur SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyofa iseTi

`sityva_nawarmoebebi~, sityva_konceptebi~, romelTa garSemo SeiZleba

gadaewyos poetis enobrivi samyaro. imisaTvis, rom amgvari

sityva_konceptebi, semantemebi, gamovlindes, saWiroa:

a) teqtSi semantemis gamoyenebis maRali sixSire, markireba;

b) aRniSnuli semantemis metaforulobis maRali xarisxi, rac

gamoixateba axal mniSvnelobaTa warmoqmnaSi;

g) poetis Semoqmedebis koncepti Tavisi funqcionirebiT teqstSi

gamoxatavs avtoris ideas.

Cveni kvlevis obieqts am mimarTulebiT warmoadgenda ana

kalandaZis poezia. Ppoeturi nawarmoebSi aris iseTi simboloebi,

romlebic iTxoven interpretacias Tavad avtorisaTvis (mamardaSvili

2000: 127). kvlevis Sedegad poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamoikveTa

sityva_koncepti `varskvlavi~.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom semantema varskvlavi~ metnaklebi sixSiriT

TiTqmis yvela poetis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, magram ana kalandaZis

`varskvlavi~ namdvilad gansakuTrebulia. ratom maincdamainc es

sityva? kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia da poetis individualobidan

momdinareobs. rogorc Cans, am sityviT gamoxatuli azri yvelaze

cira barbaqaZe

31

metad enaTesaveba poetis suls. sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobidan

dawyebuli mis yvelaze ufro dausazRvrav mniSvnelobamde, TiTqmis

yvelafers Tavi mouyria ana kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi. oTar WilaZisa

ar iyos:

`Zvirfaso, sityvas aqvs Tavis fasi,

zoma da wona, suni da feri

da isic yvela Cvenganis msgavsad

icinis, tiris, ocnebobs, mReris...~

da ara mxolod...

vfiqrob, varskvlavebTan dakavSirebuli suliskveTeba da poetis

Semoqmedebis arsi kargad gamoixata anas Semdeg striqonebSi:

var marad varskvlavTa mWvreteli

da cecxliT vivsebi imaTebr...

`o, RmerTo, o, RmerTo, sabaoT,

sinaTle, sinaTle, sinaTle...~

ra azria gamoTqmuli striqonSi: `var marad varskvlavTa

mWvreteli~? ra Tqma unda, es ar aris mxolod pirdapiri mniSvne-

loba _ rom warmovidginoT, poeti rogor aCerebia Rameul

varskvlavebian cas. pasuxi amave striqonebSia: sinaTle! Aar SevcdebiT,

Tu vityviT, rom rom ana kalandaZe sinaTlis poetia, rac swored

`varskvlavTmWvretelobaSi~ da imaTebr `cecxliT avsebaSi~

metaforulad gamoxata avtorma. ratom daunaTesavda poetis suli

varsvlavs? im Tvisebebis gamo, romelsac varskvlavi atarebs _

siSore, sinaTle, idumaleba, siCume...

tomas strenz elioti erT esseSi wers: `ra sityvebic unda

gamoiyenos mweralma, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, sargeblobs am sityvaTa

istoriis codniT, imis codniT, Tu rogor gamouyenebiaT es sityvebi.

amgvari codna exmareba mis amocanas, mianiWos sityvas axali sicocxle

da enas ki axali idiomi Sehmatos. arsebiTi tradicia aseTia:

miwvde, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, mTels mniSvnelobas enis istoriisa,

rac sityvis miRmaa~ (elioti 2007: 159). aseT SemTxvevaSi

gasaTvaliswinebelia sityvis saxarebiseuli gagebac. `roca ieso

daibada iudeis beTlemSi, mefe herodes dReebSi, ierusalimSi movidnen

varskvlavTmricxvelni aRmosavleTidan da Tqves: sad aris, iudevelTa

mefe rom daibada? vinaidan vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi

da movediT, raTa Tayvani vceT mas (maTe, 2.1; 2.2); agreTve: `maT

mousmines ra mefes, wavidnen. da ai, varskvlavi, romelic maT

aRmosavleTSi ixiles, win uZRoda maT, vidre mividoda da gaCerdeboda

sityva azris ZiebaSi, anu `varskvlavebis poetika~ ana kalandaZis poeziaSi

32

im adgilze, sadac yrma iyo (maTe, 2.9). am mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare,

arsebobs iseTi idiomebi, rogorebicaa: bedis varskvlavi, varskvlavi

aenTo (adamiani daibada), varskvlavi Caqra (adamiani mokvda)...

varskvlavi anasTvis agreTve uflis macnea:

RamiT, iq, zemoT, varskvlavs aanTebs

viRacis xeli,

gaTenebamde sanTeliviT rom

iwvis da RvenTavs...

Torem aq vis ra gaaZlebinebs,

kldeT ufskrulebSi,

uamvarskvlavod? Uamsxivod?

uSvelos RmerTma...

bedis varskvlavis mniSvnelobiT aris gamoyenebuli semantema

varskvlavi Semdeg konteqstebSi:

aciskrovndeba gulSi edemi!

naTobs varskvlavi Cveni bedisa...

rad vSfoTavT Cven mis gamoCenamde?

anda:

damexsen srbas: igi dameweva

iis konebiT, _

varskvlavi Cemi varskvlavTSoris

maradis mrwemi, _

da sixaruliT amaRldeba

sauflo Cemi.

ara mxolod adamians, qveyanasac Tavisi bedis varskvlavi dahyveba:

miwav, usasod damcirebulo,

gamarjvebisas Sen isev Sesvam:

modis varskvlavi gabrwyinebuli,

rom dagvibrunos dideba ese!

bibliaSi vkiTxulobT: Tqva RmerTma: iyos mnaTobebi cis myarze

dRisa da Ramis gasayrelad, droJamis aRmniSvnelad... dasxa isini

RmerTma cis myarze, rom gaenaTebina miwa, gaeyaraT naTeli da bneli...~

sibnele-sinaTlis, keTilisa da borotis kontrastulobas isev

varskvlavebiT (bibliuri mniSvnelobiT) warmoadgens poeti:

varskvlavi igi sixarulisa

Cems wil maradis

aRavlens cials,

rac ufro Rame

Camodis bneli,

cira barbaqaZe

33

igi ufrore

elavs da brwyinavs!

an:

gakrTes naTeli Sinagan bnelTa,

viT kvali varskvlavT mimosvlaTani...

adamiani_varskvlavi aseve ar aris ucxo mniSvneloba da

metaforuloba da anas poeziaSi am mniSvnelobasac vxvdebiT. rCeuli

adamiani Suqurvarskvlavia~ da misi gardacvalebisas poeti ityvis:

`cas moswyda Suqurvarskvlavi~, patriot jariskacebs ki varskvlavebs

adarebs: `midixarT mtvriani, mtvriani CeqmebiT da varskvlavebiviT

brwyinavT~.

9 aprils daRupulebi uflis varskvlavebia:

A axloa Jami SuaRamisa,

caze varskvlavi uflisa krTeba...

kvdeba sruliad saqarTvelosTvis,_

locviT,

galobiT,

vinc axla kvdeba.

SeiZleba aq gagvaxsendes oTaraanTqvrivis giorgi, romelic

satrfos mimarTavs: `sad Sen da sad _ me... sad mogwvdebodi caSi

varskvlavs...~ (adamiani_varskvlavi).

bunebrivia, rom varskvlavi siwmindesTan, brwyinvalebasTan

asocirdeba poetisaTvis, amitom Cndeba amgvari saxeebi:

varskvlavi brwyinavs ase saamod,

Tu wminda mamebs unTiaT zeTi?

.....................................................................

angelosi daeTxova miwis SvilTa,

Sors gafrinda varskvlavebis SaravandiT.

..............................................................................

brwyinva kandelTa

hgavda brwyinvas varskvlavT miriadT...

...............................................................................

Sen Semodixar ucxod morTuli

da varskvlavebiT TavdanamSveni.

poeturi metyveleba arsebiTad dialogia, rogori monologuri

formiTac ar unda iyos gamoxatuli. Ppoeti yovelTvis viRacas

(raRacas) mimarTavs, elaparakeba. sxvagvarad saerTod SeuZlebeli

iqneboda gamoxatva. `ena erTmaneTTan akavSirebs sam elements: `me~,


34

`Sen~ da is~, anu sagani. viRaca viRacas raRacaze esaubreba~ (pol

valeri 1994: 87).

mimarTvis obieqti poeziaSi SeiZleba usulo iyos, amas arca

aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba arc poetisaTvis da arc poeziisaTvis.

ana kalandaZes xSirad aqvs dialogi varskvlavebTan.

da gaqrnen sadRac...

cis siRrmeSi krToda varskvlavi,

ratom moswydio? _

manac mkiTxa,_

sauflos Sensa?

.........................................................

ras gadmomyureb banzeiT,

Se lurj varskvlavTa cialo? Dda sxva.

identifikacia varskvlavTan niSneulia anas poeziisaTvis.

Bbrwyinva, anTeba, Caqroba _ es is leqsikaa, romelic varskvlavTan

uSualo kavSirSia, misi maxasiaTebelia. raki Cven aRmovaCineT poetis

identoba mnaTobTan, Sesabamisad, varskvlavis leqsika bunebrivad

gadadis poetze, amitom is ambobs:

me avmaRldebi Sens lurj caze,

SenTvis vibrwyineb,

aRvinTebi da davSrtebi Senda!

eWvi ar aris, rom am SemTxvevaSi poeti_varskvlavi~ laparakobs.

poetis identifikacia varskvlavebis Cum samyarosTan

kargad gamoixata Semdeg striqonebSi:

dums varskvlavebis

Cumi samyaro...

mas SehRaRadebs

miwa codvili...

gamoiRviZe,

miusafaro,

o, sulo Cemo,

geyo lodini, _

gafrindi cisken!

Tu ca varskvlavebiT Tvals daxuWavs, ixuWeba poetis gulis

Tvalic da es identifikaciis kidev erTi mSvenieri dasturia:

daxuWa Tvali caman cxovelman

da... daixuWa `gulisa Tvalic~...

cira barbaqaZe

35

zogjer cxovrebisagan ganridebis mosurne poeti varskvlavad

yofnas eswrafvis, radgan yofiereba savsea cru da amao xmebiT, rac

axSobs da Trgunavs lirikul mes. varskvlaviviT Sors yofna _

identifikaciis Semdegi safexuria:

ar minda da, _

vambob...

ar minda da, _

vismen...

im varskvlavis msgavsad

Sors mamyofa

ise...

arsaidan xmai

ar mwvdebodes

casa...

o, mamyofa

ise,

im varskvlavis msgavsad!

poetis identifikacia varskvlavTan isev ana kalandaZis

striqonebiT unda avxsnaT. kiTxvaze: ratom varskvlavebTan? Aanas

pasuxi aseTia:

magram me mainc, o, me mainc

sixaruls vesav...

esityvebian varskvlavebi

gulisTqmas Cemsas

uSiSrad da daufaravad...

am leqsSi anas winapris _ nikoloz baraTaSvilis striqonebic

xmiandeba: `mxolod varskvlavTa, TanamavalTa, vamcno gulisa me

saidumlo...~; varskvlavi yovelTvis `Tanamavalia~, sadac midixar,

mogyveba, swored amitom is aris avTandilis megobaric, satrfos

moSorebuli, mnaTobebs rom esaubreba.

`ra SeuRamdis, varskvlavTa amosvla eamebodis,

mas amsgavsebdis, ilxendis, uWvretdis, eubnebodis~.

sxvaTaSoris, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, avTandilisa da ana kalandaZis

lirikuli gmiris sulieri naTesaoba, roca isini mnaTobebs mimarTaven

sulis sanugeSod. avTandili mimarTavs zuals:

mo, zualo, momimate cremli cremlsa, Wiri Wirsa,

guli Savad SemiRebe, sibnelesa mimec xSirsa,

Semomyare kaeSnisa tvirTi mZime, viTa virsa,

mas uTxar, Tu: nu gaswirav, Senia da SenTvis tirsa~.


36

ana kalandaZe mimarTavs zuals:

aRmekra pirsa me mwuxareba:

sixarulisgan damcala zeman

da vardiani Cemi karavi

wyvdiaidisaTvis daagdo mzeman...

SemomeZarcva Saravandedi

daunjebuli da idumali...

ganqarda Cemi xati iisa

da... Cems karavze dgaxar, zualo!

aRmekra pirsa me mwuxareba.

am or teqsts Soris saerTo mwuxarebaa, gansxvavebuli enobrivi

formebiT gamoxatuli, magram erTi saTqmeli. Aam saTqmels zuali

ganapirobebs. axla sxva mnaTobisadmi mimarTvac vnaxoT:

modi, marixo, uwyalod damWer laxvriTa SeniTa,

Se-ca-mRebe da Semsvare wiTlad sisxliTa deniTa,

mas uTxren Cemni patiJni, mas gaagonen eniTa,

ragvar gasrulvar, Sen ici, gulia aRar lxeniTa.

ana kalandaZe:

o, marss ar vkadre me sayveduri,

arca wuxilis cremlebi vkadre:

moiRo cecxli man RvTaebrivi,

gadamafara ciuri madli...

momarTva Tvisi maRali taxti,

damarqva TuRi Tvisi mefuri...

ganmaZliera me SiSsa zeda...

o, marss ar vkadre me sayveduri:

Zalumi iyo wyaloba misi!

avTandili aspirozs mimarTavs:

modi, aspiroz, marge ra, man damwva cecxlTa dagiTa,

vin margalitsa gareSe moscavs Zowisa bagiTa;

Sen daamSveneb keklucTa damSvenebiTa magiTa,

visme, glax, Cemebr daagdeb, gaxdi cnobiTa SmagiTa.

ana kalandaZe:

da brwyinavs, brwyinavs, brZeni aspiroz,

qvabebis Tavze amayad mdgari,

da dauSretis idumalebiT

kvlav nugeSsa scems am SemogarenT.

cira barbaqaZe

37

am uneburi analogiiT Cven vadasturebT Semoqmedi sulebis

kavSirs mnaTobebTan. isini sxvadasxa droSi da gansxvavebul

situaciebSi miemarTebian ciur sxeulebs, magram faqtia, rom Tvali

cisken uWiravT~_pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTac. Aamgvar

teqstebSi minimum ormagi kodirebaa, erTi fizikuri samyarosaTvis,

xolo meore_miRmuri samyarosaTvis daniSnuli.

kiTxvebi, romlebic kvlevisas miCndeba da romelzedac pasuxebs

vpoulob, uecrad aRmoCndeba rom ana kalandaZe romelime leqsiT

midasturebs, ase moxda amjeradac poetis Semdegi striqonebiT:

aq salamuriT atirdeba

patara mwyemsi,

ra aRonebs pawia biWsa?

brwyinavs varskvlavi:

cas imisi gulisTqma esmis,

cas uuSoress, Seucnobels,

grZneuls da misans.

Tu CavTvliT, rom patara mwyemsi zogadad maZiebeli adamianis

simboloa, gabrwyinebuli varskvlavebi adastureben, rom ufals esmis

misi...

miuRweveli (anu ufali) varskvlavis bunebisaa (anda, piriqiT),

brwyinvalea, amitom: gamomibrwyindi, miuRwevelo, aw ucnauri meqmen

sacnaur...~ _ wers poeti da am gamobrwyinebaSi WeSmaritebis gaelvebas

gulisxmobs.

ra Tqma unda, varskvlavis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba

Sesabamis gancdaTa gadmosacemad bunebrivia anasTvis.

varskvlavi brwyinavs,

o, varskvlavi,

krTis sasiamo

da mTvare aris kvlav

sxivTa mTovar...

an:

da mSvidTa caTa amoenTeba

varskvlavi kideT,

daubrundebaT Tvisi feri

didebul naZvebs...

satrfos ki ise aRar elis poeti, rogorc xaverdovani Ramis

wyvdiadi varskvlavs:

o, aRar veli mas,

rogorc varskvlavs _

xaverdovani

Ramis wyvdiadi...


38

namiani balaxic ki avtorisTvis varskvlavebis laRi bibinia~...

da ase Semdeg... vfiqrobT, srulad ver SevZeliT warmogvedgina

yvela is konotaciuri mniSvneloba, romelsac varskvlavi aCens anas

poeziaSi.

`sityva~, rogorc realoba, ganuyofelia mTqmelisagan, imisgan,

visTvisac es metyvelebaa daniSnuli da agreTve im situaciisagan,

romelSic es sityva warmoiTqmis (gaseti 2000: 665). ra Tqma unda,

sxvagvarad sityva mxolod abstraqciaa.

aseTive abstaraqciaa sityva varskvlavi~, romlis saleqsikono

mniSvnelobaa _ cis sxeuli, romelic sakuTari SuqiT naTobs; Sori

manZilis gamo varskvlavi cis kamaraze Cans, rogorc yovelmxriv

sworxazovnad sxivebis gamomcemi mnaTobi wertili (qegl-i, 1955:

30).

qarTul saliteraturo enaSi leqsema `varskvlavma~ myari

Sesityvebebic warmoSva, aseTebia: kudiani varskvlavi (kometa),

varskvlavi mowyda (meteorma gaielva), mowyvetili varskvlavi

(meteori), ciT mowyvetili varskvlavi (Zalian lamazi), varskvlavebs

epotineba (miuwvdomlisken miiswrafvis), varskvlavebs eTamaSeba

(lamazia), bedis varskvlavi, bednier varskvlavze dabadebuli...

gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT varskvlavi aRniSnavs agreTve beds, gangebas,

mizans. (mag.: `Cven unda vsdioT axla sxva varskvlavs...~(ilia).

rogorc davinaxeT, sityva `varskvlavs~ enis sistemaSi sakmao

potencia moepoveba imisaTvs, rom gaagrZelos mniSvnelobaTqmnadobis~

procesi poetur metyvelebaSi...

ana kalandaZis poeturi teqstebis mixedviT, sityva varskvlavis~

saboloo azri uflisken midis, varskvlavi uflis erT_erTi epiTetia,

saboloo aRsaniSni RmerTia, romelic Tavad dausazRvravia da

dausazRvravia is semantemac, romelic misi aRmniSvneli xdeba. am

konteqstSi CvenTvis sainteresoa Suasauukuneebis xedva. Suasaukuneebis

simbolizmis kosmologiuri universalizmi dakavSirebulia

`ukanaskneli~ aRsaniSnis gagebasTan. wminda avgustinesTan realurad

yovel sagans SeuZlia aRniSnos meore sagani, anu gamovides aRmniSvnelis

rolSi... am perspeqtivaSi erTaderTi sagani, romelic ar SeiZleba

aRsaniSnis rolSi gamovides, aris RmerTi. Ggarkveuli azriT, aq

gaTanabrebulia referentis~ semiotikuri gageba da pirvelmizezis~

metafizikuri gageba.

signifikaciuri damokidebulebis saboloo polusebia: RmerTi

_ sityva: `sufTa aRsaniSni~ da `sufTa aRmniSvneli~, sadac

materialuroba fiqsirebulia sityvis polusze, xolo spiritualoba

_ referentis polusze.

cira barbaqaZe

39

sityvis mTavari azri, idea yovelTvis SeniRbulia Ria teqstiT,

anu im teqstiT, romelic uSualod aris Cven winaSe. metaforuloba

zogadad SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc garegan metyvelebaSi teqstis,

sityvis Sinagani azris gamovlenis faqti. TavisTavad metafora

ukve SeniRbuli azria. Mmetaforulad es azri SeiZleba ase

warmovadginoT: `zRva(an okeane), romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs

zedapirs da siRrmes (zedapiri_Ria teqstia, xolo siRrme_dafaruli

teqsti, qveteqsti), rogor SeiZleba siRrmis gamikvleva? siRrmeSi

CasvliT an zedapirze amotivtivebuli raime niSnis axsniT. axla

warmovidginoT, rom zedapirze amotivtivebuli sagani _ es Ria

teqstSi qveteqstidan (siRrmidan) SemoWrili~ tropebia, romelTa

axsniT da analiziT vSifravT siRrmes, anu azrs, ideas. siRrmis

gamokvleva siRrmeSi CasvliTac SeiZleba _ magram am SemTxvevaSi ena

wyvets arsebobas idumalSi gadasvlis gamo~ (barbaqaZe 2003: 50).

rogorc vnaxeT, ana kalandaZis poeziaSi sainteresod warmoCnda

`varskvlavebis poetika~. feSenko wers: Tu davuSvebT, rom semiotikas

aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis siuJeti, maSin am ganviTarebis kulminacia

is wertilia, romelSic semiotika xvdeba poetikas~ (feSenko 2006:

62).

maS, raze gadis gza azridan sityvisken da piriqiT, sityvidan

azrisken? amaze vigotski gvipasuxebda: `...azri ar emTxveva araTu

sityvebs, aramed arc maT mniSvnelobebs, romlebiTac is gamoiTqmeba.

gza azridan sityvisken mniSvnelobaze gadis. Cvens metyvelebaSi

yovelTvis aris dafaruli qveteqsti. am winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad

iqmneba axali gza azridan sityvisken sityvaTa axali mniSvnelobebis

gavliT~ (vigotski 1999: 331). swored aseT axal mniSvnelobebs

gvTavazobs poeturi metyveleba. iqneb arc ise axalia dReisTvis

is azri, romelic Tavis droze kantma gamoxata agreTve metaforulad:

ori ram maocebs amqveynad_varskvlavebiani ca Cem zemoT da moraluri

kanoni CemSi! _ moraluri kanoni Tu uflismieria (da namdvilad

aris uflismieri), masTan varskvlavebiani cis dakavSireba sulac

ar aris SemTxveviTi da amasve adasturebs kantis am azris ana

kalandaZiseuli reinterpretacia. iqneb samyaro sul ramdenime

metaforis (re)interpretaciaa?

literatura

barbaqaZe 2003: cira barbaqaZe, qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragmatika,

Tbilisi.

barti 1989: Ðî ëàí Áàðò, Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû, Ñå ì è îòèêà , Ï îýòèêà,Ì î ñêâà .


40

gaseti 2000: Õî ñå Îðòåãà-è-Ãàññåò, Èçáðàííûå òðóä û , Ìî ñêâà.elioti 2007: tomas strenz elioti, aTi esei (Targmnes paata da

rostom CxeiZeebma), Tbilisi.

vigotski 1999: À.Ñ. Âûãîòñêèé, Ìûøëåíèå è ðå÷ü, Ìîñêâà.kalandaZe ana 2004: ana kalandaZe, leqsebi, Tbilisi.

mamardaSvili 2000: Ìåðàá Ìàìàðäàøâèëè, Ýñòåòèêà ìûøëåíèÿ,Ì î ñêâà .

pol valeri 1994: sulis krizisi, (Targmna baCana bregvaZem),

Tbilisi.

feSenko,2006: Âëàäèìèð Ôåùåíêî, Autopoetica, êàê îïûò è ìåòî äèëè î í îâûõ ãîðèçîíòàõ ñåìèîòèêè; Â êí: Ñåìèîòèêà èàâàíãàðä, Ìîñêâà.

qegli 1955: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. 3, Tbilisi.

Tsira Barbakadze

The Word Related to Researching of Conceptionor “Poetics of Stars” in Anna Kalandadze’s Poetry

Metaphority existed in the nature of the language is more activated andoffers continual creation as it deals with artistic space of thinking. “Each wordcontains plenty of potential meanings. The word forming the phrase with otherwords activates one key sense from the diversity of concepts” (Octavio Pass).The language consists of practically incomplited creational capacity that formsvariety of meanings.

“Word-derivatives” and “Word-concepts” representing the poet’s languagescope are revealed with various authors. The mentioned word-concepts, semantemsare exposed by:a) the frequency of using semantem in the text, marking;b) the high grade of semantem metaphorization forming the new sense;c) the concept of poetry indicating the author’s idea, due to its functioning in the text.

While researching Anna Kalandadze’s poetry “the star” appeared to be theword-concept.

Almost each poet applies the semantem “star” with different frequency intheir poetry, but Anna Kalandadze’s “star” is really spacial, forming exciting “poeticsof stras”. Why just this word? The response is very simple as it is based on thepoet’s individuality. The sense of this word seems dealing with the author’s soul.Anna Kalandadze’s poetry exposes all types of concepts of this word – fromliteral meaning to idiomatic ones as well.

According to Anna Kalandadze’s poetry the conclusive sense of “the star”as one of the metaphors aspiring towards God. Eventual denotative is God that isindefinite as the expedient designating semantem.

cira barbaqaZe

41

TinaTin bolqvaZe

nasesxebi sityvebis

semiotika

statiaSi ganixileba nasesxebi sistyvebis

funqcionireba semiozisSi, konkretulad

ki, interpretatorTa damokidebuleba,

interpretanta (reaqcia, romelic SeiZ-

leba mohyves niSans) da konteqsti, ro-

melSic nasesxebi enobrivi niSani gvxvdeba.

semiozisis faqtorTa analizi dadis

enobrivi niSnis sami gansxvavebuli Tvalsa-

zrisiT ganxilvaze: semantikuri, sintaqtikuri

da pragmatuli (gamyreliZe 2000: 24).

calkeuli enobrivi niSnis sruli daxasiaTeba

SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca Seswavli-

lia misi urTierToba obieqtTan, sxva niSnebTan

da momxmarebelTan. enis amomwuravi daxasia-

Teba ki maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca dad-

genilia enis semantikuri, sintaqtikuri da

pragmatuli wesebi.L L= Lsem+ L

sin+ L

prag

(morisi 2001: 54). am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis

sainteresoa enobrivi niSani, kerZod ki,

nasesxebi sityva pragmatuli valsazrisiT.

enaTa minimaluri kontaqtebic ki

sakmarisia sityvaTa sasesxeblad. nasesxebi

leqsikuri erTeulis mimarT enobrivi ko-

leqtivis wevrebs sxvadasxvagvari damokide-

buleba aqvT _ zogs moswons, zogi iwunebs.

erTi da imave nasesxebi sityvis mimarTac ki

damokidebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba.

Tumca, sesxeba rom Cveulebrivi movlenaa, amaze

aravin davobs. magaliTad, sulxan-saba


doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universi-

tetis humanitaruli

fakultetis profesori,

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa

da mecnierebis saminis-

tros saxelmwifo enis

programebis koordina-

tori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`poeturi paralelizmi

`vefxistyaosanSi” (Tsu

gamomcemloba, 1997 weli),

`ideologizebuli Rire-

bulebebi” (Tsu gamomcem-

loba), qarTveluri dig-

losia”, (2007 weli).

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, sociolin-

gvistika, ti pologiuri

da arealuri enaTmecnie-

reba.

42

orbeliani erT-erT ucxoenovan sityvas aseT komentars urTavs:

“eseviTarni yovelsa enasa Sina iqmnebian anu mezoblobisa

mier, anu SemoRebisa mier ... sparsulad ewodebis madar

dedasa, xolo frangulad maTer, vina ornive erT; laTinTa

eniTa sudari - mkvdrisa saxvevelsa, egreTve qarTulad, anu

qarta, anu sandali laTinTa da qarTulTa saziaro ars.

egreTve yovelTa enaTa Sina mravali movals”.

rogor mkvidrdeba nasesxebi sityva enaSi? erT-erTi gza aseTia

_ nasesxebi sityva imave an msgavsi mniSvnelobis adgilobriv

sityvasTan erTad qmnis sinonimur wyvils da xSirad gamoiyeneba

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis teqstebSi. magaliTisTvis davimowmoT SoTa

rusTvelis poema. vefxistyaosnis~ avtori xSirad xmarobs orenovan

wyvilebs, ai ramdenime:

ese metad momewona TaTbiri da gamorCeva.

saxelmwifo sajdomi da taxti gmarTebs, sraca sruli.

mutribTa da momReralTa moyvaruli, Rvinis msmeli.

Sen ar-gatexa kargi gWirs zenaarisa, ficisa.

var ucxo vinme Raribi, sayofTa moSorvebuli.

“vefxistyaosnamdec” Zalian xSiri iyo qarTul werilobiT

ZeglebSi ucxoenoveni sityvis Semcveli wyvilebi: mowame da

martvili, kereoni da sanTeli, ZRueni da feSqaSi, moaje da

moqene da sxva.

bilingvuri sinonimuri wyvilebi, rogorc ena saerTod,

mravalfunqciuria. v. boederma komunikaciis aqtis funqciaTa

iakobsoniseul sqemaze dayrdnobiT aCvena orenovani sinonimuri

wyvilebis funqciaTa ierarqiis cvalebadoba, rac Tan sdevs ucxo

sityvis Semcvel sinonimur wyvilTa funqciebs naTargmn filosofiur

da mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. mxatvrul TxzulebebSi aseT wyvilebs

azris gaZlierebis mizniT iyenebdnen. kvintilianedan moyolebuli

yvela avtori orenovani da saerTod sinonimuri wyvilebis umTavres

funqciad swored emfazas~ (xazgasmas, gamkveTrebas) aRiarebs. Tavidan

ucxo sityvis Semcvel sinonimur wyvilebs yvela enaSi ZiriTadad

metalingvisturi funqcia aqvT (boederi 1991: 120), magram droTa

ganmavlobaSi isini icvlian funqciebs, rasac maTi gamoyenebis arec

gansazRvravs.

`vefxistyaosanSi~ gamoyenebul arabul-sparsul sityvaTa

Semcveli sinonimuri wyvilebis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna, rom poemis

Seqmnis droisaTvis ukve dabindulia maTi metalingvisturi funqcia

TinaTin bolqvaZe

43

da isini qarTuli enis referenciul Zalas uerTdebian. am

TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa T. batoniSvilis azri rusTvelis poemaSi

ucxoenovani leqsikis gamoyenebaze: `xolo romelnica, sxvaTa enis

leqsni uxmarebies stixTa Sina, igini arian adridganve mravalT

saukuneTa uwinares qarTulsa enasa Sina Semotanilni da

egreT vxmarobT maT. viTarca sakuTarTa leqsTa CvenTa;

vinaidan Cveuleba sxvaTa yovelTa enaTa, romel mezoblobisa

ZliT, anu xSirad erTsa romelsame enisa smenisa ZliT

urTierTisa leqsTa miiReben da ixmareben TvisTa Sina enaTa

(bagrationi 1960: 200). faqtiurad, am azrs agrZelebs mari, roca

wers: poemaSi arabuli da sparsuli sityvebi iseTi formiTaa naxmari,

rom isini ver iqneba SeTvisebuli romelime literaturuli

nawarmoebidan. rusTveli maT uSualod cocxali urTierTobidan

iRebs (mari 1917: 428)

elvertma aCvena, rom bilingvuri sinonimuri wyvilebi axasiaTebda

provanseli trubadurebis lirikasac. trubadurebma gaamartives

laTinuri samwevra varianti, radgan wyvili axlosaa yoveldRiur

metyvelebasTan da ufro efeqturia. v. boederis azriT, rusTveli

provansel trubadurTa darad xSirad gasariTm poziciaSi ayenebs

aseT wyvilebs. es xerxi Semdeg gavrcelda mTel evropaSi da siciliur

sakaro poeziaSi provansalizmad Seicnoboda. saintereso sakiTxia

am TvalsazrisiT rusTvelisa da provanseli lirikosebis siaxlove

raime istoriuli makavSirebeli rom arsebobdeso. _ wers v. boederi

(boederi 1991: 106-107). taepSi bilingvuri wyvilebis adgilze

specialurma dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom igi yovelTvis riTmis Seqmnis

aucileblobiT ar aris nakarnaxevi, Tumca emorCileba taepSi marcvalTa

ganawilebis zogad wesebs.

Tu pirvel etapze nasesxeb sityvas ganmartebisTvis Tan axlavs

msesxebeli enis imave an msgavsi mniSvnelobis sityva, riTac bilingvuri

wyvili iqmneb, Semdeg aseTi wyvili aucileblad iSleba. daSlis

mizezi sxvadasxvaa:

a) SeiZleba nasesxebi sityva saerTod daikargos. magaliTad,

zenaari _ es sityva Axvewnis dros gamoiyeneboda. igi RaRadisis

mimarTva iyo da niSnavda gaficeb”. dRes zenaari mkvdari leqsikuri

erTeulia qarTulisTvis.

b) xSirad ucxouri sityva srulad integrirdeba msesxebel

enaSi rogorc, magaliTad, Raribi. Tu sesxebis sawyis periodSi igi

aRniSnavda ucxos (sulieris SemTxvevaSi _ ucxo mxareSi gadaxvewils,

nasesxebi sityvebis semiotika

44

usulos SemTxvevaSi _ saucxoos, Zvirfass), mogzaurs, martodmartos,

sawyals, obols, dRes mas aqvs erTaderTi mniSvneloba _ uqoneli

da Tavisi semantikiT gansxvavdeba im sityvebisagan, romlebTanac igi

bilingvur wyvilebs qmnida. amgvarive gza ganvlo sityva lamazma.

igi Tavdapirvelad TvalTmaqcobas, sicrues niSnavda, axla ki

gamSvenebasTan da keklucobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. sailustraciod

gamodgeba magaliTebi `visramianidan” da `vefxistyaosnidan”.

`daagde siWrele Seni da lamazoba” (`visramiani”). iust.

abulaZe am adgils ase ganmartavs: `daagde Seni sicrue da

TvalTmaqcoba.” Cans, rom lamazi pirvandeli mniSvnelobiTaa

gamoyenebuli.

`gaexarnes xilva Cemi , turfisa da lamazisa”

(“vefxistyaosani”). aq lamazs igive mniSvneloba aqvs, rac dRes.

g) ucxo sityvis enaSi integrirebis bolo etaps asaxavs e. w.

`hibriduli kompozitebi”, romelTa komponentebi ganekuTvnebian

sxvadasxva enis leqsikur fondebs. hibriduli kompozitebis kargi

magaliTebia S. ZiZiguris mier moZiebuli nitka-Zafi, gvozd-lursmani

da kalco-beWedi. S. ZiZiguri maT ucxo sityvis Semcvel sinonimur

wyvilebad, anu, rogorc TviTon uwodebs, sinonimuri paralelizmis

SemTxvevebad miiCnevs (ZiZiguri 1946) v. boederis azriT ki, nitka-

Zafi niSnavs safeiqro teqnologiiT damzadebul Zafs, gvozd-lursmani

_ qarxnul lursmans gansxvavebiT kustarulisagan, xolo kalco-

beWedi uTvlo, saqorwino (niSnobis) beWeds (boederi 1991). maSasa-dame, es sityvebi, romlebic Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo

enisaTvis barbarizmebia, ukve integrirebulia dialeqtSi da avlens

damanawevrebel Zalas, rac iqidan Cans, rom Tavidan gvevlineba

gansazRvrebis funqciiT, bolos ki, kompozitis Semadgeneli nawili

xdeba.

mWidro literaturuli, samecniero, sazogadod _ kulturuli

(da gansakuTrebiT politikur-ekonomikuri, T.b.) damokidebuleba

erTi eTnikuri koleqtivisa meoresTan _ sawindaria sityvaTa

ganuwyveteli dinebisa, saWiroebis miuxedavad. am situaciaSi es

ucxo ena gamodis kulturuli kanonmdeblobis rolSi, erTgvar

modadaa qceuli misi leqsikoni. (ZiZiguri 1975: 48) metyvelebaSi

ucxo sityvis gamoCenisTanave sazogadoebis wevrebi gamoTqvamen TavianT

azrs. kvlav davakvirdeT pirveli qarTuli ganmartebiTi (Tumca

didwilad enciklopediuri) leqsikonis Semdgenlis komentarebs.

specialurad unda SevCerdeT im ucxoenovan sityvebze, romelTac

sulxan-saba orbeliani “uÃmars” uwodebs. “uÃmar” sityvaTa didi

TinaTin bolqvaZe

45

nawili Semosulia “soflisa JamTa viTarebisagan” anu, rogorc

zogjer ambobs, “JamTa SlaTagan”, romelTa xmarebas unda veridoT.

aseTi sityvebi sabas leqsikonSi imisTvis Seutania, rom “moswavleman

cnas saÃmari da uÃmari, jerovani da ujeroÁ”.

enis kodificirebis erT-erTi mizani enobrivi koleqtivis

TviTdamkvidreba da stabilurobaa (haugeni 1972). swored es

ganapirobebs sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi sxvaTa anu ucxo

enidan Semosul sityvebze darTul komentarebsa da maTTvis qarTuli

Sesatyvisebis Ziebas. aseTi damokidebuleba ucxouri warmomavlobis

sityvebisadmi gamowveulia mravalricxovan agresorTa politikuri

da kulturuli ZaladobiT. qarTuli enis siwmindis dacvisTvis

saba meTodurad da dabejiTebiT akeTebda amas. orbeliani Tavis

leqsikons, pirvel rigSi, saswavlo miznebs usaxavda. Tvlida, rom

aucilebeli iyo enis saxelmZRvanelo leqsikonis saxiT, uromlisodac

ena iryvneba, fuWdeba (abulaZe 1998: 32).

ai ramdenime leqsikuri erTeuli, romelTac sulxan-saba

“uÃmarad” afasebs.

burji sxvaTa enaa JamTagan mosuli. varskvlavTa zodiaqTa

uwoden da kedlisasa godledi hqvian.

Tamami JamTagan SemoRebul(i)a da cudi, qarTulad kadnieri

ewodebis: Tamami TurqTa eniTa srulsa hqvian.

qosa ar ars qarTuli, aramed JamTa viTarebisagan SemoRebulia,

qarTulad popliki ewodebis.

oda (uÃm.) TurqT(a) enaa, senaksa hqvian.

qafi (uÃm.) sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad peri hqvian.

Tanamedrove qarTvelisaTvis, Tu is specialobiT enaTmecnieri

ar aris, burji, Tamami, qosa, oda, qafi da sxva warsulSi nasesxebi

uamravi sityva sulac ar aRiqmeba ucxoenovan da, miT umetes, `u

mar” sityvebad, radgan es da mravali amisTana nasesxebi erTeuli

didi xania qarTuli leqsikis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. iakob

gogebaSvili werda: `ena aris burji erovnebisa.” burji iseT

konteqstSia gamoyenebuli, rom kargad Cans, mas avtori nasesxeb,

arasaliteraturo da uxerxul sityvad sulac ar aRiqvams. es

leqsikuri erTeuli didi xnis win SeerTebia qarTuli enis

referenciul Zalas.

am sakiTxze dafiqrebas verc sulxan-saba orbeliani ascdeboda.

radgan mas sityvaTa sesxeba enisTvis Cveulebriv movlenad miaCnda

da enis ucxouri elementebisagan srulad gawmendas SeuZlebelad

Tvlida, saWiro gaxda kriteriumis gamoZebna - romeli araqarTuli


46

leqsikuri erTeuli Seewynarebina da romeli – ara. rogorc el.

metrevelis dakvirveba cxadyofs, orbeliani sityvis sadaurobasa

da mis qarTul Sesatyviss zog SemTxvevaSi ramdenime redaqciis

manZilze eZebs. magaliTad, sityva sufris sadaurobisa da misi

qarTuli Sesatyvisis Ziebis dros saba siZneleebs Sexvedria. mas

sufra ki miuCnevia ucxourad, sparsulad, magram veRar gadauwyvetia,

romeli iyo misi qarTuli Sesatyvisi - tabla Tu dastaxani. amgvari

SeeWvebisTvis leqsikologs safuZveli namdvilad hqonda, radgan

arc erTi es sityva qarTuli ar aris. tabla - berZnulia, sufra

- arabuli, xolo dastaxani - sparsuli. orbelians sityvis

qarTulobis sazomad auRia misi gavrcelebis xangrZlivoba. tabla

damowmebulia uZveles qarTul teqstebSi, oTxTavis qarTul

redaqciebSi, xolo sufra da dastaxani klasikursa da aRorZinebis

xanaSi Semosuli da gavrcelebuli sityvebia. sulxan-saba qarTulad

Tvlis tablas. amgvarad, igi qarTulad miiCnevs im ucxouri

warmomavlobis sityvebs, romelnic didi xnidan gavrcelebulan

qarTul literaturasa da sametyvelo enaSi, Sesulan qarTuli enis

ZiriTad leqsikur fondSi (metreveli 1956: 19).

ama Tu im ucxoenovani sityvis “uÃmarad” gamocxadebaSi vlindeba

enobrivi niSnis mimarT enis momxmareblis damokidebuleba, rac

pragmatikis Seswavlis obieqtia. rogorc SesavalSive aRvniSneT,

enobrivi niSani SeiZleba ganvixiloT sami gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT

– semantikuri, sintaqtikuri da pragmatuli, amasTan enobrivi niSnis

semantikuri da sintaqtikuri midgomiT miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba

ar daemTxves misi pragmatuli aspeqtiT Seswavlisas miRebul Sedegebs,

radgan pragmatika gulisxmobs enobriv niSanTa sistemisadmi enis

momxmarebelTa damokidebulebis Seswavlas (gamyreliZe 2000: 241).

swored enis momxmareblis anu enobrivi niSnis interpretatoris

Tvalsazrisze wers emil benvenisti: metyvelisaTvis ena da garesamyaro

mTlianad adekvaturia. niSani mTlianad faravs realobas da batonobs

masze. ufro metic, is TviTonaa realoba. metyvelis Tvalsazrisi

imdenad sxvaobs enaTmecnieris Tvalsazrisisagan, rom enaTmecnieris

mtkiceba niSnis nebismierobis Sesaxeb odnavadac ver aryevs mis

ganpirobebulobaze metyvelis rwmenas. rogorc unda iyos, enobrivi

niSnis bunebas, sosiuris gansazRvrebiT, es sulac ar exeba, ramdenadac

am gansazRvrebis mizani isaa, rom aCvenos aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis

urTierToba. amgvarad, nebismierobis sfero enobrivi niSnis gareTaa

gatanili, sosiuri ambobda: “ena verafriT ver icavs Tavs im Zalebisagan,

romlebic yovelwuTierad cvlian mimarTebas aRsaniSnsa da

TinaTin bolqvaZe

47

aRmniSvnels Soris. es niSnis nebismierobis erT-erTi Sedegia”. am

daskvnis fasi, - wers emil benvenisti, - odnavadac ar Semcirdeba,

piriqiT, gaizrdeba, Tu zustad vityviT, ra mimarTebazea aq saubari.

cvalebadobisa da imavdroulad ucvlelobis unari aRsaniSnisa da

aRmniSvnelis urTierTobas ki ar axasiaTebs, aramed sagansa da

niSans, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aRniSvnis sagnobriv motivacias, romelzec

yovelTvis moqmedebs sxvadasxva istoriuli faqtori. e. benvenistis

azriT, sosiuris daskvna sworia, oRond ara niSnisTvis, aramed

mniSvnelobisTvis (benvenisti 1974: 93-94).

ama Tu im sityvis “uÃmarad” anu usargeblod Sefaseba aCvenebs,

rogor uyurebs, ra warmodgenebi aqvs interpretators, am SemTxvevaSi

qarTuli enis leqsikis kodifikators – sulxan-saba orbelians –

qarTuli enis leqsikuri erTeulebis mimarT. misTvis enobrivi

niSani aramc da aramc ar aris nebismieri, igi aucileblad

ganpirobebulia. emil benvenistis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sulxan-

sabasTvis qarTuli ena da garesamyaro mTlianad adekvaturia. rodesac

ama Tu im sityvas mosdevs komentari “sxvaTa enaa, uÃmari da cudi”,

aq imaze ki ar aris miTiTeba, rom garkveuli bgeraTkompleqsi,

magaliTad, SaRavaTi cudad asaxavs am cnebis (“SeRavaTi”) arss,

aramed igi cudia (uÃmaria) imis gamo, rom sxvaTa enaa, “JamTa

viTarebiT SemoRebulia”, rogorc amas aRniSnavs, magaliTad, qaravanis

ganmartebisas: “arabTa enaa, JamTa viTarebiT SemoRebulia, qarTulad

mogzauri ewodebis”. TavisTavad aRmniSvnelebi “qaravani” da mogzauri

(“akustikuri xatebi”, rogorc ferdinand de sosiuri uwodebda)

erTnairad nebismieria cnebis (aRsaniSnis) mimarT, magram qarTul

enaze metyvelisaTvis mogzauri kargi, mosawoni da “saÃmari” iyo,

qaravani ki cudi da “uÃmari”. es aris enobrivi niSnis mimarT

momxmareblis pragmatuli damokidebuleba. misTvis mogzaur

bgeraTkompleqssa da aRsaniSn cnebas Soris ganpirobebuli

urTierTobaa. aseTi urTierToba ar aris qaravansa da imave cnebas

Soris. dRes ki viTareba sxvagvaria: mogzaurisa da qaravanis

mniSvnelobebi mxolod Tematurad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. maT aqvT

diferencirebuli semantika da Tanamedrove qarTul enaze metyvelis

cnobierebaSi Soreul sinonimebadac ki ar moiazrebian.

1884 wels sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikoni gamoica rafiel

erisTavis redaqtorobiTa da aleqsandre episkoposis safasiT. am

wigns redaqtor-gamomcemelma rafiel erisTavma winasityvaoba daurTo,

romelSic axsnilia orbelianis leqsikonis gamocemis aucilebloba.

erT-erT mizezad dasaxelebulia is faqti, rom “zogierTi


48

literatorebis nawerebSi Semosulia ucxo enis sityvebi,

romlebis samagieroni da ufro namdvilni moipovebian sulxan

orbelianis leqsikonSi. maSasadame, es leqsikoni rom

yofiliyo aqnobamdis dabeWdili da gavrcelebuli, maSin

ucxo sityvebi aRar SeamRvrevda qarTuls enas, radganac

TÂT am enazed moi poebian jerovanni da ufro marjve

saxelwodebani. iqneba sTqvan, rom zogi qarTuli sityvebi

daZvelebulan da gaugebarni ariano, magram, Cemis azriT, sjobs,

rom isev is Zveli sityvebi ganvaaxloT da SemovitanoT

literaturaSi saxmareblaT, vidre sxva enas davesesxoT:

xom imasac xel-axla Seswavla da SeCveva dasWirdeba da

amasac, da Tu ki ucxo enebidgan im gvari sityvebis Semotana

dagvWirda, romlebic qarTulSi sruliad ar moi poebian,

maSin Cvenc visargebloT im sityvebiT, romlebis sesxobasac

ar Takiloben Cvenzed ufro dawinaurebulni da ganaTlebulni

xalxni” (erisTavi 1884: II). rafiel erisTavi, iseve, rogorc orbeliani,

sityvaTa sesxebis winaaRmdegi ar aris, magram es ar niSnavs Zvel

qarTul leqsikaze uaris Tqmas. piriqiT, misi gaaqtiurebaa saWiro.

aseTi damokidebuleba, erTi mxriv, ucxoenovani leqsikisa da, meore

mxriv, Zveli qarTuli leqsikis mimarT XIX saukuneSi Zalian

gavrcelebuli iyo. ai, ras werdnen am sakiTxze imdroindel presaSi:

petre mirianaSvili: “... ucxoenovani sityvebi mxolod

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi unda vixmaroT, ... imis magieri aq

ar unda iyos, ... magram is, rac Cvens enaSia, unda vamjobinoT

sxvas da amitom sxvisi ena unda moviSvelioT didis

sifrTxiliTa da gamorCeviT” (mirianaSvili 1888).

grigol yifSiZe: “SeviZinoT evropelTagan: rusTa, frangTa,

germanelTagan, garna nu wavaxdenT da nu gavryvniT Cvens enas

nurc rusicizmebiT , nurc galicizmebiTa da nurc

germanizmebiT” (yifSiZe 1903: 4).

silovan xundaZe: “SeuZlebelia romelime enaSi ucxo sityva

ar Sevides, magram es sityva uTuod imisTana teqnikuri,

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis meqoni unda iyos, romlis

mzgavsic am enaSi arasodes yofila” (xundaZe 1927: 77).

Zveli qarTuli leqsikidan aRebuli sityvebisTvis axali

sicocxlis SeZena Tanamedrove qarTul sazogadoebaSi erTgvar modad

iqca. sainteresoa, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonidan irCeven

ZiriTadad iseT sityvebs, romelTac ucxouri JReradoba da qarTuli

warmomavloba aqvT. magaliTad:

TinaTin bolqvaZe

49

ardi aw, somxuria. miuxedavad imisa, rom sulxan-saba aRniSnavs

ardis somxurobas, igi daerqva saswrafo daxmarebas.

eari gazafxuli. eari airCies moswavleTa sagazafxulo

festivalis saxelad.

zanduri (bal.) TaTuxi. dRes erT-erTi kerZo purkombinatis

saxelwodeba.

ilekro ewodebis oqrosa, vercxlsa, spilenZsa, rkinasa, tyviasa,

kalasa da yovelsave misTanaTa erTbamad. ilekro rusTavis

metalurgiul kombinatTan arsebuli mcire sawarmos saxelia.

es magaliTebic metyveli koleqtivis enobrivi niSnisadmi

damokidebulebis maCvenebelia. pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT metyveli

koleqtivisTvis erTi enis leqsikuri erTeuli (enobrivi niSani)

sxva enis erTeuls sjobs. rogorc sosiuri ambobda, ena Tavisi

bunebiT Tavsmoxveulia sazogadoebaze, magram imavdroulad ar

arsebobs sazogadoeba, romelic kmayofili ar iyos Tavisi eniT.

ufro metic, ena badebs siamayis grZnobas masze metyvel koleqtivSi.

es grZnoba gansakuTrebiT gamZafrebuli aqvs enis kodifikators.

aqedan gamomdinare, ZiriTadad im leqsikuri erTeulebis mimarT

amJRavneben adamianebi uaryofiT damokidebulebas, romlebic mis

sicocxleSi Semovida mis enaSi (pirvel, mSobliur enaSi), xolo

didi xnis win nasesxebi, enaSi ukve damkvidrebuli leqsikuri

erTeulebze iSviaTad an saerTod ar gamoiTqmis uaryofiTi azri,

radgan igi aRiqmeba mSobliuri enis ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis

ganuyofel nawilad. es aris yvela droSi nebismier enaze molaparake

individisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadtipologiuri niSani. es SeimCneva

Cvens sazogadoebaSic. axlac nasesxebi sityvebi xSirad xdeba

uaryofiTi emociebisa da uaryofiTi Sefasebebis mizezi. marTalia,

yovelgvari nasesxobis Tavidan acilebis mcdeloba araswori nabijia,

Tumca zomierebis SenarCuneba sesxebis dros aucilebelia, radgan

nasesxebi sityvebis raodenobis Tvisobrivi mateba iwvevs enis bunebis,

anu Tvisobriobis) cvlilebas. enis bunebas ki mxolod Znelad da

gviancvalebadi morfologiuri inventari da sintaqsuri wesebi ki

ar qmnian, aramed enis bunebis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi, yvelaze

xelSesaxebi nawili aris leqsika, romelic Zalian cvalebadia da

amitom naklebmedegic.


50

literatura

abulaZe 1998: abulaZe i., sulxan-saba orbelianis “leqsikoni

qarTuli”, gamomcemloba “merani”, Tb., 1998

bagrationi 1960: bagrationi T., ganmarteba poema vefxistyaosnisa~

gaioz imedaSvilis redaqciiT, gamokvleviTa da saZiebliT,

Tb., 1960

boederi 1991: boederi v., Boeder W., A note on synonymic parallelismand bilingualism, Studia Linguistika, 45 (1/2), 1991

gamyreliZe 2000: gamyreliZe T., rCeuli qarTvelologiuri Sromebi,

Tb., 2000.

erisTavi 1884: erisTavi r., winasityvaoba wignisa _ qarTuli

leqsikoni, Sedgenili sulxan-saba orbelianisagan, gamocemuli

raf. erisTavis redaqtorobiTa da aleqsandre episkoposis

safasiTa, Tb., 1884

mari 1917: Ìàðð Í., Ãðóçèíñêàÿ ï îýì à “Âèòÿçü â áàðñîâî é ø êóðå”Ø îòû èç Ðóñòàâà è í îâàÿ êóëüòóðíî-èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ïðîáë å ìà.Èçâåñòèÿ Àêàäåìèè íàóê, Ïåòðîãðàä, 1917

metreveli 1956: metreveli el., sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis

uZvelesi avtografi, akad. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, t. XIX, Tb., 1956

mirianaSvili 1888: mirianaSvili p., saero ena da saTemo kilo,

gazeTi “iveria”, 166, Tb., 1888

orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s.-s., leqsikoni qarTuli, avtografuli

nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa

saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem, t. I, Tb., 1991; t. II, Tb.,

1993

yifSiZe 1903: yifSiZe gr., wminda qarTuli, gazeTi “iveria”, # 4,

tf., 1903

ZiZiguri 1946: ZiZiguri S., cneba sinonimuri paralelizmisa, saq.

ssr mecn. akad. moambe, t. II, # 7, 1946

ZiZiguri 1975: ZiZiguri S., sityvis sesxebis saerTo mizezebi da

Sedegebi, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, Tb., 1975

xundaZe 1927: xundaZe s., qarTuli marTlwerisa da sworenis

ZiriTadi safuZvlebi, komunaluri meurneobis stamba, quTaisi,

1927

haugeni 1972: Haugen E., Linguistics and Language Planning, - The Ecologyof Language, Essays Selected and Introduced by Anwar S. Dil, StanfordUniversity Press, Stanford, California, 1972

TinaTin bolqvaZe

51nasesxebi sityvebis semiotika

Tinatin Bolkvadze

Semiotics of Borrowed Words

The article deals with appearance and consolidation ways of borrowed words,especially applies bilingual synonymous couples, “hybrid composites“, conceptualmodification of borrowed words. Due to this scope the article exposes functioningof borrowed words in semioses, particularly interpreteters’ relation, interpretanta(possible reaction availability appearing with the sign) and context representingthe borrowed linguistic sign. Historical and up-to-date examples of the Georgianlanguage are considered throughout the analysis as well.

52

marine ivaniSvili

mcenareTa samyaros

protoqarTveluri da

protoindoevropuli saxelebi

(wiwvovanebi: `naZvi~, `soWi~, `fiWvi~)

`yvela xe xom muxaa... fiWvis garda~

jon barTi

rogorc cnobilia, ukve Cvens welTaR-

ricxvamde VI-V aTaswleulis periodidan

samxreT kavkasia warmoadgenda Zveli aRmo-

savleTis civilizaciis miRwevebis Semomtansa

da gamavrcelebels mTel kavkasiaSi, ramac

ganapiroba indoevropul, semitur da mTis

kavkasiur enebTan uZvelesi arealuri kontaq-

tebis kvalis arseboba qarTvelur enebSi.

T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis kvle-

vis Sedegebma (1965), mogvianebiT gamyreliZe-

ivanovis hipoTezam (1984) indoevropuli

metyvelebis wina aziis im teritoriul

sartyelSi arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelic uSua-

lod emijneba qarTvelur enaTa gavrcelebis

areals, kerZod, samxreT kavkasiis regions,

materialuri dadastureba hpova k. renfrius

(1987) mniSvnelovan arqeologiur gamokvle-

vebSi, ramac am mimarTulebiT kvlevis stimuli

misca araerT gamoCenil lingvists. am

TvalsazrisiT, Rirebul naSroms warmoadgens

g. klimovis erT-erTi bolo gamokvleva


doqtori, akad. g. wereT-

lis saxelobis aRmosav-

leTmcodneobis institu-

tis mecnieri TanamSro-

meli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

y da ¹ fonemaTa distri-

bucia megrulSi; Culturaland Logical Bases for Dup-licate Forms in Proto-Lan-guages; Morphologicalstructure and semanticanalysis of the Georgian so-called passive forms (co-author Ether Soselia);Semantics and Typology ofDative Subject (on theGeorgian data) (co-authorR. Asatiani).interesTa sfero:

qarTvelur enaTa isto-

riul-SedarebiTi analizi,

kulturis lingvisturi

paleontologia, enaTa

tipologia, ena, logika,

kompiuterizacia.

53mcenareTa samyaros protoqarTveluri da protoindoevropuli saxelebi

(1994), sadac mocemulia qarTvelur enebSi uZvelesi indoevro-

peizmebis sistematizaciisa da ganzogadebis cda.

kvlevis Sedegad dRemde gamovlenili arcTu mcirericxovani

masala mowmobs qarTvelur da indoevropul enaze metyvelTa arealur

kontaqtebs, Tumca amJamad Znelia, mkacrad gavmijnoT erTmaneTisgan

nasesxobebi da SesaZlo substratuli zegavlenebi. am problemis

gadaWraSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba zust qronologiur

stratifikacias, rac Tavis mxriv, unda efuZnebodes fonetikur

procesTa relatiuri qronologiis sakiTxebis Semdgom damuSavebas.

zogadi kriteriumi qarTveluri indoevropeizmebis ama Tu im

qronologiuri donis gansazRvrisaTvis aris gamoxatulebis planis

Sesabamisoba im fonetikur procesebTan, rasac adgili hqonda

qarTvelur enaTa istoriaSi da aseve maTi Sinaarsis planis

Sesabamisoba epoqis cnebebTan da realiebTan.

protoqarTvelur da protoindoevropul mcenarTa samyaros

rekonstruirebuli modelebis Sedareba SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

gamovavlinoT am sistemaTa Soris arsebuli msgavseba-gansxvavebebi,

davazustoT etimologiebi, sesxebis SesaZlo gzebi, uZvelesi sakulto-

ritualuri warmodgenebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvixatavs SesaZlo realur

suraTs winare qarTvelebisa da winare indoevropelebis pirvel-

sacxovrisis landSaftis, sazogadoebis sameurneo yofis xasiaTisa

da donis, sakulto-ritualuri warmodgenebis, zogadad, kulturis

Sesaxeb.

protoqarTveluri mcenareTa samyaro rekonstruirebuli fu-

Zeebis mixedviT gacilebiT mravalferovania, vidre protoindoev-

ropuli. es bunebrivia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT migraciis im masStabebs

da masTan dakavSirebul ekologiur cvlilebebs, rac ganapirobebda

lingvistur formaTa modifikacias, semantikur gadawevebs da sxva

inovaciebs indoevropul enaTa ojaxis wevrebs Soris.

protoqarTvelur da protoindoevropul mcenareTa samyaros

Soris gamovlenili paleobotanikuri da, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

paleolingvisturi, gansakuTrebiT semantikur planSi, izomorfizmi

avsebs informacias qarTvelur enaTa indoevropul enebTan mimarTebis,

maTi SesaZlo uZvelesi Soreuli naTesaobis (Urverwandtschaft),

54 marine ivaniSvili

arealuri erTianobis farglebSi mravalsaukunovani kontaqtebisa

Tu ubralo tipologiuri izomorfizmis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxebs

ganvixilavT wiwvovan mcenareTa aRmniSvneli fuZeebis (`naZvi~, soWi~,

`fiWvi~) magaliTze.

monaTesave enaTa istoriul-SedarebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze

SesaZlebelia ara mxolod fuZeenis wminda lingvisturi struq-

turebis, aramed im araenobriv “saganTa samyaros” rekonstruqciac,

romelic asaxulia ganxilul enobriv monacemebSi.

qarTvelur enebSi mcenareTa saxelebis SedarebiTi analizi

saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT uZvelesi winare qarTveluri fuZeebi

da maTTan dakavSirebuli sakulto-ritualuri warmodgenebi.

q.e.g.l.: naZvi [Picea] wiwvovani xe. aqvs waxnagovani wiwvebi daTavdakidebuli girCebi. qmnis tyeebs (izrdeba foTlovan tyeebSic).

kargad itans Crdils. merqans xmaroben samSeneblod, musikaluri

instrumentebis dasamzadeblad da sxv. naZvnari _ naZvis tye, naZviani

_ igivea, rac naZvnari.

libanis kedari (pinus cedrus), aRmosavleTis tyeebis samkaulia

_ maRali, maradmwvane, farTod gaSlili wiwvovani totebiT, mowiTalo

girCebiT, anTebul sanTlebs rom Camohgavs. bibliis mkiTxveli ara

erTgzis waawydeboda poetur Sedarebebs mcenareTa samyaros am

marTlac didebul binadarze. wminda werilSi is saxelis, Zalis,

dRegrZelobis simboloa (4 mef. 14, 9; fsalm. 91, 13; gamosl. 21, 13;

ezek. 17, 3, 22 da Smd. 31, 3 da Smd.) kedari 2000w. cocxlobs da

50m. simaRles aRwevs (ezek. 31, 3). surnelovani merqnis gamo mwerebi

ar ekarebian da amitom is Zvirfasi samSeneblo masalaa (II mef. 7, 2;

3 neSt. 7, 2; 3 mef. 8, 9; ezdr. 3, 7; 3 mef. 6, 9; 7, 3-7; fslm. 1, 16;

ierem. 22, 14) misgan akeTebdnen kerpebs (gamosl. 44, 14), iyenebdnen

gemTmSeneblobaSi anZebis dasamzadeblad (ezek. 27, 5), zeTs xmarobdnen

balzamirebisaTvis, kedris fisi mZafri sunis gamo (fslm. 4, 11;

osia 14, 7) gamoiyeneboda ganwmendis zogierTi ritualis dros

(lev. 14, 4; ricxv. 19, 6).

libanis mTebi ganTqmuli iyo kedris koromebiT, solomonis

dros ierusalimSi imdeni kedari yofila, rom misi fasi sikomo-

rosisas (leRusulelis) ar aRemateboda. axda esaias winaswar-


metyveleba, dRes saxelganTqmuli kedris tyeebi gaCexilia (esaia, 10,

19).

Zveli qarTuli Zeglebis mixedviT _ naZu, naZvi, kviparosi,

cupressus: “mosca Zeli naZÂsaÁ da maSenebelni zRudeTani da xuroni

Zelisa, raÁTa uSenon mas saxli” M, I nSt. 14, 1; “gardamoiRon naZÂsaZeli libaniT” O, I ezra 4, 48; “me damkÂdrebul var saxlsa Sina

naZÂsasa” M, I nSt. 17, 1; “miZRuane me Zeli naZÂsaÁ, fiWÂ da naZÂ-

libaniT II nSt. 2, 8. naZovani _ “kedroni”; naZvebiani adgili;

“gamovida mowafeTa misTa Tana wiaR Ãevsa mas naZovansa” DE, _“ganvida mowafiTurT TÂsiT wiaR Ãevsa mas kedronisasa” C, i. 18, 1.

~Satberdiseuli cxorebis~ cnobiT, mirian mefem wa ninos uTxra:

“miyuaran mayualni ege Senni... aramed ara vhrido samoTxesa mas

sameufosa da naZuTa simaRlesa da babiloTa maT nayofierebasa da

yuavilTa maT sulnelebasa”-o (wa ninosi, Î ï è ñ , II, 775). amave ZeglSi

naTqvamia: mefis “samoTxesa... naZuTa queSeÁ babiloTa adgili ars

mcireÁ, sayuaviled Semzadebuli”-o (iqve, II, 757). am amonawerebiTganac

sakmaod irkveva, rom “samoTxeÁ sameufoÁ”, samefo baRi, meurneobis

marto erTi dargisa da mxolod erTi daniSnulebisaTvis ar yofila

gankuTvnili, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, iq sxvadasxva xeebi mdgara,

mg., maRali naZvisa da brinjisa da, ra Tqma unda, bevri sxva jiSis

xeebi, romelnic adamianis Tvalis saameblad iseve, rogorc sxeulis

dasasveneblad da sicxis dros CrdilSi gasagrileblad hqoniaT

darguli.

wa ninos Satberdiseul cxovrebaSi aRniSnul fuZesTan dakav-

SirebiT kidev erTi sagulisxmo cnobaa daculi: “samoTxesa Seved,

naZuTa qveSeÁ babiloTa adgili aris mcireÁ, sayuaviled Semzadebuli

(Î ï è ñ, II, 757)”. babilo V – VI ss-Si [xeze] gaSvebul vazsa hniSnavda~

(javaxiSvili iv., 1930:121).

al. mayaSvilis botanikur leqsikonSi: naZvi _ (Picea) sb. elati;

aRmosavluri naZvi _ (Picea orientalis L.) Link qv. rW. cvela, Wan., megr.

nuzu; svn. nezvra, Rumir; sb. elati.

sulxan-saba orbeliani: naZÂ (naZvi ZABCbqDE) (xe) (+1, 16 qebaZAB) ZABCDE. elati (xe) naZvi ZABCD.

~

~

~


p. Waraias megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi: nuzu _ naZvi. nuzoni _

naZvnari. v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis, svanur leqsikonSi: nenz

(-iS, _ ùr) zs. bot. soWi, düîs xoSa nenz Cerid xuRîe (bz. 406)

_ devs didi soWi TiTistarad aqvs. cxekisga xag xoSa laRùld

Rumir, nenz i g gib (bq. 70) _ tyeSi metwilad aris naZvi, soWi da

fiWvi.

k. donduas svanur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi: nezvra = fiWvi

ñîñíà.mzia andronikaSvilis “narkvevebSi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi

urTierTobidan”: “naZvis aRmniSvneli sityva jer kidev aqamenidTa

Zvel sparsul warwerebSi gvxvdeba: Zv. spar. nauèa (ina), parTuli

(arSakid.) nôè, romelic dadasturebulia somxurSi [noè] saxiT daaxali sparsuli formebiT: نوژ [nû•], نوج [nûg] da نوز [nûz]. meoremxriv, rogorc Cans, arsebobda saSualo sparsulSi (sasanurSi)

sufiqsiT gavrcobili forma nâþ-ûk, nâzûk, romelTac axal sparsulSi

mogvces ناژو [nâ•û] da نازو [nâzû]. am ukanasknel axal sparsul formas

eyrdnoba qarTuli naZu-i. Sdr. megruli nuzu, romelic an [nâzû] نازو

qarTulidan aris nasesxebi, an romelime iranuli dialeqtidan~.

(andronikaSvili m., 1966: 347-348).

h. fogtis azriT, qarTuli naZvi, megr. nuzu qarTvelur-kavkasiur

sityvad unda miviCnioT, rogorc kavkasiis mTebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT

damaxasiaTebeli xis saxeli, xolo somxuri noè, romelic iranulidan

SeTvisebulad iTvleba, amosavlad gulisxmobs megrul hipoTetur

formas _ *nuæ-i”.naZî _ fuZe SesaZlebelia aRvadginoT saerTo _ qarTvelur

doneze Semdegi Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze:

*naZî _: qarT. naZu _ naZu-i; naZ-ov. an-i; naZv-i (ax. qarT.): megr.

naZu _ / nuzu- nuZu _ nuzu “naZvi”: svan. nezî _ nezî-ra “naZvi”;

dasturdeba Zvel qarTulSi: mouZRuana mas Zeli naZÂsaÁ da

fiWÂsaÁ, II mef. 5, 11 O; ese Tqua iesu da gamovida mowafeTa misTa

Tana wiaR Ãevsa mas naZovansa, sada-igi iyo mtili. i. 18, 1 DE da sxv.qarTul naZu _ Zirs kanonzomierad Seesatyviseba megruli

nuZu _ (< *noZî _. o>u t. gudavas mier dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad,

°

.


ix. gudava 1960, 119-19; nuzu < nuZu dezafrikatizaciis Sedegad)

da svanuri nezî.

qarTuli da megruli masala Seapirispira h. fogtma (Vogt,1938, 335); svanuri ekvivalenti gamoavlina b. gigineiSvilma

(gigineiSvili 1984, 35; fenrixi h.,sarjvelaZe z., 2000).

rac Seexeba kavkasiur enebs, bacburis naÂv da uduris naÂw -“naZvi” qarTulidan aris nasesxebi (Êëèìîâ Ã., Õàëèëîâ Ì., 2003).

~wiwvovanebis~ aRmniSvnel ZirebTan dakavSirebiT saintereso

masalaa warmodgenili svanurSi:

ars. onianis leqsikonSi: Rumär leCx. “fiWÂi an naZvi”; _

Rumälra leCx. “fiWvis an naZvis xe”.

taxra leCx. “mamali fiWvi an naZvi”; nezÂra leCx. “dedali

fiWvi an naZvi”; leRmur leCx. “sadac bevria fiWvi da naZvi”.

Rumäri tik, Rumäri ÃÂem Rumärs xowib murgÂa lãlar-i mujãdra,

Rumäri làSi li ale. kàls: ÃiSdba (lsg.).

v. Tofurias da m. qaldanis svanur leqsikonSi: Rumir (-mriS

zs., -mrùl bz., -mrùr bq., -iS, -ùl lnt.), Romir (-ùS, -ùl) bz., Rumär

(-al) lSx. _ naZvi. laxîbad Rumri likcxe ùncxánex (bz. 401) _

Zmebma naZvis gasxepa arCies. gÁergâl Romrù aSxlâdJi Cîayîra (bz.

314) _ giorgi naZvis totze iwva. cxekisga xag Rumir (bq. 70) _

tyeSi dgas naZvi. nàSyi Rumärs xoÃdeni (lSx. 24) _ kevi naZvs

gamosdis. eCa Jiqan lix RumirlAùcxekùr (lnt. 4) _ imis zeviT

naZvis tyeebia. knin. Rumril. eji kotol Rumril iri (poez. 308)

_ is patara naZvi iqneba.

nezî (-iS, -ùr zs., lnt., -ar lSx.) zool. _ nezvi. nenz (-iS, -ùr)

zs., bot. _ soWi. düîs xoSa nenz Cárid xuRîe (bz. 406) _ devs

didi soWi TiTistarad aqvs. cxekisga xag xoSa laRùd Rumir, nenz

i g gib (bq. 70) _ tyeSi metwilad aris naZvi, soWi da fiWvi.

taxra (-ràS, -rál) lSx., bot. 1. mamali naZvi an fiWvi. mugîal

taxra Rumärs xoxal i g g bsÆ (lSx., xor. 17) _ kvari mamalma

naZvmac icis da fiWvmac. 2. kavkasiuri soWi.

k. donduas svanur _ qarTul _ rusuli leqsikonSi: Rumär, -

iS = (wiwviani mcenare (fiWvi, naZvi, soWi)); nezv(r), -iS, -ar _ nezvi


[dedali Rori]. nezvra _ fiWvi; tax(r) –iS, -ar _ taxi [mamali

Rori]. taxra _ naZvi;

i. niJaraZis leqsikonSi: Rumir _ naZvi; leRvmir _ naZvnari;

moxmobili masalis analizi gvavaraudebinebs, rom Rumär ||

Rumir || Romir fuZeebi svanurSi wiwvovanTa aRmniSvneli zogadi

saxeli unda yofiliyo. nenz || nezÂra _ “dedali fiWvi, naZvi an

soWi”, taxra _ “mamali fiWvi, naZvi an soWi”. svanurSi mcenareTa

saxelebis –ra daboloeba rom ara, zemoT moyvanili fuZeebi formiTac

da mniSvnelobiTac emTxveva “nezÂi” da “taxi”, Sesabamisad dedali

da mamali Roris aRmniSvnel saxelebs.

vfiqrobT, saxeldebisas aqcentireba leqsikur sqesze, gamoZaxilia

im Soreuli warsulisa, rodesac xeebi da maT Soris wiwvovani

xeebic Tayvaniscemis obieqtebi iyvnen. Sdr. vazis jiSis sqesis

ganmasxvavebeli saxelebi (mamali rqawiTeli, dedali rqawiTeli,

unayofo vazi _ “avrezi” sb.) vaz _ yurZnis jiSebis sqesobrivi

gansxvavebis gamomxatveli saxeli marto frangul nomenklaturaSi

moipoveba (javaxiSvili iv., 1986: 496).

wiwvovan mcenareTa saxelebis fuZeTa zusti rekonstruqcia

gaZnelebulia am saxeobaTa msgavsebis gamo. amas adasturebs

tipologiuri monacemebic.

maradmwvane xeebisTvis: “soWi~, naZvi~, fiWvi~ (the conifers: fir(-tree) silver fir; fir, pine (-tree)) kerZod, “soWisTvis” da “fiWvisTvis”protoindoevropulSi aRdgenilia *p[h]euk[h]-/*p[h]uk[h] da *p[h]it[h]-fuZeebi sxvadasxva sufiqsuri daboloebiT (Ãàìêðåëèäçå Ò. Â., Èâà í îâÂÿ÷. Âñ. 1984: 631).

sityvaTa amave jgufs ukavSirdeba *p[h]ei-/*p[h]i- saerTo Ziridan*-t- [h] *-k-[h]

ufiqsebiT nawarmoebi *p[h]it[h] “fiWvi”, “soWi” da *p[h]ik[h]

“fisi” formebi.

yuradRebas iqcevs *p[h]i- k[h]- “fiWvis fisi” da saerTo-

indoevropuli zmnuri fuZeebis *p[h]ei-k[h]-/*p[h]i-k[h]- “SeRebva”,

“saRebaviT wera” formaluri msgavseba (Pokorny J. 1959: 794), racSesaZlebelia aixsnas “fisis”, rogorc “Savi mcenareuli saRebavis”

gamoyenebiT pirvelad piqtografiuli niSnebisa da naxatebis,

mogvianebiT ki werisTvisac. swored es sityva gaxda saerTo-

indoevropuli aRmniSvneli weris da saRebavebiT weris procesisa

(Ãàìêðåëèäçå Ò. Â., Èâàíîâ Âÿ÷. Âñ. 1984: 632).

ˆˆ ˆ

ˆ

ˆ


soWi (Abies Mill.), fiWvi (Pinus) da maTi saxesxvaobebi

gavrcelebulia kavkasiaSi, wina aziaSi, evropis mTian raionebSi, evraziis

aRmosavleT nawilSi.

wiwvovan xeTa rigs ganekuTvneba “naZvi” (Picea) da misi

nairsaxeobebi (Picea orientalis; Picea excelsa; Picea obovata), Zvelad

warmodgenili mxolod kavkasiasa, centralur da samxreT evropis

maRalmTian regionebSi.

“naZvi” mniSvnelobiT saerTo-indoevropul doneze rekons-

truirdeba ori fuZe: *ed[h]lo- “wiwvovani xe”, “naZvi”, “ekliani”

mniSvnelobebiT da *el- Ziridan nawarmoebi fuZeebi, Zveli berZnuli

velavth (<el-n-tâ) somxuri e³evin (*el-eu) “naZvi”, “kedari” (À÷àðÿí 1971;: 18) da sxv. (Ãàìêðåëèäçå Ò. Â., Èâàíîâ Âÿ÷. Âñ. 1984, 633).

T.gamyreliZisa da viaC. ivanovis mixedviT, sxva indoevropuli

dialeqtebisgan izolirebulad mdgari Zveli iranuli *nauèa-, asevespars. nâjû, osur. næzy formebi savaraudoa, rom nasesxebia qarTveluri

enebidan (Sdr. Vogt H. 1938:335; andronikaSvili m. 1966, : 347-348;

ix. naSromis Tavi II: 131-136).

sesxebis piriqiTa gzis daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, es unda momxdariyo

qarTvelur enaTa erTianobis periodisTvis, ara ugvianes II

aTaswleulis pirveli naxevrisa Cvens eramde.

vfiqrobT, ~wiwvovanebis~ aRmniSvnel svanur ZirebTan

dakavSirebuli leqsikuri sqesis gamoxatvis kvali, agreTve kavkasiur

da indoevropul enebSi qarTvelur ZirTa nasesxobebi, mowmobs maT

uZvelesobaze da amyarebs T.gamyreliZis mosazrebas winare qarTvelTa

sacxovrisis samxreT kavkasiis centralur da dasavleT mTian

regionebSi lokalizaciis SesaxebA(Ãàìêðåëèäçå Ò. Â., Èâàíîâ Âÿ÷.Âñ. 1984, 880-881).

amrigad, qarTvelur da indoevropul « wiwvovanTa » aRmniSvneli

fuZeebis etimologiuri da tipologiuri kvlevis Sedegad SegviZlia

davaskvnaT:

- saerTo-qarTvelur *naZU - fuZesTan svanuri enis monacemebis

mixedviT dakavSirebulia xeebisadmi Tayvaniscemis uZvelesi

warmodgenebi.

- cnobili indoevropuli dialeqtebis fuZeebisagan

izolirebuli Zveli iranuli *nauèa- da ufro mogviano sparsuli

nâjû, aseve osuri næzy, bacburis naÂv da uduris naÂw nasesxebia

qarTveluri enebidan.

° ˆ


- saerTo-qarTveluri da saerTo-indoevropuli wiwvovanebis~

zogadi da calkeul saxeobaTa aRmniSvneli Zirebi gviCveneben

erTgvarovan semantikur speqtrs, msgavs distribuciul suraTs.

Cveni azriT, am tipis kvlevebi avsebs informacias winare xalxebis

pirvelsacxovrisis landSaftis, sazogadoebis sameurneo yofis

xasiaTsa da doneze, maT sakulto-ritualur warmodgenebze, zogadad,

kulturaze.

akad. g.wereTelma jer kidev ormoci wlis win zustad gansazRvra

amgvar sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul problemaTa wre da am problemaTa

gadaWris gzebic : ,,pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa kavkasiis enaTaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli struqturuli kanonzomierebebis dadgena istoriul-

SedarebiTi meTodis safuZvelze da amis Semdeg SedarebiT-

tipologiuri Seswavla – anu struqturul-tipologiuri msgavseba-

gansxvavebebis gamovlena ara marto mTis ,,iberiul-kavkasiur” enebTan,

aramed kavkasiis indoevropul enebTanac, somxurTan da osurTan,

agreTve wina aziis Zvel indoevropul da araindoevropul enebTan...

da am enaTa Soris kanonzomier mimarTebaTa dadgena enobrivi ierarqiis

yvela doneze: fonologiis, morfologiis, leqsikis da sxv.

sferoSi”(wereTeli g.,1965). am mimarTulebiT lingvistebs,

filologebs, istorikosebs, arqeologebs... kvlavac bevri ram gvaqvs

gasakeTebeli.

literatura

abulaZe 1973: i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tbilisi,

1973.

andronikaSvili 1966: m. andronikaSvili, narkvevebi iranul-

qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan, I, Tbilisi 1966.

gamyreliZe 2002: T. gamyreliZe, `kulturis ekologia~, `oCxari~,

j. ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, istoriuli da

filologiuri Ziebani~, mematiane~ gv. 113-115, Tbilisi 2002.

gamyreliZe 1965: T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da

ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi 1965.

gigineiSvili 1981: b. gigineiSvili, masalebi qarTuli enis

etimologiuri leqsikonisaTvis; `macne~ (enisa da lite-

raturis seria) 2, Tbilisi 1981.


gordeziani 1985: r. gordeziani, winaberZnuli da qarTveluri,

Tbilisi, 1985.

gudava 1981: t. gudava, T. gamyreliZe, TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi

megrulSi, Tsu krebuli `akaki SaniZes~, Tbilisi 1981.

dondua 2001: k. dondua, svanur-qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, spu,

Tbilisi 2001.

Tedeevi 1975: o. Tedeevi, memcenareobis qarTuli leqsika osurSi,

`mecniereba” Tbilisi 1975.

Tofuria 1931: v. Tofuria, svanuri ena I, zmna, spi, tfilisi 1931.

qarTvelur enaTa sityvaTwarmoebidan, IV, xomvanTavsarTiani saxelebi;

Tsu Sromebi, XXXII Tbilisi 1947.

Tofuria 2000: v. Tofuria, m. qaldani, svanuri leqsikoni, qarTuli

ena~, Tbilisi 2000.

mayaSvili 1961: a. mayaSvili, botanikuri leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1961.

maWavariani 1950: g. maWavariani, masalebi pureulis leqsikisaTvis

SigniT kaxeTSi, studentTa samecniero Sromebis krebuli,

Tsu, wigni V, gv. 286-295 Tbilisi 1950.

meliqiSvili 1965: g. meliqiSvili, saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da

mezobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxebi,

Tbilisi 1965.

meliqiSvili 2002: i. meliqiSvili, qarTvelur-indoevropuli

geneturi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, enaTmecnierebis

sakiTxebi, I, Tbilisi 2002.

oniani 1917: ars. oniani, xeebisa da mcenareebis svanur saxelTa

leqsikoni, petrogradi. (Ñáîðíèê ñâàíñêèõ íàçâàíèé äåðåâüåâè ðàñòåíèé) Ïåòðîãðàä 1917.

orbeliani 1928: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli,

Tbilisi 1928, 1949, 1993.

fenrixi 2000: h. fenrixi, z. sarjvelaZe, qarTvelur enaTa

etimologiuri leqsikoni, spu, Tbilisi 2000.

foqti 1961: h. foqti, qarTuli enis fonematuri struqtura,

Tbilisi 1961.

qajaia 2002: o. qajaia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikini 1-3 tomi, nekeri~,

Tbilisi 2002.

Ciqobava 1938: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi

leqsikoni, tfilisi 1938.

saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi 1942.

Waraia 1997: p. Waraia, megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, spu, Tbilisi

1997.

javaxiSvili 1986: iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t.

V, Tbilisi 1986.


gamyreliZe 1984: Ãàìêðåëèäçå Ò.Â., Èâàíîâ Â.Â., Èíäîåâðîïåéñêèéÿçûê è èíäîåâðîïåéöû. Ðåêî íñòðóêöèÿ èñòîðèêî - ò è ï îëîãè-÷åñêî ãî à íàëèçà ïðàÿçûêà è ïðàêóëüòóðû, ò.I-II, Òáèëèñè 1984.

yifSiZe 1914: Ê è ï ø è äçå È., Ãð à ì ìàòèêà ìèíãðåëüñêî ãî (Èâåðñêî ãî )ÿçûêà ñ õðåñòî ì àòèåé è ñëîâàðåì . Ìàòåðèàëû ïî ÿôåòè÷åñêî ì óÿçûêîçíàíèþ, Ñ.-Ïåòåðáóðã 1914.

klimovi 1964: Êëèìîâ Ã.À., Ýòèìîëîãè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü êàðòâåëüñêèõÿçûêî â , Ìî ñêâà. 1973, Äîïîë í å í èÿ ê ýòè ì îëîãè÷åñêî ì óñëîâàðþ êàðòâåëüñêèõ ÿçûêîâ; Ýòèìîëîãèÿ 1974, Ìî ñêâà. 1964.

klimovi 2003: Êëèì îâ Ã.À., Õàëèë îâ Ì .Ø. , Ñëîâàðü êàâêàçñêèõÿçûêîâ. Âîñòî ÷íàÿ ëèòåðàòóðà, Ìî ñêâà 2003.

mari 1915: Ì à ð ð Í . ß ., ßôåòè÷åñêèå íàçâàíèÿ äåðåâüåâ è ðàñòåíèé(pluralia tantum) I-III, ÈÀÍ, Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. 1915.

niJaraZe 1910: Íèæàðàäçå È.È., Ðóññêî-ñâàíñêèé ñëîâàðü, Òè ôëèñ1910.

fahnrixi 1982: Fahnrich H., 1984, 1985, 1987, 1991, KartwelischerWortschatz I-V: Georgica, 5, 7, 10, 13/14, Jena-Tbilissi, Konstanz,1982.

fridrixi 1970: Friedrich P., Proto-Indo-European Trees, The Universityof Chicago Press. Chicago and London, 1970.

friski 1963: Frisk H., Griechisches Etimologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg,1963.

gamyreliZe 1999: Gamkrelidze T. V., On linguistic paleontology of culture,Time Deph in Historical The Linguistics, edited by Colin Renfrew, AprilMe Mahon and Larry Trask; Me Donald Institute for ArcheologicalResearch, Papers in the prehistory of Language, 1999.

gigineiSvili 1990: Gigineischwili B., Etymologishe Untersuchungen ausdem Bereich der Lexik der Kartwel sprachen: Georgica 13/14, Konstanz,1990/1991.

klimovi 1998: Klimov G., Etimological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages,Berlin/New York, 1998.

Proto-Kartvelian and Proto-Indo-European Plant-Names (the conifers: fir, fir(-tree), pine (-tree))


Marine Ivanishvili

Proto-Kartvelian and Proto-Indo-European Plant-Names(the conifers: fir, fir (-tree), pine (-tree))

The study of grammatical, phonological and lexical isoglosses among dialects ofa proto-language makes it possible to establish extra-linguistic factors. This trend inlinguistics is called “linguistic paleontology of culture”, since its object of investigationis not only proto-language but also the proto-culture of speakers; what is reconstructedis not so much the language itself as the extra-linguistic world reflected in the linguisticdata (Gamkrelidze Th. 1990).

Reconstructing elements of the extra-linguistic world of daughter-languagespeakers in turn gives a clearer picture of the linguistic affinities among the daughter-languages and their development over time, i.e. of purely linguistic factors. This isparticularly true of the semantic structure of languages, which simply cannot be studiedin isolation from the external world that is reflected in the content plane of language.

The reconstructed forms and meanings may be grouped by lexico-semanticfields, which designate extra-linguistic classes such as animals, handicraft tolls, andothers. Such a proto-linguistic lexico-semantic system can give historical reality throughtypological comparison with the actual culture of the past and the present and especiallyby the archeological facts, in verifying a reconstructed culture and, particularly, itsmaterial side (Gamkrelidze T.V., Ivanov V.V., 1986).

Today it is widely agreed that “culture” does not consist of things, people, behaviouror emotions, but of the forms or organization of these things in the mind of people.How can the organization of “these things” in the mind of people be discovered? Thebest way of discovery lies in the area of the language, and that there is a wholebattery of linguistic tests which can be put to use to reveal different aspects of theorganization of the universe in the minds of people. (Wierzbicka A., 1996).

The apparent discovery of ethnobiological universals and the ensuing debatehave further stimulated interest in the conceptualization of plants and animals, andthey are largely responsible for the key position of this conceptual domain in currentanthropology.

At first sight, it seems that studying the corpus of plant names doesn’t give usthe possibility to reconstruct models such as we have for kinship or for colour-termssystems and that only this provides a history of language with facts, or it is useful onlyfor the identification of biological units with their names. But exactly this kind of researchfills our imagination and knowledge with the events of human cognitive mechanismsto clarify the nature of the human world through categorization and so on.

As it is known, the South Caucasus was the main importer and wide spreader ofall achievements of the old oriental civilization since VI-V

m. B. C. in the whole

Caucasus. This fact was the reason of the oldest areal contacts of Kartvelian languageswith the Indo-Europeans, Semitic and Caucasus languages.


The results of researches Th. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani (1965), laterGamkrelidze – Ivanov’s hypothesis (1984) about the Proto-Indo-European’s livingplace in the Asia Minor near by the areal of spreading Kartvelian languages, in particular,immediately of the South Caucasus region, materially has confirmed by C. Renfrew’s(1984) important archeological investigations, which has stimulated many famouslinguists for further researchers in this direction. From this point valuable work is oneof the latest investigation of G. Klimov (1994), where he tried to systematize andgeneralize the oldest Indo-European forms in Kartvelian languages.

There isn’t scanty data which certificates about the Proto-Kartvelian and Proto-Indo-European speakers areal contacts, but, now it’s very difficult to separate theborrowed forms from the substractive influence. To solve this problem the most importantis the exact chronological stratification, which by its side must be based on the furtherelaborated questions of the relative chronology of the phonetic processes.

General criterion for the definition of the chronological level of Kartvelian Indo-Europeisms is the correspondence of expression plan of forms with the historicalphonetic processes of Kartvelian languages and also the correspondence to its semanticmeaning to the concepts and reality of the epoch.

The English Kartvelologist D. Reifield (1988) has written: “While thereconstruction of Proto-Indo-European language, the dendrology and dendronims areas well elaborated, as phuging field. The work which was made by P. Friedrich (1970)and Th. Gamkrelidze (1989) for Indo-European languages when they have gatheredtree-names, would be done for Caucasian languages too. . . ”

Proto-Kartvelian arboreal system is more diverse than Proto-Indo-European.It’s natural, if we foresee this sale of migration and connected to it ecologicalmodifications, which was recalling the language forms changes, semantic removesand other innovations.

While investigating Photo-Kartvelian arboreal system, we exposed the newroots, made more precise the old one, revealed the borrowed forms on the proto-leveland compare Proto-Kartvelian roots with the Proto-Indo-European and Caucasiandata.

Reveal paleobotanical and in many case paleolinguistical isomorphism betweenthe Proto-Kartvelian and other Proto systems shows the similarity and differenceson the basis of which these languages may be considered (or not) as the same structural– typological (or genetic) classes.

We have tried consider this questions on the basis of the results of the historical-comparative investigations of Kartvelian languages by the example of Proto-Kartveliannames of the conifers: fir, fir (-tree), pine (-tree).

65

zaal kikviZe

Aleqtur terminTa semiotikuriwredi

terminologiis sakiTxebis kvlevisas

samecniero literaturaSi araiSviaTad

vawydebiT urTierTgamomricxav gamonaTqvamebs,

rac, masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, erTi

SexedviT, TiTqosda moulodnelia. magaliTad,

arsebobs aseTic: „terminologiasTan dakav-

Sirebuli sakiTxebi ar Sedis enaTmecnierebis

interesis sferoSi” (pokli 1990: 278).

gvxvdeba iseTebic, romelTa avtorebisaTvis

terminologiur saqmianobaSi enaTmecnieris

roli SedarebiT ukana planzea daweuli:

„terminologias qmnis ama Tu im dargis

specialisti da ara lingvisti. es ukanaskneli

alagebs terminebs, rCevas aZlevs specia-

listebs, agvarebs enobriv problemebs, ikvlevs

ama Tu im sferoSi arsebul mdgomareobas,

qmnis monacemTa banks, magram ar qmnis terminebs”

(lara 1986: 98). miuxedavad imisa, rom am

sityvebis avtori faqtobrivad gamoricxavs

lingvistikis, rogorc samecniero discip-

linis, da, Sesabamisad, misi umdidresi

terminologiuri sistemis arsebobas (rac,

cxadia, avtorisave gasaWirs warmoadgens),

WeSmariti problema mravalsaukunovani

tradiciebis mqone da dResdReobiT inten-

siurad mzardi saenaTmecniero terminolo-

giis mravalferovnebasa da zogjer arasis-

temurobaSic mdgomareobs. terminologiis,

rogorc dargis, erT-erTi metrisMm. t. kabres

azriT, saTanado lingvisturma Teoriam


doqtori, akaki wereTlis


tetis sruli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

„Tavazianobis gamoxatvis

gramatikuli saSualebebi~

(1999), „Language-madeParadox: Gender Prefe-rences in Georgian~(2002), „enisa da genderis

kvlevis retrospeqtiuli

da prospeqtiuli koordi-

natebi~ (2005), „ena kul-

turaSi da kultura

enaSi~ (2005).

interesebis sfero:

sociolingvistika, enisa

da genderis kvleva, kog-

nituri lingvistika.

66

terminebi unda ganixilos rogorc „specialuri kognituri erTeulebi,

romlebic ar arseboben enis farglebs gareT” da, Sesabamisad, maTi

erToblioba „aris dinamikuri da nairgvari rogorc formalurad

(denominacia), aseve konceptualurad (cneba)” (kabre 1999: 14).

mdgomareobas arTulebs kidev erTi faqtori: „sxva samecniero

disciplinebisagan gansxvavebiT, lingvistikaSi gacilebiT meti

problema gvxvdeba dargis metaenis TvalsazrisiT. es arc aris

gasakviri: am SemTxvevaSi xom enis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT enisave

saSualebiT” (kikviZe 2003: 44). aRniSnuli viTareba kidev erTi

saxasiaTo niSniTaa gamorCeuli: es gaxlavT enobriv erTeulTa

metaforizaciis SesaZlebloba, rac terminTsistemebSi warmoSobs

orazrovnebas. Cveni azriT, terminologiuri erTeulis orazrovneba

da metaforuloba namdvilad araproduqtiuli da araefeqturia

terminologiis, rogorc Zalian mkafio semiotikuri sistemis,

funqcionirebisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis.

winamdebare naSromSi warmovadgenT -leqt (< berZn. saubari~)

elementis Semcvel sociolingvistikuri terminologiis glosariums,

romelSic Setanili erTeulebis umravlesoba Seiqmna enaTa

kontaqtebisa da enis varirebis sakiTxebis Seswavlis procesSi;

amasTanave, Rirssacnobia isic, rom zogierTi maTgani tovebs ukve

arsebuli da aprobirebuli terminis sinonimis STabeWdilebas, rac

inovaciis saWiroebas eWvis qveS ayenebs, Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi

axali terminis Semotana swored ukve arsebulis metaforulobis

gamo wamoSobili siZneleebis gadasalaxadaa Seqmnili (amgvari viTareba

cnebebiT JonglirebisaTvis gasaqans aZlevs zogierT avtors). rac

mTavaria, maTi amgvari sistematizebuli saxiT warmodgena cxadad

gviCvenebs, rom saqme gvaqvs mwyobr terminTsistemasTan, risi

saSualebiTac ikreba semiotikuri wredi, romelSic sakmaod

xelSesaxebadaa warmoCenili maTs Soris arsebuli implikaciuri

mimarTebebi.

aloleqti ama Tu im enis adgilobrivi nairsaxeoba, romelic ar

iswavleba skolaSi; igivea, rac teritoriuli dialeqti.

akroleqti enis yvelaze prestiJuli leqti, varianti mis sxva

saxesxvaobebTan SedarebiT. termini SemoRebulia amerikeli

enaTmecnieris derek bikertonis (Derek Bickerton) mier (1975).

zaal kikviZe

67

aristoleqti aristokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli an maT mier

upiratesobaminiWebuli ena an leqti.

bazileqti yvelaze dabali socialuri statusis mqone leqti,

akroleqtisagan yvelaze gansxvavebuli. termini SemoRebulia

amerikeli enaTmecnieris derek bikertonis (Derek Bickerton)mier (1975).

genderleqti qalebis an mamakacebis (an, ufro sworad, qaluri

an mamakacuri) metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqti. termini

SemoRebulia amerikeli enaTmecnieris adelaida haasis (AdelaideHaas) mier (1979).

geoleqti enis geografiulad Sepirobebuli saxesxvaoba,

teritoriuli dialeqti.

gero(nto)leqti xandazmuli adamianebis metyveleba (faiTi 2005).

glotoleqti ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobis mqone termini enis

aRsaniSnavad. termini SemoTavazebulia Svedi enaTmecnieris

goran hamarstromis (1975) mier.

grafoleqti idioleqtis zusti da SeZlebisdagvarad

gamowvlilviTi Canaweri miRebuli saenaTmecniero terminebis

meSveobiT (haugeni 1966).

demoleqti oficialuri statusis armqone esa Tu is idiomi.

// ori sxvadasxva, magram Tanabari uflebebis mqone ena.

egzoleqti importirebuli ena.

eTnoleqti enis saxesxvaoba, leqti, romelzec metyvelebs esa

Tu is eTnikur-kulturuli qvejgufi, da romelic funq-

cionirebs rogorc ganmasxvavebeli niSani am qvejgufis wevrTa

socialuri identobisa. terminSi urTierTSerwymulia

eTnikuri jgufisa da dialeqtis cnebebi. es termini

Tavdapirvelad gamoiyenes evropuli warmoSobis amerikeli

kolonistebis metyvelebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic dasaxldnen

niu-iorkis Statis qalaq bufaloSi, Tumca amJamad sanimuSod

leqtur terminTa semiotikuri wredi

68

ZiriTadad asaxeleben Savkaniani amerikelebis mdabiur

metyvelebas Blach English (karloki & uolki, 1981).

gvxvdeba aseve termini „eTnosocioleqti”, romelic qarTvel

ebraelTa metyvelebis aRsaniSnavadaa gamoyenebuli (furcxvaniZe

& kikviZe 1996).

ekoleqti enis saxesxvaoba, leqti, romelzec metyveleben erTi

ojaxis wevrebi. termini pirvelad gamoCnda literatu-

raTmcodneobaSi, risi iniciatoric gaxldaT hiu saiks devisi

(1986). e. neologizmia, Tumca advilad imkvidrebs Tavis

adgils sociolingvistikaSi..

endoleqti avtoqTonuri mosaxleobis ena.

ergoleqti biznesis ena; ZiriTadad gamoirCeva leqsiko-semantikuri

TaviseburebebiT. termini SemoiRo duglas piketma 1989 wels.

manamde am cnebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda termini biznesis

registri.

idioleqti erTi individis metyveleba erTsa da imave Tanamou-

barTan erTsa da imave Temaze drois mokle monakveTSi. termini

SemoRebulia amerikeli enaTmecnieris bernard blokis (BernardBloch) mier (1948). amJamad i. ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneba: enis nairsaxeoba, warmodgenili erTi piris

metyvelebaSi.

izoleqti erTi individis gankargulebaSi arsebuli da mis mier

gamoyenebuli enobriv erTeulTa masivi, romlebic SeiZleba

dadasturdes an ar dadasturdes sxva mtareblebTan. TiToeuli

i. warmoadgens leqts. terminis SemoReba dakavSirebulia

amerikeli enaTmecnierebis C.-j. beilisa (1973) da d.

bikertonis (1971) saxelebTan.

interdialeqti dialeqtTa mijnaze warmoqnili axali enobrivi

warmonaqmni, magaliTad, koine. termini Semoitana britanelma

enaTmecnierma piter Trajilma (1986).

interimleqti semilingvizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli metyveleba

(ditmari 1997).

zaal kikviZe

69

interleqturi or an met leqts Soris arsebuli.

intraleqturi calkeuli leqtis SigniT arsebuli.

kriptoleqti saidumlo sakomunikacio saSualebad gamoyenebuli

esa Tu is idiomi.

leqti enobrivi warmonaqmni, idiomi, enis arsebobis forma. termini

Seqmnilia amerikeli enaTmecnieris Carlz-jeims beilis (1973)

mier teritoriulad da socialurad neitraluri enobrivi

warmonaqmnis aRsaniSnavad. erTi enis leqtebi erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavdebian kontinuumis farglebSi, rac qmnis panleqtur

anu polileqtur bades da amgvarad gveZleva implikaciuri

mimarTeba sxvadasxva leqts Soris.

makroleqti nebismieri leqti, romelic ganixileba sivrciT,

socialur da fsiqosakomunikacio konteqstebSi.

matrileqti amosavali ena; magaliTad, britanuli inglisuri am

enis sxva saxesxvaobebTan mimarTebaSi (baueri 2002).

mezoleqti Sualeduri saxesxvaoba akroleqtsa da bazileqts

Soris. m.-ebi ver CaiTvleba diskretul odenobebad, radganac

isini erwymian erTmaneTs akroleqtsa da bazileqts Soris

arsebuli sivrcis Sesavsebad. termini SemoRebulia amerikeli

enaTmecnieris derek bikertonis (1975) mier.

metaleqti mocemul saxelmwifosa Tu teritoriul-admini-

straciul erTeulSi arsebuli enobrivi situaciis farglebSi

gabatonebuli idiomi, leqti.

metroleqti metropoliis ena.

mikroleqti sivrciTi, socialuri da fsiqosakomunikacio

konteqstebis farglebs gareT arsebuli leqti.

mimoleqti Jest-mimikis ena (stiuarti 1990).


70

monoleqturi iseTi idiomi, romelic mxolod erTi leqtiTaa

warmodgenili mocemul enobriv situaciaSi (meuvisi &

blomarti 1998).

panleqti ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobis mqone termini

saliteraturo, standartuli enis aRsaniSnavad.

panleqturi bade leqtebis kontinuumi, romlis farglebSic

gveZleva implikaciuri mimarTeba sxvadasxva leqts Soris.

sxvagvarad moixsenieba rogorc enobrivi varirebis kontinuumi

an speqtri.

paraleqti standartisagan odnav gansxvavebuli leqti (uelzi

1982).

polileqturi bade ix. panleqturi bade

polit(ik)oleqti raime oficialuri statusis mqone ena.

pubileqti mozardebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sametyvelo

Taviseburebebis erToblioba. termini SemoRebulia kanadeli

enaTmecnieris marsel danezis (1994) mier.

regioleqti termini ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba romanul dialeq-

tologiasa da sociolingvistikaSi da aRniSnavs enis mdgo-

mareobaTa sistemaSi arsebul erT-erT rgols, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im regionisaTvis da cvlilebaTa

mudmivi dinamikiT gamoirCeva (borodina 1982). arsebobs cnoba

imis Taobaze, rom es termini (albaT, Tavdapirvelad ase:

Regiolekt) pirad werilSi axsena germanelma enaTmecnierma

hainc klosma (vudi 1981).

religioleqti ama Tu im religiis sakulto ena (Zveli qarTuli

qarTul marTlmadideblobaSi, laTinuri kaTolicizmSi,

klasikuri arabuli islamSi, sanskriti hinduizmSi da a.S.).

rurileqti soflad gavrcelebuli leqti.

seqsoleqti igivea, rac genderleqti (iorgenseni 1984).

zaal kikviZe

71

socioleqti (socialuri dialeqti) enis varianti (saxe-

sxvaoba), leqti, romliTac sargeblobs adamianTa esa Tu is

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba an jgufi. igi moicavs iseT

leqtebs, rogorebicaa Jargoni, argo, profesiuli enebi, slengi

da a. S. (labovi 1966)

subleqti enis esa Tu is nairsaxeoba, rogorebicaa kilokavi,

Tqma, qceva.

supraleqti igivea, rac koine (gouldi 1982).

tempoleqti istoriuli dialeqti.

teqnoleqti ama Tu im dargisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli spe-

cializebuli terminologiuri leqsika (kabre 1999).

urbanoleqti qalaquri metyveleba (Slobinski 1987).

fonoleqti mxolod zepiri saxiT arsebuli leqti.

fsiqoleqti erTi leqtis SigniT arsebuli nairsaxeoba, romelic

warmoaCens enis gamoyenebis fsiqologiur motivacias.

qvedialeqti krebsiTi termini kilos Siga diferenciaciis

Sedegad warmoqnili nairsaxeobebisa, rogorebicaa kilokavi,

Tqma, qceva (jorbenaZe 1989).

qTonoleqti deda ena.

qsenoleqti odnavi ucxouri Seferilobis mqone saxesxvaoba

enisa. igi efuZneba enis ara radikalur, aramed mcire, magram

mniSvnelovani simboluri Rirebulebis matarebel cvlilebebs

(holmi 1988-89).

hiperleqti socialurad privilegirebuli da elituri gra-

matikuli da sawarmoTqmo TaviseburebebiT markirebuli leqti

(hani 1989).


72

Tavis droze m. danezim (1985) gamoaqveyna leqturi terminebis

mokle glosariumi, romelSic mxolod 24 erTeuli figurirebda.

winamdebare publikaciaSi, ra Tqma unda, gaTvaliswinebulia xsenebuli

naSromis monacemebi da, amavdroulad, dafiqsirebulia sxva iseTi

terminebic, romlebic arsebobda jer kidev danezis glosariumis

dabeWdvamde da romlebic gaCndnen Semdgom periodSi. miuxedavad

amisa, am etapze Cven mizaSeuwonlad CavTvaleT iseT erTeulebze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rogorebicaa agoraleqti, alokuToleqti,

iurileqti, koraleqti, profesioleqti, situoleqti, funqcioleqti,

hierleqti da a.S. amis mizezi is gaxlavT, rom isini srulfasovan

terminebad jer ar Camoyalibebulan da, Sesabamisad, araTavsebadi

arian Cven mier zemoT naxseneb semiotikur wredTan.

literatura

baueri 2002: Bauer, L. An Introduction to International Varieties ofEnglish. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002.

beili 1973: Bailey, C.-J. N. Variation and Linguistic Theory. Washington,DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1973.

bikertoni 1971: Bickerton, D. Inherent Variability and Variable Rules.Foundation of Language, 7, 1971: 457-492.

bikertoni 1975: Bickerton, D. Dynamics of a Creole System. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1975.

bloki 1948: Bloch, B. A Set of Postulates for Phonemic Analysis. Language,24, 1948: 3-46.

borodina 1982: Áîðîäèíà Ì. À Äèàëåêòû èëè ðåãèîíàëüíûå ÿçûêè?(Ê ïðîáëåìå ÿçûêî âîé ñèòóàöèè â ñîâðåìåííîé Ôðàíöèè) //Â î ï ð îñû ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ,1982, ¹ 5: 29-38.

gouldi 1982: Gold, D.L. More on Lect. Leuvense Bijdragen, 71, 1982:443-445.

danezi 1994: Danesi, M. A glossary of lectal terms for the description oflanguage variation. Language Problems and Language Planning,89/2, 1985: 115-124.

danezi 1994: Danesi, M. Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence.Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.

devisi 1986: Davies, H. S. Wordsworth and the Worth of Words. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1986.

ditmari 1997: Dittmar, N. Grudlagen der Soziolinguistik. Tübingen: GunterNarr Verlag, 1997.

zaal kikviZe

73

vudi 1981: Wood. R.E. Current Trends of Sociolinguistics in Europe. TennesseeLinguistics, 1, 1981: 36-67.

Trajili 1986: Trudgill, P. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1986.

iorgenseni 1984: Jørgensen, J. N. Sociolinguistic Papers. Copenhagen:Danish Royal Academy, 1984.

kikviZe 2003: z. kikviZe, kompetenciis cneba enaTmecnierebaSi //

besarion jorbenaZesTbilisi: qarTuli ena, 2003: 44-54.

kabre 1999: Cabre, M. T. La terminologia: Representacion ycomunicacion. Elementos para una teoria de base comunicativa yotros articulos. Barcelona: IULA/Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 1999.

karloki & uolki 1981: Carlock, E., Wölck, W. A method for isolatingdiagnostic linguistic variables: The Buffalo ethnolects experiment.Variation Omnibus, ed. by D. Sankoff & H. J. Cedergren. Edmonton:Linguistic Research Incorporated, 1981: pp. 17-24.

labovi 1966: Labov, W. The Social Stratification of English in New YorkCity. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1966.

lara 1986: Lara, L. F. On the difficult path of terminology in Spanish-speakingcountries. TERMIA 84. Terminology and International Co-operation. An International Conference (Luxembourg, August 27-29, 1984), ed. by G. Rondeau & J. C. Sager. Louisville: Girsterm,1986: 91-99.

meuvisi & blomarti 1998: Meeuwis, M. & Blommaert, J. A monolectalview of code-switching: Layered code-switching among Zaireans inBelgium. Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interactionand Identity, ed. by P. Auer. London: Routledge, 1998: 76-98.

piketi 1989: Pickett, D. The sleeping giant: investigations in Business English.Language International, 1/1, 1989: 5-11.

pokli 1990: Pockl, W. Franzosisch: Fachsprachen. Lexikon derRomanistischen Linguistik, Band V, 1. Hrsg. von G. Holtus, M.Metzeltin & Ch. Schmitt. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1990.

stiuarti 1990: Stewart, W.A. From Xenolect to Mimolect toPseudocomprehension: Structural Mimicry and its FunctionalConsequences in Decreolization. Annals of the New York Academyof Sciences. Vol. 583. The Uses of Linguistics, ed. by E.X.Bendix.New York,1990: 33-47.

uelzi 1982: Wells, J. C. Accents of English. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1982.

faiTi 2005: Veith, W. H. Soziolinguistik. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag,2005.


74

furcxvaniZe & kikviZe 1996: _ z. furcxvaniZe, z. kikviZe, erTi

eTnosocioleqtis TaviseburebebisaTvis (quTaisSi mcxovrebi

qarTveli ebraelebis metyvelebis magaliTze) // saerTaSoriso

samecniero konferencia: „saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoria,

saqarTvelo-palestinisa da qarTul-ebrauli urTierTobebi”.

Tbilisi, 1996: 32.

Slobinski 1987 : Schlobinski, P. Stadtsprache Berlin: Einesoziolingustische Untersuchung. Berlin & New York: Walter deGruyter, 1987.

jorbenaZe 1989: b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, I. Tbilisi:

mecniereba, 1989.

haasi 1979: Haas, A. The Acquisition of Genderlect. Language, Sex andGender. Does La Différence make a difference?, ed. by J. Orasanu,M. K. slater, and L. L. Adler (Annals of the New York Academy ofSciences, Vol. 327). New York: The New York Academy of Sciences,1979: 101-114.

hamarstromi 1975: Hammarström, G. Dialectal and Sociolectal Facts withinthe Description of a Language. Language Sciences, 34, 1975: 12-18.

hani 1989: Honey, J. Does Accent Matter? The Pygmalion factor. London:Faber and Faber, 1989.

haugeni 1966: Haugen, E. Linguistics and language planning. Sociolinguistics(Proceedings of the UCLA Sociolinguistics Conference, 1964), ed. byW. Bright. The Hague & Paris: Mouton, 1966: 50-71.

henkoki 1986: Hancock, I. The cryptolectal speech of the American roads:Traveler Cant and Angloromani. American Speech 61(3), 1986: 206-220.

holmi 1988-89: Holm, J. Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1988-89.

holmi 1988-89: Holm, J. Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1988-89.

Zaal Kikvidze

A Semiotic Circuit of Lectal Terms

The paper argues that emerging lectal terms in contemporary sociolinguisticsform a strictly ordered terminological system, making up a semiotic circuit withsalient implicational links.

The published glossary includes 53 entries. Some of the lectal terms (forinstance, agoralect, functiolect, hierlect, etc.) are not included owing to the factthat they have not so far gained currency and, therefore, are not compatible withthe said semiotic circuit.

zaal kikviZe

75

Tamar lomiZe

filosofia da poezia(fixte da baraTaSvili)

aRiarebulia, rom romantizmma SeimuSava

pirovnebis axleburi koncefcia da, kerZod,

gamoavlina adamianis sulieri samyaros mTeli

winaaRmdegobrioba da sirTule. romantikuli

literaturaSi pirovnebis `me~ garkveuli

simravlis (ramdenime `me~-s) saxiT war-

mogvidga, ramac safuZveli daudo e.w.

`oreulebis~ poetikis~ damkvidrebas.

gamoiTqmis sapirispiro Sexedulebebic.

ase, magaliTad, s.s. averincevi kiTxulobs:

`rogor unda mivudgeT adamianis Sinagan

samyaros – rogorc Ria da mravalkom-

ponentian struqturas Tu rogorc Caketil,

TviTkmarsa da daunawevrebel monadas?~ da

askvnis: `meorenairi midgoma ... Zalze gvian

warmoiSva da gamoiyeneboda literaturuli

faqtebis martooden viwro wreSi. warsulis

diadi literaturuli epoqebi sxva koncef-

ciebiT suldgmulobdnen~ (averincevi 1972:

235). Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasadastureblad

mkvlevars mohyavs saTanado argumentebi iseTi

masalidan, rogoricaa miTologia, Zveli

berZnuli literatura, Sua saukuneebis mwer-

loba, XIX saukunis realisturi xelovneba,

da, bolos, imowmebs m.m. baxtinis debulebas:

`adamiani arasodes emTxveva sakuTar Tavs.

mis mimarT ver gamoviyenebT igiveobis

formulas: A aris A. amgvarad, averincevis

azriT, pirovnebis is koncefcia, romlis

filologiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, ilia

WavWavaZis saxelmwifo

universitetis humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa da

kulturis kvlevebis fa-

kultetis asocirebuli

profesori;

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`qarTuli riTmis isto-

riidan~, `feris mxatv-

ruli gaazrebis Tavise-

burebebi n. baraTaSvilis

poeziaSi~, Teoriuli da-

fuZnebis problema po-

etikaSi, `me~-s koncef-

cia qarTvel roman-

tikosTa SemoqmedebaSi~.

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, leqsmcodneoba,

literaturis istoria

da Teoria, mxatvruli

Semoqmedebis fsiqolo-

gia.

76 Tamar lomiZe

warmoSobasac romantizmis epoqiT aTariReben, gacilebiT adre

funqcionirebda literaturaSi.

amasTan, aSkaraa, rom pirovnebis romantikuli koncefcia metad

specifikuria da aerTianebs orivenair midgomas: pirovneba erTiani

`monadaa~ samyarosTan mimarTebaSi; meore mxriv, es Ria struqturaa~,

rodesac ganixileba TavisTavad, am samyarosgan izolirebulad.

rogoria TviT sityva me~-s semantika? b. raselma me~ miakuTvna

im egocentrul sityvaTa~ ricxvs, romelTa mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs

mxolod da mxolod molaparakis mdgomareoba drosa da sivrceSi

(raseli 1957: 103).

XX saukuneSi ganxorcielebul semantikur kvlevaTa Sedegad

aRmoCnda, rom `me~ ganumartavi sityvaa. saxeldobr, originaluri

semantikuri Teoriis avtorma, a. veJbickam miznad daisaxa, gamoevlina

is semantikuri erTeulebi (`primitivebi~), romlebic, TavisTavad,

ganumartavia (intuiciurad cxadi mniSvnelobisaa) da romelTa

meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia nebismieri sityvis an gamonaTqvamis

ganmarteba. mecnierma daasabuTa, rom erT-erTi amgvari `primitivi~

aris `me~.

amgvarad, me~-s semantika ver ganimarteba sxva sityvebis meSveobiT

(ra Tqma unda, aq vgulisxmobT fsiqologiur, filosofiur da a.S.

eqsplikaciebs), e.i. is TavisTavad cxadi mniSvnelobisaa - `me aris

me~, an me var me~.

magram `me var me~ aris im filosofiuri koncefciis pirveli

(samTagan) ZiriTadi debuleba, romelmac, v. Slegelis azriT, biZgi

misca romantizmis warmoSobas. vgulisxmobT iohan gotlib fixtes

`zogad moZRvrebas mecnierebis Sesaxeb~. fixtes Teoriuli sistemis

es pirveli debuleba logikur aspeqtSi niSnavs `me~-s TviT-

igiveobriobas, xolo semantikurSi (Tumca filosofoss es sakiTxi

ar dausvams) – imas, rom `me~ ganumartavi cnebaa*.

* veJbickas Teoria miznad isaxavs imis damtkicebas, rom azrovneba emyareba

elementarul, TavisTavad cxad cnebebs (maT Soris - `me~-s cnebas). aqedan

gamomdinare, azrovneba warmogvidgeba, rogorc semantikurad dafuZnebuli procesi.

analogiurad, fixtesTan uTvisebo (ganumartavi), TviTigiveobrivi `me~-s cneba

filosofiuri moZRvrebis logikuri safuZvelia. amgvari wertilovani~ cnebebis

Sesaxeb v.s. bibleri SeniSnavs: òbieqti iqceva ufro rTuli obieqtebisa da

procesebis argumentad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es obieqti SeiZleba gaviazroT

rogorc erTiani ... misive myofobis TviTkmari aucileblobis wyalobiT~ (bibleri,

1975; 205). amgvari TviTkmari òbieqtia~ `me~ veJbickas TeoriaSic da fixtes

sistemaSic. orive SemTxvevaSi `me~-s uTviseboba (ganumartavoba) emsaxureba

ùfro rTuli obieqtebis~ (veJbickasTan – sityvebisa da gamonaTqvamebis, fixtesTan

ki àrame~-s) – Semecnebisa da ganmartebis mizans.

77

fixte mouwodebs mkiTxvels: `Cawvdi sakuTar Tavs, moacile

mzera yvelafers, rac Sen garSemoa, da mimarTe is sakuTari Tavisken~

(fixte 1993: 448). mas, vinc icnobierebs sakuTar Tavisuflebas da

damoukideblobas garemosgan ... ar sWirdeba sagnebi sakuTari `me~-

s sayrdenad da verc isargeblebs sagnebiT, radgan isini aqarwyleben

da Zirs uTxrian am damoukideblobas~ (iqve, 460).

fixtes am msjelobaSi ukve igulisxmeba pirovnebis is koncefcia,

romelmac gamoxatuleba pova romantizmSi. marTlac, pirovnebis

garemos warmoadgens, upirveles yovlisa, misi uaxloesi socialuri

garemo, anu Sen~. Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis~ misaRwevad

saWiroa am `Sen~-isgan `mzeris acileba~, misgan gamijvna. amasTan

`Sen~ ukvalod ver gaqreba. hkargavs ra Tavis funqcias (rogorc

pirovnebis uaxloesi socialuri garemo), is interiorizdeba,

gadainacvlebs TviT `me~-s farglebSi da iqceva mis Semadgenel

komponentad. warmoiqmneba pirovnebis `mravalkomponentiani~

struqtura, mis garSemo ki – socialuri vakuumi. safiqrebelia,

rom swored amgvaria romantizmSi Siangani oreulebis~ an, saerTod,

`oreulebis poetikisa~ da martoobis motivis popularobis mizezebi

(sul erTia, hqondaT es gacnobierebuli romantikosebs an TviT

fixtes, Tu – ara).

* * *

davubrundeT fixtes moZRvrebis pirvel debulebas - `me var

me~. am debulebis mixedviT, samyaros logikuri centria `me~, anu

samyaro logikurad fuZndeba me~-Si, rogorc saganSi~. es niSnavs,

rom sxva `sagnebi~, `garemo~ ar arsebobs. Sesabamisad, romantikul

literaturaSi mkvidrdeba samyaros asaxvis imgvari xerxi, romelic

warmoaCens mis idumalebas (uTvisebobas). peizaJi ZiriTadad

`Rameulia~, bindSia Cafluli. aseTia gr. orbelianis `saRamo

gamosalmebisa~. nik. baraTaSvilis leqsebSi - `cisa fers~ da

`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ - samyaro gaazrebulia, rogorc bneliT

moculi~, Tvisebrivad ganusazRvreli mocemuloba. calkeuli sagnebi

masSi TiTqos uCinardeba, araaRqmadia. baraTaSvili xSirad mimarTavs

agreTve sagnebisa da movlenebis Tavisufal predikacias, ise, TiTqos

ar arsebobdes konkretuli sagnebi myari niSanTvisebebiT. al.

WavWavaZisa da gr. orbelianis poeziaSi samyaros groteskuli xati

emyareba samyarosgan `mzeris acilebis~ (samyaros suraTis

deformaciis) princips.

filosofia da poezia (fixte da baraTaSvili)

78

Tavisi moZRvrebis pirvel debulebas fixte uwodebs sruliad

upirobos~. esaa TavisTavad cxadi debuleba, romelic am niSniT

gansxvavdeba meore debulebisagan: `me~ ar udris àrame~-s. meore

debuleba, filosofosis gansazRvriT, `ganpirobebulia Tavisi

SinaarsiT~, e.i. me~-s postulireba garduvalad gulisxmobs arame~-

s postulirebasac. amasTan, mesame debulebis (`me~ udris me~-sa da

àrame~-s) mixedviT, sasruli `me~ da àrame~ gaerTianebulia erTi

da imave cnobierebis farglebSi.

rogoria logikuri safuZveli, romelmac fixte mesame

debulebamde miiyvana?

germaneli filosofosis mizani da saboloo amocanaa `me~-s

arsis Semecneba, misi, rogorc cnebis gansazRvra. magram rogor

unda SevimecnoT me~, Tu is predikatebis armqone, TavisTavad cxadi

da ganumartavia? ra Tqma unda, es SesaZlebelia mxolod sxva cnebasTan

misi Sepirispirebis meSveobiT. da es ukanaskneli aucileblad unda

iyos ... isev me~, magram pirveli me~-sgan gansxvavebuli, rac dasaSvebia

martooden maSin, rodesac pirveli `me~ da meore `me~ (àrame~,

`Sen~) erTi da imave cnobierebis farglebSi igulisxmeba.

marTlac, cnebis Camoyalibebis procesi amgvaria: ori sagnis~

urTierTSenacvlebadoba warmoqmnis `cnebis~ safuZvels. Tu ori

gansxvavebuli sagani urTierTSenacvlebadia garkveuli sityvis mimarT,

maSin mocemul sityvaSi xorcieldeba mTi invariantis an kontaqtis

ganyeneba da ganzogadeba~ (porSnevi 1974: 474). cxadia, es ori (an

meti) sagani absoluturad identuri ki araa, aramed – gaaCnia

arsebiTi erTgvarovani niSanTvisebebi, romlebic aucileblad

ganekuTvneba am sagnebs da Seesabameba maT arss. amgvarad, vinaidan

interiorizebis Sedegad arame~ (`Sen~) imave cnobierebis komponentad

iqceva, romelic me~-s moicavs, es arame~-c me~-s nairsaxeobaa, misi

sxvadyofnaa. me~-sa da arame~-s invariantis ganzogadeba saSualebas

iZleva, Camoyalibdes me~-s cneba.

* * *

nik. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi TvalsaCinod vlindeba oreulebis

poetikis~ damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. magaliTad, `meranSi~

lirikuli gmiris oreulia merani, rogorc Sinagani àrame~.

faqtobrivad, lirikuli gmiri aq pasiuria, xolo aqtiuroba,

qmedebis unari miewereba merans, romelsac mihyavs lirikuli gmiri

bedis `samZRvrisken~. am nawarmoebis ZiriTadi motivia Tavisuf-

lebisken ltolva, rac yovelgvari (socialuri Tu sxva saxis)

Tamar lomiZe

79

kavSirebisgan ganTavisuflebis tolfasia (`raa, movSorde Cemsa

mamulsa ...~ da a.S.). sagnobrivi garemosgan ganTavisufleba, leqsis

mxatvruli koncefciis mixedviT (zustad ise, rogorc fixte

fiqrobda), cnobierebis ganTavisuflebas moaswavebs da aseT pirobebSi

`me~-s ZaluZs, mimarTos mzera sakuTari Tavisken~ da Seimecnos es

ukanaskneli Tavisi àrame~-s meSveobiT.

`xma idumalSic~ aqtiuria Sinagani xma (Sinagani arame~), romelic

iqvemdebarebs gmirs, mis fiqrebs da mTel cxovrebas. aseTivea sulo

boroto~, romlis pirvelsave taepSi lirikuli gmiri Tavis

`winamZRvars~, Tavisi gonebisa da sicocxlis aRmaSfoTars~ uwodebs

Sinagan oreuls (imaze, rom boroti suli Sinagani oreulia,

migvaniSnebs Sesityveba `ganvedi Cemgan~). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi àrame~ yovelTvis aqtiuria, `me~

ki – umoqmedo, pasiuri.

SemTxveviTia Tu ara `me~-sa da àrame~-s amgvari gaazreba? Tu

is ganpirobebulia romantikuli msoflaRqmis specifikiT?

vnaxoT, rogor gansazRvravs fixte `me~-sa da àrame~-s

urTierTmimarTebebs Tavisi sistemis mesame debulebis ganmartebisas.

filosofosi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom moqmedeba da realuroba

identuri Sinaarsis mqone cnebebia (realuria is, rasac moqmedebis

unari aqvs, da piruku). `me~-s TviTSemecneba moqmedebaa (garkveuli

aqtia) da, amgvarad, `me~ realuria. meore mxriv, `me~ Seimecnebs

sakuTar Tavs àrame~-s meSveobiT, anu àrame~-m unda gansazRvros

(gansazRvra ki moqmedebaa) `me~. maSasadame, àrame~-c realuria; es

ki logikuri winaaRmdegobaa, radgan `me~ da àrame~, rogorc

urTierTsapirispiro mocemulobebi, erTi da imave niSniT ar unda

xasiaTdebodes. am winaaRmdegobis moxsnis mizniT fixte miawers

`me~-s (romelsac gansazRvravs àrame~) moqmedebis sapirispiro

mdgomareobas – vnebiTs. amasTan, àrame~-s ar gaaCnia araviTari

realuroba, Tu `me~ ar imyofeba vnebiT mdgomareobaSi, xolo im

SemTxve-vaSi, rodesac arame~-s realuroba miewereba, es realuroba

moCvenebiTia.

baraTaSvilis mxatvruli azrovnebisa da fixtes filosofiur

debulebaTa Tanxvedra ar amoiwureba imiT, rom qarTveli romantikosis

nawarmoebebSi `me~ pasiuria (vnebiT mdgomareobaSia), àrame~-sgan

gansxvavebiT. `meranSi~ `me~ (metyvelebis subieqti) realuria –

imdenad, ramdenadac realuria teqsti, romlis meSveobiTac `me~

gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavs. àrame~ realuri araa, radgan ar gaaCnia

araviTari sagnobrivi denotati (merani aRniSnavs ara cxens~, aramed


80

– Sinagan àrame~-s) da, garda amisa, ar warmoadgens metyvelebis

subieqts. amave mizeziT, realuria lirikuli gmiri (rogorc `me~)

baraTaSvilis yvela im nawarmoebSi, romlebSic aisaxa lirikuli

gmiris Sinagani gaoreba, da, Sesabamisad, ararealuria misi àrame~.

iseT nawarmoebebSi, rogoricaa SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ da fiqrni

mtkvris piras~ (sadac avtori mimarTavs movlenaTa Tavisufal

predikacias) realuria pirveli gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac

ganamtkicebs teqstis realuroba, misi myofoba. meore (sapirispiro)

Tvalsazrisi unda mivakuTvnoT àrame~-s (niSandoblivia, rom is

yovelTvis gamoTqmulia nawarmoebis bolo strofSi).

al. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi, sadac gamoxatuleba pova

karnavalurma motivebma da romantikuli groteskis poetikam, Tavs

iCens pirovnebis garegnuli gaoreba. misi karnavaluri niRabi arame~-

s erTgvari nairsaxeobaa, radgan is enacvleba (faravs) adamianis

saxes. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamians aqvs ori saxe: saCinari da uCinari,

socialuri da individualuri, WeSmariti da araWeSmariti, realuri

da ararealuri. WeSmariti saxe, rogorc uCinari, `pasiuria~

(ufunqcioa). adamiani aRiqmeba mxolod misi niRbis mixedviT. am

gagebiT, vnebiT mdgomareobaSia `me~ xolo aqtiuria àrame~

(igulisxmeba socialuri roli, romelsac akisrebs adamians niRabi

karnavalur situaciaSi). aseve, realuria (radgan WeSmaritia) niRbiT

dafaruli saxe, xolo ararealuria (moCvenebiTi realurobiT

xasiaTdeba) niRabi.

gr. orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi àrame~ xorcSesxmulia

karnavaluri crumefeebis saxeebSi. maTi ararealuroba imaSi

gamoixateba, rom isini swored rom crumefeebia da karnavalis

damTavrebis Semdeg gadainacvleben `sikvdilis fazaSi~, anu kvlav

`monebad~ iqcevian. aRsaniSnavia, rom gr. orbelianis, iseve, rogorc

al. WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi `me~-sa da àra-me~-s dapirispireba

vlindeba maSin, rodesac TiToeuli maTganis nawarmoebTa erTobliobas

ganvixilavT, rogorc erTian teqsts.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom qarTvel

romantikosTa (da, gansakuTrebiT, nik. baraTaSvilis) poeziaSi me~-

s poeturi xati yalibdeboda imave principebis Sesabamisad, romlebic

safuZvlad daedo `me~-s cnebis SemuSavebas fixtes filosofiur

sistemaSi.

Tamar lomiZe

81

* * *

rogorc irkveva, genetikurad cnebiTi azrovneba mWidrod

ukavSirdeba xatovan azrovnebas da, faqtobrivad, am ukanasknelis

wiaRSi aRmocenda. es procesi detalurad aRwera o.m. freidenbergma

Tavis naSromSi `xati da cneba~.

mecnieris miTiTebiT, xatovani azrovnebis Camoyalibebamde,

miTologiur azrovnebaSi, ZiriTad princips warmoadgenda saxeTa,

warmodgenaTa polisemantizmi. `amgvari msoflaRqmis wanamZRvrebi

ganpirobebuli iyo gnoseologiuri mizezebiT – Tvisebriv

maxasiaTebelTa ararsebobiT, warmodgenaTa daunawevreblobiTa da

igiveobriobiT, rac aiZulebda adamians, daeyo samyaro iseT

urTierTsapirispiro movlenebad, rogoricaa sicocxle da sikvdili,

siTbo da sicive, sinaTle da wyvdiadi da a.S. isini

personificirdeboda `msgavs~ arsebaTa wyvilebSi. maTgan erTi

(dadebiTi sawyisi) ganasaxierebda Tvisebas~, xolo meore (uaryofiTi

sawyisi) – mxolod mis konkretul `msgavsebas~, garegnul iers

`Tvisebis~ gareSe~ (freidenbergi 1998: 235).

maSasadame, miTologiuri azrovneba waagavs sagnis (kerZod, me~-

s) gaazrebas romantizmis epoqaSi – romantizmma `me~-s miawera

binaruli struqtura, romelSic erT wevrs (`arame~-s) hqonda

`Tviseba~ (moqmedebis unari, aqtiuroba), meore ki – pasiuri, vnebiT

mdgomareobaSi~ myofi iyo.

subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTgamijvnis Semdeg, aRniSnavs o.

freidenbergi, sinamdvile aRiqmeboda, rogorc realuri movlenebisa

da garegnulad maTi msgavsi~ (iluzoruli) movlenebis erToblioba,

anu originalisa da misi oreulis uwindel igiveobriobas Seenacvla

gansxvavebuli sagnebis moCvenebiTi msgavseba, rac gulisxmobda sagnis

Tvisebis gadatanas meore saganze. swored amgvarad warmoiSva,

freidenbergis miTiTebiT, metafora, romelsac cnebis funqcia hqonda.

amasTan, gadataniTi mniSvneloba warmoiqmneboda mxolod maSin, rodesac

ori sagani semantikurad igiveobrivi iyo.

`rodesac esqile ambobs, rom gmiri Sevida aboboqrebul zRvaSi~,

is ar ganmartavs Tavis azrs. antikuri mayurebeli, romlisTvisac

`qariSxali~ da `qariSxlisgan aboboqrebuli zRva~, rogorc wesi,

aRniSnavda `daRupvas~, Tavis warmosaxvaSi xatavs gamouvali

ubedurebis suraTs. amasTan, gmiris garSemo araa araviTari zRva, is

arsad Sesula da misi mdgomareobis tragizmi moraluri da

religiuri xasiaTisaa. magram mayurebeli, romelic ismens zRvis

Sesaxeb naTqvam sityvebs, fiqrobs moraluri koliziis Sesaxeb.


82

xati metyvelebs Tavisi xatovani eniT yovelgvari cnebis gareSe,

xolo msmeneli yurs ugdebs ambavs da aRiqvams sruliad sxvas –

ideis donemde ganzogadebul cnebas. xatis semantika gadatanilia

cnebaze. aboboqrebuli zRva zneobrivi koliziaa~ (freidenbergi

1998: 544).

freidenbergi vrclad msjelobs metaforisa da cnebis genetikuri

erTianobis Sesaxeb da, marTlac, sagnis Tvisebis gadatana meore

saganze sxva araferia, Tu ara metafora, magram vlindeba Tu ara

mecnieris mier moyvanil magaliTebSi enobrivi plani?1 Tu asea, maSin

metaforuli paradigmis sityvier gamoxatulebebSi Tavs unda iCendes

seleqciis principi2, anu Tavisufali SerCeviToba, es ki xorcieldeba

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac paradigma moicavs orze met wevrs, an Tu

paradigmis wevrebs Soris arsebobs ara uzualuri, aramed –

okazionaluri kavSiri.

magram metafora, rogorc aRniSnavs freidenbergi, warmoiqmneboda

mxolod ori gansazRvruli sagnis semantikuri igiveobriobis

pirobebSi – ar SeiZleboda nebismieri sagnis Tvisebis gadatana

nebismier sxva saganze. enobrivi koleqtivis cnobierebaSi

`aboboqrebuli zRva~ yovelTvis gulisxmobda gamouval ubedurebas,

xolo homerosiseuli gamoTqma rkinis guli~ - Seupovrobas, xasiaTis

simtkices. amgvari metaforebi, Cveni azriT, miekuTvneba metonimiuri

metaforebis rigs, radgan isini sintagmebia, romlebic gamoricxavs

yovelgvar seleqcias (sainteresoa, rom termin metaforis~ farTod

gagebis gamo freidenbergi metaforad miiCnevs poetur xats ãóáûòâîè – âèíîãðàäíàÿ ëîçà, romelic, arsebiTad, Sedarebaa). amgvarad, im

etapze, rodesac warmoiqmneba cnebiTi azrovneba, metafora myar

sintagmadaa qceuli da ukve ganekuTvneba `metonimiur poluss~

1 metaforas, iakobsonis kvalobaze, mivakuTvnebT paradigmatul poluss (enobriv

plans), paradigmis wevrebi ki, sosiuris gansazRvriT, `ar aris cnobierebaSi

mocemuli arc garkveuli raodenobis, arc – garkveuli mimdevrobis saxiT~

(sosiuri, 1977; 258). amitom gansazRvruli sityvebis (cnebebis) myari SekavSirebis

gziT wrmoqmnil sintagmebs metaforebad ar miviCnevT, ganurCevlad imisa, rogoraa

isini warmodgenili metyvelebaSi – orive wevriT Tu mxolod erTiT.

2 sagulisxmoa, rom iakobsoni metaforis principad asaxulebs xan substitucias

(Senacvlebas), xan seleqcias, xan ki – orives erTad. vfiqrobT, ufro koreqtulia

metaforis principad martooden seleqciis aRiareba, radgan subtitucia saufZvlad

udevs ara marto metaforas, aramed – sxva tropebsac (J. Jenetis azriT – yvela

trops). rac Seexeba seleqcias, e.i. alternatiuli variantebis SerCevis operacias,

is damaxasiaTebelia mxolod da mxolod metaforisTvis.

Tamar lomiZe

83

(iakobsonis termini). aqedan gamomdinare, cnebiTi azrovneba

genetikurad ukavSirdeba metonimias da ara metaforas.

rogorc vnaxeT, antikur epoqaSi, cnebiTi azrovnebis warmoSobisas,

xati gvevlineboda cnebis funqciiT, romantizmis epoqaSi, rodesac

filosofiuri refleqsis sagnad iqca adamianisTvis umniSvnelovanesi

cneba - me~-s cneba, xats (kerZod, me~-s xats) igive funqcia daekisra.

literatura

averincevi 1972: Àâåðèíöåâ Ñ. Ñ. «Àíàëèòè÷åñêàÿ ïñèõî ëîãèÿ».Ê.Ã. Þíãà è çàêî í îì å ð í îñòè òâî ð÷åñêîé ôàíòàçèè – kreb. « Îñ îâðå ìå í í î é áóðæóàçíîé ýñòåòèêå», Ì. 1972.

bibleri 1975: Áèáëåð Â.Ñ. Ìûøëåíèå êàê òâîð÷åñòâî, Ì. 1975.porSnevi 1974: Ï îðøíåâ Á.Ô. Î íà÷àëå ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé èñòî ð è è , Ì .

1974.raseli 1957: Ðàññåë Á. ×åëîâå÷åñêî å ïîçíàíèå, Ì. 1957.sosiuri 1977: Ñîññþð Ô. äå Òðóäû ïî ÿçûêîçíàíèþ, Ì . 1977.fixte 1993: Ôèõòå È. Ã. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ â 2-õ ò., ò. I, Ñ.-Ïá. 1993.freidenbergi 1998: Ôðåéäåíáåðã Î. Ì. Ìèô è ëèòåðàòóðà äðåâ-

íîñòè, Ì. 1998.

Tamar Lomidze

Self-conception in the Works of Georgian RomanticistPoets

The article observes the Self-image structure in the works of GeorgianRomanticist poets (Al. Chavchavadze, Gr. Orbeliani and Nic. Baratashvili), whichis compared with Self-conception in the philosophical system of I.G. Fixte. It hasbeen found that in these poet’s works cognizing of Self essence is realized in thesame ways, which is observed in philosophy, that is, the Self poetic image has anotional structure. After that the problem of genesis of notional and picturesquethinking and their correlation in the antique epoch are being analyzed. It is mentionedthat during the antique epoch, while appearing abstract thinking the image carriedout the function of notion, but at the of Romanticism epoch, when the object ofphilosophical reflection was the most important notion – Self’s notion – the image(in particular, Self~s image) was carrying out the same function.


84

merab RaRaniZe

“zevsuri” akakis poeziaSi

1915 wlis 25 ianvars, gamTeniisas, 5

saaTze, sxvitorSi, sakuTar saxlSi, akaki

wereTels tvinSi sisxli Caeqca. mTeli dRis

agoniis Semdeg, roca SuaRames gadascda, 26

ivnisis 1 saaTze, akaki gardaicvala (asaTiani

1965: 499).

erTi kviris Tavze, 2 Tebervals, jer

kidev poetis dakrZalvamde, yovelkvireul

gazeTSi “Temi” daibeWda akakis leqsi “gedi”.

formaluri uzustobis miuxedavad, ulogi-

kod ar Cans, rom swored am leqsiT mTavr-

deba akakis akademiuri Svidtomeulis pir-

veli tomi (akaki 1940: 854), romelSic misma

gamomcemlebma, aleqsandre abaSelma da pavle

ingoroyvam, poetis leqsebis sicocxlis-

droindeli publikaciebi moaTavses1.

Tumca, momdevno akademiur gamocemaSi,

TxzulebaTa TxuTmettomeulSi, am leqss

adgili miCenili aqvs ara sicocxlis miwu-

ruls daweril leqsTa Soris, aramed 1891

wlis TariRis qveS (akaki 1950: 215). TariRis

Secvlis safuZvlad TxuTmettomeulis

gamomcemeli, giorgi abzianiZe, asaxelebs

literaturis muzeumSi dacul pirad werils,

romelic “Temis” redaqtors gaugzavnia ivane

maCablisaTvis. Tavad es redaqtori am

1 leqsis pavle ingoroyvaseuli teqstologiuri

komentari aseTia: “ukanaskneli leqsia, poetis mier

gadacemuli dasabeWdad “Temi”-s redaqciisaTvis.

daibeWda poetis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1915 w. 2

Tebervals” (akaki 1941: 707).


doqtori, ilia WavWavaZis

saxelmwifo universite-

tis humanitarul mec-

nierebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis

profesori.

gamoqveynebuli aqvs asze

meti statia da esei li-

teraturis, kulturisa da

religiis sakiTxebze, maT

Soris _ sami wigni.

interesTa sfero:

literaturaTmcodneoba,

kultura, religia.

85

komentarSi saxeldebuli ar aris (savaraudoa, garkveuli politikur-

sacenzuro mosazrebis gamo), Tumca igi, rogorc Cans, unda yofiliyo

grigol diasamiZe (baqraZe 1947: 38). am werilSi, romelic 1891

wlis 22 ivlisiTaa daTariRebuli, gazeTis redaqtori atyobinebs

maCabels, rom gamojanmrTelebul akakis misTvis gaugzavnia sakuTari

axali leqsi “gedi”, “romelic yovelis mxriT mSvenieria”, xolo

werils Tan erTvis am leqsis asli (akaki 1950: 506).

Tavad “gedis” teqsti esaa:

sikvdilis wined amboben,

aWikWikdeba gedio1,

da tkbil hangebSi imarxvis

misi arsebis bedio.

ucnauria galoba

pirvel da ukanaskneli!..

aq ixateba cis sivrce,

aqve isaxvis qveskneli.

or-azrovani, or-kilo,

erTis xmiT gamometyveli,

Semoqmedebis qebaa,

cisa da qveynis Semkvreli.

saamaqveyno zaria,

saimqveyano zevsuri,

gedo! Sevnatri Sens WikWiks.

Sengvar sikvdilsac mec vsuri!.. (akaki 1950: 214).

es leqsi, _ akakis poetur teqstebs Soris siRrmiTa da

simSvenieriT gansakuTrebuli gamorCeulobis miuxedavad, _ Tundac

saTqmeliT, Tundac gamoxatvis formiT uCveulo araa “gedis” avtoris

poeziisaTvis. da aqac, iseve, rogorc xSirad, sxva SemTxvevebSi, aSkarad

Cans teqstis agebis diqotomiuri principi. striqonebisaTvis

ubralo Tvalis gadavlebac ki mTeli leqsis qsovilSi saCinos

xdis mopirispire wyvilebs: pirveli/ukanaskneli, cis kide/qveskneli,

ca/qveyana, saamaqveyno/saimqveyano, zari/zevsuri. es dapirispirebani

gedis (_ poetis) sikvdiliswina simReraSi religiur-esTetikur

1 TxuTmettomeulSi gamoqveynebul teqstSi koreqturuli Secdomaa, _ dabeWdilia:

“bedio”.

`zevsuri~ akakis poeziaSi

86 merab RaRaniZe

gawonasworebasa da sinTezs aRwevs: or-azrovani da or-kilo galoba

erTis xmiT gamomxatvelad iqceva, romelic cisa da qveynis Semkvreli

aRmoCndeba da Semoqmedebis (_ qmnilebis) qebas gamoxatavs.

sicocxlisa da sikvdilis zRvarze pirvelad da ukanasknelad

momRerali gedi (Tu mgosani) ara marto agvirgvinebs sakuTari

cxovrebis gzas da ajamebs ganvlils, _ am simReraSi DSefarulia

da mJRavndeba misi arsebis bedi: misi ara erTjeradi, aramed arsiseuli

xvedri da mniSvneloba, misi namdvili raoba. magram, amas garda,

sicocxlesTan ganSorebisas (da am ganSorebis gansakuTrebulobis

wyalobiT) igi xedavs da aRiqvams Qqveynierebis mTlianobas; afasebs

da xotbas uZRvnis qmnilebas mis yovel gamovlinebaSi; ara marto

emSvidobeba am soflis xilul xats, aramed miesalmeba mis win

gaxsnil miRmier xilvas, radganac igi am samyarosa da im samyaros

Soris imyofeba, _ amqveyniursa da imqveyniurs Soris. amitom, am

Tvalsawieridan erTad da erTianad aRiqmeba zeca da qveskneli,

aRmafrena da dacema, nivTier sofelTan ganSorebis sikvdiliswina

tkivili da aranivTier soflad sikvdilisSemdgomi amaRlebis netari

gancda. amis gamo aRaraa gamijnuli gedis galobaSi godeba da qeba;

am da amgvar erTianobaSi yovelgvari dapirispireba uqmdeba da

erTmaneTs uerTdeba, xolo mgosnis Tvalwin iSleba samyaros

mTlianobis warmtaci da gaciskrovnebuli suraTi. amitomacaa es

ukanaskneli hangebi tkbili, amitomacaa sanatreli amgvari simRera,

amitomacaa sasurveli aseTi sikvdili...

magram amjerad teqstSi yuradRebas miipyrobs arcTu mTlad

naTeli cneba: “zevsuri”, _ koncepti, romelic formiT zedsarTavs

hgavs, magram SinaarsiT ueWvelad arsebiTia, Tundac misi mewyvilidan

gamomdinare: zari/zevsuri. konteqstidan Cans, rom gedis galoba

(“WikWiki”), rac am qveynisaTvis zarad aRiqmeba (raki gedi miwier

sofels emSvidobeba), im qveynisaTvis zevsuria, ese igi, sixarulis

sadidebelia (raki gedi miRmier sofels miesalmeba)...

mainc, cnebis arsis ukeT gasagebad mivmarToT akakis sxva

teqstebs. rogorc Cans, poets Tavis poetur teqstebSi es cneba,

saerTod, Svidjer gamouyenebia (sanikiZe 1983: 391)1 da savaraudoa,

1 “akaki wereTlis poeziis leqsikonis” monacemebi emyareba poetis TxzulebaTa

sruli krebulis bolo gamocemas, _ TxuTmettomeuls (1950-1963), magram sagangebod

gadamowmda, agreTve, akakis is oTxi aTeuli leqsebi da xuTi poema, romelic

gamoqveynebulia SvidtomeulSi (1940-1959), magram aRaraa Setanili

TxuTmettomeulSi, _ rogorc aSkarad Cans, sabWoTa cenzuris moTxovnaTa

gaTvaliswinebis gamo. arc erT am teqstSi cneba “zevsuri” ar gvxvdeba.

87

rom maT Soris swored leqsi “gedi” misi gamoyenebis pirveli

SemTxvevaa (1891).

Semdgom is Cndeba leqsSi “mwuxri” (1894):

aq uecrad vardis buCqi

SeinZra da Seirxa rto,

zed bulbuli Turme ijda

gamsWvaluli martod-marto.

moeria grZnoba mmRerals,

gulSi madli Caesaxa!..

tbil-zevsuri, mware zari,

oriv erTad SemosZaxa.

xma gaisma sxivnarTi ram,

zeamtani, amaZgeri!..

yvela smenad gadaiqca,

usulo da sulieri (akaki 1950: 287-288).

am SemTxvevaSic “zevsuri”, winamorbedi teqstis msgavsad,

upirispirdeba “zars” da Tu pirveli “tkbilia”, meore “mwarea”,

magram aqac mgosnis (romelsac amjerad bulbuli warmoadgens)

simReraSi, gansakuTrebul wamSi, erTica da meorec erTiandeba da es

simRerac gamorCeulia: ara marto gaciskrovnebulobisa (“sxivnarTi”)

da STambeWdavobis gamo (“amaZgeri”), aramed imitomac, rom is zeciurTan

mimaaxloebeli da zeaRmtacia (“zeamtani”)...

imave welsaa dawerili leqsi “anderZi” (1894)1:

dil-diliT gasaRviZeblad

SaSvma mistvinos zevsuri,

rom mis maRal-ban salamurs

sikvdilmac daugdos yuri.

saRamos vardis Citunam

CaskvniT Camkvnesos “nanina”,

iqve maxloblad buCqebze

mas aerCios ra bina!..

1 leqsi CarTulia prozaul teqstSi _ moTxrobaSi “sikvdili” (Sdr. akaki 1958:

87-88).


88

da amden natvris gvirgvinad

erTsac davsaxav sxva rames:

kavSirsa sikvdil-sicocxlis,

orive soflis siames!.. (akaki 1950: 311).

aqac “zevsuri” isev gansadidebeli galobaa, romelic, rogorc

“gedis” SemTxvevaSi, isev sikvdils ukavSirdeba da, amave dros, sikvdil-

sicocxlis Serwymasa da orive sofelTan _ orive soflis

simSvenieresTan _ mgosnis arsebriv ganuyoflobas (Tumca amjerad

“zevsuri” upirispirdeba ara “zars”, aramed “naninas”, romelic

Sinaarsoblivad daZinebas _ da, farTo gagebiT, ueWvelad, sikvdils

_ aRniSnavs, miT umetes, rom “sikvdili” ukve naxsenebi iyo ori

striqoniT adre, naxsenebi iqneba oTxi striqonis Semdeg da, sxva Tu

araferi, leqss “anderZi” hqvia).

Semdgom, “zevsuri” dadasturebulia leqsSi “mgosani

(zogierTebis sapasuxod)” (1899):

xma ucnauri, xma saamuri,

gaisma qveynad marad da marad,

zogisTvis is xma Tafl-malamoa,

zogs gulzed xvdeba is naRvel-Zmarad.

erTic mRelvarebs da meoreca,

orive sworad moxiblulia

da TviT mgosanic, erTis saqebi,

aTasisaTvis wyevla-krulia.

magram mgosani hfiqrobs: “amqveynad

yoveli zraxva aris amao,

suls Semusrvils da guls damdablebuls

nu Seuracxhyof Sen ki, mamao!”

ambobs da Cangi sulis Camdgmeli

ca da qveyanas esalbuneba!..

zevsuri misi utyuaria

da mravalferi, viT TviT buneba! (akaki 1950: 415).

mgosnis simRerasTan (romelic “ucnauricaa” da “saamoc”)

dakavSirebuli mopirispire diqotomiuri wyvilebi amjeradac

merab RaRaniZe

89

TvalSisacemia: Tafl-malamo/naRvel-Zmari, qeba (“saqebi”)/wyevla-krulva,

amqveynad/imqveynad (_ mimarTva zeciuri mamisadmi), ca/qveyana... TviT

simRera (“Cangi”) ki isev ganuyofelia: am soflisTvisac da im

soflisTvisac is damaamebeli (“esalbuneba”) da amaRorZinebelia

(“sulis Camdgmeli”); poetis RmrTaebrivi galoba, “zevsuri”, _

romelic amjerad mewyvilis gareSe, calad aris moxseniebuli, _

ucdomelia (“utyuari”) da iseve mravalmxrivia, rogorc Tavad samyaro

an, ufro viwrod, ormxrivi, rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi, magram rac

yvela SemTxvevaSi dapirispirebaTa kosmosur erTianobas gulisxmobs

da rac samyaroseul mravalferobasa da mTlianobas ireklavs...

dabolos, akakis lirikul memkvidreobaSi cneba “zevsuri”

gvxvdeba leqsSi “bodva”, romelic Janrobrivad ufro lirikuli

poemis elfers atarebs da romelic poetis TxuTmettomeulSi

amgvaradaa daTariRebuli 1889-1892-1902 ww. (kerZod, teqstis is

monakveTi, sadac “zevsuria” dadasturebuli, 1902 wels gamoqveynda):

aRma mfreni daRmac xedavs

ufro naTlad, ufro didad!

qveynis Wiri, qveynis lxini

win miuZRvis gzad da xidad.

Cemi qnaric aRmamfreni

xan zars ambobs da xan zevsurs,

dRes ki bodavs da vafrTxileb,

yurs nu ugdebs, visac ar hsurs (akaki 1954: 55-56).

mopirispire wyvilebi am teqstSi amgvaria: aRma/daRma, Wiri/

lxini, gza/xidi, zari/zevsuri, aRmamfreni simRera (“qnari”)/bodva,

xolo mgosani ki, _ romelic raki zena soflis binadaria, ukeT

xedavs qvena sofelsac, _ xan glovobs (“zars... ambobs”) da xan

sadidebel-sasixarulo simReras (“zevsurs”) galobs, Tumca amjerad

es ori cneba _ “zari” da “zevsuri” _ ara imdenad erTiandeba,

ramdenadac upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da mxolod poetis pirovnebasa

da saTqmelSi, mgosnis “qnarSi”, xdeba maTi urTierTSerwyma...

rac Seexeba akakis epikur poetur Semoqmedebas, “zevsuri” poets

gamouyenebia poemaSi “naTela” (1897):

SeityveT saidumloba

zeciur tkbili xmebisa

da SeiswavleT kanoni

imaTi SeTanxmebisa!


90

me maSin mxolod gavbedav

xeli Sevaxo Cangursa

da mware zari am qveynis

SevrTo im qveynis zevsursa.

rom mec galobiT, gediviT,

davagdo qveynis sazRvari,

Cavdne Cemsave hangebSi

da gavqre, rogorc lampari! (akaki 1956a: 184)

“naTelas” _ poetis mxatvruli ostatobis erT-erTi umaRlesi

gamovlinebis _ am striqonebSi, erTi mxriv, leqsis “gedis” saTqmeli

ufro sxartadaa gamoTqmuli (Tan amjeradac mgosnis aRsaniSnavad

poeti isev momakvdavi gedis saxiT sargeblobs) da, meore mxriv, aq

Tavs iyris yovelive is, rasac poetis xedvasa da warmosaxvaSi

“zevsuri” aRniSnavs: zeciuri, idumali (“saidumloba”), mSvenieri

(“tkbili”) galoba, sadac amqveyniuri godeba erwymis imqveyniur

sadidebels, romelsac mgosani sikvdilis pirispir mReris...

dabolos, akakis originaluri poeziis garda, “zevsuri” kidev

erTxel gvxvdeba mis mier gadmoqarTulebul poetur teqstSi _

krilovis “parnasis” akakiseul TargmanSi (igav-arakis teqsti

pirvelad gamoqveynda “iveriaSi” 1901 wels):

didyuraanT scodniaT:

es midamo da gzebi

rom adre RmerTebs hqondaT

da scxovrobdnen muzebi.

ukravdnen da imRerdnen

“mze-Sinas” da “zevsursa”

da miTi qveyanasac

uwevdnen samsaxursa (akaki 1955: 84).

sayuradReboa, rom mTeli is strofi, sadac “zevsuri” aris

naxsenebi, akakis originaluri Semoqmedebis nayofia, akakiseuli

SemoqmedebiTi CanarTia (rac arcTu iSviaTi SemTxvevaa mis mier

Sesrulebul TargmanebSi), radgan ivan krilovs Tavis igav-arakSi

msgavsi araferi aqvs naxsenebi (“Ïàðíàñ”: “Îñëû, íå çíàþ, êàê-òîçíàëè, // ×òî ïðåæäå Ìóçû òóò æèâàëè” _ krilovi 1946: 14).

merab RaRaniZe

91

am SemTxvevaSic, “zevsuri” RmrTaebrivi qebaa, romelsac Tavad

RmerTebi da muzebi galoben (“mzeSinasTan” erTad), magram amjeradac

es simRera ara marto zeciuri samyofelis sagalobelia, aramed am

qveyanasac exmaureba, emsaxureba da, Sesabamisad, isev ori soflis

SemaerTebeli daniSnuleba aqvs.

sanam sabolood “zevsuris” Sinaarsi da warmoSoba gairkveodes,

unda daiZebnos Tavad “zevsis” xseneba akakis poeziaSi. “zevsi” mis

poetur teqstebSi orgzis gvxvdeba da orivegan periferiulia.

erTia isev krilovis igav-araki “uRmrToeba” (pirvelad gamoqveynda

igav-arakebis krebulSi 1906 wels), sadac moTxrobilia uRmrToTa

ajanyebis Sesaxeb “ulumbos” (olimpis) mTaze mcxovreb im warmarTul

RmrTaebaTa winaaRmdeg, romelTa Soris “zevsi iyo mTavar-RmerTad”

(akaki 1955: 112), xolo meoregan, dramatul poemaSi “media” (1893-

1894), mTavari personaJi qali mimarTavs berZenTa uzenaes RmrTaebas:

maRalo zevso, nuTu diana

aq sanadirod gadmofrenila?! (akaki 1956b: 188).

cxadia, rom “zevsis” xseneba verc pirvel da verc meore

SemTxvevaSi, sadac is, martivad, trivialurad warmarT berZenTa

umaRlesi RmrTaebaa, arafers iZleva sakvlevi problemis dasaZlevad,

arafers hmatebs zemore moyvanil teqstebs da, Sesabamisad, unda

gamoiricxos akakiseuli “zevsuris” konceptis gasagebad aucilebeli

konteqstidan.

mainc, sabolood, ra SeiZleba iTqvas “zevsuris” konceptis

Sesaxeb akakis poeziaSi? pirvel yovlisa, yvela moyvanil SemTxvevaSi

is erTmniSvnelovnad arsebiTi saxelia da ara zedsarTavi, rogorc

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba egonos mkiTxvels, Semdgom, is RmrTaebisadmi

mimarTuli, RmrTaebrivi, zeciuri mizanswrafvis sagalobelia,

romelSic samyaros mTlianoba da ganuyoflobaa asaxuli da rac

miwier msmenels, SesaZloa, godeba egonos, sinamdvileSi ki xsnis,

sixarulisa da netarebis sadidebelia, da kidev, is yovelTvis

ganuyofelia am soflisa da im soflis kavSirTan, sazRvarTan, am

sazRvarze yofnasTan (savaraudoa, rom iqac ki, sadac araa naxsenebi

“sikvdili”, rogorc leqsSi “mwuxri”, is teqstis struqturul

mTlianobaSi mainc igulisxmeba), romeli Tvalsawieridanac yovelgvari

SeuTavsebloba da dapirispireba uqmdeba.

rac Seexeba “zevsuris” warmoSobas akakis poeziaSi: savaraudoa,

rom “zevsuris” wyaro an uSualod ioane SavTelis “abdulmesiani”


92

iyos, sadac is teqstis dasawyis striqonebSi gvxvdeba, an daviT

CubinaSvilis qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, romlis beWdva 1887 wels

daiwyo da romlis gamocema 1890 wels gasrulda (CubinaSvili

1984: VI). sayuradReboa, rom “zevsuri” swored am wlis Semdeg

Cndeba akakis sityvaTxmarebaSi. amave dros, es erTaderTi leqsikonia

(garda, ra Tqma unda, “abdulmesianis” gviandeli leqsikonebisa),

sadac es leqsema gvxvdeba, sadac is Targmnilia da sadac miTiTebulia

misi literaturuli wyaro. am leqsikonSi “zevsis” ganmartebasa

da Targmans imave budeSi mohyeba: “zevsuri, âûñøèé, áîæåñòâåííûé,SavT. 1” (CubinaSvili 1984: 519).

advili SesaZlebelia, rom akakis am leqsemisaTvis CubinaSvilis

leqsikonSi miegno, an iqidan gahxseneboda misi arseboba, Tumca

ueWvelia poetis mier Tavad SavTelis teqstis codna, rac dasturdeba

akakiseul teqstebSi “abdulmesianis” avtoris araerTi moxseniebiT

da misi poetur-saxotbo wignis ramdenimegzisi, arcTu dadebiTi,

SefasebiT.

akakis damokidebulebas samefo mexotbis mimarT, albaT, yvelaze

mkafiod gamoxatavs SavTelis, saerTod, pirvelive moxsenieba poetis

mier _ statiaSi “qarTuli scena”, romelic 1895 wels gamoqveynda

da sadac Zveli qarTveli mexotbe amgvaradaa daxasiaTebuli: “gaberili,

uniWo ritori”, xolo misi qmnilebis Sesaxeb ki naTqvamia: “gaugebari,

grZnoba-gonebis mZime tvirTi” (akaki 1961a: 215)1. metnaklebad amgvarivea

misi ramdenime sxva gamonaTqvamic SavTelis gamo2, Tumca sicocxlis

miwuruls, 1911 wels, akaki beWdavs mogonebas taras SevCenkos Sesaxeb

(rusulad, rusul gazeTSi), sadac ixsenebs, rom SevCenkosTan

siymawvilisdroindeli Sexvedrisas da saubrisas mas rusTveli,

SavTeli da CaxruxaZe “msoflio poetebad” (“ì èð îâûå ï îýòû”)mouxseniebia (akaki 1963: 554).

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SavTelis poeziis mimarT uaryofiTi

damokidebulebis gacxadebisas akaki aSkarad subieqturia, _ am

SemTxvevaSi igi arc miukerZoebelia da arc sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar

1 imave 1895 wels gamoqveynebul satirul poetur teqstSi _ “panorama” (“xan

rusTvelobs, xan SavTelobs, // xanac moiCaxruxavebs” _ akaki 1950: 322) SavTeli,

SesaZloa, ufro pozitiur konteqstSia aRmoCenili, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia

mTeli teqstis ironiuli konotacia da is, rom akaki yuradRebas amaxvilebs

satiris obieqtad qceuli poetis socialur rolze, sazogadoebriv aRqmaze da,

amdenad, aq Znelia danaxul iqnes SavTelis Tavad akakiseuli Sefaseba.

2 SavTelis mimarT akakis damokidebulebis mimoxilva da ganxilva ix. menabde

1973: 164-169.

merab RaRaniZe

93

poezias gamoricxavs Sefasebis sferodan (Tundac poetiseuli

kontrastuli TviTSefaseba konteqstidan impliciturad

gamomdinareobdes!). akaki sruliad mcdarad da umarTebulod miiCnevs,

rom misi Tanamedrove qarTveli mkiTxveli SavTels gadaWarbebul

Rirebulebas aniWebs da, kidev meti, rusTvelis gverdiT an xandaxan

mis maRlac ki ayenebs. akaki amgvari araswori Sefasebis mizezs

SavTelis poeziis moCvenebiT Rrmaazrovanebasa da bundovanebaSi

xedavs, romlisganac srulebiT gansxvavdeba rusTveluri leqsisa

Tu Txrobis simsubuqe da sisadave, rac simartiviT cdunebul

mkiTxvels naklebi Rirebulebisa hgonia (“rodesac qarTveli

mwignobrebi da mwerlebi advilaT gasageb rusTvels hkiTxulobdnen,

ase egonaT: aq sityvebia kargi, Tvara azri didi ara aris rao!.. [...]

iseTi ubralo sityvebia, rom Tu ar miTqvams, SemeZlo ki rom meTqva

da yvela Cemi nacnobebic ki moaxerxeben amis Tqmaso. sakvirvelia

kaci. rac advilaT da gauWirveblaT eZleva, arafraT agdebs! ubralo

hgonia da rac gaWirvebas uCvenebs, is ki did rameT miaCnia! SavTelisa

Cven Zvelebs ara esmodaT ra! misi sityvebis raxa-ruxi da braxa-

bruxi harmonia egonaT!.” _ akaki 1961a: 215).

am konteqstSi akaki, bunebrivia, sakuTar Tavs rusTvelTan aigivebs1

da daufarav sayvedurs gamoTqvams mkiTxvelis mimarT, romelic

sxva poetebis qmnilebebs did fass adebs mxolod simZimisa da

maTSi gamoTqmuli azris crumniSvnelovnobis gamo. savaraudoa, rom

iseve, rogorc akaki sakuTar Tavs rusTvelTan da mis poetikur

principebTan kavSirSi moiazrebs, aseve, rusTvelis Tanamedrove

(tradiciis Tanaxmad!) SavTelis konotaciac akakis romelime

Tanamedrove poets gulisxmobdes, romelsac amgvarive simZime da

azriT yalbi Tu namdvili datvirTuloba axasiaTebdes, Tumca

WeSmarit poeziasTan, akakis azriT, amgvar qmnilebebs araferi aqvs

saerTo.

TiTqosda ucnaurad Cans, rom mogvianebiT, 1902 wels, CaxruxaZisa

da SavTelis teqstebis niko mariseuli akademiuri gamocemis gacnobis

Semdeg, am wignis gamo dabeWdil gamoxmaurebaSi akakim SesaZleblad

miiCnia, rom ara marto “Tamariani”, aramed SavTelis “abdulmesianic”

rusTvelis qmnilebad mieCnia: “ara Tu marto Tamaris qeba, Caxruxauli

dawerili, daviTis qebac, is, romelsac batoni marri SavTels awers,

1 Sdr. akakis poeziis gamo sazogadoebriv literaturul cnobierebaSi

saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli stereotipi, araerTgzis

aRniSnuli literaturismcodneobaSic: es poezia tovebs macdur STabeWdilebas,

rom ase wera nebismier msurvels SeuZlia.


94

_ rusTvelisave dawerilia da samive erTad vefxis tyaosnis avtors

ekuTvnis. amas ara Tu azris Tanxmoba, TviT sityvebis erTgvari

xmebic ki gvimtkicebs. da Tu marTla erTisa da imave avtoris

nawarmoebi ar aris da sxvadasxvis, maSin sCans, rom erTi meorisagan

gadmouRiaT, mouparavT, brmaT miubaZavT da amas rogor ikadrebda an

erTi maTgani, maSin rodesac Tavis Tavad SemoqmedebiTi Zali

umwvervalesobamde miuyvaniaT” (akaki 1961b: 133-134). Sefasebis

amjerad aseTi radikaluri gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, ara sxva rames,

aramed imas metyvelebdes, rom Tavis dros SavTelis poeziaze

akakiseuli Tavdasxmebi ara marto sazogado “nihilisturi”

ganwyobebis gamoZaxiliT iyo ganpirobebuli 1, aramed konkretuli

sababiTac, sadac SavTels akaki imgvari garkveuli poetikuri poziciis

niSnobriv gamovlinebad miiCnevda, ragvarsac igi imJamad mkveTrad

upirispirdeboda!

aseve TiTqos moulodnelia, SavTelisadmi akakis Cveuli

mimarTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, akakis mier “zevsuris” sesxeba swored

SavTelis poeturi leqsikidan (Tanac im wlebSi, roca poetis

damokidebuleba “abdulmesianis” avtoris mimarT Seurigebeli da

daundobelia!), magram am cnebis sxva wyaro jerjerobiT ar Cans,

xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu poeti uSualod eyrdnoba ara “abdulmesianis”

Sesaval striqonebs, aramed daviT CubinaSvilis leqsikons (rac

ufro naklebadaa savaraudo!), iqac wyaro _ SavTelis saxotbo

Txzuleba _ Tvalxiluladaa miTiTebuli. amas garda, akakis

pirvelwyarod mainc SavTelis teqstis miCnevas mkafiod adasturebs

riTmis pirdapiri reproducireba “abdulmesianidan” (zevsuri/vsuri)

da Tanac iq, sadac “zevsuri”, saerTod, pirvelad Cndeba akakiseul

teqstebSi _ leqsSi “gedi”.

mainc sad, rogor da risTvis xmarobs SavTeli “zevsurs” da

ramdenad adekvaturad isesxa es cneba akakim?

ioane SavTelis “abdulmesiani” ase iwyeba (1, 1-4):

samebiT RmerTman, arsebiT erTman

momces me swavla Tqvenda Semkobad!

giZRvna qebani: mwads aq ebani,

daviTis daviT vjde musikobad.

mesma zevsuri: ra vnaxe, vsuri,

rom sityva meTxznes mefeTa cnobad,

mun gulisxmobiT TviT gulis ÃmobiT

kari sibrZnisa sulelTa qebad (SavTeli 1964: 117).

1"mesamoce wlebSi rom ruseTidan davbrundiT, nigilistobis safuari cota-

odnaT Cvenc modebuli gvqonda” (akaki 1961a: 384).

merab RaRaniZe

95

niko mariseul gamocemamde (1902) akaki, rogorc Cans,

“abdulmesianis” teqsts icnobda an platon ioselianiseuli (1838),

an daviT CubinaSviliseuli (1863), an zaqaria WiWinaZiseuli (1883)

gamocemebidan, an sulac xelnawerebidan (rac ufro naklebadaa

mosalodneli!), romelTa wakiTxvebi metad umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba

zemore moyvanilisagan1.

xolo rac Seexeba teqstis Tanamedrove mecnierul

interpretacias, im orstriqonedis gasagebad, sadac “zevsuri” gvxdeba,

mogvyavs komentari “abdulmesianis” bolo akademiuri gamocemidan

(komentaris avtoria ivane lolaSvili):

gamoTqmas “mesma zevsuri: ra vnaxe vsuri” mose janaSvili

kiTxulobs: “me, sma zevsuri ra vnaxe, vsuri”... da ganmartavs: “mefed

dasma zevsebr zenaurad, umaRlesi nebiT ra vnaxe, me msurs Sevaqo

mefeo” (abd., 1920, gv. 37). daviTi “zenaurad, umaRlesi nebiT” mefed

ar dausvamT; is, rogorc Tamaris meuRle, mefis uflebiT sargeblobda,

gvirgvinosan mefed ki Tamari iTvleboda. Tu davuSvebT, rom daviTi

mefed dasves, “zenaurad, umaRlesis nebiT”, maSin es unda momxdariyo

1189 wels, roca Tamarma da daviTma iqorwines; magram gana 15-20

wlis Semdeg SeiZleba eTqva poets: “ra daviTis mefed dasma vnaxe,

msurs xotba davweroo?” garda amisa, “sma” ar niSnavs dasmas da

“zevsuri” _ zenaurs, an umaRles nebas. “me sma” erTi sityvaa _ m e

s m a (me is), e.i. momesma, Sevityve, gavige, xolo “zevs-ur-i” _

zevsisebri, çåâñîâñêèé (n. mari), nawarmoebia sakuTari saxelidan

zevs-i. SavTelisTvis es zevsi _ mrisxane, Zlieri da mgrgvinavi

RmerTi, STagonebis mimniWebelia: mesma zevsuri (brZola da), ra vnaxe,

movisurve, rom momeces SesaZlebloba sityvani SevTxza mefis

Sesamkoblad (Znobad) (SavTeli 1964: 157).

daaxloebiT amgvaradvea ganmartebuli SavTeliseuli “zevsuri”

“abdulmesianis” XX saukunis saqrestomaTio Tu sajaro gamocemebis

leqsikonebSic: “zevsisa, RvTiuri” (qrestomaTia 1949: 435),

“zevsiseburi” (Cveni saunje 1960: 535), “zevsiseburi” (qarTuli

poezia 1979: 346).

yvela SemTxvevaSi, saSualeba gvaqvs, davaskvnaT: filologiuri

kvlevis safuZvelze miCneulia, rom “zevsuri” SavTelis poeziaSi

ueWvelad zedsarTavi saxelia (da ara arsebiTi!) da, Sesabamisad,

“abdulmesianis” Sesaval striqonebSi naTqvamia ara is, rom mas

1 mxolod or xelnawerSi “zevsurs” enacvleba “xevsuri”, rasac teqstis

variantebiani gamocemis redaqtori, ivane lolaSvili, “weriT Secdomad” miiCnevs

(SavTeli 1964: 116-117).


96

“zevsuri” esma, aramed is, rom mas poemis saqebari obieqtis,

xotbaSesasxmeli gmiris zevsuri brZolebis (an brZolis, an Tundac

gamefebis) Sesaxeb esma. Tuki akademiur sivrceSi ganmtkicebul am

Tvalsazriss daveyrdnobiT, maSin unda miviCnioT, rom, roca akakim

waikiTxa: “mesma zevsuri”, bunebrivi poeturi (ritmuli) pauza man

logikur pauzad miiCnia, saTqmelis farglebi am ori sityviT

dasazRvra da maT miRma aRar uZebnia is uTqmeli obieqti, rasac

“zevsuri” gansazRvravda (mesma ra? _ zevsuri!), xolo “zevsuris”

smenam mas warmousaxa RmrTaebrivi, zevsisadmi mimarTuli da zevsuri

RmrTaebriobiT gamsWvaluli simRera.

amgvari midgomiT, akakiseulma aramarTebulma, arasworma

interpretaciam warmoSva mis poeziasa da esTetikur xedvaSi axali

koncepti, _ “zevsuri”, _ romelsac qarTul poetur tradiciaSi,

rogorc Cans, arc winamorbedi hyavda da akakis Semdgom arc memkvidre

aRmoaCnda1.

magram uTuod Cndeba kiTxva: SavTeliseuli “zevsuri” akakim

marTlac arasworad gaigo da am mcdari gaazrebis Sedegad aRmocenda

cneba, romelmac sruliad axali Sinaarsi SeiZina “gedis” avtoris

poeziaSi Tu akakim poeturi mixvedris wyalobiT moixelTa

“zevsuris” namdvili Sinaarsi, rac miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda

filologiuri kvlevisaTvis, xolo SemoqmedebiTi gadaZaxilis

meSveobiT XIX saukunis poetma swored is Sefaruli mniSvneloba

gaacocxla da gaaRviva, rac am cnebaSi aswleulebiT adre

“abdulmesianis” odindelma avtorma igulisxma. gana ueWvelad

dasturdeba, rom “zevsuri” zevsisebr, RmrTaebriv qmedebebs aRniSnavs

da ara RmrTaebriv, zeaRmtac sagalobels? iqneb, erTi poetis sityvis

siRrmiseuli gageba, Tundac JamTa wiaR, yvelaze ukeT swored meore

poetma SeZlo?!

orsave SemTxvevaSi, _ SavTeliseuli cnebis akakiseuli wakiTxva

interpretaciuli Secdoma iyo Tu intiuciuri wvdoma, _ mainc,

akakis “zevsuri” qarTul poeziaSi darCa poeziis sikvdilTan

Tanaziarobis, am soflisa da im soflis sazRvarze yofnis, am

1 akakis poeturi memkvidrisaTvis qarTul poeziaSi, galaktion tabiZisaTvis, ra

Tqma unda, SeumCneveli ar darCenila akakiseuli “zevsuri”, rac mis gamoqveynebul

teqstebSi xuTgzis gvxvdeba, magram rac unda ucnauri iyos, galaktionTan is, _

erTi saTuo gamonaklisis garda, _ yvelgan zedsarTavis formiT da akakisagan

savsebiT gansxvavebul konteqstSi dasturdeba. Tumca “zevsuris” galaktioniseuli

ganzomileba scildeba amJamad ganxiluli sakiTxis farglebs da calke da

sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs.

merab RaRaniZe

97

sazRvridan samyaros erTianobis xilvisa da mis mimarT aRvlenili

RmrTaebrivi sadideblis gamoxatulebad.

literatura

akaki 1940: wereTeli a. Txzulebani: sruli krebuli Svid tomad,

t. I, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1940.

akaki 1941: wereTeli a. Txzulebani: sruli krebuli Svid tomad,

t. II, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1941.

akaki 1950: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad, t. II, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1950.


tomad, t. III, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1954.


tomad, t. IV, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1955.

akaki 1956a: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad, t. V, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1956.

akaki 1956b: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad, t. VI, Tb.: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1956.


tomad, t. VIII, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1958.

akaki 1961a: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad, t. XIII, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1961.

akaki 1961b: wereTeli a. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli TxuTmet

tomad, t. XIV, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1961.


tomad, t. XV, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1963.

asaTiani 1965: asaTiani l. cxovreba akaki wereTlisa, Tb.: nakaduli,

1965.

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1945, Tb.: wignis palata, 1947.

krilovi 1946: Êðûëîâ È. À. Ï îëíîå ñî áðàíèå ñî ÷èíåíèé. Ò. III. Ì.:ÎÃÈÇ, 1946.

menabde 1973: menabde l. XIX saukunis qarTveli klasikosebi da

Zveli qarTuli mwerloba, Tb.: ganaTleba, 1973.

sanikiZe 1983: sanikiZe T. akaki wereTlis poeziis leqsikoni, w. II,

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98

qrestomaTia 1949: Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, II,

Tb.: stalinis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

gamomcemloba, 1949.

SavTeli 1964: Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni, II: ioane SavTeli,

abdulmesiani, Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis Sesxma, Tb:

mecniereba, 1964.

Cveni saunje 1960: Cveni saunje: qarTuli mwerloba oc tomad, t.

2, Tb.: nakaduli, 1960.

CubinaSvili 1984: CubinaSvili d. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb.:

sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1984.

Merab Ghaghanidze

“Zevsuri” in the Poetry of Akaki Tsereteli

The word “zevsuri” is used in the poetry of Akaki Tsereteli some severaltimes, but is not clear what exactly it means. As it seems, poet have discovered“zevsuri” in the medieval panegyric poetical text “Abdulmesiani” by Ioane Shavteli.But is difficult to say, what was it - Tsereteli’s interpretative mistake or his intuitiveunderstanting, that he found out in this word the consept of the Divine song,which is sing by poet before his death, the song of the laudation of the wholeworld.

merab RaRaniZe

99

nino abakelia

saganTa funqcionirebisaTvissamyaros modelSi

(qarTuli masalis mixedviT)

cnobilia, rom kulturis ZiriTad

semantikur elementebs kategoriebi Seadgenen.

kategoriebi CabeWdilia enaSi da niSanTa sxva

sistemebSi: xelovnebis enaSi, mecnierebaSi,

religiebSi... samyaros gaazreba am katego-

riebis gareSe iseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda,

rogorc enis kategoriis gareSe.

kulturis fundamentur kategoriebad

iTvleba dro, sivrce, cvlileba, mizezi, bedi,

ricxvi, damokidebuleba grZnobiTsa da

zegrZnobiTs Soris, mimarTeba nawilsa da

mTels Soris da sxv. aRniSnuli cnebebi yovel

kulturaSi dakavSirebuli arian erTmaneTTan

da qmnian Tavisebur “samyaros models” e. w.

“koordinatTa qsels”, romlis meSveobiTac

adamianebi aRiqvamen sinamdviles, sakuTar

cnobierebaSi ageben samyaros suraTs (gureviCi

1972: 5-26).

nivTebi/sagnebi teqstebSi gvian Cndeba.

kosmologiuri e.i. uZvelesi teqstebi ar

exebian nivTebs, par excellence, da maT rTavengakvriT, rogorc mizanscenis erTgvar funq-

ciur-damxmare rekvizits (Sdr., Tundac

iSTaris samosis aRwera, romelsac igi ixdis

erSkigalTan Casvlisas). “istoriul”

periodSi, romelic kosmogoniis memkvidrea,

nivTi revanSs iRebs. rogorc “dabali”

Sesaqmis ZiriTadi elementi, igi xdeba

k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k ak u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

istoriis mecnierebaTa


saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis humanitarul


ris kvlevebis fakulte-

tis asocirebuli pro-

fesori. iv. javaxiSvilis

sax. istoriisa da eT-

nologiis institutis

mTavari mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

Ìèô è ðèòóàë â ÇàïàäíîéÃðóçèè., Òá. 1991.simbolo da rituali

qarTul kulturaSi, Tb.,

1997.

interesTa sfero:

kulturuli anTropolo-

gia, semiotika, uZveles

kulturaTa kvlevebi,

miTologia da reli-

giebis istoria, anali-

zuri fsiqologia, li-

teraturis istoria, mu-

sika, xelovnebis istoria.

100 nino abakelia

garkveulwilad, istoriisa da kulturis ZiriTadi indeqsic,

romliTac Sesabamisi qronologiuri Wrilis “modeli” ganisazRvreba

(civiani: 121-122).

“samyaros modelSi” CarTuli erT-erTi elementi _ ganZi _

erTi, ori an meti nivTisagan Semdgar depozits warmoadgens.

samyaros modelSi “CarTuloba” mas miTo-ritualur kompleqsebTan

da, Sesabamisad, kulturis sxvadasxva kategoriasTan akavSirebs. ganZis

Caflva miwaSi garkveul rwmena-warmodgenaTa ciklTanaa dakavSirebuli

(mag., iseTTan, rogoricaa miRmur samyarosTan mimarTeba).

kulturis kategoriebSi sikvdilis kategorias gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia qarTvelTa yofaSi, xolo dakrZalvis wes-CveulebaTa

kompleqsSi ganZi, rogorc qonebis niSani, specifikur mniSvnelobas

iZens.

ganZis “gadagzavna” cocxalTa samyarodan micvalebulTa samyaroSi

dakavSirebulia rwmena-warmodgenaTa ciklTan sicocxlis Sesaxeb

sikvdilis Semdeg.

ganZi, rogorc xiluli samyaros niSani, garkveulwilad

dakavSirebulia uxilav samyarosTan da migvaniSnebs mimarTebaze:

grZnobiTi/zegrZnobiTi, xiluli/uxilavi da a.S.

da maic, romel RirebulebaTa orientaciis cnebas unda

gulisxmobdes ganZi? eTnografiuli dakvirvebebis mixedviT, adamiani

ganZs agrovebda rogorc saaqaosTvis, aseve saiqiosTvisac.

ganasxvaveben bunebriv, miwaSi Camalul ganZs ( liToni, sabado,

madani, miwis wiaRiseuli) da adamianis xeliT Seqmnili sagnebisgan

Semdgar ganZs (sameurneo, saritualo, sabrZolo iaraRebi, monetebi...),

(antiTeza: buneba / kultura); orive tipis ganZi sakralur sferos

miekuTvneba da miRmur rwmena-warmodgenaTa kompleqss ukavSirdeba.

“bunebrivi” ganZi “saiqiodan (gare samyarodan, gare sknelidan Sinas

rac gars akravs da ara mxolod micvalebulTa samyarodan, rogorc

dRes ixmareba es termini. aRniSnuli terminis sivrculi

aspeqtebisTvis ix. 2.9-15) mosulad” iTvleba (meteoritebi,

wiaRiseuli) da gulisxmobs “moZraobas” garedan SigniT _ imieridan

amierSi, adamianis xeliT Seqmnili ganZi Signidan/Sinadan gareT,

amieridan imierSi moZraobis maCvenebelia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ganZi

kosmiur doneebTan aris dakavSirebuli. ufro metic, ganZi kosmosis

sakralur sferoebTan kontaqtis, komunikaciis saSualebaa, rac

saaqaoSi yoveli adamianisTvis umTavresi sazrunavi iyo.

ganZis es funqciebi (e. i. komunikaciis funqciebi) qarTul kul-

turaSi dasturdeba, rogorc arqeologiuri (abakelia 1987: 134-149),

101

aseve eTnografiuli monacemebiTac (lorTqifaniZe 2004: 58-67; kan-

delaki 2001: 317-320). rogorc aRiniSna, ganZs adamiani agrovebda

rogorc saaqaosTvis, ise saiqiosTvis da cdilobda dagrovili ganZi

rac SeiZleba moxerxebulad gadaetana, gadaegzavna saiqioSi. amisTvis

igi specialur ritualebs asrulebda. magaliTad, qarTul xalxur

yofaSi eTnologebi aseT specialur ritualad “luxors”// “lexors”

miiCneven. Zalian mokled luxoris ritualis ganmarteba aseTia a.

daviTianis mixedviT: “luxoris gadaxda, romelic “xor” Ziridan

momdinareobs da Sesawiravebisa da Semwirvelebis krebuls aRniSnavs,

saWiro iyo imaTTvis, vinc saaqaos uSvilo iyo da saiqios uzrunveli

cxovrebis gagrZeleba undoda qonebis gadatanis gziT. “luxoris”

ritualis Sesrulebisas (xarebis tradiciulad xuTis an metis

Sewirvis ritualis Sesrulebisas, rac miznad isaxavda saiqioSi

garantirebul cxonebas) rogorc es m. kandelakma Seiswavla, mTavari

mizani iyo qonebis dagroveba-daxarjva anu qonebis daZvra. qarTvel

mTielTa samyaroSi orientacia aRebuli iyo saxelian yofnaze saaqaoSi

da uzrunvel yofaze saiqioSi (surgulaZe 2003: 58-67). i.surgulaZis

azriT, qarTvel mTielTa samyaroSi imave simbolizms e.w. “walalulni”

da “wargzavnilni” (anu winaswar Sewirulni) emsaxurebodnen [7].

mkvlevarebis azriT (m.kandelaki, i.surgulaZe) arsebobs qonebis

gadatanis ori xerxi, daflva da gafantva. gafantva Tavs inarCunebs,

rogorc socialuri prestiJis forma (surgulaZe 2003: 58-67;

kandelaki 2001: 317-322).

mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi dasturdeba funqcionaluri

TvalsazrisiT luxoris msgavsi rituali cnobili “sulis

gadabrZanebis” saxelwodebiT cnobili, romelic “nanaTliRebis

xuTSabaTs” sruldeboda, e.i. naTlisRebis Semdeg pirvel xuTSabaTs

ewyoboda specialuri vaxSami, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT sakurTxs

gaakeTebdnen da “gadaulocavdnen WiSkars”. adgilobrivi rwmeniT, am

dRes “mkvdarma da cocxalma “ erTad unda Wamos. gardacvlilTaTvis

idgmeboda skamebi (sakurcxili). vaxSmis Semdeg, aiRebdnen erT kvers,

erT Wiqa Rvinos, erT naWer xorcs da gaemarTebodnen WiSkrisken,

gzadagza Rvinos asxamdnen da Tan iZaxdnen: “wamobrZandiT, wamobr-

ZandiTo”. cariel Wiqas WiSkarTan dadgamdnen, kvers da xorcs

daadebdnen da ukanmouxedavad dabrundebodnen saxlSi. igive rituali

svaneTSi lifanalis, samegreloSi galeniSis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili

(surgulaZe 2003: 238-239). svaneTSi ufro reliefurad SemorCenili

rwmenebis mixedviT, aRniSnuli dResaswaulis dros gardacvlil

winaparTa sulebi saiqioSi Sewiruli cxovelebis sulebs

saganTa funqcionirebisaTvis samyaros modelSi (qarTuli masalis mixedviT)

102

mierekebodnen. amave rwmena-warmodgenebis amsaxvelia primitiuli

naxatebi, romlebsac aRniSnul dResaswaulze qalebi xatavdnen

sxvadasxva saganze specialurad momzadebuli (nakurTxi wyliTa da

nacris SereviT mRebuli) “saRebaviT” (abakelia 1987: 134-139).

Tu ganZTan dakavSirebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi yofam

ufro ritualebi Semoinaxa, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi

gansakuTrebiT andrezebia SemorCenili wminda saganZurebze, romlebic

saidumlo adgilebSia (gamoqvabulebSi, miwis siRrmeebSia) daculi.

maT qvesknelis Zalebi ifaraven, masTan wm. giorgis mier qajaveTis

dalaSqvris motivia dakavSirebuli da sxv. (bardaveliZe 1957: 81-

102; oCiauri 1967: 83-127).

rogorc specialuri literaturidan kargad aris cnobili,

mosaxleoba gansakuTrebuli ridiT da krZalviT ekideba ganZs.

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, verc fSaveli da verc xevsuri

napovn oqros an vercxls TavisTvis ver gamoiyenebda, is aucileblad

laSaris jvrisTvis unda Seewira. jvars hyavda Tavisi msaxuri

(jvaris msaxuri), romelsac Cabarebuli hqonda jvris Tas-ganZi.

mxolod ganZis mcvelma icoda misi adgilsamyofeli, samalavi. mas

gamohqonda igi dResaswaulebze, dReobis damTavrebis Semdeg

asufTavebda da kvlav Tavis adgilze abinavebda... sainteresoa, rom

am meganZurebs Tavad jvari irCevda qadagis piriT. meganZuri ori

iyo. Tu orive daixoceboda, samalavis adgilsamyofeli saidumlod

darCeboda. Tas-ganZic ikargeboda da saganZuris aRmoCena, rogorc

amas z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs, mxolod rCeulTa xvedri iyo (kiknaZe 1996:

83-127).

erTerTi aseTi rCeulTagani, romelmac SeZlo uxilavi ganZis

gamovlena, z.kiknaZis gamokvlevebiT, qarTvelTa erTiani qveynis mefe

farnavazi iyo, romelmac Tbilisis “RirRalebSi” miagno ganZs.

farnavazma misi wyalobiT gaaTavisufla qveyana da mefoba moipova.

z. kiknaZis azriT, mefobis kandidatisTvis, raTa is mefed gamxdariyo

sxvasTan erTad erT-erT aucilebel komponentsa da pirobas

warmoadgenda ganZis povna da sxv.

amgvarad, liTonis adamianTan yofnas magiuri mniSvneloba aqvs

da mas sxvadasxva doneebTan urTierTobis SesaZleblobas uxsnis.

magram aseve sainteresoa is faqtic, rom maT (e .i. liTonebs) ara

marto adamianis neStTan pouloben, aramed RvTaebebis gamosaxulebebis

gverdzec. mag., neoliTuri xanis erT-erTi ganZi aRmoCenilia festoSi,

sadac Tixis qalRvTaebis gamosaxulebis gverdze ido magnituri

rkinaqva (evansi 1921: 37). amrigad, ganZis “mflobelni” ara marto

nino abakelia

103

xeldasxmulebi, mefeebi arian, aramed RmerTebic. xolo qristianobis

gavrcelebis Semdeg wmindanebic. aseT wmindans qarTul tradiciaSi,

adgilobrivi rwmena-warmodgeneboT, ganZis mflobeli xaxmatis wm.

giorgi warmoadgens. masTan kargad cnobili qajaveTis dalaSqvris

motivi erTiandeba. bneli Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Semdeg xaxmatis

wm. giorgim qajaveTidan wamoiRo sakraluri nivTebi: Tasi, sakideli,

cxraeniani zari, oqros fanduri, aTZaliani oqros saceri, didi

grdemli da furis rqa, raTa isini mTeli xevsureTis RvTisSvilTa

saymoebisTvis gaenawilebina (kiknaZe 1996: 83-127).

o. lorTqifaniZis mixedviT (lorTqifaniZe 2004: 134-149),

ganZi gvianbrinjaos xanis kolxuri kulturis (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis

meore naxevari – I aTaswleulis dasawyisi) erT-erTi umniSvnelo-

vanesi elementTagania. sadReisod cnobili 150-ze meti ganZidan arc

erTi ar aris aRmoCenili regularuli gaTxrebisas.B oTar lorT-

qifaniZis dakvirvebiT, maTi aRmoCenis pirobebi qmnis STabeWdilebas,

rom ganZebi xelaxla moxmarebisTvis ar iyo gamiznuli: isini

ZiriTadad sakraluri daniSnulebisa iyo. Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebidan

brinjaos nivTebis ganZebi aRar gvxvdeba kolxeTSi. da swored am

dros Cndeba aq samlocveloebi mravalricxovani nivTSewirviT.

o. lorTqifaniZis azriT (lorTqifaniZe 2004: 134-149), “ganZi”,

romelic ase gavrcelebuli da tipuria kolxuri “brinjaos kul-

turisTvis”, ZiriTadad ritualuri daniSnulebisa iyo da warmoad-

genda Sesawiravs. ganZis “ganZoba” xSirad dasturdeba maTi izo-

lirebulad, dasaxlebis gareT e.w. kulturuli konteqstis gareT

aRmoCeniT. (mdinaris piras, mindorSi da sxv. samosaxlodan moSorebiT).

mravali eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri masala arsebobs

mdinareebis, wyaroebis da a. S. Tayvaniscemaze. mudmivad cvalebadi

da Seuqcevadi mdinare uZvelesi droidan asocirdeboda drois

nakadTan, romelic mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT miedineba. mdinaresTan

dakavSirebuli sxva cnobili simboluri mniSvnelobebia: saiqioSi

mimavali gza, codvebisgan ganwmendis saSualeba, nayofiereba da sxv.

mdinare komunikaciis saSualebaa saaqaodan saiqioSi. mdinares Sinadan

gareT atanen cud ambebs, sakralur obieqtebs. igive iTqmis gantevebis

vaczec. gantevebis vacic xom ar unda dabrundes da sxv. berZnul

sinamdvileSi wyalSi gadagdebuli Sesawiravis kvlav amotivtiveba

cud niSnad iyo miCneuli da sxv.

ganZis, rogorc Sesawiravis izolirebul adgilas Sewirva,

o. lorTqifaniZis azriT, SesaZloa ganpirobebuli iyo im dros

samlocveloebisa da taZrebis uqonlobiT (lorTqifaniZe 2004:


104

134-149). ganZi warmoadgenda gankuTvnil RmerTebisaTvis Sesawiravs,

xolo msxverplSewirva specifikuri ritualiT unda Sesrulebuliyo.

msxverplSewirva, Sesrulebuli rogorc ukvdavTaTvis, aseve mokvdav-

TaTvis _ gacemis formaa.

amrigad qarTul tradiciaSi ganZi, erTi mxriv, dasturdeba,

rogorc Sesawiravi anu RmerTebTan urTierTobis da maT mimarT

garkveuli qmedebebis Catarebis erTerTi uZvelesi gza (kosmologiuri

aspeqti) da, meore mxriv, rogorc aseve mniSvnelovani da ganviTarebuli

forma gacema/xarjvisa (Sewiruli xarebis xorcis danawileba

luxoris ritualSi (socialuri aspeqti)).

Cveni azriT, ganZis, rogorc qonebis saiqioSi “gadatanis” motivi

uSualod ukavSirdeba sivrcis simbolikas. Sinasa da gares simbolikas

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT da faqts msxverplSewirvebi (igulisxmeba

arqeologiuri ganZebi~) ZiriTadad mdinaris napirebTan sruldeboda

e. i. marginalur zonebSi, maSin amgvari “izolireba” logikuri da

gamarTlebulia. ubralod aq simboluri, ritualuri sivrce

vertikaluris nacvlad horizontalur planSi iSleba. sainteresoa,

rom eTnografiul yofaSic dasturdeba msxverplSewirvis amgvari

kosmologiuri aspeqti. mxedvelobaSi maqvs samegreloSi dadas-

turebuli galeniSi orTasadmi Sesrulebuli rituali tyeSi, sociumis

gareT da sxv. (Sdr. Cvens mier Seswavlil kosmologiur

simbolizmTan).

ganZis povna garkveulwilad “Tvalis axelasTan”, WvretasTan,

Sesabamisad, xeldasxmasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ganZis floba, erTis

mxriv, sibrZnis meores mxriv Zalauflebis flobas gulisxmobs.

Sesabamisad, axlad xeldasxmuli mefe imavdroulad sibrZnisa da

Zalauflebis meufed moiazreboda.

amrigad, ganZi samyaros modelSi saaqaosa da saiqios Soris

cirkulirebs. igi xan Cenilia, xan uCinari. ganZi, rogorc Sesawiravi

(misi es funqcia Cans rogorc zemoT xsenebul arqeologiur

kulturaSi, aseve cocxal eTnografiul realiaSic) RmerTebTan (an

RmerTTan) urTierTobis da maTTan “TanamSromlobis” uZvelesi

gzaa. igi am konteqstSi absoluturad racionaluri da funqcio-

naluria. ganZis, rogorc sakomunikacio simbolos meSveobiT

myardeboda kontaqti warmavalidan waruval sferosTan, romelic

ritualis Semsrulebels garantias aZlevda mSvidad gaegrZelebina

cxovreba, rogorc saaqaoSi, aseve saiqioSic.

nino abakelia

105

literatura

gureviCi 1972: Ãóðåâè÷ À,ß., Êàòåãîðèè ñðåä íåâåêî âîé Åâðî ïû , Ì .civiani 2001: Öèâüÿí Ò.Â.,Ñå ì è îòè÷åñêèå ïóòåøåñòâèÿ. Ê ñå ìàíòèêå

è ï îýòèêå âåùè, Ñàíêò –Ïåòåðáóðã, 2001.abakelia 2000: abakelia n., cikluri simbolizmi da dakrZalvisa

da glovis wesebi dasavlur-qarTul tradiciaSi, qarTuli

memkvidreoba IV,quTaisi 2000. agreTve: n.abakelia.

kosmologiuri simboloebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, masalebi

saqarTvelos eTnografiisTvis,XXIII, 1987.

lorTqifaniZe 2004: Lorkipanidze, O., “Hoards” in Colchian Bronzeculture: their Role and Function, Journal of Georgian Archaeology, N.1,2004, Tbilisi.

kandelaki 2001: kandelaki m., faseulobiTi orientaciis

sakiTxisaTvis qarTvel mTielTa tradiciul yofaSi, analebi,

# 1, 2001.

surgulaZe 2003: surgulaZe, miTosi, kulti, rituali saqarTveloSi,

Tb., 2003.

abakelia 1987: abakelia n., kosmologiuri simboloebi dasavleT

saqarTveloSi, mse, 23, Tb., 1987.

bardaveliZe 1957: Áàðäàâåëèäçå Â.Â., Äðåâíåéøèå ðåëèãèîçíûåâåðîâàíèÿ è îáðÿäîâî å ãðàôè÷åñêî å èñêóññòâî ãðóçèíñêèõïëåìåí, Òá., 1957.

oCiauri 1967: oCiauri T.,miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT

saqartvelos mTianeTSi, Tbilisi, 1967.

kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia I (jvari da saymo),

Tb., 1996.

evansi 1921: Evans A., The Palace of Minos., L., 1921.Vol.1.


106

Nino Abakelia

Towards the Investigation of the Functions of things in thePattern of World

(According to the Georgian Data)

According to the archaeological and ethnographic data hoard representsone of the important elements of Georgian culture. “Inscription” of hoard in the“pattern of world” associates it with the definite mythico-ritual complexes andconsequently with the various categories of culture.

Among the categories of culture death category takes a special place androle in the mode of life of Georgians and in the burying custom complexes hoardas a sign of property receives a specific meaning.

Moving the hoard from the living world to the nether world, is directlyassociated with the beliefs of life after death

Hoard as a sign of visible world is related to the invisible world and points tothe correlation between: sensible/supersensible, visible/invisible. “Natural” hoard(metals, meteorites, etc.) is thought to be occurred from the outer world (Netheror Upper ones) and points to the direction from outer world into the inner one.Hoard is revealed as a communicative means between the sacred cosmic spheresand for that reason everybody tried to regulate the communication between thesespheres by means of it.

As is known during the life man used to make his fortune to ensure hismode of life among the living and afterlife among the dead. For that reason heneeded to convey the hoard across the nether world and he performed specialrituals. One of such rituals in Georgia was called “luchori” (i.e. sacrificial ritualperformed among the relatives and neighbors by the childless families in order tomaintain their living after death). The other ritual that also used to be performedto provide hoard for the nether world was called the “farewell to the spirits of thedead”, who were thought to visit their living relatives during the Epiphany festivalin winter. According to the native beliefs, on the day of their departure the spiritsof the dead ancestors drove the soles of the sacrificed cattle away to the netherworld. These beliefs were also reflected in the primitive paintings drawn by womenon that period.

It is noteworthy, that if such rituals are attested mostly in western Georgia,myths and legends on hoards are preserved in eastern Georgia. Hoard historiesare also preserved in the historical sources such as “ the Life of Kartli. Accordingto these legends hoard is generally guarded by the chthonic powers called Kaji.Against these dark powers, according to the native legends, the campaign of St

nino abakelia

107

George was arranged, who in order to take possession of Kaji hoard descended tothe nether world.

With the concept of hoard the motifs of initiation and election of kings areassociated. Even more the essential condition to become a king is to find andreveal hidden and invisible hoard. The owners of hoards were not only the initiatesand kings, but according to the archaeological data gods as well.

In Late Bronze Colchian culture hoards were found as isolated deposits faraway from the settlements, near the banks of a river and fields. The custom ofisolated ritual offering of bronze objects was caused by the absence of sanctuariesat that time. Starting from 8th -7th cc B.C. bronze votive offerings disappear(seize to exist) in the Colchian Bronze Culture. According to O. Lordkipanidze,from this time temples and sanctuaries start to appear in Colchis.

Permanently changing and irreversible river, flowing in one direction fromtimes immemorial was identified with the stream of time. The popular beliefsassociated with the symbolic meaning of river are: road to the nether world,atonement, fertility, etc.

From my viewpoint, transference of the hoard into the other world is directlyrelated with the space symbolism.If we take into account the symbolism if inner/outer spaces such sacrifices held on the banks of river, springs, etc. e .i. in marginalzones, isolated from the settlements seem quite logical and full of sense. Here thesymbolic ritual space is unfold (displayed) instead of vertical in the horizontalplane, revealing cosmological aspects of the ritual.

Revelation of hoard in some way is connected with the intuition, insight andinitiation. Possession of hoard means to attain wisdom and to possess power.Consequently, the newly elected king possesses both: wisdom and power.

Thus hoard in the Georgian patter of world circulates between Nether andLiving worlds from time to time becoming manifest.

Hoard as a communicative means contributes to the contact between transientand intransient worlds, this contact guarantees both: life among the living and lifeafter death in the world of dead.


108

daviT andriaZe

mxatvrul-diskursuli sivrciskategoriaTa Tezaurusi

pragmasivrcis refleqsiis Sedegebi

arqauli droidanve erTgvari `Canaweris~,

rogorc ontoteqstis saxiT fiqsirdeba;

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, kosmogoniuri

miTebis literaturuli `Canaweri~, xolo

meore mxriv, mengirebiT, dolmenebiTa Tu

kromlexebiT anda gamoqvabulTa ferweriTa~

Tu piqtogramebiT warmodgenili Canaweri~.

esaa sivrcis reprezentaciis ori avtono-

miuri forma, romelic Tavis mxriv, amJRavnebs

sivrcisa da teqstis mimarTebis or poluss:

a) teqsti sivrculia, Tu igi flobs

sivrculobis niSan-Tvisebas da iseve rogorc

kulturis ZiriTadi fondis Semadgenel

informaciaTa umetesoba, realur sivrceSi~

ganTavsdeba;

b) sivrce aris teqsti, rac imas niSnavs,

rom sivrce, rogorc aseTi, SeiZleba gagebul

iqnes, rogorc informacia.

ase rom, teqsti sxva faqtebTan erTad,

Sedis simravleSi, romelic gagebulia, rogorc

sivrce, xolo sivrce, teqstebis sxva saxeebTan

erTad, akonstituirebs simravles, romelic

garkveulia, rogorc teqsti1.

sivrcisa da teqstis mimarTebis meore

aspeqti ukavSirdeba Wvretis sivrces.

Wvretis sivrce is kategoriaa, arasivr-

cul cnobierebaSi realuri sivrcis eqviva-

filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, Jurnal

`artefaqtis~ mTavari

redaqtori, iv. javaxiS-

vilis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

ferwera da imaginacia

(monografia), ikonolo-

giuri margialiebi (mo-

nografia), leviaTanis

daRupva (monografia)

da sxva.

interesTa sfero:

kulturis filosofia,

literaturis kritika,

artkritika, xelovnebis

sociologia, semiotika.

1 ix. Ð à í í è åÐàííèå Ôîðìû Èñêóññòâà, Ì., 1972.

109

lentad rom gvevlineba. Wvretis sivrceSi yvelaze paradoqsuli

isaa, rom igi warmogvidgeba cnobierebaSi aRbeWdil sivrced, im

dros, rodesac TviT cnobiereba Tavisi SinaarsiT arasivrculia.

mokled, Wvretis sivrce - esaa warmodgenadi sivrculoba anu garegan

samyarosTan cnobierebis SeTanawyobis is saocari unari, romlis

Tvinier samyaro ver warmogvidgeboda, rogorc `garegani~.

sivrcul xelovnebaTa tipi, rogorc mxatvrul-esTetikuri

kreaciis forma, gulisxmobs sivrcis moazrebis Sedegebis erTgvar

teqstualur `Caweras~ da specifikur artefaqtul dafiqsirebas

esTetikur saganSi, Tavis mxriv, xelovanis gawvrTnili mxatvruli

cnobierebis muSaobis~ produqtad rom gvevlineba. esTetikur saganSi

sivrcis artefaqtulad dafiqsirebis paralelurad, saxeze gvaqvs

TviT am procesis metamxatvruli aRweris aqti. am gagebiT, xelovneba

da metaxelovneba erTmaneTs avseben da mxatvruli kulturis

sinTezuri Senadnobis saxiT warmogvidgebian.

asea Tu ise, mxatvruli sivrce SeiZleba gagebuli da

interpretirebuli iqnes, rogorc sivrcis esTetikuri Wvretis

Sedegebis `Canaweri~, warmodgenili specifikuri mxatvruli

ontoteqstis saxiT.

bunebrivia, sivrcis esTetikur Wvretas Tan sdevs topologiuri

mxatvruli recefcia, pirobiTad or, erTmaneTTan gadajaWvul

horizontad rom calkevdeba. laparakia recefciis cnebismier da

xatismier movlenebze. cnobiereba, r. arnheimis Tanaxmad, kategoriebiT

orsave horizontSi operirebs. da mainc, cneba-kategoriebsa da cneba-

xatebs Soris arsebobs kauzaluri kavSiri, romelic sqematurad

SeiZleba Semdegnairad iqnas konstruirebuli:

x (xati) - x (1) - siRrmis mflobi sivrcis vizualuri

`Sejerebas~, cnebis gverdis avliT, uSualod centraluri perspeqtivis

safuZvelze mivyavarT misive vizualuri modelis agebamde;

x -x -c (cneba) (2) - saganTa cvalebadi feris mravalgzis

vizualur Sejerebas Tvalisagan daSorebis kvalobaze da SemCneuli

movlenis mravaljerad fiqsacias ferweris masalaSi mivyavarT

`haerovani perspeqtivis~ cnebis formirebamde; x - c - x (3) -

movlenis uSualo dakvirveba ivseba ukve formirebuli cnebiT

(haerovani perspeqtiva, feradovani kontrasti da a. S.), romlis

kvalobazec ferweris masalaSi yalibdeba vizualuri modeli – amprincipiT xorcieldeba swavleba;

x - c (4) - cnobierebaSi arsebuli cneba (mag, stil-moderni~)

warmodgeba vizualur modelad, romlis kvalobazec yalibdeba

`modernis~ tipologiur niSan-TvisebaTa saxeobrivi stereotipi,

mxatvrul-diskursuli sivrcis kategoriaTa Tezaurusi

110 daviT andriaZe

romelTanac momavalSi SeiZleba Sejerdes perceptualuri

STabeWdilebani - aq igulisxmeba swavlebaca da kritikac;

c - x - c (5) - xelTqmnili cneba, magaliTad, `qaoturoba~

vizualur masalasTan Sejerebisa da Semdgomi cnebiTi damuSavebisas

warmoSobs sxva cnebas, am SemTxvevaSi disharmonias~, konstruqtiuli

amocanis dasaxvisas ki - `mowesrigebas~;

c - x (6) - cneba (mag `kolonada~) percefciaSi avtomaturad

iwvevs konkretuli saxeobrivi modelis serias, romelTa zoma da

konkretizebac uSualo damokidebulebaSia mxatvruli cnebis

individualur rezervTan1.

es sqematizebuli modeli SeiZleba gamodges sivrcis

mxatvruli recefciis samuSao hipoTezad, Tumca isic aSkaraa,

rom azrovnebis procesi ara mxolod zemomoxmobili tipebis

calkeuli kavSiriT, aramed kategoria-xatebis metadoneze

cxaddeba da piriqiT, rTuli jaWvuri kavSirebiT repre-

zentirdeba. da mainc, am kavSirebis moazrebisas arsebiTi

is zogadi faqtoria, rom goniTi moRvaweobis nebismier

sferoSi, ama Tu im amocanaze orientirebuli azrovneba,

operirebs ra kategoria-cnebebiT, imavdroulad masTan da-

kavSirebuli kategoria-xatebiTac muSaobs; amdenadve gvev-

lineba igi orenovan fenomenad - bilingvad da iyenebs or

`leqsikon-Tezauruss~.

warmodgenili sqema SeiZleba gamodges mxatvruli sivrcis

agebis Teoriul modelad. ujredebi~, romelSic abstrahirebulia

makonstituirebeli kategoria-xatebi, warmoadgenen mxatvruli

kulturis diaqroniul process, romelic istoriuladve yalibdeba

TviT sivrcis, rogorc ontologiuri fenomenis filosofiuri

moazrebis konteqstSi; magram yovel regionalur kulturas sivrcis

cnebiTi Tezaurusebis Tavisi `leqsikoni~ aqvs. evropul arealSi

igi gulisxmobs: formas, xats, garegnobas, moxazulobas, romelTac

romanul-germanul enebSi Seesabamebaa form appearance, shape, gestalt;amas emateba kidev ramdenime specializebuli cneba: pattern (formisorganizebulobis struqturuli daxasiaTeba), image (xiluli anda

warmodgenili xati) da sxva. Cinur-iaponur arealSi meordeba

dasaxelebuli cnebebis kalkebi~ da maT emateba specializirebuli

cnebebi: `keisiki~ anu Sinagani forma, `keitei~ anu garegani forma,

`kata~ igive `nari~ an forma-struqtura, `komo~ anu erTdroulad

garegani da Sinagani formac (in-ianTan mimarTebiT) da a. S. magram,

1 Â. Ãëàçû÷åâ. “Îáðàçû ïðîñòðàíñòâà - òâî ð÷åñêî å è õóä îæåñòâå í í îå âî ñïðèÿòèå”, Ì.,!)*@7 ñ. !^!-!^@.

111

aseTi viwro specializebuli cnebebi evropul arealSic gvxvdeba,

Tundac, cukaroseuli desegno interno da desegno esterno anda

hartmaniseuli `Sinagani forma~ da `garegani forma~....

meore mxriv, gamoiyofa sivrcesTan kompoziciuri muSaobis

sistemis damaxasiaTebeli cnebebis bloki, romlebmac evropul enebSi

marTlac, universaluri mniSvneloba SeiZines; es cnebebia - ampiri~,

`inglisuri parki~, renesansi~. iaponur-Cinuri kulturis konteqstSi

analogiurad konstituirebuli cnebebis gverdiT, sivrcesTan muSaobis

zogadi struqturebis formalizacias moaswavebs iseTi cnebebi,

rogoricaa `sin~, `ko~ da `kusa~, romlebic iaponurSi aRniSnaven

WeSmarit anu mkacr oficialur, moqmed anu naxevradoficialur da

Tavisufal anu araoficialur `stilebs~.

dabolos, unda gamocalkevdes sivrcesTan mxatvris muSaobis

fiqsirebuli saSualebani, romelnic zemoxsenebuli ormagi leqsikon~-

Tezaurusis evropul variantSi gulisxmobs iseT cnebebs, rogoricaa

`ritmi~, `simetria~, `dominanti~, `valiori~ da a. S. iaponuri

Tezaurusis sakompensaciod, sivrcis Wvreta-aRqmis funqciurad kidev

ufro niuansuri da rafinirebuli aRniSvnebi gamoiyeneba. saxeldobr,

`kubomi~ -aRniSnavs ara sazogadod niSans, aramed garkveuli

simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone calkeuli saganis (xe, tye, karibWe)

xazgasmulad Seqmnil specialur lokuss. aseve, butani~ - aRniSnavs

ara sazogadod scenas, aramed peizaJis kontemplaciuri tkbobisaTvis

konstruirebul specialur moedans. magram, amgvari specializebuli

`leqsikoni~ - Tezaurusi evropuli xelovnebis TeoriaSic

figurirebs. saxeldobr, `regularuli velis~ cneba, romelic

sasuraTe velis gansazRvruli kosmologiuri struqturis

ganmsazRvrel kategoriad Semoitana m. Sapirom1 da rusuli xelovnebis

TeoriaSicaa damkvidrebuli2. swored, gamosaxulebis regularuli

veli~ avsebs sivrces, rogorc sicarieles, specifikur esTetikur

RirebulebiT sisavses aniWebs mas da gvevlineba, rogorc sivrcis

gaformeba, Tanac, gaformeba sakuTriv saganTaSorisi sivrcisa, rac,

Tavis mxriv, cariel sivrces, rogorc saganTa neitralur fonsac ki

ontoteqstad aqcevs3.

1 b[8 Ì . Ø àï è ð î . Í å êî òî ð û å ï ð î áë å ì û ñå ì è îòèêè âèçóàë ü í î ãî èñêóññòâà.Ïðîñòðàíñòâî-èçîáðàæåíèå è ñðåäñòâà ñîçäàíèÿ çíàêà-îáðàçà “Ñåìèîòèêà èèñêóññòâîìåòðèÿ”, Ì., !)*@7 ñ. !#^-!^#82 b[8 À. Äàíèåëü Ñ. Äàíèåëü. “Ê îñ í î âàíèÿì ñå ì è îòèêè èêî í è ÷ åñêèõ èñêóññòâ,ðåãóëÿð í îå ï îëå èçîáðàæåíèÿ”, Òàðòó7 !)(@.3 ilh8 yf,tzlb ntmcnbc ctvbjnbrf8 b[. À. Ðåôîðìàòñêèé. “Ëèíãâèñòèêà èï îëèòèêà”, Ì . , c. !$!-!*).


112

amrigad, msjelobis obieqtad gvevlineba sakuTriv `carieli~

sivrcis forma. tradiciulad, sivrcul xelovnebaTa konteqstSi,

forma ganixileba, rogorc sagnobriv-plastikuri fenomeni, im dros,

rodesac mxatvruli sivrcis axali gageba gvibiZgebs, gansxvavebuli

rakursiT ganvsazRvroT im fenomenis arsi, romelic adre moiazreboda.

rogorc sivrcul-haerovani garemo, plastikuri formis Suq-haerovani

anu pleneruli foni.

ama Tu im sagnis, nivTis, plastikuri sxeulis war-

modgenisas Cveni cnobiereba sivrcisa da sivrculi fonis

reprezentaciis ori princi piT operirebs. am mxriv, sivrce

warmogvidgeba, rogorc erTgvari rezervuari, rogorc

sicariele anu naTeli, anda bneli eTeri, romelSic livlivebs

mocemuli sagani. amgvari sivrce uformoa. magram, rodesac

warmovidgenT sagnis plastikur formas da mis ganmsaz-

Rvrelad movixmobT termins `sivrculi forma~, TviT sagani

warmogvidgeba, rogorc gansazRruli fenomeni, romelic ikavebs

ra garkveul adgils sivrceSi, Cvens yuradRebas i pyrobs

sivrceSi Cawerili formis, rogorc ikonikuri ontoteqstis

TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi, sagnis plastikuri forma

arsebobs, rogorc sakuTriv sivrculi forma, ramdenadac

misi sazRvrebi, rogorc misive onturi garkveulobis `kodi~,

sivrceSi konstruirdeba. sagnis ontologiuri statusi

sakuTriv sivrceSi dgindeba. meore mxriv, sivrculi forma

miemarTeba ara sivrces, aramed TviT sagans, mis plastikas.

am gagebiT, sazRvari, sagansa da sivrces erTmaneTisagan rom

acalkevebs, miemarTeba mxolod sagans.

amgvar situaciaSi forma sivrculia, magram TviT sivrce ki ar

flobs mas, aramed sagani.

gavixsenoT gavrcelebuli fsiqologiur-optikuri testi

`larnaki Tu profilebi~, romelSic sarkiseburi arekvlis principiT

Cans adamianur profilTa gamomsaxveli ori konturi; konturebi

`Casmulia~ CarCoSi, naxatis `veli~ ki Savad da TeTradaa gafe-

radebuli. rogorc wesi, Savad profilebia gaferadebuli, maT Soris

sivrculi cezura ki TeTradaa datovebuli, anda piriqiT. mokled,

es naxati gvevlineba erTgvari intencionaluri naxtomis~ paradigmad.

Tu mzeriT fokusirebas profilebisadmi mivmarTavT, davinaxavT

pirispir mibjenil saxeebs, romelTa Soris cezurac carieli sivrcis

saxiT warmogvidgeba, xolo Tu am cezuras sagnobrivi intenciiT

SevxedavT, davinaxavT ara cariel, aramed savse, gaformebul sivrces,

saxeldobr, larnakis formis simetriul sxeuls, ris kvalobazec

daviT andriaZe

113

profilebi gaqrebian da sicarieled iqcevian. simptomaturi am

banalur eqsperimentul modelSi isaa, rom naxatis abrisi aRmqmeli

subieqtis mier Tanmimdevrulad moiazreba xan rogorc adamianur

profilTa formebis sazRvari, xan ki, rogorc sazRvari larnakisa.

amdenad, inversiis Sedegad, sicariele iqceva larnakad, saxeebi ki -

sicarieled. orive maTgans aqvs abrisiT aRniSnuli garkveuli forma.

Tu larnakis adgilas moviazrebT cariel sivrces, rogorc profilebs

Soris arsebul neitralur cezuras, miviRebT saganTaSoris sivrces,

romelic Tavisi xazulobiT zustad `jdeba~ larnakis formaSi

anu larnaki `jdeba~ am sivrcis formaSi. am gagebiT, saganTaSoris

sivrcesac aqvs forma. am fsiqologiur-optikuri testis

filosofiur-esTetikuri transkrifcia mxatvruli sivrcis erTgvari

modelia, romelic afuZnebs sakuTriv sivrcis formas, xolo es

ukanaskneli moiazreba, rogorc jerarsuli, virtualuri fenomeni,

gamoxatuleba sivrcis substanciuri gaformebisa. am konteqstSi,

sagani-materia sivrcis mimarT matricis rols asrulebs, anu aformebs

mas, gamosaxulebad aqcevs, amis klasikuri nimuSia henri muris

skulpturuli arqetipi `dedamiwa~, romelic moqandakem sivrceSi

imdagvarad daayena, rom skulpturuli materiis gamWol RiobSi,

rogorc gamosaxulebis regularul velSi~, moCans miwa; am genialurad

martivi xerxiT ki konstituirebulia sivrcis forma, rogorc

`deda-miwis~ miTosuri xati; amrigad, skulpturuli gamosaxulebis

materialuri struqtura sakuTari, Sida formis qronotopSive

hpovebs im metaforul resursebs, romlis konteqstSic, materia~-

`dedis~ arqetipis Semcveli skulpturuli forma sivrcis mimarT

matricis funqcias asrulebs da sakuTar wiaRSive `Sobs~ vir-

tualuri sivrcis formas.

henri murisaTvis `dedoba~ misi arqetipuli qronotopuli

warmodgenebis realizebis formaa, dakavSirebuli deda-materiis

miTopoetur xatTan; misi yoveli plastikuri ontoteqsti, rogorc

deda-miwis abstrahirebuli xati, sivrcesTan, rogorc mama-zecasTan

mimarTebiT iZens ontologiur sazriss, rac imas niSnavs, rom muris

TiToeuli qandakeba, rogorc deda-materiis miTopoeturi xati,

erTgvari matricaa, romlis wiaRSic sakuTriv sivrcem, rogorc

mama-zecis miTopoeturma xatma, unda aRbeWdos forma anu sivrculad

gaaformos, mianiWos ontologiuri garkveuloba.

muriseul formaSi, brutaluri simSvide da geologiuri Zvrebis

Senelebuli ritmi romaa daunjebuli, drois xmauri moismis. am

gagebiT, muris adamiani - esaa wiaRiseuli~ forma, romelic ikiTxeba,

rogorc bunebaSi, fiusisSi garindebuli preistoriuli fenomeni.

dabal postamentebze dadgmuli figurebi kidev ufro usvams xazs


114

maTs deda-materiulobas anu sivrcis mimarT matriculobas,

sivrcisadmi `Riaobas~. am mxriv, maTs artistul srulyofilebaSi

prioriteti eniWeba ara avtoriseul, aramed bunebiseul sawyiss.

amitomacaa, rom muriseul ontoteqstSi Cawerilia ara mxolod

sivrcis, aramed drois istoriac, aRbeWdilia erTgvar temporalur

laSqarTa~, qarborbalaTa Tu niaRvarTa nakvalevi... muris

ontoteqstTa teqsturul-faqturuli aspeqtic ara artefaqtis,

aramed naturaluri substratis efeqts Seicavs. arpisagan gansxvavebiT,

muris qandakebis polirebuli zedapirebic ki, ara mxatvris

mgrZnobiare xeliT, aramed bunebis stiqiuri ZaliT Seqmnilis

STabeWdilebas axdens: ase aprialebs wylis stiqiur-bunebrivi Wavli

qvas...

muris wiaRiseuli~ praformebi SeiZleba SevadaroT yofierebis

napirze mosrolil da maradisobis mokiTxvamde~ arsebul obieqtebs;

mis plastikaSi materiis da sivrcis gaerTianebis wyarod unda

miviCnioT ara ubralod masalis avtoriseuli gaformeba, aramed

dro, ramdenadac forma - esaa sivrcis pluskvamperfeqti~ anu misi

winaswarganvlili dro; am gagebiT, muris qandakebebs swored dro

asrulebs. amitomac SeiZleba kvalificirdes misi klasikuri saojaxo

jgufebi, rogorc formis istoriis dasruleba, misi yofierebis

gvirgvini.

David Andriadze

Thesaurus of Artistic – Discourse Space Categories

The type of the so-called space arts, as the form of artistic creativity, impliessome textual “recording” of the results of topological reflex ions and specificartifact fixation in aesthetic subject, which, in its turn appears as the product ofartist’s tamed reception.

In parallel with “fixing” the space in the aesthetic subject, in the form ofartifact substitute, we see the act of meta-artistic description of this creative processitself.

In this meaning, art and meta-art add to each other through the principle ofsome filling each other and are represented in the form of synthetically alloy ofthe artistic culture.

Thus, artistic – discourse space may be understood and interpreted, as arecord of results of topological reception, presented in the form of artistic ontotext.

The process of topological reception determined not only through casualrelations between the concept categories and the concept-images, but is alsorevealed at the meta-level of the category-images and< using double “dictionary-thesaurus”, appears as some peculiar bilingual phenomenon –bilingual.

daviT andriaZe

115

A


ferxul “Zabras”

mniSvnelobisaTvis

cekvis simboluri da ritualuri

funqciebi metad mravalferovania. imis gamo,

rom garkveul ritms emorCileba, igi xels

uwyobs samyaros organizacias da ciklur

mowesrigebas, ukavSirdeba kosmologiur

simbolikas, warmoadgens miwasa da zecas

Soris kavSiris, harmoniis damyarebis

saSualebas, SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos gamar-

jvebas, siyvaruls, nayofierebas, igi kreaciis,

samyaros mowesrigebis, dacvis da amave dros

reintegraciis saSualebaa, ukavSirdeba

energias, Zalas, romelic ganagebs samyaros

transformaciebs. lukianes mixedviT,

cekvebSi yvelaze sakraluri religiuri

dogmebi iyo gadmocemuli (gvaramaZe 1957;

janeliZe w.1, 1948; alaverdaSvili 2005;

Eliade 1949; Ellis 1929; Chevalier, Gheerbrant, T.1,1973; Çåìöîâñêèé 1987; Êåðë îò 1994. Æîð-íèöêàÿ 1983; Ñàìñîí 1987).

m. eliade aRniSnavda, rom sawyisurad

yvela cekva sakraluri iyo, anu sxvagvarad

rom vTqvaT, maT zeadamianuri modeli

gaaCndaT. yoveli cekva iqmneboda in illo tempore,miTosur pradroSi, miTosuri winapris,

RvTaebis Tu gmiris mier. qoreografiuli

riTmebis modeli adamianis miwieri cxov-

rebis gareT arsebobs. cekva mudam arqeti-

puli Jestis imitirebas axdens an miTosur


doqtori, iv. javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis istorii-

sa da eTnologiis ins-

titutis mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

Sesawiravi gul-RviZlis

simbolika qarTul ri-

tualur praqtikaSi; gza-

jvaredinTan dakavSire-

buli simbolika qarTul

rwmena-warmodgenebSi;

sakraluri geometria

(monografia).

interesTa sfero:

eTnologia.

116 qeTevan alaverdaSvili

moments aRniSnavs. erTi sityviT, gameorebas da “sawyisuri drois”

reaqtualizacias warmoadgens (eliade 1987; eliade 1949).qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebrivi Sexedulebebis

aRsadgenad ritualuri ferxulebis Seswavlas aucileblad Tvlida

v. bardaveliZe. misi sityviT, es masala gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos Tavisebur gasaRebad qarTvel tomTa uZvelesi religiis

dasadgenad, qarTuli cekvebis Tavdapirveli azrisa da daniSnulebis

sabolood gasarkvevad ki saWiroa yvela saxeobis qarTuli cekvis

monografiuli Seswavla (bardaveliZe 1938; bardaveliZe 1953).

v. bardaveliZes miaCnda, rom wriuli cekvebis azrsa da

daniSnulebas kargad gamoavlens saweso moqmedebaTa mTeli kompleqsi,

romelSic wriuli cekvebi Sedioda, rogorc saweso moqmedebis

erT-erTi saxeobaTagani. magaliTisaTvis igi ganixilavda “batonebTan”

dakavSirebul TavSemovlebisa da garSemovlis rituals. (bardaveliZe,

1953: 129-131; bardaveliZe 1957).wrebrunva, triali, rac wris dinamiur gansazRvrebas warmoadgens

ritualsa da xelovnebaSi, m. raulis mixedviT warmoSobs magiur

Zalas, maT Soris damcav Zalas, radgan qmnis xelSeuxebel teritorias

– wres. (kerloti 1994).yoveli wre aucileblobis ZaliT gulisxmobs centris

arsebobas. rogorc ki mocekvaveni wres Sekraven, wris SigniT

warmoiqmneba sakraluri sivrce Tavisi centriT, romelic erTgvarad

materializebulia sxvadasxva saxiT.--- wriul ritualur ferxulTa

erTi nawili SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc Axis mundi –s garSemomTeli samyaros, vertikalze ganlagebuli misi samive donis

wrebrunvis ideis, sakralur centrSi cisa da miwis kavSiris, drois

cikluri mdinarebis gamoxatuleba, rac bunebrivia ukavSirdeba wesrigs,

nayofierebas, keTildReobas da sxv., rac gasagebs xdis ferxulis

Sesrulebis aucileblobas dResaswaulze, misi Sesrulebis mixedviT

winaswarmetyvelebis SesaZleblobas da a.S. (alaverdaSvili 2005;

alaverdaSvili 2000).

d.janeliZis klasifikaciiT xuTgvari wyobis ferxulebs

vxvdebiT: a) wriseburi, xelmobmiT wyobis erT-or da samsarTuliani

ferxulebi; b) erTi an ori rkalisagan Semdgari ferxulebi; g)

wriseburi xelmoubmeli, erTimeoris zurgSeqceviT moZravi ferxulebi;

d) ferxisebi, romelTac ara aqvT mrgvali, wriseburi wyoba. Fferxisa

or an sam mwkrivad iyofa, xelmobmuli mwkrivebi erTimeoris pirispir

ewyobian da urTierTTan misvla-mosvliT cekvaven da moZraoben; e)

117

rTuli saferxulo wyoba aerTianebs ferxulTa yvela nairsaxeobas

(janeliZe 1948: 185, 216).

d. janeliZis mixedviT, gamoiyofa Semdegi saxis ferxulebi:

uZvelesi saxeobis saferxulo wyobad miCneuli erTpiri ferxuli,

romelsac Tavisi moZaxili e.i. hangisa da sityvebis mTqmeli hyavs,

xolo misi “Sembanebeli” da Semxmobeli mTeli saferxulo mwyobria;

erTpiri ferxulidan orpirze gardamavali forma – “orsarTula”

anu “zemyrelo”; saferxulo wyobis ganviTarebis Semdegi safexuri

– orpiri ferxulebi; kiTxva-migebiTi ferxulebi; saferxulo wyoba

wrisSigniTa kenti an wyvili pantomimikuri moTamaSiT; saferxulo

wyoba wrisSigniTa momReral-moTamaSiT (janeliZe 1948: 155-166).

wrisa da centris simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT

sayuradReboa saferxulo wyoba wrisSigniTa momReral-mocekvaviT.

am SemTxvevaSi teqsts wrisSigniTa moTamaSeni warmoadgendnen da

saferxulo mwyobri mxolod bans aZlevda maT an zogierT mniSvnelovan

frazas ukeT gamokveTisaTvis imeorebda. dramatuli moqmedebis

wamyvan Zalad ki wrisSigniTa moTamaSe xdeboda (janeliZe 1948).

swored aseTi ferxulia e.w. “Zabra”, “Zabrale”.

es megruli ferxuli Tavisi formiT miekuTvneba im ferxulebis

jgufs, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia ferxuls SigniT moTamaSeTa

monawileoba. cnobilia “Zabras” Sesrulebis sxvadasxva varianti.

maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebuli Semdegnairad sruldeboda: wris

SigniT gamovidoda moTamaSe, romelsac simRerisa da oxunjobis

niWi hqonda. ferxulis centrSi bewvian quds (boxoxs) daagdebdnen.

ferxuls SigniT moTamaSe ki xanjliT xelSi gars uvlida quds.

qudSi gulisxmobdnen iseT urCxuls – Zabras, romelmac TiTqos

mTeli sofeli gadaWama, romelsac SeeZlo mTeli sofeli STaenTqa

zRapruli gveleSapiviT.Fferxuls SigniT moTamaSe, simRerasTan erTad,

warmoadgenda Setevas, SiSs, siZulvils, ukan daxevasa da isev Tavdasxmas.

igi daxmarebisaTvis xalxs mimarTavda. moTamaSe yovelive amas

ganasaxierebda simReriT, saferxulo mwyobri ki “hoi, Zabras”

SesZaxebda. sabolood ferxuls SigniT moTamaSe xanjals dahkravda

boxoxs, meferxulenic miscvivdebodnen quds, daglejdnen da

mxiarulebas miecemodnen. Fferxuli “Zabrale” sruldeboda ferxuls

SigniT moTamaSeTa gareSec, romlis drosac ferxulis erTi naxevari

simReriT teqsts ambobda, meore naxevari ki moZaxil – “hoi Zabras”.

ferxuli “Zabrale” sruldeba simReris TanxlebiT, romlis

musikaluri zomaa 2/4 (janeliZe 1948: 165; TaTaraZe 1986).

ferxul `Zabras~ mniSvnelobisaTvis

118

Zabrales saxecvlilebas warmoadgens komikuri xasiaTis

megruli cekva-TamaSi “jansulo”. masSi saferxulo mwyobri

“Zabralesagan” gansxvavebiT aRar moZraobs. igi statikur mdgo-

mareobaSia. “jansuloSi” momReral-moTamaSe ufro gaaqtiurebulia.

igi simReriT gamodis sacekvao moedanze da trabaxobs, rom isea

SeiaraRebuli, arafris eSinia. moulodnelad moednis centrSi bewviani

qudi davardeba. rogorc ki moTamaSe-momRerali quds SeniSnavs,

SeSindeba (rogorc “ZabraleSi”, aqac qudSi urCxuls gulisxmoben).

igi daxmarebas sTxovs xalxs. TamaSis daskvniT nawilSi momReral-

moTamaSe TandaTanobiT gamxnevdeba, Setevaze gadava da xanjals

dahkravs quds. amis Semdeg gamarjvebuli moTamaSe zeimis niSnad

cekvavs. “jansulo” sruldeba simReris TanxlebiT, sadac teqsts

mTlianad momReral-moTamaSe mReris, gundi ki mxolod SeZaxiliT –

“jansuloTi” kmayofildeba (janeliZe 1948: 165; TaTaraZe 1986).

amgvarad, saferxulo wris centrSi mdgomi meferxule

ganasaxierebda soflis damrbevi zRapruli urCxulis winaaRmdeg

brZolas da mis damarcxebas.

cnobilia, rom drakoni qaosis Zalebs ganasaxierebda, amave dros

igi gvevlineba rogorc dafaruli ganZis mrisxane mcveli, romlis

damarcxeba aucilebelia ganZis mosapoveblad. es ganZi SeiZleba

iyos sibrZnis, ukvdavebis gansaxiereba (mag. oqros sawmisi, ukvdavebis

wyaro da sxv.) (Sevalie... 1973: 211).

wyali, rogorc kosmogoniuri simbolo, sicocxlis yvela

Canasaxis Semcveli, magiuri da samkurnalo Tvisebebis mqonea. igi

kurnavs, aaxalgazrdavebs, ganapirobebs maradiul sicocxles. wylis

winasaxe ukvdavebis wyali, “sicocxlis wyalia”. wyalTan dakavSi-

rebuli sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi erTi da igive miTologiur-

religiuri faqtis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens: wyalSia sicocxle,

Zala, energia da maradiuloba. ra Tqma unda, misi mopoveba yvelas ar

SeuZlia. igi xSirad Znelad misaval adgilebSia, mas saSineli

urCxulebi, drakonebi darajoben da igi iseve Znelad misaRwevia,

rogorc sicocxlis xe (eliade 1999: 354).

m.xidaSelis mixedviT, Zv.w. I aTaswleulis I naxevarSi

saqarTveloSi calke gamoiyofa sakulto daniSnulebis mqone Zeglebi,

romlebic gansakuTrebuli SemkulobiTa da semantikuri datvirTviT

gamoirCeva. Bbrinjaos plastikis mravalricxovani nimuSebi,

anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli qandakebebi, romelTac saritualo

xasiaTi hqondaT, warmogvidgenen brZolisa da ferxulis scenebs,

mesakraveebs da a.S. maT sakraluri daniSnuleba unda hqonodaT,


119

magram Sesrulebis maneriT Janrul scenebs warmoadgenen. Bbrinjaos

sartylebze gadmocemul kompoziciebSi xSirad gvxvdeba anTro-

pomorful RvTaebaTa iseTi gamosaxulebani romlebic ritualur

qmedebaSi iReben monawileobas. xSiria nadirobis, ritualuri

purobisa Tu cekvis amsaxveli scenebi. “arqauli xanis adamianis

cnobiereba miTiT iyo ganpirobebuli, samyaros gaazrebas kosmogoniuri

idea edo safuZvlad. kosmogoniis mTavari aqti uformo qaosisagan

kosmosis, mowesrigebuli samyaros Seqmna iyo. Qqaosis damarcxeba

da wesrigis gamarjveba, sikvdilisagan axali sicocxlis aRorZineba,

sikeTisa da sinaTlis damkvidreba mxolod brZoliT SeiZleboda.

Aamitom miTosur cnobierebaSi brZola erT-erT umTavres ritualad

gaiazreboda, romlis meSveobiT adamianis umTavresi miznebis

ganxorcieleba iyo SesaZlebeli. Qqaoss ufro xSirad drakoni

ganasaxierebda. Mmas qveyanaze wesrigis damamkvidrebeli RvTaeba

unda dapirispireboda. igi unda yofiliyo drakonis mkvleli da

axali wesrigis damfuZnebeli. Aam kosmogoniuri koncefciis saxviTi

xati brZolis scenebSi iyo gadmocemuli. Aarqauli xelovnebis

Zeglebze asaxuli cxovelTa brZola, RvTaebrivi nadiroba, urCxulis

an veSapebis damarcxeba yovlismomcveli kosmogoniuri ideis

simbolod gaiazreboda” (xidaSeli 2002).

wrisa da wriuli brunvis mniSvnelobis Seswavlisas

i.surgulaZe ganixilavda sadResaswaulo ritualuri msvlelobebis

monawileTa rigis mier soflis an soflebis Semovlas, garSemovlas

ritualis ZiriTadi ideebis Sesabamisad. ritualis monawileni

mTeli samoqmedo procesiiT kravdnen wres, radgan maTi msvlelobis

mizani ar iyo raime geografiul an sakulto punqtTan miRweva.

Semovlili teritoria warmogvidgeba rogorc samyaro misteriis

praqtikuli da ideologiuri ganfenisa da am niSniT, rogorc

aRniSnuli, organizebuli sivrce, upirispirdeba danarCens,

araorganizebul samyaros, aRuniSvnels. dResaswaulis sivrcobrivi,

wriuli gaazreba mas damoukidebel miznobriv Rirebulebas aniWebs.

igi ukavSirdeba koncefcias, romelic warmogvidgens drois aRricxvis

wriul, ciklur wess, Sesabamisad bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebisa. misi

azriT, es idea vlindeba brinjaos balTebis dekorSic, sadac xSiria

wris, anu Semovlis principze agebuli kompoziciebi. safiqrebelia,

rom aRniSnuli masala asaxavs kavkasiuri miTosis formirebis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes etaps da mas Sesabamisi religiur-

kosmogoniuri aspeqtic gaaCnia. aRniSnul kompoziciebSi mocemulia

samyaros yvela sknelis simbolika da isini kompoziciurad wris,


120

ciklis saxiT arian warmodgenili, rac ar iZleva maTi semantikuri

arealis mxolod astraluri warmodgenebiT Semofargvlis

saSualebas. amave ideis gancxadebas warmoadgens ritualuri

ferxulebi (zogjer mravalsarTuliani), orpiruli (orgundiani)

simRerebi, saqanelebze qanaoba da a.S. (surgulaZe, 1987).

centrisa da RerZis saxeebi, simboloTa dinamikaSi, korelaturia

da gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan mxolod xedvis kuTxiT. erTi da

igive sakraluri adgili erTdrouladaa centric da samyaros RerZic.

igi warmoadgens Teofaniis privilegirebul adgils. centris cneba

mWidrod ukavSirdeba komunikaciuri arxis cnebas. mas gaaCnia rogorc

spiritualuri, ise materialuri mniSvneloba. centri SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnas, Tavis horizontalur ganfenilobaSi, rogorc samyaros

suraTi, rogorc mikrokosmi, romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs samyaros

yvela virtualobas, xolo Tavis vertikalur ganfenilobaSi –

rogorc gadasvlis, mijnis adgili samyaros zeciur, miwiur da

infernalur doneTa Soris. Ees yvelaze Zlieri intensivobis

matarebeli wertilia (eliade 1949; eliade 1965; Sevalieri, gerbranti,

T.1, 1973).centrs warmoadgens is adgili, romelic konsekrirebuli iyo

ritualebisa da locvis meSveobiT, radgan aseT adgilebSi myardeba

kontaqti zebunebriv ZalebTan (abakelia 1991: 111).am sqemaSi SeiZleba CavrToT wriuli ferxulebi, gansakuTrebiT

iseTi, sadac ama Tu im saxiT centria aRniSnuli. Aamgvar ferxulebs

unda miekuTvnebodes ferxuli “Zabrac”.

n.abakelias azriT, wyarosTavi, wyalsacavi, mdinare da sxv. e.w.

“liminaluri zonaa”, samyaros centria (miTologiuri da ara

geometriuli TvalsazrisiT), romelic kosmiuri brZolis adgils

warmoadgens. qarTul, iseve rogorc sxva mraval tradiciaSi, gvelis

simbolo dakavSirebulia wyalTan, wvimasTan, nayofierebasTan,

mosavlianobasTan. rwmenebi wylismflobeli gveleSapis (veSapis)

Sesaxeb uSualod ukavSirdeba megaliTur Zeglebs “veSapebs” da maT

miTologias. amave rwmena-warmodgenebSi erTiandeba kosmiuri brZolis

Temac amindis RvTaebasa da mis xTonur mowinaaRmdeges Soris

(abakelia 1997: 16-17).

Sesabamisi rwmenebi gvelTmebrZol gmirebze farTodaa

gavrcelebuli mTel saqarTveloSi.

statiaSi ganxiluli ferxuli “Zabrac” Tavisi saxumaro,

erTgvarad sakarnavalo xasiaTis miuxedavad, romelic man droTa

ganmavlobaSi miiRo, mainc SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes farTod


121

gavrcelebul rwmena-warmodgenebs, romelTa mixedviTac gveleSapi,

romelsac SeuZlia mTeli sofeli STanTqas da gaanadguros, epatroneba

wyals da sanacvlod msxverpls iTxovs, gmiri ki ebrZvis mas, amarcxebs

da anTavisuflebs sofels (aseTia magaliTad gadmocemebi kaxanis,

JivJias da vaJias da saboloo jamSi wm. giorgis Sesaxeb).

literatura

abakelia 1997: n. abakelia, simbolo da rituali qarTul

kulturaSi. Tb., 1997.

abakelia 1991: Àáàêåëèÿ, Í.Ê., Ìèô è ðèòóàë â Çàïàä í îé Ãðóçèè,Òá., 1991.

alaverdaSvili 2000: q.alaverdaSvili, centris simbolikisaTvis

zogierT qarTul ferxulSi. .”analebi”, # 1, 2000.

alaverdaSvili 2005: q.alaverdaSvili, wriuli ritualuri

ferxulebis simbolikisaTvis qarTuli eTnografiuli

masalis mixedviT, mse, 25, Tb., 2005.

bardaveliZe 1938: v. bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qarTveli

mTielebis sasuliero teqstebi, mse, nakv. 1, tf., 1938.

bardaveliZe 1953: v. bardaveliZe, qarTuli (svanuri) saweso

grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. Tb.,1953.

bardaveliZe 1957: Áàðäàâåëèäçå, Â.Â., Äðåâíåéøèå ðåëèãèîçíûåâåðîâàíèÿ è îáðÿäîâî å ãðàôè÷åñêî å èñêóññòâî ãðóçèíñêèõïëåìåí. Òá.,1957

gvaramaZe 1957: l. gvaramaZe, qarTuli xalxuri qoreografia, Tb.,

1957.

eliade 1949: Eliade,M., Le mythe de l’eternel retour. Paris, 1949.eliade 1965: Eliade, M., Le sacre et le profane. Paris,1965.eliade 1987: Ýëèàäå, Ì.,Êî ñ ì îñ è èñòîðèÿ. Ì.,1987.eliade 1999: Ýëèàäå, Ì., Òðàêòàò ïî èñòîðèè ðåëèãèé, 1,ÑÏá.,1999.elisi 1929: H.Ellis, The dance of life. N.Y.,1929.zemcovski 1987: Çå ìö îâñêèé , È .È . , Ï î ñëåäà ì âåñ íÿ íêè èç

ô î ðò å ï è à í í î ãî êî í ö å ðòà Ï . × à é êî âñêî ãî. Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿìîðôîëîãèÿ íàðîäíîé ïåñíè. Ë.,1987.

TaTaraZe 1986: a.TaTaraZe, qarTul cekvaTa ganmartebani. Tb., 1986.

kerloti 1994: Êåðë îò, Õ.Ý.,Ñëîâàðü ñèìâî ëîâ. Ì.,1994.Jornickaia 1983: Æî ð í è ö êàÿ , Ì .ß . , Íàð îä í îå õîðåîãðàôè÷åñêî å

èñêóññòâî êî ð å í í î ãî í à ñåëåíèÿ Ñåâåðî-Âîñòî êà Ñèáèðè.Ì.,1983.


122

samsoni 1987: Ñàìñîí,Ë.,Ðèòìû ðàäîñòè. Òðàäèöèè êëàññè÷åñêèõèíäèéñêèõ òàíöåâ. Íüþ-Äåëè-Ì.,1987.

surgulaZe 1987: surgulaZe, i., sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa

religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. mse, 23, Tb., 1987.

Sevalieri, gerbranti 1973: Chevalier, Gheerbrant, Dictionnaire dessymbols. T.1, Paris, 1973.

xidaSeli 2002: m.xidaSeli, brZolis kosmogoniuri koncefcia

saqarTvelos uZveles sulier kulturaSi. “saqarTvelos

siZveleni”, # 2, 2002.

janeliZe 1948: d.janeliZe, qarTuli Teatris xalxuri sawyisebi,

w.1, Tb., 1948.

Ketevan Alaverdashvili

On the Meaning of the Round-dance Called “Dzabra”

According to the point of view, expressed in the article the round-dancedzabra despite its humoristic and carnival characteristics might also be associatedto the widespread local religious beliefs on the dragon, which might demolish andswallow the whole village and seize the water reservoirs. After this the dragondemands human sacrifices. The local hero fights, defeats and releases the village(Such local heroes are Kakhani, Zhivzhiva and Vazhina and in the end St George).


123

qeTevan bezaraSvili

antikuri ritorikis Teoriis

cnebaTa reinterpretaciisaTvis

bizantiur da qarTul

literaturaSi

Sua saukuneebis ritorikis Teoriidan

ZiriTadad dasavleT evropis laTinurenovani

literaturis monacemebia gamokvleuli da

mecnieruli Sromebi da saxelmZRvaneloebic

amas eZRvneba (Minnis, Scott, Wallace 1988; Minnis,Johnson 2005; Curtius 1953). bizantiuri ri-torikis Teoria naklebad an TiTqmis ar

aris Seswavlili samecniero literaturaSi

(gamonaklisia: Kustas 1973). magram irkveva, romSua saukuneebis berZeni da qarTveli av-

torebi SesaniSnavad iyvnen gaTviTcnobiere-

bulni klasikuri da bizantiuri ritorikis

TeoriaTa sakiTxebSi. isini kargad icnobdnen

mag., baZvis, stilTa doneebis, mSvenierebisa

da sxv. cnebebs da Sesabamisad axdendnen maT

gadaazrebas (bezaraSvili 2004: 147-155; 158-

259; 530-587). winamdebare naSromSi ganxi-

luli magaliTebi kidev erTxel warmoaCens

bizantieli da qarTveli mwignobrebis, basili

minimusisa (X s.) da efrem mciris (XI s.)

mier1 ritorikis Teoriebis karg codnas da




tetis pumanitarul mec-

nierebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis

asocirebuli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

grigol RvTismetyvelis

poeziis qarTuli versia,

1990. miqael fselosis

ritorikuli traqtatebis

Targmanebi, 1996. ritori-

kisa da Targmanis Teoria

da praqtika grigol

RvTismetyvelis Txzule-

baTaYqarTuli Targmanebis

mixedviT, Tbilisi, “mecnie-

reba”, 2004. (Tanaavtoreb-

Tan) S. Gregorii Nazian-zeni opera. Versio Iberica,I-V, in Corpus Christiano-rum, Turnhout, Leuven,Brepols publishers, 1998-2007.interesTa sfero:

bizantiuri da qarTuli

literaturis istoria,

himnografiis problemebi,

antikuri da Sua sauku-

neebis ritorikis Teoria,

Targmanis Teoria.

1basili minimusis komentarebis berZnuli teqsti

damowmebulia r. kantarelasa da T. Smidtis gamocemebis

mixedviT (Cantarella 1926; Schmidt 2001), agreTvegamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis mixedviT (cod. Vat. Gr.437, s.X; cod. Paris. Coisl. 240, s.XI; cod. Paris. Cois. 52, s.XI). basili minimusis komentarebis efrem mciriseuli

Targmani yvelgan damowmebulia T. oTxmezuris mier

gamosaqveyneblad momzadebuli teqstidan. kometarTa

numeracia gakeTebulia efrem mciriseuli qarTuli

Targmanebis mixedviT T. oTxmezuris mier. basili

minimusis berZnul teqstTa xelnawerebi, romelTa

umetesi nawili gamouqveynebelia, Segrovebulia prof.

Justin moseis mier da inaxeba luvenis kaTolikuri

universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetTan

arsebul grigol RvTismetyvelis kabinetSi.

124

gaazrebas, kerZod, cxadyofs maT mier aristoteles moZRvrebis

recefcias Txzulebis kompoziciis Sesaxeb. qvemoT am Teoriis sami

sakiTxi Sedarebulia imave problemebTan Sua saukuneebis ritorikaSi.

esenia ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri agebulebis mSveniereba,

prologisa da epilogis darTvis xelovneba:

1) aristotele saubrobs ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri

struqturis mSvenierebaze (to; ga;r kalo;n ejn megevqei kai; tavxeiejstivn. Arist. Poet. 7, 1450 b 9). aq igulisxmeba winasityva da

bolosityva, anu Sesavali da dasasruli (Rhet. III, 13-14, 1414 b -1416 a). ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciis klasikuri Teoria da am

kompoziciis mSveniereba kargad aris Seswavlili samecniero

literaturaSi.1

2) aristotele agreTve ganmartavs, rom safleito musikaluri

preludia (proauvlion) da poeziis dasawyisi striqonebi (provlogo~)imave funqcas asrulebs, rasac sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavali

(prooivmion). (To; me;n ou\n prooivmiovn ejstin ajrch; lovgou, o}per ejnpoihvsei provlogo~ kai; ejn aujlhvsei proauvlion. Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414b 5).

3) aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi yovelTvis ar aris saWiro

ritorikuli sityvis yvela saxeobisaTvis, mag., roca igi aris mokle,

anda roca misi Tema advili dasamaxsovrebelia (oJ ejpivlogo~ [sc. twnajpodeiktikwn] …. e[ti oujde; dikanikou pantov~, oi|on eja;n mikro;~ oJlovgo~, h] to; pragma eujmnhmovneuton. Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1).

ganvixlavT am Sexedulebebs X-XI saukuneebis dasaxelebuli

avtorebis SromebSi warmodgenil Teoriul mosazrebebTan SedarebiT,

sadac klasikuri Sexedulebebi gadaazrebulia.

1) grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul basili minimusis

komentarebSi (iseve rogorc maT efrem mciriseul TargmanebSi)

ganxilulia ritorikuli sityvis winasityviTa da bolosityviT,

anu prologiTa da epilogiT (i.e. exordium, peroratio; prologium, epilogus)Semkobis sakiTxi da amgvari Semkoba ritorikuli xelovnebisa da

mSvenierebis nimuSad aris dasaxelebuli. sayuradReboa, rom

qristianuli epoqis avtorTa nawerebSic sityvis Semkoba SesavliTa

1 Sesavali da daskvna (prooimivon, ejpivlogo~), rogorc ritorikuli sityvis

kompoziciuri konstruqciis nawilebi, ganxilulia klasikuri ritorikis

TeoriebSi(Martin 1974: 55, 147).epilogis tradiciuli ganmartebisaTvis, rogorc homiliis Tematikis

Semajamebeli nawilisaTvis, ix. aristotele (Arist. Rhet. III, 19, 1419b)(Männlein-Robert 2003: 778-788).

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da dasasruliT miCneulia ritorikuli xelovnebis wesad. es cnebebi

miRebuli iyo berZen avtorTa nawerebSi arsitoteledan moyolebuli

da farTod iyo gavrceleuli elinistur periodSi, gvian antikurobaSi

da Sua saukuneebSi. mag., grigol RvTismetyvelis homiliebze darTul

basili minimusis komentarebSi “litonoba” (= litovn) ewodeba

swored xelovanebis (tevcnh-s) gareSe Txzvas, kerZod, Sesavlis

gareSe Txzulebis Seqmnas. basili minimusi saubrobs homiliis

iseTi ritorikuli ornamentebiT Semkobaze, rogoricaa Sesavali da

ritmuli perioduli kolonebi.1 basili minimusis mixedviT, homiliis

SesavliT SemkobiT da am Sesavlis formis srulyofiT acilebulia

simartive, litonoba, “uÃelovnoba” (aJplw~ - “litonad”).2

Sesabamisad, unda vigulisxmoT epilogis gareSe Txzvac. basili

minimusi saubrobs homiliis locviTi daboloebis, anu epilogis

(ejpivlogo~ - “boloÁ”) tradiciuli ritorikuli formis Sesaxeb

qristianul literaturaSi. epilogiT Txzulebis daboloeba

ritorikul ostatobas miekuTvneba (tevcnai, o{roi rJhtorikoin -“Ãelovnebani metyuelTani”).

3

2) basili minimusi aseve saubrobs Txzulebis uSesavlod

agebis Sesaxeb, rac grigol RvTismetyvelma qristianuli homiliis

ritorikul wesad gadaaqcia, roca pirdapir TxrobiT daiwyo

1 ix. berZnuli teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Ou|to~ oJ lovgo~pavsai~ tai~ tecnikai~ ajparaleivptw~ ejgkekallwvpistai meqovdoi~: ajqrei ga;r ejnprooimivoi~ eujqevw~, o{sai~ ajretai~ plhvqei, th/ ejx ejpembolh~ peribolh/, th/ ejx aijtiva~kataskeuh/, th/ te makrokwliva/ ...“yovelTave ÃelovnebiTa RonisZiebiTa unaklulod

Semkobil ars awindeli ese sityuaÁ ... rameTu ganicade myis dasabamsave sityÂsasa

raodeniTa SuenierebiTa Semkobil ars Sesavalovnad SemosilobiTa, mizezovnad

SenawevrebiTa grZelSenadgamobasave Tana” (Or. 43, com. prooemium. Cantarella 1926:21

28-31; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, s. XII, f. 22r); kavllo~, kataskeuhv, kallwpivzesqai miekuTvneba

sityvis garegnul xorciel ornamentul Rirsebebs (ajretai; levxew~). (Martin 1974:339, 340, 342; 252. Ernesti 1962: s.v. kallwpivzesqai).2 ix. basili minimusis teqsti da misi efrem mciriseuli Targmani: Telvsa~ to; th~

o{lh~ uJpoqevsew~ prooivmion, oujc aJplw~ eij~ to; gevno~, ajlla; metav tino~ prooimiakhv~ejnnoiva~ eijsbavllei. “srul-yo yovelive winadawyebaÁ Sesavalisa mizezTaÁ da amieriTgan

ara litonad, aramedwinaSesavalovanadve iwyebs naTesavTaTÂs didisa basilisTa

sityuad” (Or. 43, com. 15. Cantarella 1926: 231; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 23v).

3 ix. basili minimusis komentari: a) to; e[scaton mevro~ tou o{lou lovgou ou|tov~ ejstinoJ keklhmevno~ ejpivlogo~, eujch~ tuvpon ejpevcwn, w~ aiJ tevcnai qesipivzousin. b) ejntauqato; teleutaion twn kefalaivwn oJ ejpivlogo~ tuvpon e[cwn eujch~, wJ~ qesmoi; kai; o{roiparadhlousi rJhtorikoi v. “ese ars boloÁ sakiTxavisaÁ amis, romelsa locvis saxe

zeda-ac, viTarca Ãelovnebani metyuelTani ganaCineben” (Or. 43, com. 216. Cantarella1926: 32

15-19; cod. Iber. Tbilis. A 109, s. XII-XIII, f. 69v).

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antikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebaTa reinterpretaciisaTvis bizantiur

da qarTul literaturaSi

126

makabelTadmi miZRvnili homilia1 an SesxmiTi galobis saxiT _

Sobis homilia.2 basili minimusis warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad

efuZneba aristoteles ganmartebas, rom musikaluri preludia

(proauvlion) sadResaswaulo sityvis Sesavals (prooivmion) hgavs(Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5). am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ritorikisTeoriis sakiTxTan, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo ritorikuli sityvis

axali saxeobisaTvis, Tumca am SemTxvevaSic igi dasabams iRebs

klasikosi Teoretikosis traqtatidan, magram interpretirebulia

axal sulier konteqstSi.

3) ritorikis klasikuri da bizantiuri Teoriebis mSvenierebis

kategoriis codnasTan erTad Txzulebis kompoziciuri nawilebis

Sesaxeb moZRvrebis aTvisebas efrem mciris mier cxadyofs misi

kidev erTi kolofoni, romelsac igi urTavs imperator iulianes

ganmaqiqebel meore sityvas (Or. 5). kolofoni exeba homiliis epilogis

sakiTxs: “xolo ubolood datevebisaTÂs nuvis usrulica hgonies

(= Or. 5), rameTu berZulad esreT ars Tqumuli wmidisa, ara litonad,

arca sxuaTa aRmwerelTaebr, aramed, viTar-igi aTormet arian

Ãelovnebani berZenTa swavlulebisani da TiToeuli aRmwereli miT

saxiTa aRmwerelobs, raÁca Ãelovneba eswavos aTormetTa maTgan

1 basili minimusis da misi mTargmnelis, efrem mciris mixedviT, “makabelTa

sityvis” uSesavlod dawyebis litonad da SemTxveviTad miCneva moCvenebiTia.

amgvari meTodi ritorikis axali, qristianuli xelovnebis damaxasiaTebel niSnad

aris warmodgenili: oJ ga;r wJ~ e[tucen oi\on te tosouton ajxivwma levgein kai; gravfein ...kai; ouj aujto; touto dia; tou zhthtikou kai; hjnivxato morivou protivqei~ aujto; th~ luvsew~twn zhtoumevnwn deiknu;~ dia; th~ ajnaskeuh~ twn ejnantiologoumevnwn ajxivou~ ejgkwmivwn.“raÁme makabelni?” rameTu ara saeWu ars ] add. litonad da viTar damTxueviT

raÁsme TqumaÁ esodenisa Rirsebisa kacisa mier ... myis saZiebliT marculiT iwyo

da aRÃsnasa wina-moaqcia saZiebeli da aCuena igi Rirs Sesxmisa...” (Or. 15, com. 1.codd. Paris.Coisl. Gr. 240, s. XI, f. 187r; cod. Iber., Tbilis. A 109, f. 220r).2 qristeSobis homiliis komentarSi basili minimusi ritorikuli Sesavlis

Semcvlelad Tvlis homiliis galobiT dawyebas, udidesi qristianuli dResaswauliT

gamowveuli mometebuli sitkboebisa da sixarulis gamo. amdenad aq, piriqiT,

axali tipis dasawyisi axali, qristianuli ritorikis Rirsebad aris dasaxelebuli:

eijkovtw~ kai; prooimivwn tavxin ei[lhfe tauta, procoreuvonto~ kai; proskirtwvnto~ kai;oi|on proanakrouomevnou tou Patro;~ th/ th~ hJdonh~ te kai; eujfrosuvnh~ uJperbolh/.“samarTlad nacvalad winaSesavalisa moipova aqa didman aman moZRuarTa Soris

winamZnobelobaÁ da winaaRmRerelobaÁ, viTarmca gardamatebulisa sitkboebisa da

sixarulisa winamcemel iyo ebnisa” (Or. 38, com. prooemium. Cantarella 1926: 522-25

;Schmidt 2001: 10-11; cod. Iber. Jer. 15, f. 10v).

basili minimusis warmodgenili ganmarteba ZiriTadad eyrdnoba aristoteles

ganmartebas, rom musikaluri preludia (proauvlion) emsgavseba epidiqtikuri sityvisSesavals (prooivmion. Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1414 b 5).

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(=aq igi CamoTvlis 12 zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagans) ... aramed

wmida ese da didi RmrTismetyueli, viTarca amiT yovliTa sruliad

swavluli, yovliTave amiT Seamkobs TqumulTa TÂsTa. amisTÂs sxÂsa

Ãelovnebisa ars daboloeba da sxÂsa _ ara daboloeba. vinaÁca me,

vinaÁTgan oqsinoÁ ara maqunda saolavad skamarangisa, flasiTa ver

davolevdi. aramed Sedarebulad berZulisa, uboloo ubolood da

daboloebuli daboloebulad miTargmnia...” (bregaZe 1988: 171-172).1

aRniSnuli sakiTxavi (Or. 5) “ubolood”, e.i. epilogis gareSea

berZnulSi da Sesabamisad, qarTul TargmanSic. meore mxriv, efrems

berZnuli dednis erTgulebis gamo daboloebuli, anu epilogiani

(sxva sakiTxavebi) aseve epilogianad uTargmnia. efremi xsnis, rom

amgvari xerxi uepilogobisa ar aris sxva mweralTaebr “litonad

TqumiT” gamowveuli, aramed swored rom samecniero da ritorikuli

xelovanebiT, e.i. ritorikuli ostatobiT, aris Seqmnili, romelSiac

kargad iyo ganswavluli grigol RvTismetyveli. igi am swavlulebiT

amkobda Tavis Sromebs _ “TqumulTa TÂsTa”.2 amdenad, es movlena

uepilogobisa SemTxveviTi ki ar ris, aramed kanonzomieria. efremis

ganmartebiT, sakiTxavis daboloeba _ epilogis darTva sxva xelovnebaa

da dauboloebloba ki sul sxva xelovnebisaganaa, radgan epilogi,

romelic Txzulebis kompoziciis Semadgeneli nawilia, SeiZleba

gamoyenebul iqnes homiliis samkaulad.

aq efremi, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes ritorikuli sityvis agebis

da misi mSvenierebis klasikur Teorias (aristoteles ritorikidan

da poetikidan). rogorc ukve iTqva, aristoteles mixedviT, epilogi

ar aris yovelTvis aucilebeli yvela saxis sityvisaTvis, mag., roca

igi moklea anda roca sityvis sagani advili dasamaxsovrebelia

(Arist. Rhet. III, 13, 1414 b 1). marTlac, grigolis ganmaqiqebeli sityvis

sagani3 ioli iyo dasamaxsovreblad, radgan ganqiqeba grZeldeboda

1 Cod. Iber. A 292, a. 1800, f. 215v. es kolofoni da masSi dasaxelebuli

zogadsaganmanaTleblo sagnebi ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi (Rapava,Coulie 1991: 121-124). igive kolofoni grigol RvTismetyvelis zogierT uepilogo

sakiTxavze efTvime aTonelis mier darTul epilogebTan mimarTebiT aseve ganxiluli

iyo samecniero literaturaSi (Kourtsikidze 2000: 429-437).2 aseve afasebs miqael fselosi grigol RvTismetyvelis xelovnebas da ostatobas.

misi Txzulebebi yovelgvari mecnierebis (ejpisthvmh) da xelovanebis (tevcnh)codnas Seicaven (Mayer 1911: 14

254-273; bezaraSvili 1996: 146).

3 ganmaqiqebeli homiliis klasikuri warmomavloba (yovgo~, yektikov~), rogorc

epideiqtikuri Janris saxeoba (gevno~ ejpideiktikovn - genus demonstrativum), e.w.negatiuri enkomia (ejgkwvmion), romelic iqca qristianul ganqiqebad, e.w. lovgo”sthlieutikov”, ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi (Menander Rhetor 1981;Hunger 1978: 120-122. Payr 1962: 332-343. Guignet 1911: 76-77. maWavariani 2002: 92).



128

mTeli homiliis manZilze da, Sesabamisad, zemoxsenebuli mokle

daboloeba aRar saWiroebda raime damatebas.

imperator iulianes ganmaqiqebeli meore sityvis SinaarsTan

dakavSirebuli problema ganxilulia samecniero literaturaSi.

aRniSnulia, rom epilogis darTvis nacvlad grigol RvTismetyveli

amTavrebs ganmaqiqebel sityvas/homilias (lovgo~ sthliteutikov~)iulianesadmi mamarTuli ironiuli sityvebiT (maWavariani 2002:

90-92; bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). igi ambobs, rom es sityva aris

maradiuli Zegli iulianesaTvis am frazis uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT

(Or. 5, c. 42. PG 35, 720A). aseTi daboloeba aRar saWiroebs Semajamebel

daskvniT epilogs.

efremma icis ritorikis bizantiuri Teoriebis es Tavisebureba

_ kompoziciuri agebuleba. Tumca amave dros, rogorc iTqva, igi

aRniSnavs, rom ubolooba ar aris litonoba da sworedac rom

xelovnebaa. am SemTxvevaSi efremis Teoriuli wyaro uepilogobis

ostatobasTan dakavSirebiT unda exmaurebodes rogorc ritorikis

zemoT naxseneb aristoteleseul klasikur Teorias (Arist. Rhet. III,13, 1414 b 1), ise qristianul Teorias da esTetikas (ix. basili

minimusis ganxiluli komentarebi). klasikur Teorias rom SevadaroT,

Sesavali iTvleba ritorikuli sityvis Semkobilebis mSvenebad

(kovsmou cavri~), roca misi ararseboba sityvas aZlevs saxeldaxelod

warmoTqmulis saxes.1

efrem mcire kolofonSi Tavs imarTlebs, rom ritorikis

xelovneba Zvirfasia da fufunebaa, rasac igi TavisiT ver miwvdeboda

da Tavad epilogs ver daurTavda: abreSumis qsovili (oqsino) ar

mqonda mosasxamis (skamarangis) Sesakerad da ubralo ZaZiT (flasiT)

xom ara Sevkeravdio. mosasxams an CarCos, rogorc gare samkauls,

ritorikis TeoriebSi swored ritorikul xelovnebas uwodeben,

romliTac unda moapirkeTon Rrma Sinaarsi.2 marTalia, aq uSualod

mSvenierebis cneba ar aris naxsenebi, magram vnaxeT, rom efremi

kompoziciis xelovnebis mSvenierebis Sesabamis problemas exeba,

rac Seswavlilia aristoteles ritorikasa da poetikaSi da basili

minimusis komentarebSi. amave dros igi ritorikis Zvirfas samkaulebs

asaxelebs, romelTa Soris kompoziciis xelovnebac Sedis.

1 gorgias leontielis eleelebisadmi mimarTuli saxotbo sityva (enkomia)

dasaxelebulia saxeldaxelo sityvis nimuSad (Arist. Rhet. III, 14, 1415b12-1416a1).2 Sdr. miqael fselosic grigolis Rrma saRvTismetyvelo azris garegnul

Semosvas da Semkobas ritorikuli samkaulebiT uwodebs saxarebiseuli Zvirfasi

margalitis (maT. 13, 45-46) movarayebas oqroTi da mis Casmas patiosani qvebiT

mopirkeTebul CarCoSi (Mayer 1911: 585-90

).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

129

Seswavlilia, rom efremi am kolofonSi mSvenierebis cnebis

aspeqtebsac ixilavs (bezaraSvili 2004: 573-576). aSkaraa, rom

efremi exeba ritorikuli sityvis kompoziciuri struqturis

cnebasac, kerZod, xan epilogis darTvas, xan ki homiliis daskvnis

gareSe dasrulebas ritorikis Teoriebis mixedviT.

amgvarad, cxadi xdeba, rom efremi SesaniSnavad icnobs ritorikis

klasikur da bizantiur Teoriebs da maTi meTodologiis

gaTvaliswinebiT Targmnis grigol RvTismetyvelis Txzulebebs

qarTulad da qmnis Tavis kolofonebs literaturul-Teoriuli

sakiTxebis Sesaxeb. zemoT gaanalizebuli magaliTebi safuZvels

umagrebs mosazrebas, rom efremi dainteresebuli iyo ritorikis

TeoriebiT Tavisi moRvaweobis adreuli periodidanve (roca Targmna

Or. 5)1. es imas niSnavs, rom bizantiaSi mimdinare saazrovno procesebzeefremma Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisidanve elinofiluri kulturuli

orientacia aiRo, maSin roca misi mTargmnelobiTi meTodi mxolod

TandaTan xdeboda elinofiluri.

maSasadame, klasikuri ritorikis Teoriis cnebebi basili

minimusisaTvis da efrem mcirisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, gaTavisebuli

da gadaazrebuli axali, qristianuli ritorikis moTxovnilebaTa

mixedviT.

literatura

bezaraSvili 1996: q. bezaraSvili, miqael fselosis traqtati

saRvTismetyvelo stilis Sesaxeb (gamokvleva, Targmani,

komentarebi), bizantiuri mwerlobis qrestomaTia, III, Tbilisi,

1996, gv. 146.

bezaraSvili 2004: q. bezaraSvili, ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria

da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli

Targmanebis mixedviT, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “mecniereba”,

2004.

bregaZe 1988: T. bregaZe, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa Semcvel

qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba

“mecniereba”, 1988.

kantarela 1926: R. Cantarella, Basilio Minimo,II, in Byzantinishce Zeitschrift,26, 1926, p. 1-34.

1 grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTulad Targmanis qronologiis Sesaxeb

ix. bezaraSvili 2004: 413.



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ernesti 1961: Jo. Ch. Th. Ernesti, Lexicon Technologiae GraecorumRhetoricae, Leipzig, 1795 / Darmstadt, 1962: Georg OlmsVerlagsbuchhandlung.

gine 1911: M. Guignet, St. Grégoire de Nazianze et la rhétorique, Paris,1911, p. 76-77.

hungeri 1978: H. Hunger, Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner,Bd. I, Münich: C.H. Beck’sche Verlagsbuchhandlund, 1978, S. 120-122.

qurcikiZe 2000: T. Kourtsikidze, La composition du manuscrit Iviron 68 etle colophon d’ Ephrem Mtsiré, dans Le Muséon, t. 113, 2000, p. 429-437.

kustasi 1973: Kustas, G.L., Studies in Byzantine Rhetoric (AnalektaBlatadon, 17), Thessaloniki: Patriarchikon Idruma Paterikon Meleton,1973.

maWavariani 2002: m. maWavariani, efrem mciris damokidebuleba

“gareSe” sibrZnisadmi grigol RvTismetyvelis imperator

ivlianesadmi miZRvnili meore ganmaqiqebeli sityvis (Or. 5)mixedviT, literaturuli Ziebani, XXIII, Tbilisi, 2002, gv.

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maieri 1911: A. Mayer, Psellos’ Rede über den rheto rischen Character desGregorios von Nazianz, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 20, 1911, S. 48-60.

menandre ritori 1981: Menander Rhetor, Peri; ejpideiktikw’n, I,edited with translation and commentary by D.A. Russel, N.G. Wilson,Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.

minisi... 1988: Minnis, A.J., Scott, A.B., Wallace, D., Medieval LiteraryTheory and Criticism, c. 11000-c. 1375, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1988.

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pairi 1962: Th. Payr, Enkomion, in Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum,Bd. V, Stuttgart, 1962, S. 332-343.

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Smidti 2001: Basilii Minimi in Gregorii Nazianzeni orationem XXXVIIIcommentarii, ed. a Th. Schmidt, in Corpus Christianorum, SeriesGraeca, 46. Corpus Nazianzenum, 13, Turnhout-Leuven: BrepolsPublishers, University Press, 2001.

Ketevan Bezarashvili

On the Reinterpretation of the Concepts of ClassicalRhetorical Theories in Byzantine and Georgian Literature

The problems of acquiring the concepts of classical rhetorical theories inByzantine and Georgian literature are studied in the present paper. Thecommentaries of Basilius Minimus (the 10th century) and the colophon ofrenowned Georgian writer of the 11th century, the founder of hellenophile trend inGeorgian literature _ Ephrem Mtsire, are analyzed. Basilius Minimus’s and EphremMtsire’s concept of compositional construction of rhetorical speech is based onAristotle’s theory. The literary-theoretical opinions of the writers of Byzantiumand Christian East are not thoroughly studied in modern scholarly literature. Thestudy of this problem is important for revealing the Medieval approach to rhetoricaltheories, namely, to the concept of compositional parts of speech. The analysis ofthe problem makes it evident that Basilius Minimus and Ephrem Mtsire werewell-acquainted with classical theories of rhetoric, and they re-interpreted thetheory of compositional construction according to the demands of new, Christianrhetoric.



132

Tamar berekaSvili

erovnuli ena, erovnulikultura, erovnuli suli

enis da eris urTierTmimarTebis

problema metad Zvelia, rTuli da mravalsaxa.

gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba am problemam

SeiZina dRes, rodesac erTan da enasTan

dakavSirebulma sakiTxebma axleburi gada-

wyveta moiTxoves.

imisaTvis, rom Tavi davaRwioT Seqmnil

viTarebas, aucilebelia Camoyalibdes mocemuli

sakiTxebisadmi mecnieruli midgoma, rac

gulisxmobs ara marto sxva qveynebSi

arsebuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas,

ucxoel mecnierTa naazrevis Seswavlas, aramed

TviT sakiTxis axleburad dayenebas, arsebuli

situaciis mravalmxrivi Seswavlis safuZ-

velze. unda iyos ara erTi Teoria, ara erTi

midgoma mocemuli sakiTxisadmi. TeoriaTa

simravle, SexedulebaTa siWrele da

mravalferovneba mxolod sargeblobis

momtania, WeSmaritebis dadgenis gzaa.

am mimarTulebiT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis

kvleva calsaxad da mkacrad SemosazRvruli

mimarTulebiT midioda. erT-erT cnebad,

romelzedac naklebi iwereboda, gvevlineba

`sulis~, gonis~ cneba, romlis gamoyeneba da

xseneba did Tavdasxmebs iwvevda sabWoTa

periodSi, magram arc mogvianebiT gaxda

seriozul mecnierTa gansjis obieqti. amasTan,

am cnebebs bevri mniSvneloba gaaCniaT, maTi

gamoyeneba metad moxerxebulia, ramdenadac

filosofiis mecniere-

baTa doqtori, Tbilisis

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmw-

ifoUuniversitetis aso-

cirebuli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`Tanamedrove Rirebule-

bebi da idealebi~, post-

modernizmi Tanamedro-

veobis konteqstSi”

(kulturis filosofia)

da sxva. gamoqveynebuli

aqvs ramdenime statia so-

-cialur da politikur

filosofiaSic _ demo-

kratizacia” (g. JorJo-

lianTan da m. musxeli-

SvilTan erTad), `Tana-

medrove socialuri vi-

Tareba saqarTveloSi”

(rusul enaze xarkovis

universitetis masaleb-

Si) da sxva.

interesTa sfero:

semiotika, kulturis

filosofia.

133

bevri azris Tu Sexedulebis ufro gasagebi formiT gadmocemis

saSualebas iZleva. es gansakuTrebiT Cans iseT sakiTxebze

msjelobisas, rogoric erTan da enasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebia.

metad Znelia ilaparako sulier kulturaze da gverdi auaro

cneba suls, Seexo `kulturis ekologias~ ise, rom ar daakavSiro

is sulierTan.

mocemuli werilis mizania erTgvarad warmoaCinos enisa da

kulturis mniSvneloba erisaTvis. enis amgvari mniSvneloba TiTqos

eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. miuxedavad amisa, bolo dromde Cndeboda

naSromebi, romelTa avtorebi ar Tvlidnen enas eris mniSvnelovan

niSnad. es maTi uflebaa, romelic ar gamoricxavs sxva Sexedulebebis

arsebobis uflebas.

siZnele imiTac aris gamowveuli, rom ar aris dadgenili eris

fenomenis mecnieruli cneba. aq, ZiriTadad, arsebobs ori

urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgoma. pirveli, romelsac iziarebda sabWoTa

mecnierTa didi nawili, aufasurebda ers, Tvlida mas droebiT, warmaval

movlenad, amitom eris meobis yovel gamoxatulebas eZleoda

uaryofiTi Sefaseba, rogorc CamorCenils, nacionalisturs, reaqciuls

da a.S. meoreni, piriqiT, ers warmoaCendnen rogorc adamianTa erTobis

umaRles da ucvlel formas, romelmac unda SeinarCunos Seucvlelad

Tavisi saxe, ganeridos nebismier gavlenas. aseTi Sexedulebebi, rogorc

wesi, garkveuli erebis SigniT Cndeboda da Cndeba da isini, samwuxarod,

mTavrdeba nacionalizmis ukiduresi gamovleniT, ramdenadac erTi

calkeuli eris umaRlesi kulturuli misiis aRiareba, misi

gansakuTrebulobis da unikaluri xvedris mtkiceba aniWebs am

eris warmomadgenlebs siamayis yalb grZnobas, uqmnis maT imis gancdas,

rom isini uflebamosilni arian daCagron sxva eri, moaxvion sxvas

Tavisi neba; Ffaqtobrivad orive aRniSnuli midgoma, saboloo

angariSSi, `rCeuli erebis~ arsebobaze Tanxmdeba sxva `naklebad

Rirebuli~ erebis xarjze.

eri, iseve rogorc erovneba, warmoadgens sruliad bunebriv

warmonaqmns adamianTa urTierTkavSirisa, is ufro didi erTobis,

kacobriobis konkretuli gamovlenaa, misi arsebobis erT-erTi formaa,

romelic mowodebulia Taviseburad, TiToeul calkeul SemTxvevaSi

gansakuTrebulad, mxolod misTvis Cveuli saxiT asaxos, ganaviTaros

sakacobrio Rirebulebebi, misi arsebobis wesi da sxva. TiToeuli

eri erTi mTlianis calkeul mxares warmoadgens, romelic mwirdeba

da sabolood kvdeba sxva mxareebis, sxva erebis gareSe, romlebic

mas avseben, amdidreben, da mxolod urTierTkavSirSi SeiZleba maTi

erovnuli ena, erovnuli kultura, erovnuli suli

134

arsebobis uzrunvelyofa. am azriT, TiToeul ers gansakuTrebuli

misia akisria, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara eris unikaluri

istoriuli bedi, romelSic Caqsovilia misi ena, tradiciebi, kulturis

monapovrebi, xelovneba. . . es istoriuli bedi, erTi mxriv, SemTxveviTia,

magram, amasTan, masSi gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT Tavs iCens eris

Rirebulebebi, misi msoflmxedveloba, romelic Tavis mxriv, icvleba

da viTardeba eris cxovrebis manZilze. am TvalsazrisiT, eris

samsaxuri yovelTvis ufro maRalia, ufro sayovelTaos samsaxurs

niSnavs. eris sulis saukeTeso gamovlenebi, rogorc, magaliTad,

goeTesTan, SeqspirTan, rusTavelTan, yovelTvis mTel kacobriobas

amdidrebdnen, mis saerTo potencials avlendnen, mis progress

emsaxurebodnen da Znelia imis dafiqsireba, Tu romelma calkeulma

erma SeiZina meti.

amgvarad, TiToeuli eri Taviseburad wyvets msoflios Zireul

umniSvnelovanes problemebs, Taviseburad pasuxobs mTeli kacobriobis

mier dasmul kiTxvebze da mxolod aseTi masStabis amocanebis

gadawyvetiT an Tundac dasmiT, fasdeba eris mniSvneloba, eris

sicocxlisunarianoba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom ers Tavisi amocanebic

aqvs _ droebiTi, amJamindeli, romelTa gadawyvetac mas mudmivad

uxdeba.

ena yoveldRiuri cnobierebis donezec ganicdeba rogorc eris

metad mniSvnelovani niSani. amiT unda aixsnas, rom mSobliuri enis

siyvaruli utoldeba qveynis, eris siyvaruls, misi samsaxuri _

eris samsaxurs.

`eris aRmavloba yovelTvis ukavSirdeba gansakuTrebiT saTuT

zrunvas Tavis enaze, mis siwmindeze~.

ena araa marto urTierTobis saSualeba, is aris enis raobis

gamovlenis upirvelesi da umniSvnelovanesi forma; Cemi, rogorc

pirovnebis mikuTvnebuloba mocemuli erisadmi saSualebas maZlevs

CavTvalo sakuTari Tavi mis erT-erT gamoxatulebad da, meore

mxriv, eris sicocxle, misi siZliere, kultura, arsebobis xangrZlivoba,

misi maradiuloba Cemi sicocxle, Cemi siZliere, Cemi maradiulobaa,

ramdenadac mec vqmni mas nawilobriv: Cemi yofna, cxovreba erovnul

enaze eris yofnaa. `mSobliuri ena, warmoadgens ra erovnuli

TviTSegnebis saSualebas . . . praqtikulad usazRvrod afarToebs

droSi da sivrceSi Cems SemosazRvrul arsebobas, usasrulobas

maziarebs~ (WavWavaZe 1984: 146).

enas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs xalxTa urTierTobaSi, magram

is ara marto gamaerTianebelia, calkeuli adamianebis da eTnikuri

Tamar berekaSvili

135

jgufebis Semkvreli, aramed gamTiSvelic. enebi erTgvar zRvars,

ufskruls qmnian erebs Soris. am zRvris gadalaxva yovelTvis

amdidrebs ers, afarToebs mis Tvalsawiers, rasac, rasakvirvelia,

mxolod maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac am axali kulturis Rirebulebebi,

Semosuli ucxo enis wyalobiT, xvdebian mSobliur erovnul enas.

xSirad, rodesac surT uaryon enis mniSvneloba erisaTvis, mohyavT

ebraelebis magaliTi, romlebic saukuneebis manZilze gafantulebi

iyvnen ara marto saerTo teritoriis, aramed erTiani enis gareSec.

magram unda iTqvas, rom erad Camoyalibebis procesSi maT ueWvelad

gaaCndaT Tavisi teritoriac da enac. swored am saerTo enaze

moxda maTi konsolidacia, romelic iseTi mtkice aRmoCnda, rom

dRemde SeunarCuna maT erovnuli TviTSegneba, TviTdasaxeleba, erovnuli

xasiaTi. cneba mamulic~ warmoadgens mamobis, Zeobis gafarToebul

cnebas. eris, rogorc sisxlis erTobis ideam, rogorc aRniSnavs

s. bulgakovi, miiRo Tavisi plastikuri gamoxatuleba bibliaSi,

rac sxva araferia, Tu ara Tavisi gansakuTrebuli meobis gacnobiereba,

gamoxatuli ramdenime aTaswleulis win mSobliur enaze bibliaSi.

meore, ebraelTa (ise rogorc sxva daqsaqsuli, magram erT

erad arsebobis cnobierebis mqone eris, magaliTad irlandielTa)

swrafva gaerTianebisa da ganTavisuflebisaken metad SesamCnevia,

rac kidev erT makonsolidirebel moments warmoadgens maTs

cxovrebaSi.

da, kidev, rogorc ki xalxebi miaRweven TavianT damoukideblobas

da Seqmnian erovnul saxelmwifos, isini maSinve cdiloben daibrunon

erovnuli ena. ase moxda ebraelTa SemTxvevaSic, romelTac saxelmwifo

enad gamoacxades ivriTi.

enis udidesi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb n. naTaZe aRniSnavs: is, rom

sakuTari ena eris yvelaze TvalsaCino da Rrma maxasiaTebelia,

empiriuli faqtia, magram eri, rogorc idealuri kategoria, am faqtis

miRmac dgas. figuralurad rom vTqvaT, is, rom homo sapienss bgeriTi

ena gaaCnia da misi goni am enaSi cocxlobs, SemTxveviTia, magram Tu

ers sakuTari ena ara aqvs, mas unda hqondes igi da, rogorc ivriTis

magaliTi mowmobs, SesaZloa iqnes kidec faqtobrivad~ (naTaZe 1984:

104).

amgvarad, swored enaSi, pirvel rigSi, Tavs iCens erovnuli;

metic, erovnuli gamoxatulebis yvela forma, iqneba es erovnuli

xasiaTi, kultura, fsiqikuri wyoba Tu sxva, yalibdeba enasTan erTad

da moucilebelia misgan. magaliTad, eris iseTi niSani, rogoricaa

kulturis erTianoba, enis msgavsad, eris arsebobis, TviTgamoxatvis


136

da ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens, TviTon iqmneba da

viTardeba enasTan erTad, aisaxeba masSi, iseve, rogorc SemdgomSi ena

erTgvarad gansazRvravs mas. erovnuli kulturis cneba kargavs

Tavis sazriss, Tu ar arsebobs misi Camoyalibebis iseTi piroba,

rogoricaa erTiani ena. kulturis da enis urTierTdamokidebulebis

da kerZod, enis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb n. WavWavaZis wignSi vkiTxulobT:

`ena warmoadgens ara marto eqspresiis, komunikaciis, socializaciis

da a. S. saSualebas, is amave dros eris erT-erT konstruqciul

niSans warmoadgens, zeindividualuri Rirebulebis niSans,

romlisTvisac patriotebi swiraven sicocxles, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

mzad arian gaswiron is, anu mzad arian gaxdnen kulturis subieqtebi,

gamovidnen Tavisi fsiqofizikuri individualobis sazRvrebs gareT~

(WavWavaZe 1984: 146).

amdenad, ar SeiZleba enis mniSvnelobis gatoleba teritoriul

da ekonomikur niSnebTan, ramdenadac enaSi vlindeba da cnobierdeba

TviT am niSnis mniSvnelobac. Tundac imave `mamulis~ cneba, is

warmoadgens ara mxolod teritorias, romelzec cxovrobs xalxi,

aramed gaaCnia maRali eTikuri, esTetikuri, socialuri Rirebulebac,

teritoria, buneba gvevlineba ara marto im pirobad, romelmac

gaaerTiana adamianTa jgufi fizikurad, saerTo materialuri

(ekonomikuri) interesebiT, is adamianebTan urTierTobis~ Sedegad,

d. lixaCovis sityvebiT, `xalxis sulis gamoxatuleba~, `mamuli~

xdeba, iZens iseT Rirebulebas, romelic gaaCnia mxolod sulieri

cxovrebis mqone adamianTa erTobliobas. is cnobierdeba samSoblos~

cnebaSi, romelsac xalxi saukuneebis manZilze icavda da romelic

kvlav mis zrunvas da dacvas moiTxovs. erTi sityviT, is xdeba

kulturis fenomeni da misi erTianoba ganpirobebulia ara marto

meqanikurad, fizikurad, aramed sulierad enaSi. `teritoriis

erTianoba warmoadgens eris aucilebel niSans, misi formirebis

pirobas ara marto im obieqturi garemoebis gamo, rom xalxma unda

sadme erTad icxovros da awarmoos, imisaTvis, rom SesZlos erovnul

kulturul organizmSi gaerTianeba, aramed ZiriTadad imitom, rom

es teritoria, aTvisebuli da gardaqmnili xalxis mraval TaobaTa

saqmianobis Sedegad, morTuli misi materialuri da sulieri

kulturis ZeglebiT, uxvad morwyuli mis damcvelTa sisxliT,

RirebulebiT _ neitraluri geografiuli cnebidan gadaiqceva

mSobliuri saxlis, samSoblos, mamulis cnebad, mis cocxal

sivrcobriv-droiT velad saukunidan saukunemde~ (WavWavaZe: 147-

148) da es xdeba SesaZlebeli mxolod enis meSveobiT, davumatebdiT

Tamar berekaSvili

137

Cven, enis wyalobiT xdeba `samSoblos~, `mamulis~ cneba cocxal

sivrcobriv-droiT velad saukunidan saukunemde~.

Tu eris cnebis aucilebeli niSnebi _ saerTo ekonomikuri

cxovreba, erTiani teritoria _ Tavdapirvelad misgan daSorebuli,

garegani faqtorebia, iseTi niSnebi, rogorc ena da kulturaa,

moucilebelia misgan, misi Sinagani arsis gamoxatvas warmoadgenen,

misi sulis cocxal gamoxatulebas. amasTan, ena is Zalaa, romelic

qmnis, ayalibebs ers erad, uzrunvelyofs erovnuli xasiaTis

ganmtkicebas, eris gonebrivi, sulieri unaris warmoCenas. erovnuli

Taviseburebis nebismieri Seswavla~ _ wers humboldti _ romelic

ar iyenebs enas, rogorc damxmare saSualebas, iqneboda amao, vinaidan

mxolod enaSia STabeWdili mTeli erovnuli xasiaTi da, amasTan,

masSi, rogorc mocemuli eris urTierTobis saSualebaSi qrebian

individualobebi, raTa gamomJRavndes sayovelTao~ (uznaZe 1940:

353).

maSasadame, ena is sferoa, romelSic yvelaze srulad warmoCndeba

eris suli, iseve, rogorc erovnuli xasiaTi da erovnuli kultura,

magram erovnuli suli ar aris erovnuli xasiaTis sinonimuri

cneba, iseve rogorc erovnuli kulturisa, Tumca orive maTganSi

iCens Tavs.

rodesac xasiaTze laparakoben, Cveulebriv gulisxmoben

specifikur moqmedebas an nebelobas, romelic qcevas gansazRvravs,

qcevas ara marto warsulSi, aramed momavalSic. es qceva

damaxasiaTebelia ara marto calkeuli pirovnebisTvis, aramed

erisaTvisac, is gansxvavebulia sxva erebis, sxva xalxebis qcevisagan.

amdenad, erovnuli xasiaTic, romelic damaxasiaTebeli, Taviseburi,

individualuri qcevebis kompleqss warmoadgens, gansxvavebulia sxva

erebis erovnuli xasiaTisagan. es rodi niSnavs, rom erTi eri

xasiaTdeba iseTi niSnebiT, romlebic ucxoa sxva erisTvis. igive

niSnebiT, TvisebebiT SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes da xasiaTdeba kidec,

sxvadasxva erebi, magram sxvadasxvaa, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, am niSnebis

xarisxobrioba, struqtura da, amdenad, gamovlenis formebi.

konkretuli xasiaTis aRniSvnisas igulisxmeba agreTve, rom is Tavs

iCens damaxasiaTebeli qcevis saxiT met-naklebad mudmivad. winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda misi gamoyofa, aRqma rogorc

individualurisa.

unda iTqvas, rom erovnuli xasiaTi ar aris eris Tandayolili

Tviseba, ise rogorc calkeuli xasiaTi, romelic warmoadgens,

d. uznaZis sityvebiT, garkveul ganwyobaTa gamovlenis dispozicias~,


138

Camoyalibebuls garemos zemoqmedebis pirobebSi~ (ramiSvili 1980:

195). aseve erovnuli xasiaTic avlens erisTvis, xalxisTvis

damaxasiaTebel ganwyobebs, romlebmac eris Camoyalibebis procesSi

miiRes gansazRvruli tendenciebi, Tavisi raoba; maTi formireba

moxda garemos zemoqmedebis Sedegad da ara marto fizikuri garemosi,

aramed tradiciebis, e. i. mTlianad socialuri garemos gavleniT.

rac Seexeba erovnul suls, misi sazrisi kidev ufro bundovania

da Znelad aRsaweri. `marto is (erovnuli sulis Tavisebureba _

T. b.) rogorc is Seqmna bunebam da Camoayaliba garemoebebma,

gansazRvravs erovnul xasiaTs, marto am ukanasknelzea dafuZnebuli

yoveli Semoqmedeba eris istoriaSi, mis dawesebulebebSi, mis naazrevSi,

masSia aRbeWdili misi Zala da Rirseba, romelic memkvidreobiT

gadaecema misgan individebs~ (uznaZe 1940: 47).

maSasadame, erovnuli suli aris is Zala, is energia, romelic

Tavis gamovlenas konkretul xasiaTSi poulobs. suli sulierSi

iCens Tavs da sulierSi misi gamosaxva swored erovnuli xasiaTis

meSveobiT xdeba.

miuxadavad imisa, rom moxerxda erovnuli sulis da erovnuli

xasiaTis cnebebis gamijvna, zemoTqmulidan ar irkveva sulis da

sulieris, rogorc sulis gamoxatvis Sedegis sazrisi. sulis mravali

ganmarteba da daxasiaTeba arsebobs. TiToeuli maTgani calmxrivad

axasiaTebs suls da ar amowuravs im cnebas sulisas, romelic

xalxis qcevis masuldgmuleblad da ganmsazRvrelad SeiZleba

mogvevlinos. aRsaniSnavia kidev erTxel, rom xalxis suli metia,

vidre erovnuli xasiaTi. is safuZvlad udevs ara marto erovnul

xasiaTs, aramed erovnul kulturas, erovnul ideals, rac metia

erovnul xasiaTze. erovnul suli erTgvarad eris arsebobis

xangrZliobas, mis sicocxlisunarianobas ganapirobebs. rasakvirvelia

erovnuli xasiaTi gavlenas axdens erovnul kulturaze da erovnuli

idealis Camoyalibebaze, magram mas damoukidebeli sazrisi aqvs. is

SeiZleba hgavdes sxva msgavs pirobebSi mcxovrebi erebis erovnul

xasiaTs da ar unda iyos am mxriv SemTxveviTi laparaki samxreTelebis

temperamentze an CrdiloeTis mcxovrebTa TavSekavebul xasiaTze.

rac Seexeba erovnul suls, is meti abstraqtulobiT gamoirCeva,

idealuris sferos ganekuTvneba, amasTan is ufro calsaxad vlindeba

individualurSi.

g. Speti, romelic sulis ramdenime daxasiaTebas ixilavs, irCevs

iseTs, romelic, misi azriT, unda iyos eTnikuri fsiqologiis

Seswavlis sagani, ramdenadac warmoadgens xalxis qcevis ZiriTad

Tamar berekaSvili

139

maxasiaTebelTa krebuls, anu eTnikur xasiaTs: `suli (goni) aq

aRniSnavs erTgvar konkretul tips, stils, anu `tons~, misi saxiT

Cven gvaqvs ideis TvalnaTlivi, uSualod SegrZnebadi xati~ rogorc

erTianoba. magram ara ganyenebul-logikuri da amasTan Taviseburad

koleqtiuri . . . es ar aris xanmokle mdgomareoba, aramed win

mimavali `forma~, romelic xatebSi beWdavs erTgvar ara marto

niSanTa mocemul erTianobas, aramed agreTve Tavis TavSi asaxavs

niSanTa mTel im masas, romelic Segrovda sulis istoriuli

`formirebis~ procesSi . . . `suli~ warmoadgens TiTqosda eqos

am cxovrebiseuli mravalsaxeobisa, pasuxs mis TiToeul bgeraze da

tonze, romelic moicavs mas srulad, magram gansakuTrebul simbolur

proecirebul korelaciebSi. amgvarad, `suli~ asaxavs sinamdviles

da avlens Cvens winaSe kondensirebuli saxiT, magram zustad, _

koleqtiuri organizaciis gancdebis erTgvar struqturas . . . ~

(Speti 1927: 90).

rogorc vxedavT, Spets xalxis suli, da amdenad erovnuli

suli warmoudgenia rogorc xatSi~ gamosaxul raRac damaxasiaTebel

niSanTa, TvisebaTa erToblioba, ideis~ anarekli, ramdenadac avtors

ara aqvs sagangebod aRniSnuli, icvleba Tu ara es xati~, viTardeba

Tu ucvlelia, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom is mocemulia erTxel da

samudamod, rom mas araferi aRar emateba. sinamdvileSi es ase ar

aris da es Spetis gansazRvrebidanac Cans, vinaidan `suli~ Tu

`goni~ warmoadgens `formas~, romelSic aRibeWda niSanTa mTeli

erToblioba, Segrovili sulis~ Camoyalibebis istoriul procesSi,

amitom is unda icvlebodes. istoriuloba xom pirvel rigSi

cvlilebas gulisxmobs: erovnuli suli exmaureba eris cxovrebaSi

momxdar TiToeul movlenas. imisda mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mgrZnobiarea

is, ramdenad ZaluZs asaxos cxovrebis mTeli mravalferovneba, ramdenad

mdidaria aseTi asaxvis SesaZleblobebi, imdenad TavisTavadi,

sicocxlisunariani da mdidaria eri, erovnuli suli swored is

Zalaa, romelic ayalibebs erovnul xasiaTs, qmnis erisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli qcevis formebs.

metad sagulisxmoa g. Spetis SeniSvna imis Taobaze, rom xalxis

suli asaxavs koleqtiuri organizaciis gancdebis erTgvar

struqturas. aRsaniSnavia, rom humboldtic Tvlis, rom mTavari

mizezi, ris gamoc man adamianis arsis gamosaxatavad amoirCia swored

sityva suli~, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom es sityva gamoxatavs adamianis

grZnobier da zegrZnobier bunebas erTdroulad. Zneli iyo mogvenaxa

gamoTqma, romelic gadmogvcemda adamianis arss erTdroulad zogadi


140

da mainc specifikuri saxiT, iseTi sityvebis msgavsad, rogorc arsi

da Zala. imisaTvis, rom aseTi gamoTqma gamodges, is erTdroulad

unda mogvaniSnebdes mis grZnobier da zegrZnobier bunebaze, da

garda amisa, unda miuTiTebdes mis batonobaze am sferoebSi~ (Speti

1927: 343-344).

maSasadame, erovnuli suli, ise rogorc adamianis suli

warmoadgens im arss, romelic moicavs eris grZnobier da zegrZnobier

bunebas. amasTan, is aisaxeba konkretul xasiaTSi, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, vlindeba gansazRvrul, erisTvis damaxasiaTebel nebelobaSi,

qcevaSi da yalibdeba socialuri garemos gavleniT.

obieqturi samyaros kanonzomierebani Tanabrad vrceldeba

rogorc mTel bunebaze, samyaroze, ise adamianze. adamianis moqmedebani,

qceva emorCileba am obieqturi samyaros zemoqmedebas. jer kidev

Teoriul Secnobamde, cnobier aRqmamde garemo aisaxeba adamianis

qcevaSi da garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs mas. adamianSi

unikaluri saxiT mocemulia unari Seinaxos, gamoyos damokidebulebebi,

damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomieri kavSirebi, rac warmogvidgeba rogorc

erTgvari ganviTarebadi sistema, romelSic xdeba movlenebis asaxva.

aseTi asaxva SesaZlebelia moxdes, da xdeba kidec, enis meSveobiT.

ena warmoadgens im pirobas, romlis wyalobiTac mimdinareobs

adamianis praqtikis fiqsireba gaucxoebuli da amasTan qmediTi

saxiT. es asaxva da fiqsireba xdeba, d. ramiSvilis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, individualur cnobierebaSi. magram, ena ar warmoadgens erTi

adamianis unaris gamovlenas, is koleqtiuri qmedebis Sedegia. ena

aris swored erovnuli sulis gamovlena, erovnuli sulis

marealizebeli mxare. erovnuli sulis moqmedeba, konkretuli qmedeba,

individualuri gamovlena yovelTvis calkeuli konkretuli enaa,

amitom ena ganuyofelia erovnuli sulisagan: yvelgan, sadac laparakia

erovnul enaze, ueWvelad igulisxmeba erovnuli suli. amdenad savsebiT

kanonzomieria g. ramiSvilis SeniSvna aq TiTqosda Seikra jadosnuri

wre: xalxis suli rogorc `umaRlesi principi~ apirobebs ra

enebis gansxvavebulobas da specifikas, Tavis mxriv, TviTon Txoulobs

axsnas enis meSveobiT~ (humboldti 1984: 10).

amgvarad, gamodis, rom xalxis suli Tavis konkretul

individualur gamovlinebebs Rebulobs enebis saxiT. rogorc zogads

SevicnobT konkretulis, erTeulis saxiT, ise xalxis suls SevicnobT

erovnuli enebis saxiT. am azriT enis pirveladoba ar niSnavs imas,

rom is TiTqosda mowyvetilia azrovnebas, erovnul xasiaTs, kulturas

da a. S. da rom es ukanasknelni mohyvebian droSi mas, rogorc

Tamar berekaSvili

141

kanonzomieri Sedegebi mizezs. ena mouwyvetelia azrovnebisagan,

erovnuli fsiqikisagan. isini urTierTganapirobeben erTmaneTs, magram

enaSi obieqturi kanonzomierebebis asaxvis dafiqsirebis, gaucxoebis

gareSe uazroa laparaki azrovnebaze, d. ramiSvilis sityvebiT: enis

pirveladoba warmoadgens subieqtisagan damoukidebel obieqtur

kanonzomierebaTa adamianuri fsiqikis doneze asaxvis aucilebel

pirobas, sxva sityvebiT, asaxvis Teoriis principis ganxorcielebis

aucilebel pirobas~ (ramiSvili 1980: 165).

rodesac vixilavdiT sulis g. Spetiseul gansazRvrebas, vaxseneT

grZnobierebis momenti. sulis raobaSi, kerZod, misi grZnobadi da

zegrZnobadi buneba. es momenti Tavs iCens enaSic; ra wams Camoyalibda,

ena Tavis struqturaSi Seicavs grZnobad Sefasebebs. is gvevlineba

rogorc erTiani meqanizmi, erTiani qmnileba, romelSic Tavs iCens

adamiani, rogorc Camoyalibebuli pirovneba Tavisi azrovnebiTa da

grZnobebiT. fsiqologiaSi es debuleba d. ramiSvilTan iCens Tavs:

`enobrivi meqanizmis aucilebel momentebs warmoadgens agreTve

geStalti, geStaltqvaliteti da saerTod grZnobieri Rirebulebebis

qvalitetebi, romlebic gansazRvrul aspeqtSi erTiandebian erT

klasSi. saerTod damokidebulebebi, romlebic ar aris mocemuli

cnobierebaSi da amasTanave warmarTaven mis kanonzomier sityvier

gamoyenebas da sazogadod enobrivi procesi, da masTan erTad mTeli

misi cnobiereba aucileblad proecirdeba grZnobieri Sinaarsis

movlenebSi, da kerZod, mis geStaltur qvalitetSi, romelic

dakavSirebulia emocionalur procesTan, romelic Tavis mxriv Cndeba

subieqtSi am movlenis aRqmisas~ (ramiSvili 1984: 169).

ena ar Cndeba TandaTanobiT im azriT, rom jer Cndeba erTi

sityva, Semdeg meore; jer arsebiTi saxeli da Semdeg metyvelebis

sxva nawilebi. ena erTiani warmonaqmnia, romelic TandaTanobiT

ixveweba da mdidrdeba. magram misi struqtura imTaviTve

Camoyalibebulia. `adamiani adamiania mxolod enis wyalobiT da

imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas ena, is ukve unda iyos adamiani. rodesac

varaudoben, rom es procesi mimdinareobs TandaTanobiT,

TanmimdevrobiT da TiTqosda raRac rigiT, rom miRebuli enis

TiToeul axal nawilTan erTad adamiani sul ufro xdeba adamiani

da am gziT srulyofilebis Sedegad axerxebs moigonos enis axali

elementebi, ar iTvaliswineben adamianis cnobierebis, adamianis enis

ganuyofadobas, ar esmiT gonebis moqmedebis buneba . . .~ (uznaZe

1940: 314).


142

amrigad, ena aris is, rac ganuyofelia adamianisagan, rac mas

adamianad xdis. magram amasTan ara erTeul gankerZoebul adamianad,

aramed raRac koleqtivis, adamianTa gansazRvruli jgufis _ tomis,

eris . . . wevrad. xalxis suli, adamianTa am gansazRvruli

erTobliobis Semqmneli da masuldgmulebeli, gvevlineba rogorc

misi ena.

ena Seiqmna, gaCnda adamianTa erTobliv cxovrebaze obieqturi

sinamdvilis, socialuri garemos zemoqmedebis pirobebSi, rogorc

am garemos asaxva da am asaxvis adgili aris individualuri

cnobiereba.

maSasadame, ena warmoadgens warmonaqmns, romelic axdens

socialuri gamocdilebis fiqsirebas. xalxis suli aZlevs adamianebs,

rogorc unikalur arsebebs, unars Seqmnas xarisxobrivad axali

sfero, iseTi warmonaqmni, rogoricaa ena, romelic asaxavs yvela

ZiriTad movlenas obieqtur samyaroSi, mTel socialur gamocdilebas.

aseTi asaxva xdeba ara marto enaSi, aramed kulturaSi, romelic

rogorc mTlianoba warmoadgens mainc meorad qmnilebas, Tumca

aqtiurad ukumoqmedebs enazec da adamianTa cnobierebazec, erovnuli

ena, erovnuli xasiaTi, erovnuli kultura warmoadgenen erTmaneTisagan

mouwyvetel urTierTganpirobebul movlenebs. amdenad, erovnuli suli

gvevlineba rogorc eris unikaluri bedi, Taviseburi individualuri

urTierTobebis gamocdileba, tradiciebi, obieqturi samyarosadmi

TavisTavadi midgoma, rac xorcieldeba enis safuZvelze, erovnuli

enis pirobebSi, misi uSualo zemoqmedebis Sedegad. amdenad erovnuli

suli SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc xatovani saxeli imis

aRsaniSnavad, rac ayalibebs ers mocemul erad, aZlevs mas unikalurobas,

TavisTavadobas, ayalibebs mis idealebs, Rirebulebebs, misias, e. i.

erTgvarad apirobebs mis momavals, uzrunvelyofs mocemuli eris

rogorc eris momavals.

da, bolos, enas rogorc eris Camoyalibebis pirobas, mis ganuyofel

mxares, unda gaaCndes funqciac. ena rogorc ena Tavs iCens metyvelebaSi,

is gvevlineba rogorc informaciis gadacemis saSualeba da adamianTa

urTierTobis saSualeba. magram marto amiT enis funqciebis

SemosazRvra ar iqneboda swori. samarTliania vaisgerberis cnobili

mosazreba, rom Tu enis daniSnulebas SemovsazRvravT mxolod da

mxolod urTierTobis saSualebiT, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom

WianWvelebs, futkrebs, frinvelTa gundebs da sxvebs gaaCniaT ena,

rac, rasakvirvelia, ase ar aris, Tumca sityvas `urTierToba~ aq

pirobiTad Tu vixmarT.

Tamar berekaSvili

143

enas aqvs socialuri buneba. is adamianTa erToblivi qmedebiT,

erToblivi cxovrebis pirobebSi gaCnda da gaxda adamianis adamianad

Camoyalibebis pirobac da Sedegic. adamiani warmoudgenelia misi

enis gareSe. gaCnda ra adamianTa erToblivi Zalisxmevis Sedegad,

adamianTa jgufSi da gaxda ra erTgvarad obieqturi samyaros

asaxvisa da gansxvisebis, gaucxoebis saSualeba, enam adamians moutana

Tavisufleba, damoukideblad arsebobis Zala. enis meSveobiT

individualur cnobierebaSi xdeba samyaros asaxva; ena da misgan

mouwyveteli azrovneba uzrunvelyofen adamianis individualurobas,

Tavisuflebas aniWeben mas. da SemdgomSi, mxolod imis Semdeg, rac

gauCnda ena, rogorc Tavisufali pirovneba, rogorc individualuri

subieqti, adamiani xdeba informaciis gadacemis Semqmneli, urTierTobis

damyarebis unaris mqone masaviT gonier, cnobierebis mqone

individualur subieqtebTan.

aqedan gamomdinare, ena gvevlineba xalxTa urTierTobis

saSualebad. ara imitom rom is yvelaze mosaxerxebeli iaraRia

amisTvis, ris gamoc Seiqmna kidec, aramed is funqcias asrulebs,

ramdenadac warmoadgens adamianis adamianurobis, pirovnulobis sazoms,

aZlevs mas saSualebas gaiucxoos samyaro, gaiTavisuflos Tavi

misi mudmivi uSualo zegavlenisagan da mxolod amis Semdeg adamiani

Sedis kontaqtSi sxva adamianebTan Tavisufali gonieri SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze. ena yvelaze mosaxerxebelia amisTvis, imitom rom is

yvelaze adekvaturad gamoxatavs adamianis adamianurobas: misi

saSualebiT moxda socialuri gamocdilebis reprezentacia

cnobierebaSi da sruliad gasagebia, rom yvela enis, rogorc erTi

obieqturi samyaros amsaxvels, erTi da igive arsebis _ adamianis

cnobierebaSi aqvs saerTo; es aris logikuroba. `TiToeuli ena _

wers d. ramiSvili _ xasiaTdeba Tavisi midgomiT, Tavisi socialuri

gamocdilebiT. logikuri TiToeul enaSi aris is, rac mas saerTo

aqvs sxva enebTan, rac `rCeba igive~ yvela sxva enaSi. TiToeuli

enobrivi koleqtivis specifikuri gamocdileba qmnis Tanmyol

periferiul garemocvas logikuri mniSvnelobis irgvliv, garemocvis,

romelic modis am koleqtivebis socialur-istoriul situaciebidan~

(ramiSvili 1984: 57).

amrigad, ena gvevlineba rogorc eris damaxasiaTebeli

umniSvnelovanesi niSani, romelic ara marto warmoadgens sxva niSnebTan

erTad misi rogorc eris warmoqmnis safuZvels, aramed SemdgomSic

misi ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. enis ganviTareba mouwyvetelia

eris ganviTarebisagan, misi sikvdili eris sikvdils niSnavs, ramdenadac

enis gaqrobiT ifiteba da ikargeba erovnuli suli, romelic

masazrdoebeli da sicocxlismimcemia ara marto erovnuli enisa,


144

aramed erovnuli kulturisaTvis, erovnuli xasiaTisa da erovnuli

fsiqikisaTvis. swored amitom TiToeuli adamiani pasuxismgebelia

Tavisi eris winaSe da sanam misi eris suli cocxalia, cocxalia

isic.

literatura

naTaZe 1984: naTaZe n. eri da erovnuli kultura. Tb., 1984.

ramiSvili 1984: Ðàìèøâèëè Ã. Âèëüãåëüì ôîí Ãóì á îëüäò – îñ í î -âî ï îë îæíèê òåîðåòè÷åñêî ãî ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ // Âèëüãåëü ì ô î íÃóì á îëüäò. Èçáð. òðóäû ïî ÿçûêîçíàíèþ. Ì . , 1984.

ramiSvili 1980: ramiSvili d. enobrivi procesebis fsiqologiuri

meqanizmi da Semecnebis Teoria. Tb., 1980.

uznaZe 1940: uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia. Tb., 1940.

Speti 1927: Øïåò Ã. Ââåäåíèå â ýòíè÷åñêóþ ïñèõî ëîãèþ. Ì., 1927.humboldti 1984: Ãóì á îëüäò Âèëüãåëüì ôîí. Èçáðàííûå òðóä û ï î

ÿçûêîçíàíèþ. Ì . , 1984.WavWavaZe 1984: ×àâ÷àâàäçå Í. Ç. Êóëüòóðà è öåííîñòè. Òá., 1984.

Tamar Berekashvili

National Language, National Culture, National Spirit

The question of the interrelationship between nation and language is ratherold, thought not completely studied. In our country the investigation of the problemwas carried out according to the for ever given scheme without objective approach,which caused special effect nowadays, when the many regions of the countrysuffer from the strained situation.

Language is the inseparable sign of nation like the national culture and nationalmentality. National character reveals the national spirit. For all that, it is of primaryimportance, but not in the sense that it had been formed before the thinking or theculture or independently from them, but in the sense that without it, withoutreflection, fixation, revealing in it objective development it would be meaninglessto speak about thought and culture.

As far as the national language is the most important manifestation of thehuman spirit, the viability of those who speak these languages, display fortitude ofviability of their languages. The language of a nation, and consequently, the peoplethemselves are richer and possess vital capacity the fuller they express the publicvalues and their fate and how they are intertwined in the fate and the progress ofthe mankind.

Tamar berekaSvili

145

nino doborjginiZe

TargmanTan dakavSirebuliproblemebis funqcionalizacia

sxvadasxva enaSi

antikuri da gvianantikuri periodis

saliteraturo-filosofiur tradiciaSi ama

Tu im problemasTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda

araerTi Tvalsazrisi, romelic konkretul

garemoebasTan da winapirobebTan iyo uSua-

lod dakavSirebuli. bevri maTgani yovelgvari

dasabuTebis gareSe gavrcelda Semdgom

epoqebSic, imis miuxedavad, axal pirobebSi

kidev moqmedebda Tu ara am Tvalsazrisis

Camomayalibebeli Tu maprovocirebeli wi-

napirobebi. Secvlil garemoebebSi damkvid-

rebis amgvari unariT gamorCeul Tvalsazriss

toposs uwodeben.1 toposis moqnili buneba,

unari, iolad daimkvidros adgili axal-axal

konteqstebSi, martivad, yovelgvari Za-

lisxmevis gareSe, “warmarTavda” misi funq-

cionalizaciis process. winamdebare naSromSi

Sevexebi enasTan, ufro sworad, TargmanTan

dakavSirebul erT toposs, romelic antikuri

periodidan moyolebuli gviani Sua sauku-

neebis CaTvliT vrceldeboda erTmaneTisgan

sakmaod daSorebul geografiul, kulturul

da religiur sivrceSi msgavsi formiT da

sxvadasxva funqciuri datvirTviT. misi Ca-

moyalibeba uSualod ukavSirdeboda im lin-

gvistur Tu mTargmnelobiT problemebs,

ilia WavWavaZis univer-

sitetis humanitaruli da

kulturis kvlevebis fa-

kultetis asocirebuli

profesori.

interesTa sfero:

antikurobisa da Sua sau-

kuneebis gramatologia,

sociolingvistika.

ZiriTadi publikaciebi:

Die identitätsfindendeFunktion der Sprache undÜbersetzungsprobleme beiden altgeorgischen Exege-ten, in: F. Paul (Hg.), Mus-ter und Funktionen kultu-reller Selbst und Fremdwah-rnehmung, Göttingen, 2000.Die Argumente gegen dieBibelübersetzung in dieVolkssprache und ihreNachwirkung auf dieEntwicklung des Georgi-schen in den 10.-12. Jh., in:„Kaukasische Sprachpro-bleme,“ Hrsg. v. WinfriedBoeder, Oldenburg 2003.diamerizmebi da TxuTmeti

samwerlo enis toposi

(uZvelesi cnobebi iberiu-

li damwerlobis Sesaxeb.

JurnalSi: “literatura

da sxva”, Tbilisi 2005

weli. 1 toposi evropuli samecniero tradiciis erT-erTi

produqtuli terminTagania. vfiqrob, mizanSewonilia

am saxiT misi damkvidreba qarTul samecniero enaSic.

146

romlebic Tan axlda berZnulidan laTinurad sxvadasxva tipis

teqstebis (gansakuTrebiT filosofiuris) adekvaturad Targmnas.

Egestas linguae, egestas patrii sermonis (enis siRaribe,

mSobliuri enis siRaribe)1 – es iyo Tvalsazrisi, romelic

Tavdapirvelad filosofiasa da ritorikaSi gawafuli berZnuli

enis gamomxatvelobiT SesaZleblobaTa laTinurad gadmotanisas

gaCenil problemebs asaxavda, ufro sworad, im sirTuleebis aRiarebis

erTgvari forma iyo, romlebic mTargmnel enaSi axali cnebebisa da

maTi ekvivalenti terminologiis damuSavebas axlavs Tavs. “Nostralingua, quae dicitur inops” (Cveni ena, romlis Sesaxeb amboben, rom is aris

Raribi) – ciceronis es sityvebi (Zv. w.a. 69 w.) aris pirveli

wyaro, romelSic laTinuri enis siRaribis toposia dafiqsirebuli.2

winamdebare naSromSi Sevecdebi vaCveno, Tu ra roli iTamaSa am

toposma sxvadasxva kulturul da religiur garemoSi da rogor

“daamsgavsa” erTmaneTs sruliad gansxvavebul enaTa e. w. “garegani

istoriis” calkeuli etapi.

enebi ara marto Sinagani kanonzomierebebiT, “Sinagani istoriiT”

SeiZleba hgavdes erTmaneTs, aramed socialuri da sazogadoebrivi

funqciebis mixedviT ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebiT, anu maTi “garegani

istoriiTac.” Tu Sinagani kanonzomierebebis mixedviT sistemuri

msgavseba mkacrad gansazRvrul genetikur winapirobas emyareba,

socialuri da sazogadoebrivi funqciebis, anu “garegani ganviTarebis”

mixedviT msgavseba sulac ar aris damokidebuli “sisxliT naTesavur”

kavSirebze; umetes SemTxvevaSi es aris sruliad gansxvavebuli

bunebis mqone enaTa “qcevis” erTnairi (an Zalian msgavsi) wesi, da,

Sesabamisad, erTnairi an msgavsi statusis, funqciebisa da gavrcelebis

sferoebis mopovebis istoria.

amjerad swored gansxvavebuli imanenturi bunebis mqone enaTa

“qcevis” saerTo wess Sevexebi. qarTuli enis istoriuli

sociolingvistikisa da zogadad kulturologiur sakiTxebs, kerZod

misi legitimaciis calkeul etapebs, ganvixilav laTinuri, siriuli

da saeklesio slavuri enebis “garegani istoriis” zogad

kanonzomierebaTa konteqstSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT Sevexebi:

1). am toposis funqcionalizaciis magaliTebs antikuri,

gvianantikuri da Sua saukuneebis laTinurenovani wyaroebis mixedviT;

1 wyaroebi, romlebSic laTinuri enis siRaribis toposi aisaxa, Seswavlili aqvs

m. miuler-vetcels. ix. Müller-Wetzel 2000: 120-145.2 ix. Cicero, Pro Caecina 51,2.

nino doborjginiZe

147

2) am toposis transformaciis SemTxvevebs qristianuli

aRmosavleTis gansxvavebul religiur, lingvistur, sociokulturul

da istoriul sivrceSi (siriuli, qarTuli, saeklesio slavuri).

konkretul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT Sevexebi im

lingvistur da Teologiur winapirobebs, romelTa fonze mSobliuri

enis siRaribisa da “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” (iovane petriwi)

berZnulis gatolebis toposi damkvidrda Zvel qarTul tradiciaSi.

qarTuli enis istoriuli sociolingvistikis am da sxva

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sagangebod unda aRvniSno erTi mniSvnelovani

garemoeba: wyaroebi, romelTa mixedviT SesaZlebeli xdeba qarTuli

enis siRaribis toposis Sesaxeb saubari, berZnulidan qarTulad

Sesrulebuli pirveli naTargmni teqstebis Tanadrouli ki ar

aris (araugvianes V saukunisa), anu im periodisa, roca qarTul

enaSi realurad gaCnda axali cnebebisa da axali mimarTebebis

gadmotanis sirTuleebi, aramed gviandeli (X-XII saukuneebisa), roca

am cnebaTa aRmniSvneli terminebis gaazrebuli ganxilva, berZnuli

terminebis qarTuli ekvivalentebis sistematizaciis procesi daiwyo.

Targmanis istoriis pirveli etapis, anu dReisaTvis cnobili yvelaze

adreuli Targmanebis Sesaxeb araviTari Teoriuli xasiaTis wyaro,

komentarebi da Sefasebebi ar gagvaCnia. rogorc a. xaranauli miuTiTebs,

I etapze Sesrulebuli Targmanebi spontanuri da intuiciuri unda

yofiliyo.1 es ki TavisTavad gamoricxavs mTargmnelTa mxridan

TargmanTan dakavSirebuli lingvisturi Tu sxva saxis Teoriuli

sakiTxebis analizs, Sesabamisad, enis siRaribis toposis gaCenas da

mis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva funqciuri datvirTviT. niSandoblivia

isic, rom aRmosavleT qristianobis zemoTdasaxelebul sali-

teraturo tradiciebSi, kerZod, siriulSi, somxursa da saeklesio

slavurSi, am enebis siRaribis, TargmanTa koreqtirebisa da berZnulTan

maTi gatolebis toposi SedarebiT gviandelia da, qarTulis msgavsad,

TargmanTa gaazrebul analizsa da mSobliur enaze cnebaTa aRmniSvneli

terminebis sistematizaciis process ukavSirdeba.

1 Sdr. „rodesac Cven wminda werilis pirveli Targmanis meTodze vlaparakobT,

sruliadac ar igulisxmeba, rom mTargmnels hqonda garkveul principebze

dafuZnebuli Targmanis meTodi. Cven mxolod im principebze vlaparakobT, romelTac

Tavadve gamovyofT teqstSi. Targmanis I etapze mTargmnelis amocana cxadi da

martivi iyo: zustad eTargmnaT RvTis sityva. raSi unda gamoxatuliyo es

sizuste da ra xarisxisa unda yofiliyo igi, es sagangebo Teoriuli gansjis

sagani albaT arc yofila. mTargmnelebi yoveli calkeuli SemTxvevisTvis intu

iciurad irCevdnen Targmanis princi ps. amgvari xasiaTis gamo pirvel Targmanebs

SeiZleba spontanuri an intuiciuri vuwodoT” ... SemdgomSi, roca intuiciuri

Wvreta analitikurma azrovnebam Secvala da bibliis teqsti polemikis iaraRi

gaxda, Targmanis dedanTan siaxlove ukve iseT principad iqca, romelic konkretul

detalebSi gamoixata” (xaranauli 2005: 36).

TargmanTan dakavSirebuli problemebis funqcionalizacia sxvadasxva enaSi

148

1 . laTinuri enis siRaribis toposi da misi funqcio-

nalizacia sxvadasxva epoqaSi

Zneli saTqmelia, laTinuri enis siRaribis toposis

Camoyalibebas uZRoda Tu ara win msgavsi intuiciuri, spontanuri

Targmanis pirveli periodi, rogorc es aRmosavleT qristianuli

samyaros enebis SemTxvevaSi. es sakiTxi calke msjelobis sagania

da pirveli laTinuri Targmanebis winapirobaTa sagangebo analizs

moiTxovs. amjerad me veyrdnobi mkvlevarTa umetesobis mier

gaziarebul Tvalsazriss, rom es toposi wyaroebSi dokumentirebulad

dadasturebulia ciceronidan moyolebuli da rom is sakmaod

Zveli da gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisi unda yofiliyo.1 amaze metyvelebs

formulirebaTa gasaocari siuxve antikur da gvianantikur xanaSi:

“Haec inops lingua,” “Nostra lingua, quae dicitur inops” (Cicero); “Egestas linguae,egestas patrii sermonis” (Lucretius); “Inopia ac potius ut Lucretius ait egestatepatrii sermonis” (Plinius); “Latini sermonis angustiae”, “Inopia sermonis nostri,”“Latinae linguae paupertas” (Hieromymus), “Paupertas sermonis”, (Quintilianus).2

sawyis etapze, roca Targmnis procesTan dakavSirebiT gamoiTqmeba

Tvalsazrisi enis siRaribis Sesaxeb, is adekvaturad Tu ara,

gazviadebulad mainc asaxavs realobas, im problemebs, rac teqstis

da gansakuTrebiT cnebis aRmniSvneli terminis gadmoRebas axlavs

Tan. magram roca toposi misi Camomayalibebeli winapirobebisa da

argumentaciis gareSe vrceldeba sxvadasxva epoqaSi, cxadia, iqmneba

sruliad gansxvavebuli konteqsti: ciceronis, kvintilianesa da

hieronimes epoqis laTinuri swored ritorikuli figurebisa da

gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis gasaocari simdidriT gamoirCeoda

da ara siRaribiT. miuxedavad amisa, mas ama Tu im axali cnebis

gamosaxatavad winaswar “gamzadebuli” terminebi ar gaaCnda. swored

am process, enaSi axali terminis damkvidrebas, “aiolebda” es toposi;

aqedan gamomdinare, unda vilaparakoT ara axal konteqstSi, axal

realobaSi toposis Sesabamisobisa da adekvaturobis, aramed misi

funqcionalizaciisa da sxvadasxva pirobebSi transformaciis Sesaxeb.

1 amis dasturad m. miuler-vetcels mohyavs am toposTan dakavSirebul erT-erT

konteqstSi ciceronisave gamonaTqvami: „Ut vulgo putarent” (rogorc sazogadodfiqroben). Sdr. „Das lateinische sei eine arme Sprache – diese Annahme ist seit Cicerobis in die Neuzeit hinein immer wieder vertreten und begründet worden. Zwar fehlenBelege, die die Existenz dieser Annahme für die frühen Epochen der lateinischen Literaturnachweisen, doch lassen die Formulierungen, mit denen dem Leser der antiken Texte dieArmut der lateinischen Sprache vorgeführt wird, darauf schließen, dass es sich um einenverbreiteten und alten Allgemeinplatz handelt.” (M. Müller-Wetzel 2000: 120).6 romael avtorTa gamonaTqvamebi damowmebulia m. miuler-vetcelis dasaxelebuli

naSromis mixedviT (Müller-Wetzel 2000: 121).

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149

ras niSnavda ciceronisTvis toposi: “laTinuri ena aris

Raribi”? bunebrivia, rom axali cnebis, axali mimarTebebis gaCenasTan

erTad ena an “sesxulobs” cnebis aRmniSvnel termins, an Tavad

“awesebs” am cnebisTvis saxels sakuTari leqsikuri maragisa da

gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis mixedviT. ismis kiTxva: maS ratom

examuSeba mTargmnels aseTi bunebrivi procesi da ratom miuTiTebs

mSobliuri enis siRaribis Sesaxeb? zemoTdasaxelebul avtorTa

fragmentebis gamowvlilviT Seswavlam aCvena,1 rom TiToeuli am

avtorTagan or ZiriTad problemas gamoyofs:

a). berZnuli leqsika ufro mravalferovania, vidre laTinuri,

b). gansakuTrebiT rTulia zogierTi berZnuli terminisTvis

adekvaturi Sesatyvisis moZebneba, enaSi axali terminis Seqmnas da

damkvidrebas ki bevri sirTule axlavs Tan.

romauli apologetikidan moyolebuli es toposi ritorikuli

figuris funqcias iZens: aramarto cnebis aRmniSvneli terminis

sesxebis an enaSi misi ekvivalentis damkvidrebisas, aramed nebismier

SemTxvevaSi, roca ama Tu im Sinaarsis gadmocemis formalur mxareze

surT yuradRebis gamaxvileba, mTargmnelebi “moiSvelieben” am toposs,

raTa erTgvari “TavmdablobiT” xazi gausvan sakuTar ostatobas,

maRal profesionalizms.

saintereso transformacia ganicada am toposma gvianantiku-

robisa da adreuli Sua saukuneebis laTinur patristikaSi. Targmanis

gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebidan aqcenti amjerad Sinaarsobriv

mxareze, wminda Teologiur sakiTxebze, gadavida da ritorikul

formulad qceuli “egestas patrii sermonis” axali funqciebiT daitvirTa:

igi srulfasovani argumenti gaxda Teologiur polemikaSi. amis

mkafio magaliTia rufinusis komentari, romelic exeba origenes

Txzulebis: “Peri; ajrcw÷n” hieronimeseul laTinur Targmans. rufinusi,

erTis mxriv, ganadidebs hieronimes da, meores mxriv, “icavs” origenes

teqsts, romlis sidiade da namdvili Zala ver warmoCnda laTinur

TargmanSi srulyofilad “Cveni enis siRaribis gamo.”2

1 amis Sesaxeb ix. Hille-Coates 2000b: 206-238, gansakuTrebiT gv. 215-234; H.-J.Hartung 1970.2 Sdr. „da me meSinia, rom Cemi SecdomiT es adamiani [igulisxmeba origene],

romelsac is [hieronime] mociqulebis Semdeg damsaxurebulad Tvlida Tavis

meore maswavleblad sibrZnesa da mecnierebaSi, Cveni enis siRaribis gamo ufro

umniSvnelod warmoCndeba” (Unde vereor, ne vitio meo id accidat, ut is vir, quem illealterum post apostolos ecclesiae doctorem scientiae merito conprobavit, inopia sermonisnostri longe se inferior videatur), Hieronymus, Epist. 80. sxvadasxva epoqaSi am toposistransformaciis calkeuli magaliTebi ganxilulia m. miuler-vetcelis

zemoTdasaxelebul naSromSi.


150

mniSvnelovani funqciiT gamodioda enis siRaribis toposi

adamianTa Tavdapirveli enis da sami wminda enis Sesaxeb diskusiebSic.

es ori diskusia mWidrod ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs da gvianan-

tikurobidan moyolebuli aqtualuri iyo TiTqmis XVIII-XIX

saukuneebamde, sanam daiwyebdnen indoevropulis, rogorc mecnieruli

kriteriumebiT aRwerili protoenis, Seswavlas. bunebrivia, rom am

periodSi enaTa warmoSobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs1 filosofiur-

Teologiur diskursSi ganixilavdnen da Semecnebis Teoriisa da

“wminda istoriis”2 problemebs ukavSirebdnen. marTalia, bibliaSi

versad vipoviT pirdapir pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu romel enaze la-

parakobda adami, magram adreqristianul patristikul literaturaSi

mainc erTxmad gaziarebuli Cans Tvalsazrisi, rom adamis ena ebrauli

iyo.3 es Tvalsazrisi gansakuTrebiT myaria laTinurenovan patris-

tikaSi: TiTqmis yvela avtori erTxmad aRiarebs ebraulis pirvelobas

da miiCnevs, rom laTinuri swored kacobriobis Tavdapirvel enas,

ebrauls, mihyveba.4

Tvalsazrisi, rom ebrauli kacobriobis Tavdapirveli enaa,5

safuZvlad daedo bibliur istoriografias da mTeli Sua saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi sayovelTaod gaziarebuli Cans: hieronimeTi dawyebuli

1 Tavdapirveli enis, enaTa da xalxTa urTierTmimarTebis, enaTa legitimaciis

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva kulturul tradiciaSi ix. a. borstis monumenturi naSromi:

Borst 1957-1963; aseve: Hille-Coates 2000a: 129-147; Eco 1997; doborjginiZe 2000: 20-27.2 rogorc cnobilia, babilonisdroindeli ambebis interpretaciiT religiurma

istoriografiam ax. w.a. I saukunidan moyolebuli msoflios xalxebi or

nawilad gayo: istoriis namdvil Svilebad, anu “wminda istoriis” monawile

samocdaTormet (zogierTi wyaros mixedviT samocdaaT) xalxad da danarCen

samyarod, e.w. “istoriis gerebad” (Sdr. Borst 1957, I: 292).3 rac Seexeba siriul da, saerTod, aRmosavleT qristianul tradiciaSi gavrcelebul

Tvalsazriss, rom ara ebrauli aramed siriuli aris kacobriobis Tavdapirveli

ena, igi SedarebiT gvian gaCnda garkveul Teologiur konteqstSi da siriuli

enis ebraulTan „gatolebas” isaxavda miznad. amis Sesaxeb ix. doborjginiZe

2007a: 92-100.

4 Sdr. hieronime, mcire winaswarmetyvelTa wignis erT-erTi komentari: „Id quod

diximus nugas, sciamus in Hebraeo ipsum Latinum esse sermonem, et propterea a nobis itaut in Hebraeo erat positum, ut nosse possimus linguam Hebraicam omnium linguarum essematricem” (Adrian 1970: 708). „Et sicut ante aedificationem turris fuit, quando una linguaomnes populi loquebantur” (Adrian 1970:700). avgustine: „Quando autem erat una, nihilaliud, quam humana lingua vel humana locutio vocabatur, qua sola universum genushumanum loquebatur” (Augustinus Hipponensis, De civitate Dei, in: Dombart-Kalb 1955:48).5 patristikul literaturaSi Tavdapirveli enis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli

Tvalsazrisebis mimoxilva ix. Hille-Coates 2000a: 129-147.

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151

dantes CaTvliT yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe amtkiceben, rom

adamma pirveli sityva – el – RmerTis saxeli, ebraulad warmoTqva.

Sdr. “metyvelebis am saxeobiT laparakobda adami; metyvelebis am

saxeobiT laparakobda misi yvela STamomavali babilonis godlis

mSeneblobamde. godlisa, romelic aRrevis godlad ganimarteba.

metyvelebis es saxeoba memkvidreobiT miiRes heberis Zeebma, romlebic

aqedan moyolebuli ebraelebad iwodnen. isini aseTebad (anu am

enaze molaparakeebad) darCnen enaTa aRrevis Semdegac, raTa maT

Soris adamianad dabadebuli Cveni mxsneli ara aRreulTa, aramed am

[Tavdapirveli] eniT damtkbariyo.1

berZnulTan da laTinurTan erTad ebrauli sagangebo

argumentebis safuZvelze2 wminda enad, bibliis enad iyo aRiarebuli

da mas sami wminda enis, anu trilingvitas, ierarqiul rigSi pirveli

adgili ekava. amis miuxedavad, gvianantikurobisa da adreuli Sua

saukuneebis patristikuli literatura mainc eWvqveS ayenebda

ebrauli da laTinuri enebis berZnulTan Tvisobrivi Tanasworobis

argumentebs. igi samarTlianad Tvlida, rom ebrauli sakmaod viwrod

SemosazRvruli erTobis, iudaizmis, identobis simboloa da ara

qristianuli universalizmis; trilingvitas konteqstSi mas ufro

simboluri datvirTva hqonda – qristes gziT gadalaxul warsuls

ganasaxierebda da, amdenad, mas wminda enis ara realuri, aramed

sapatio “tituli” ergeboda.3 laTinurTan mimarTebiT trilingvitas

konteqstSi axali datvirTviT Semodis misi siRaribis argumenti.

erTi SexedviT situacia ar Secvlila: axalgazrda laTinur enas

isev berZnulTan SedarebiT siRaribes “sayveduroben.” erT-erT

werilSi hieronime SeniSnavs: “SenTvis davSveri da msurda, rom

berZnuli enis simdidre Rarib laTinur enaSi momeTavsebina.”4

1 „Hac forma locutionis locutus est Adam; hac forma locutionis locuti sunt omnes posterieius usque ad aedificationem turris Babel, quae turris confusionis interpretatur; hancformam locutionis hereditati sunt filii Heber, qui ab eo dicti sunt Hebrei. Hiis solis postconfusionem remansit, ut Redemptor noster, qui ex illis oriturus erat secundum humanitatem,non lingua confusionis, sed gratie frueretur” ( Mengaldo 1979: 2, I, VI).2 laTinur patristikaSi SemuSavebuli sami wminda enis, anu trilingvitas

Teoria ebrauls, berZnulsa da laTinurs gamorCeul statuss aniWebda e. w.

“wminda argumentebis” moSveliebiT. pirveli argumenti Tanabrad exeboda samive

enas da gaxldaT is, rom qristes jvris cnobili warwera ebraulad berZnulad

da laTinurad iyo Sesrulebuli. meore argumenti gansxvavebuli iyo TiTeuli

enis SemTxvevaSi:öasaki, rjuli (Leges, aetas) – kacobriobis Tavdapirveli enis,

ebraulis „siwmindis” argumenti iyo, sibrZne da mecniereba (Sapiens) – berZnulis,

xolo romaelTa sayovelTao Zalaufleba (Imperium Romanum) – laTinuris.3 berZnul-.laTinuri wyaroebis analizi ix. Hille-Coates 2000a: 129-147.

4 „Tibi enim meum sudauit ingenium et facundiam Graecam Latinae linguae uolui paupertatepensare. (Hieronymus, Epistulae LXXI-CXX, in: Hilberg 1910: 395).


152

trilingvitas konteqstSi araerTi avtori axsenebs laTinuris

siRaribes da gamoucdelobas rogorc berZnulTan, aseve ebraulTan

mimarTebaSi. iovane beleti 1182 wels daweril erT-erT komentarSi

werda: “es sityva [igulisxmeba ebrauli warmomavlobis sityva

aleluia] meti Rirsebis mqonea ebrauli enis ufro Rirseulobis

gamo, magram es ki [igulisxmeba aleluias laTinuri Sesatyvisi]

naklebad Rirseulia, vinaidan is laTinuria da [Sesabamisad] Raribi

eniT aris [gadmocemuli].”1

yovelive amis fonze, roca laTinuri enis siRaribis toposi

sakmaod aqtualuria da sxvadasxva funqciuri datvirTviT moqmedebs,

merve saukunidan moyolebuli, trilingvitas SigniT Cndeba axali

ierarqiuli rigi: laTinuri, berZnuli, ebrauli. igi pirvelad

klasikuri ierarqiis (ebrauli, berZnuli, laTinuri) paralelurad

moqmedebs, Semdeg ki srul aRiarebas moipovebs. trilingvitas

klasikuri ierarqia gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo laTinuri

koinesTvis, romlis adgili am TanamimdevrobaSi adekvaturad ver

asaxavda realur situacias. laTinuri koines integratulma funqciam,

ufro metad ki am enis siwmindis argumentma – romaelTa Zalauflebam

(Imperium Romanum) – TandaTanobiT Secvala trilingvitas

ierarqiuli rigi yvelaze axalgazrda da erT dros siRaribis

“iarliyiT” gamorCeuli laTinuris sasargeblod. amgvari markirebuli

gacvla gardauvali Canda im pirobebSi, roca sakmaod SezRuduli

iyo ebraulis SesaZleblobebi, yofiliyo qristianuli religiis

universalurobis simbolo, xolo laTinuris, rogorc kulturis,

religiisa da saurTierTo zenacionaluri enis integratul funqcias

veraferi zRudavda, TviT berZnulis Tvisobrivi upiratesobac ki.2

zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom Egestas linguae, egestas patrii

sermonis aris transformaciisa da funqcionalizaciis gansakuT-

rebuli unariT gamorCeuli toposi, romelic iolad ergeba Secvlil

garemoebebs, yovelgvari argumentaciis gareSe imkvidrebs adgils

da axal-axal konteqstebs gansazRvravs. antikurobisa da adreqris-

1 “Illa est auctorizabilior propter auctoritatem Hebraici sermonis, ista vero indignior, quiaLatina et in paupere (Douteil 1976: 146).2 wminda enebze berZnulis Tvisobrivi upiratesoba sayovelTaod gaziarebuli

Cans berZnulenovan patristikaSi. “erTaderTi ena, romelsac ZaluZs srulyofilad

gamoTqvas am religiis saidumlo, aris berZnuli“ – werda basili didi Tavis

214-e epistoleSi terenciusis mimarT: „Peri; de; tou¿, o{ti uJpostasißkai; oujsiva oujtautovn ejsti, kai; aujtoi, wJßnomivzw, uJpeshmhvnanto oiJ ajpo; th¿ß Duvsewß ajdelfoi;,ejn oi|ßto; steno;n th¿ß eJautw¿n glwvtthß uJforwvmenoi,to; th¿ß oujsivaß o[noma th/ ¿ @Ellavdi fwnh/ ¿paradedwvkasin (Migne 1857, t. 32: 789).

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153

tianuli periodis zemoT ganxilul orive opoziciaSi (yovel

SemTxvevaSi es exeba opoziciuri wyvilis formirebis periods)

siRaribe laTinuris arasasurveli iarliyi iyo. Sdr.

• originalis mdidari ena (berZnuli) – Targmanis Raribi ena

(laTinuri)

• sam wminda enaTagan simdidriT gamorCeuli ena (berZnuli) –

siRaribiT gamorCeuli ena (laTinuri).

mdgomareoba radikalurad icvleba sxva sibrtyeze: opoziciaSi

– Sua saukuneebis laTinuri / adgilobrivi xalxuri enebi –

siRaribis iarliyi laTinuridan xalxur enebze gadadis da enaTa

funqciuri diferencirebis argumentad iqceva:

• laTinuri, rogorc liturgiis da bibliis1 sanqcionirebuli

ena, da, amdenad, funqciuri TvalsazrisiT maRal safexurze mdgomi,

• funqciurad SedarebiT dabal safexurze mdgomi adgilobrivi

xalxuri enebi.2

xalxuri enis siRaribis toposma, anu lingvisturma

argumentma, wminda werilis TargmnasTan dakavSirebul meore,

Teologiur argumentTan erTad, Sua saukuneebSi mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvra “laTinuri enis spiritualuri imperializmi da

sakramentaluri kulti.”3 marTalia, romis eklesias xalxurenovani

Targmanis sawinaaRmdego sayovelTao ediqti ar gamoucia da

akrZalvebs lokaluri xasiaTi hqonda,4 magram faqtia, rom bibliis

TargmanTan dakavSirebul diskusiaSi es toposi kidev erTi axali

funqciiT warmoCnda, rogorc sakmaod damajerebeli argumenti. romis

1 is faqti, rom vulgatam eklesiis kanonikuri teqstis funqcia SeiZina, cxadia,

ar gamoricxavda romis saeklesio sivrceSi xalxurenovani Targmanebis arsebobas.

marto germanulenovan samyaroSi reformaciamde 18 xalxurenovani beWduri

Targmani da bevrad meti xelnaweri Targmani arsebobda, oRond arcerTi maTgani

ar iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc eklesiis kanonikuri teqsti, rogorc liturgiaSi

gamosayenebeli biblia; amgvar Targmans ufro saswavlo, egzegetikuri funqcia

hqonda.

2 marTalia, sakmaod adre, VIII saukunidan dadasturebulia werilobiT fiqsirebuli

teqstebi adgilobriv enaze (ix. Feldbusch 1985), bibliis glosarebi da sxva saxis

literatura, magram, rogorc zemoT vTqvi, es teqstebi mxolod damxmare mniSvnelobisa

iyo da konkurencias ver uwevda religiis, literaturis, mecnierebisa da saurTierTo

universalur laTinurs.

3 Gerl 1985: 327-336.4 amgvari akrZalvebi miiRes tuluzis 1229 wlis sinodze, taragonaSi 1234 wlis

konsiliumze, aseve 1246 wlis konsiliumze; amave mizans isaxavda 1369 wils

karlos IV-is ediqti, maincis mTavarepiskoposis, berTold henebergis 1484 wlis

22 martis edikti da sxva.


154

erTiani eklesia miiCnevda, rom xalxuri ena uZluria, gadmosces is

urTulesi Sinaarsi, rasac filosofiasa da ritorikaSi gawafuli,

mdidari gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis mqone wminda enebi

gadmoscems,1 amitom xalxurenovani Targmani sxva funqciiT unda

arsebobdes: ara eklesiis kanonikuri teqsti, liturgiaSi

gamosayenebeli biblia, aramed rogorc egzegetikuri, saswavlo,

damxmare funqciis mqone Targmani, romelsac gaunaTlebeli

mrevlisTvis martivad unda aexsna wminda werilis Sinaarsi. maincis

mTavarepiskoposi berTold henebergi 1484 wlis 22 martis sacenzuro

ediktSi mkacrad akritikebda bibliis xalxurenovan Targmanebs,

rogorc Rarib enaze arasrulfasovnad gadmocemul RvTis sityvas:

„da bolos, ra unda vTqvaT wminda wignebisa da saeklesio kanonebis

Sesaxeb? ... ra unda vTqvaT danarCeni mecnierebebis Sesaxeb? ...

amgvarma mTargmnelebma, Tuki isini WeSmaritebisTvis zrunaven, ...

unda aRiaron, SeuZlia Tu ara germanul enas gamoxatos igive Sinaarsi,

igive ram, rasac saukeTeso berZeni da romaeli avtorebi udidesi

sizustiTa da siRrmiT gadmoscemen rogorc qristianuli religiis,

aseve sxva mecnierebebis Sesaxeb. unda vaRiaroT, rom Cveni enis

siRaribe amis saSualebas ar iZleva; amitom gardauvalia, rom isini

an axal, ucnob sityvebs gamoigoneben (es ki niSnavs, rom mkiTxvelisTvis

gaugebari darCeba Targmani), an, Tu Zvel, tradiciul gamoTqmebs

gamoiyeneben, WeSmarit mniSvnelobas Seryvnian. wminda werilis

SemTxvevaSi ki Cven gansakuTrebiT gveSinia amgvari ramis. vin daexmareba

mrevls, gaunaTlebel adamianebs da qalebs, romelTa xelSi es

Targmanebi moxvdeba, rom masSi WeSmariti codna (Semecneba) dainaxon?”2

rogorc vxedavT, enis siRaribis toposi opoziciaSi: dasavleTis

eklesiis sayovelTao ena laTinuri / adgilobrivi xalxuri enebi –

aramarto funqcias, adresatsac icvlis da toposis mTavari

atributi – siRaribe, rogorc Targmanis damabrkolebeli piroba,

laTinuridan meqanikurad gadadis am axal adresatze – adgilobriv

xalxur enebze. sxva winapirobebTan erTad, swored am toposis

funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebulma procesebma daakanona laTinuris

upiratesoba, kerZod, is, rom “Sua saukuneebis mTeli samecniero

literatura, Teologiuri da didaqtukuri literaturis udidesi

nawili, specialuri dargobrivi literatura, samarTlismcodneobisa

1 xalxurenovani Targmanis funqciisa da maTi sawinaaRmdego argumentebis

dawvrilebiTi analizi ix. Hille-Coates: 2000b; Stackmann 1988: 273-288; Wulf 1991.2 nawyveti sacenzuro ediqtis teqstidan motanilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT:

Pallmann 1884: 238-241.

nino doborjginiZe

155

da istoriografiis Zeglebi da poeziis didi nawili laTinurenovani

iyo.”1

2. enis siRaribis toposi qristianul aRmosavleTSi.

adgilobriv xalxur enaTa ganviTarebisa da religiis dominant

enasTan maTi mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT Sua saukuneebis qristianuli

aRmosavleTi mkveTrad upirispirdeba dasavleTs. eklesiaTa erToba,

religiuri zenacionalizmi, qristianul aRmosavleTSic enis gziT

gamoixateboda, magram zenacionalurobis aRmosavluri simbolo

radikalurad gansxvavdeboda romis eklesiis koinesgan. qristianuli

aRmosavleTi aRiarebda universaluri enis arsebobas, enisa, romelic

yvela qristianisTvis saerTo da gasagebi iyo. magram, dasavleTisgan

gansxvavebiT, es “privilegia” sxvadasxva argumentebis moSveliebiT

wmindad Seracxili romelime adamianuri enisa ki ar iyo, aramed

zeadamianuri “sulis enisa”, romelic Tanabrad gasagebi iyo yvela

qristianisTvis maTi enobrivi da eTnikuri sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad.

Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, iseve rogorc qristianuli aRmo-

savleTis sxva tradiciebSi, aRwerilia araerTi saswaulebrivi

epizodi,2 rogor agebineben erTmaneTs adamianebi, romelTac erTmaneTis

ena ar ician. “asurel mamaTa cxovrebaSi” qarTveli avtori dawvri-

lebiT gviambobs imis Sesaxeb, rogor alaparakda qarTlSi Camosuli

iovane qarTulad, im enaze, romelic araTu icoda, arc ki smenia,

rogor “moeca mas enaÁ qarTulad metyveli” da rogor daelaparaka

ucnob qarTvel mamebs:

“aqa damayena me sityuaman moTxrobad Tquenda sakÂrvelebisa

didisa, Tu viTar Rirsman kaTalikosman da netarman iovane iswavnes

1 Sdr. Kartschoke 1990: 6.2 am kuTxiT v. boederi (boederi 1998: 60-81) ganixilavs erT epizods “iovanesa

da efTÂmes cxovrebidan,” romelSic moTxrobilia ori sasuliero piris, qarTveli

beris, gabrielisa da italiidan aTonze Camosuli mamis, leonis, urTierTobis

episodi. avtori sagangebod usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom arc erTma maTganma ar

icis mSobliuris garda sxva ena. amis miuxedavad isini saaTobiT elaparekebian

erTmaneTs im enaze, romelic yvela qristianisTvis gasagebia. Sdr. “Rirssa

mRdelsaGgabriels qarTvelsa da amas wmidasa bersa didsa leonsHhromsa friadi

siyuaruli aqunda sulieri da, odesca movidis xilvad mamaTa, maxlobelad

senaksa gabrielisasa aqunda senaki da mun dayvnis dReni igi.Dda TÂsisa enisagan

kide arca man icoda, arca man. da viTarca Sebneldis, gamovidian TÂsTa senakTagan

da locva-yvian da dasxdian da vidre ciskrisa rekamde ubnobdian sityuaTa

saRmrToTa da vidre warslvadmde amas esreT hyofdian yovelsa mwuxrsa.

(javaxiSvili 1946: 31)


156

erTmanerTisaTvis da saxeli TiToeulisa da kualad viTar moeca

ioanes enaÁ qarTulad metyveli yovlad daubrkolebeli. eha,

sakÂrvelebasa Sensa, qriste RmerTo, viTar adideb madidebelTa

SenTa. ese saswauli, Zmano, mimsgavsebul ars sions gardamoslvasa

sulisa wmidisasa da wmidaTa zeda mociqulTa da ganyofasa mas

enaTasa cecxlisaTa. WeSmaritad sakÂrvel ars RmerTi Soris wmidaTa

misTa, romelman suliTa wmidiTa wamsa Sina aRatyua sityÂTa zraxvad

iovane, romeli arca odes asmioda, arTu eswava. ese vismca ara

daukvirda, visimca cnobaÁ ara gancvibrda, romelni maSin mun iyvnes

da romelTa esma ucxo ese saswauli, yovelni gankÂrvebulni da

zar-ganÃdilni adidebdes RmerTsa, moqmedsa sakÂrvelebaTasa.1

marTalia, qristianul aRmosavleTSic aRiarebdnen wminda enebis,

gansakuTrebiT berZnulis, Tvisobriv upiratesobas, magram funqciuri

TvalsazrisiT am religiuri sivrcis yvela ena Tanasworuflebiani

iyo: gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT, kreatulobiT, qarTuli bevrad

Camouvardeboda filosofiaSi, ritorikasa da TeologiaSi gawaful

berZnuls, magram funqciuri TvalsazrisiT misi Tanaswori iyo,

rogorc eklesiis, bibliis Targmanis, literaturis, mecnierebis,

saurTierTo da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ena.2

swored qristianuli aRmosavleTis adgilobriv enebTan

SedarebiT berZnulis Tvisobrivi aRmatebulobis konteqstSi Cndeba

enis siRaribis toposi. erTi SexedviT identuria am toposis

damkvidrebis winapirobebi dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi: berTold

henebergis zemoTnaxsenebi argumentebi Zalian hgavs imas, rasac berZnebi

ayvedridnen aRmosavleTis SedarebiT Raribi samwerlo tradiciebis

mqone enebs. maTi braldebebi sulac ar iyo ufro „rbili”, vidre

romis eklesiis sacenzuro ediktebi.3 qarTvelebi, iseve rogorc

aRmosavleTis sxva xalxebi, ar uaryofdnen, rom maTi ena da maTi

„naTesavi” berZnulTan da berZnebTan SedarebiT Raribia, rom maTi

Targmanebi bevr uzustobas, gaugebrobas Seicavs.4 gansakuTrebiT

rTuli iyo filosofiur-.Teologiur terminTa zusti qarTuli

1 abulaZe 1955: 82.

2 amis Sesaxeb ix. Boeder 1983: 85-95; Doborjginidze 2003a: 149-170; Doborjginidze

2003b: 119-140; doborjginiZe 2000: 20-27; misive 2007b: 217-228. .3 Sdr. Zveli qarTveli mTargmnel-redaqtorebi wuxdnen, rom SeuZlebelic ki iyo

„TÂToeulad yovlisave warmoTqumaÁ, ravdenni ginebani, ravdenni Seuracxebani da

yuedrebani moiweodes maT mier Cuen zeda […] da mwvalebelad xadiTa Seiwrebulni

didsa urvasa Sina viyveniT“ (iovanes da eqvTimes cxovreba, (javaxiSvili 1946: 52.

4 Sdr. giorgi mcire: „xolo Cuen, romelni-ese barbaros-wodebul viyveniT elenTa

mier uswavlelobisaTÂs da umecrebisa Cuenisa” (lolaSvili 1994: 190).

nino doborjginiZe

157

Sesatyvisis povna, vinaidan “berZenTa ena ufskrul Rrma ars,”1

qarTulis semantikuri da stiluri potenciali ki berZnulisas

bevrad Camouvardeba.2 iovane petriwi araerTgzis miuTiTebs, rom

berZnul terminTa qarTuli Sesatyvisebi zusti da myari ar aris,

amis gamo qarTvelebi „erTad da sworad ityvian” sxvadasxva termins,

maSin roca “ellinTa enamzeobaTa zeda” terminebi, da saerTod,

samecniero ena gansakuTrebuli sizustiT gamoirCeva: “TÂsi saxeli

hqÂian, Sesabami TÂsisa arsebisaÁ.”3

Cvens sinamdvileSic sakmaod aqtualuri iyo bibliis teqstis

damaxinjebis, anu eresis safrTxe, romlis gamoc romis eklesiis

lokaluri ediqtebi mkacr SezRudvebs awesebdnen xalxurenovan

Targmanebze. iovane petriwi sagangebod msjelobs yovlad dauSvebeli

uzustobebis Sesaxeb, romlebic wminda werilis qarTul TargmanebSia

(mag. „pirveliTgan iyo sityuaÁ”, „vqmnaT kaci xatisaebr da msgavsisa

Cuenisa” da a.S.).4 am da sxva msgavsi magaliTebidan aSkaraa, rom

1 efrem mciris komentari, romelic erTvis “saqme mociqulTas” ganmartebis

Targmans (abulaZe 1950: 029).

2 Sdr. erT-erT komentarSi qarTveli mTargmneli wuxs, rom „uRonoebis“ gamo

qarTuli Taragmani ver ganarCevs erTmaneTisgan iseT mniSvnelovan berZnul

sityvebs, rogoricaa fsiqe da pnevma: „Seiswave, rameTu orsaxe ars berZulad

saxeli sulisaÁ: fsiqi, romeli umetessa adgilsa samSÂnvelisa wil dadebul ars

pavlesa Sina, da kualad – pnevma, romeli-ese TÂT Tavadis sulisa arsebasa

uwodian da wmidisaTÂs igive iTqumis. xolo qarTvelTa uRonoebisagan erTi

saxeli aqus sulisaÁ“ (xeln. A. 217, 322r).3 Sdr. iovane pertiwis komentari: „kualad ufro saTanado ars da saWiro cnobad,

viTarmed sxuaÁ ars Zali da moqmedebaÁ sulisaÁ da sxuaÁ – gonebisaÁ. Dda

yovelTave ellinTa enamzeobaTa zeda TÂsi saxeli hqÂan, Sesabami TÂsisa arsebisaÁ.

xolo CuenTaman arca TargmanTa, arca sxuaman vin dasWuritna, da aw me uzomod

miSlis Targmansa Sina, rameTu yovelsave erTad da sworad ityÂan da dasdeben

Cuenni. xolo aw ismine, rameTu sulisasa ewodebis dianÂaÁ, xolo gonebisasa

noimaÁ, xolo gasagonsa da zesTamdebaresa – noitoni (yauxCiSvili 1940: 6).

4 „pirveliTgan iyo sityuaÁ.“ petriwi mkacrad akritikebs am Targmans da

aRniSnavs: “... ara uwyian, rameTu pirveli SemdgomTa ars pirveli da maTi araÁs

Tu ucxo bunebaTa, aramed erT da igive bunebiTa, viTar iTqumis kaci kacisa

pirvelad da cxeni cxenisa da araÁs Tu winaukmo, Tumca kaci cxensa da cxeni

kacsa. vinaÁ Tu sityuaÁ mamisa RmrTisa pirvelad dabadebulTa da warmoCenilTa

Zalad pirvel mebr aw maTi, magra Tanmebunebe maTda da erTi nabadTa da

warmoCenilTagani. Dda ara pirvel saukuneTa yovelTa mamisSorisi, romel ars

dasabami TÂsSorisisa sityvisaÁ viTar diskoÁ Tuali´mzisaÁ SarvandedTad. Dda

kualad viTar ityÂs damdebi Cuensa Soris eniTsa RmrTis mxilvelisa moses mier

esTa gamociskrovnebulisa moses mier sityuasa, viTarmed: „movediT da vqmnaT kaci

xatad da msgavsad Cuendao.” ar esTa, aramed esTa, Tu damxedman iWuritne, ityÂs:

movediT da vqmnaT kaci xatisaebr da msgavsisa Cuenisa” (yauxCiSvili 1940: 219-

220).


158

qarTuli enis siRaribisa da berZnulTan misi Tvisobrivi (da ara

funqciuri) uTanasworobis toposi, romelic garkveul konteqstSi

damkvidrda, yvela im atributs aerTianebda, romlebic ciceronidan

moyolebuli dantes CaTvliT jer laTinuris, Semdeg ki dasavleTis

adgilobrivi enebis siRaribis arasasurvel iarliys qmnida.

rac Seexeba am toposis funqcionalizacias, qristianul

aRmosavleTSi igi radikalurad gansxvavdeboda dasavluri

modelisgan: opoziciaSi: laTinuri – adgilobrivi enebi am toposma

mniSvnelovani argumentis roli Seasrula da sxva faqtorebTan

erTad sagrZnoblad Seaferxa xalxuri enebis emansipaciis procesi,

maTi funqciuri sferoebis gafarToveba, maTi qceva samwerlobo

enebad, Sesabamisad, mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna laTinuri enis primats.

sul sxva datvirTva SeiZina man aRmosavleTis adgilobriv enaTa

emansipaciis procesSi: araTu Seaferxa, piriqiT, yvelaze metad Seuwyo

xeli adgilobrivi enis funqciuri sferoebis gafarTovebas,

ganapiroba enis gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebis gamdidreba da

TargmanTa daxvewa sizustis TvalsazrisiT.1 dasavluri opoziciisgan

gansxvavebiT (laTinuri – xalxuri enebi) berZnuli da qarTuli

funqciurad diferencirebuli enebi ki ar iyo, aramed ori, funqciuri

TvalsazrisiT Tanaswori ena.2 berZenTa gamudmebuli sayveduri

qarTulis siRaribis Sesaxeb, rasac arc qarTvelebi uaryofdnen,

araTu abrkolebda, piriqiT, sxva mizezebTan erTad yvelaze metad

uwyobda xels TargmanTa mravalgzis gadamuSavebas, redaqtirebas,

teqstebis xelaxla Targmnas, Sesabamisad, samecniero enis, termi-

nologiis dazustebas, daxvewas. es iyo qarTuli enis Tvisobrivi

legitimaciis, berZnulTan gatolebis procesi, romelmac axleburad

1 ix. bezaraSvili 2004; danelia 1983; TvalTvaZe 1997; keWaRmaZe, rafava: 1983:

243-256; meliqiSvili 1984:106-120; misive 1988; misive 1999; oTxmezuri 2005;

WeliZe 1996.

2 am umniSvnelovanes sxvaobas pirvelad v. boederma miaqcia yuradReba. Sdr. „Wie

so viele Gebildete vor und nach ihnen waren sie zweisprachig, sie sprachen und schriebenGriechisch und Georgisch, und diese Zweisprachigkeit, dieser ‘georgischer Weg’, wieŠalva Nucubi3e die zwischen Ost und West vermittelnde Übersetzungstätigkeit georgischerPhilosophen genannt hat, ist für Georgien und die griechischsprachige Welt sehrbedeutsam gewesen. Aber warum bedeutete Zweisprachigkeit für sie nicht ‘Diglossie’?So hat der Soziolinguist Charles Ferguson (1959) das Nebeneinander von zwei funktionaldifferenzierten Sprachvarianten genannt, wie z.B. Klassisches Arabisch und arabischeVolkssprache oder Latein und Volkssprache im europäischen Mittelalter. Aber für dieseGeorgier waren Griechisch und Georgisch , soweit ich sehe, gleichberechtigt, funktionalnicht verschieden; religiöse und philosophische Literatur wurde in beiden Sprachegeschrieben.” (Boeder 1983: 86).

nino doborjginiZe

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gansazRvra Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli enis poziciebi: qarTuli aRar

iyo Raribi da “uRono” ena, igi aRarafriT Camouvardeboda “ellinTa

enamzeobas”, “gonierTa xedvaTa mommarjve” berZnuls, mTeli

qristianuli samyaros misabaZ magaliTs.

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze funqciuri da Tvisobrivi

legitimaciis, TargmanTa da gansakuTrebiT samecniero enis dazustebis,

berZnulTan maqsimaluri daaxlovebis msgavsi gza gaiares qristianuli

aRmosavleTis sxva enebmac.1 es procesi, iseve rogorc xalxuri enis

idea,2 saTaves iRebs siriul tradiciaSi. iq sagangebod gadaamuSaves

aleqsandriis skolis teqstologiuri aparati berZnulidan naTargmni

teqstebis redaqtirebisaTvis. am aparatiT aris damuSavebuli berZen

saeklesio mamaTa Txzulebebis sxvadasxva redaqciebi, bibliis

filoqsene mabugelisa da Toma harkeliseuli siriuli Targmanebi.

swored am Targmanebze darTul komentarebSi, SesavlebSi,

bolosityvaobebsa da sqolioebSi, aisaxa Targmanis originalTan

maqsimaluri daaxlovebis, berZnul terminTa adekvaturi siriuli

Sesatyvisebis Ziebis, samecniero teminologiisa3 da, saerTod, Targmanis

teqstologiuri aparatis Seqmnis urTulesi gza.

literatura

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gamosca ilia abulaZem, Tbilisi.

abulaZe 1955: asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi.

teqstebi gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca ilia abulaZem

(=Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, t. 1), Tbilisi.

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meliqiSvili 1999: d. meliqiSvili, Zveli qarTuli filisofiur-

Teologiuri terminologiis istoriidan , Tbilisi.

mengaldo 1979: P. Mengaldo u.a., Dante Alighieri, De vulgari eloquentia, in:Dante Alighieri, Opere minori, t. 2, Milano-Napoli.


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minie 1857: Jacques Paul Migne, Patrologia Graeca, t. 32, Paris.miuler-vetceli 2000: Müller-Wetzel, Der Topos von der Spracharmut.

Typen seiner Funktionalisierung in der lateinischen Literatur der Antikeund Spätantike, in: U. Sander, F. Paul (edd.): Muster und Funktionenkultureller Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung. Beiträge zurinternationalen Geschichte der sprachlichen und literarischenEmanzipation. Göttingen 2000.

oTxmezuri 2005: T. oTxmezuri, grigol nazianzelis TxzulebaTa

komentarebi qarTul mTargmnelobiT tradiciaSi, sadoqt.

disertacia.

palmani 1884: H. Pallmann, Des Erzbischofs Berthold von Mainz ältestesZensuredict”, Archiv für Geschichte des Deutschen Buchhandels 9.

riadi 1988: Riad, Eva, Studies in the Syriac Preface (Acta UniversitatisUpsaliensis. Studia Semitica Upsaliensia 11). Uppsala.

sanjiani 1969: A. Sanjian, Colophons of Armenian Manuckripts, in: HarvardArmenian Texts and Studies 2, Cambridge.

stakmani 1988: K. Stackmann, Die Bedeutung des Beiwerks für dieBestimmung der Gebrauchssituation vorlutherischer deutscher Bibeln”,in: W. Milde – W. Schuder (edd.): De captu lectoris. Wirkung desBuches im 15. Und 16. Jahrhundert dargestellt an ausgewähltenHandschriften und Drucken. Berlin - New York.,

feldbuSi 1985: E. Feldbusch, Geschriebene Sprache. Untersuchungenzu ihrer Herausbildung und Grundlegung ihrer Theorie. Berlin.

yauxCiSvili 1940: s. yauxCiSvili, iovane petriwis Sromebi, 1,

Tbilisi.

vulfi 1991: Chr. Wulf, Eine volkssprachige Laienbibel des 15.Jahrhunderts. Untersuchung und Teiledition der Handschrift Nürnberg.München - Zürich

zunci 1951: G. Zuntz, Die Subscriptionen der Syra Harclensis, ZDMG 101:174-196

zunci 1945: G. Zuntz, The Ancestry of the Harclean New Testament.London

WeliZe 1996: e. WeliZe, qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia,

Tbilisi.

xaranauli 2005: Zveli aRTqmis xanmeti fragmentebi da qarTuli

bibliis teqstis istoriis sakiTxebi, disertaciis

avtoreferati.

nino doborjginiZe

163

javaxiSvili 1946: giorgi mTawmindeli: cxorebaÁ iovanesi da

efTÂmesi. gamosacemad moamzada ivane javaxiSvilma (=Zveli

qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi 3), Tbilisi.

holeuqsi 1963: A. Halleux, Philoxène de Mabbog. Sa vie, ses écrits, saTheologie. Louvain.

hilbergi 1910: I. Hilberg (Hg.), Hieromymus, Epistularum, Pars II, Wien/Leipzig.

hile-koatesi 2000a: G. Hille-Coates Auffassungen von der Herkunft derSprachen im Identifikationsfeld der lateinischen Sprache im westlichenChristentum des Mittelalters”, in: U. Schöning (ed.): Internationalitätnationaler Literaturen, Göttingen.

hile-koatesi 2000b: G. Hille-Coates Bibelsprachen heilige Sprachen.Zur Legitimierung des Hauptsprachenmodells im Spannungsfeld vonLatein und Volkssprache im Mittelalter”, in: U.-Chr. Sander – F. Paul(ed.), Göttingen.

hangeri 1966: H. Hunger, Prooimion: Elemente der byzantinischen Kaisarideein der Arengen der Urkunden (= Wiener byzantinische Studien 2). Wien.

Nino Doborjginidze

Functionalisation of Problems Related to the Translationin Different Languages

The study describes issues related to the functionalization of the Topos:“Egestas linguae, egestas patrii sermonis” evolved during the translation processfrom one language into other in antiquity and Middle Ages. The main topicsconcerning functional and quantitative legitimacy, standartization and generahistorical sociolinguistic of Georgian Language are analysed within the frames ofthe natural development of the eastern chrischian languages during the MiddleAges.


164

zurab kiknaZe

Tasi, diogene da Svidi brZeni

I

diogene laertelis wignSi `gamoCenil

filosofosTa cxovrebis, moZRvrebaTa da

gamonaTqvamTa Sesaxeb~ vkiTxulobT:

`roca platoni ideebis Sesaxeb msjelobda

da saxels urCevda magidobas (trapeZotes)

da Tasobas (kaTotes), diogenma Tqva: me, platon,

magidas da Tass ki vxedav, magram magidobas da

Tasobas vera. platonma ki: asea, magidisa da

Tasis dasanaxad Tvalebi gaqvs, magram magidobisa

da Tasobis saxilvelad goneba ar gaqvs~

[diogene: 230].

platonis mosaubre es diogeni is

saxelganTqmuli diogenia, romelmac im erTi

cnobili incidentis Semdeg, romelic aseve

diogene laertels aqvs moTxrobili amave

wignSi, araTu Tasobis, aramed Tavad Tasis

xilvac aRukveTa Tavs. bavSvis danaxvaze,

romelic peSviT svamda wyals, diogenma

moisrola Tasi, raTa aRar exila igi da

Tasobac mas gadaayola. am erTi ukanaskneli

da kidev sxva bevri sagnis amoRebiT,

erTaderTi kasris amara darCenilma,

sagrZnoblad gaaRariba yofa da, masTan erTad,

Sesabamisi ideaTa samyaro.

am dialogidan da diogenis cnobili

incidentidan _ maTi dakavSirebis Sedegad

is azri unda gamovitanoT, rom Tasobis

uaryofas aucileblobiT Tavad Tasis, rogorc


doqtori, ivane java-

xiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

Suamdinaruli miTolo-

gia; qarTuli miTologia

I, jvari da saymo; Zveli

aRTqmis wuTisofeli;

xuTwigneulis Targmaneba.

interesTa sfero:

qarTuli folklori,

mwerloba, miTologia;

qristianuli Teologia;

Zveli aRTqma; asirio-

logia, semitologia.

165

nivTis, uaryofa mosdevs. Tu nivTis sazrisi ucnobia, nivTic

kargavs aqtualobas da zedmeti xdeba. amave dros, platoni Tavisi

pasuxiT (ara aqvs mniSvneloba namdvilad man warmoTqva es Tu

miaweres) adamianis erTgvar gansazRvrebasac iZleva: adamiani gonieri

arsebaa, romelsac ideebis samyaros wvdomis unari aqvs. diogenis

yoveli mcdeloba ki mimarTulia iqiTken, rom uaryos Tavis TavSi

adamianoba, adamianis is saxe, romelic mis kulturaSi Camoyalibda.

diogeni aarsebs axali adamianis saxes `faseulobaTa gadafasebiT~,

romelic ar scnobs nivTebs, zedmetad miaCnia isini. da, kerZod, am

nivTs _ Tass, garkveuli daniSnulebis mqone, m. haidegeris

terminologiiT [haidegeri] xelsawyos (Zeuge) misi xelidan wasuls,

bunebis qmnileba Seenacvla. Tumca peSvi _ `erTmaneTs midebuli

orive xelis mtevani, WurWlis formiseburad moxrili, rom Sig

raime Caidos an Caisxas~ [qegl VI:178] _ ar CaiTvleba arc liton

nivTad, arc srulyofil xelsawyod, is mainc adamianis qmnilebaa.

magram peSvs, adamianis qmnilebas, damoukidebeli arseboba ara aqvs,

igi, rogorc adamianis nawili, romelic periodulad iqmneba da

qreba, moklebulia nivTobas, rom artefaqtad miviCnioT.

SeniSvna 1.

bunebrivi wyarodan wyurvilis mosaklavad adamianisTvis peSvic

sakmarisia. magram Tasis, rogorc yoveli WurWlis, aucilebloba

Cndeba mas Semdeg, ufro sworad ki, imasTan erTad, rac mis yofaSi

Semodis kulturis produqti, sasmeli (Rvino, ludi), romelic

Casayeneblad mudmiv WurWels da aseve misi Sesmis mudmiv xelsawyos,

rogoric aris Tasi, saWiroebs. Tavis genezisSi Tasi ara mxolod

yofiTi nivTia, aramed sakultoc, rac TvalsaCinoa Tundac erTi

kulturis farglebSi [kiknaZe:88-95].

SeniSvna 2.

peSvs, Tavisi konfiguraciiT da daniSnulebiT Tasis arqetips,

Tu sakulto fenomenad ver miviCnevT, mis erTgvar sakralur statuss

ver uarvyobT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maTxovrobis metafizikur sazriss

Zvel kulturebSi. gawvdili peSvi dRemde rCeba religiur da yofiT

praqtikaSi wyalobis gamoTxovis erTaderT niSnad.

Tu diogene kacobriobis uSores warsulamde anu im sawyisamde

daeSva, roca peSvidan xelsawyo Tasi warmoSobiliyo jer kidev ar

iyo, arsebobs teqsti, sadac peSvic ar aris gamoyenebuli, Tumca

mosalodneli iyo. Tu diogene ramodenime xnis Semdeg vinmes wabaZviT

uars ityoda xelis mtevnebis am spontanur moZraobazec, romelic


166 zurab kiknaZe

qmnis peSvs (rogorc peSvma Tasis forma Seqmna), es, cxadia, ar

iqneboda Cadenili im motiviT, rogorc msajulTa wignSi~ Caidines

meomrebma.

`adga diliT ierobaali, igive gedeoni, agreTve

masTan myofi mTeli xalxi, da qarodis xevSi

dabanakda. midianis banaki misgan CrdiloeTiT iyo,

mores borcvTan, vakeze. uTxra ufalma gedeons: Zalze

bevria xalxi. ar Cavagdeb amaT xelSi midians, rom

ar gamididguldes israeli, ar Tqvas, Cemma xelma

mixsnao. amitom gamoucxade xalxs da uTxari: vinc

SeSinebulia da kankalebs, ukan gabrundes, wavides

galaadis mTidan. ocdaori aTasi kaci ukan gabrunda,

xolo aTi aTasi darCa. uTxra ufalma gedeons:

mainc bevria xalxi. wyalze Caiyvane da iq gamogirCev

maT. viszec getyvi, gamogyves-meTqi, is gamogyves. viszec

getyvi, nu gamogyveba-meTqi, nu gamogyveba. da Caiyvana

man xalxi wyalze. uTxra ufalma gedeons: vinc eniT

Sesvleps wyals, rogorc ZaRlebi svlepen, calke

daayene, agreTve isinic, vinc Caimuxlebs da ise dalevs.

eniT msvlepelTa ricxvi samasi iyo, danarCenma xalxma

Caimuxla da ise dalia wyali. uTxra ufalma gedeons:

samasi msvlepeliT gixsniT da xelSi CagagdebinebT

midians, danarCeni xalxi Sin wavides~ (msaj. 7:1-7).

gasagebia, meomarTa umciresi raodenobis datovebiT RmerTs

surda, eCvenebina, rom gamarjveba israels ara Zalis simravlem, aramed

RvTiurma Carevam moutana. magram ismis kiTxva: risi niSani iyo

wylis ZaRliviT svlepa samasi meomris mier da ratom iqna es

samasi msvlepeli arCeuli gasamarjveblad? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom

xalxis es kategoria _ ZaRliviT msvlepelni _ im zRvrze imyofeba,

romlis qvemoT adamiani, rogorc adamiani, wyvets arsebobas. brZola

ki adamianebis saqmianobaa, risTvisac ZaRlebi sruliad gamousadegarni

arian. meore mxriv, Tumca msvlepelni rCebian adamianebad, magram

iseTebad, rogornic TavianTi sulmokleobis gamo aseve sruliad

gamousadegarni arian brZolisaTvis. magram ufali maTi saSualebiT

imarjvebs.

167

SeniSvna 1.

SesaZlebelia msvlepelTa poziciis sxvagvari inerpretaciac,

Tumca es iqneba adamianuri TvalTaxedva. msvlepelni anu uTasoni,

rogorc barbarosni, upiratesoben brZolaSi kulturiT ganazebul

adamianebze, romlebic adamianuri wesebiT iqcevian: Caimuxleben, iaraRs

gverdze dadeben, raTa xeli gaiTavisuflon Tasis asaRebad an peSvis

Sesaqmnelad, rom wyali adamianurad Sesvan. maT omis pirobebSic ar

aviwydebaT es wesi. magram maTi iaraRi Tundac erTi wamiTac

upatronod devs miwaze, rasac msvlepeli ar dauSvebs: iaraRi xelSi

CabRujuli aqvs da svleps wyals. mxolod aseTni imarjveben.

SeniSvna 2.

diogene sinopelis cxovrebaSi konceptualur mniSvnelobas

iZens ZaRlis Tema, rac, erTi mxriv, ganpirobebulia im skolis

saxelwodebis etimologiiT, romlis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli Tavad

iyo. SesaZloa, kynikos ar ikiTxebodes, rogorc ZaRluri~ da sruliad

sxva Sinaarsi Caido masSi, roca es termini Seiqmna, magram aravis,

TviT diogenesac, es ar gausaCivrebia, piriqiT, daeTanxma, ZaRli rom

uwodes, da aitaca da ZaRli Tavisi cxovrebis stilis simbolod

aqcia. da Tumca igi ambobda, rom mas surs, araTu hgavdes ZaRls,

aramed iyos ZaRli, yovelgvari simbolizmis gareSe, mainc mTeli

misi cxovreba da misi yoveli saqcieli simboluri iyo. misma

konkretulma realurma saqmianobam, monetebis yalbismqmnelobam,

`faseulobaTa gadafasebis~ simboluri saxe miiRo. adamiani ZaRlad

gadafasda. kulturuli cxovrebis pirobiTobas (romelic Tavisi

bunebiT simboluria) ZaRluri cxovrebis pirobiToba Seunacvla.

adamianobaze uari iTqva adamianisve saxeliT. roca aleqsandre

makedonelis sityvebs `me didi mefe aleqsandre var~, man miugo me

ki ZaRli diogene varo~, es adamianobis gamowveva iyo isev da isev

adamianobis poziciidan. is ambobs amiT, rom me ZaRli var da

srulyofilad vasruleb ZaRlobas, ara ise, rogorc Tqven adamianebi

_ adamianobas. roca Zvali gadaugdes, rogorc ZaRls, man ZaRliviT

daaSarda Zvals [diogene:228]. es epataJi iyo, romelic TavisTavad

simboluri saqcielia da qcevis am simbolizmSi sinopeli diogene

Zveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebs gvagonebs, romlebic xalxis

darwmunebas, roca sityva aRar Wrida, igavur-simboluri qceviT

cdilobdnen.

diogene amayad uwodebs Tavs upolisos~ (berZn. apolis), racgulisxmobs berZnul polisSi istoriulad dagrovebul yvela im


168

kulturul faseulobaTa uaryofas, romlebic berZnuli polisis

sazriss, rogorc istoriul monapovars, Seadgens. ramdenadac diogene

upolisoa, imdenadve uTasoa. elinuri civilizaciis dasasruls,

elini diogene uaryofs poliss, adamianuri Tanacxovrebis umaRles

formas, romliTac elini emijneboda danarCen barbarosul samyaros.

es sazRvari TiTqos waSlilia kulturul nivTTa uaryofiT, magram

ideaTa samyaro uxilavad myofobs mis caze, rac mentalur

barbarosobaSi gadavardnas ar anebebs. igi rCeba filosofosad.

aristoteles cnobil debulebas _ is, vinc Tavisi bunebis da

ara raRac SemTxvevis gamo cxovrobs polisis gareSe, an zneobrivad

moumwifebeli arsebaa an zekaci~ (politeia 1253a), Tu diogenezeSevamowmebT, unda vifiqroT, rom mas Tavi umwifarad aramc da aramc

ar unda mieCnia (diogeni boloa, ara dasawyisi). diogenes mcdelobaSi,

Seicvalos buneba anu bunebiT upoliso (da uTaso) gaxdes, zekacobis

pretenzia Cans. mas surs iyos zekacic da bavSvic, romelic zekacis

meore mxarea da romlis qceva WeSmaritebas RaRadebda mis TvalSi.

am konteqstSi mis pasuxSi aleqsandresadmi me ZaRli diogene var~

hubrisis gamoxatuleba unda davinaxoT. SesaZloa, marTlac am

cxovelis saxeli zeironiiT zekacze mianiSnebdes. kasris binadris

paradoqsuli yofa da azrovneba am varauds ar gamoricxavs.

II

diogene eTxoveba imas, riTac, SesaZlebelia, adamianma adamianuri

cxovreba daiwyo. Tu diogenesTvis Tasma amowura Tavisi Tavi,

Suamdinarul eposSi igi Tavidan iwyebs Tavis saqmes. velebidan

mosul naxevarmxec enqidus `galavniani uruqis~ saxiT polisis

povnis gzaze, gzis dasawyisSi, rac misi gankacebis gzaa (romelsac

ukuqceviT gaivlis diogeni), Tasi elodeba.

igema enqidum Wamadi ZRomamde,

sasmeli Sesva _ Svidi Tasi.

am aqtis Semdeg, eposis Tanaxmad, msvlepelis gankaceba

dasrulebulia.

zurab kiknaZe

169

III

ar unda iyos moulodneli, aramed sruliad kanonzomieri, Tu

romelime sakralur sazogadoebaSi Tasi adamianis simbolod

Segvxvdeba. indur religiur-ritualur, kerZod, dharmul teqstebSi

patra (~WurWeli~) marTal adamians, romelic imsaxurebs wyalobas,

xolo apatra (`uWurWlo~) _ codvils gulisxmobs, romelsac ara

aqvs mowyalebis gamoTxovis ufleba. orgzis SobilTa sazogadoebidan

gaZevebis (mokveTis) anu apatras mdgomareobaSi gadayvanis ceremoniali

Seicavs gasaZevebelisTvis uwmiduri wyliT savse WurWlis gadacemis

rituals. Tass gadmoayiraveben imis niSnad, rom adamians warTmeuli

aqvs misiT sargeblobis ufleba (TasiT wylis Sesma). roca codva

gamosyidulia, adamians aZleven WurWels wmida wyliT da igi

ubrundeba patras mdgomareobas [romanovi].

IV

ideebis nimuSad Tasis cnebis motana dasawyisSi moyvanil

anegdotSi SemTxveviTad ar CaiTvleba, Tu gavayolebT Tvals Tasis

biografias msoflio `anegdotebSi~, magram amjerad elinuri

msoflioTi vifarglebiT. marTalia, peSvi pragmatul-utilitaruli

TvalsazrisiT mainc asrulebs masze dakisrebul movalobas, da,

SesaZloa, ukeTesadac, ramdenadac adamiani bunebasTan siaxlovis

wyurviliT amjobinebs mis gamoyenebas da upiratesobas aZlevs mas

Tasis, rogorc xelovnuri xelsawyos, winaSe. es Cvens ganuSorebel

gamocdilebaSia. peSvi movrkale TasiviT~ ambobs poeti (al. abaSeli)

da Cvenc araerTxel Segviqmnia am mizniT peSvi.

Tu diogenma Tasis gadagdebiT, Camoixsna adamianuri kulturis

tvirTi da ukanaskneli kavSiri gawyvita kulturul kacobriobasTan,

rogorsac misi qveyana warmoadgenda, ukacriel kunZulze gariyul

mis Tanamemamules filoktetes, gvelisgan dageslils, ukurnebeli

WrilobiT gawamebuls, romlis yivili cas swvdeboda, eyo Zala, rom

am kavSiris SesanarCuneblad xisgan Tasi gamoeCorkna (sofokle,

`filoktete~, 35-37).

orad-ori nivTi, rac aRmoaCines mis gamoqvabulSi, es iyo Tasi

da kves-abedi~, romelTa xilvaze odisevsma warmoTqva fraza, romelic

SeiZleba gavigoT ase: sul es aris misi nagrovebi (Tesaurisma)~?

an ase: `sul es aris mTeli misi ganZi~ (Tesaurisma)? arc erTi

gageba ironias moklebuli ar aris. ironia im adamianisa, romlis


170

xelSi aRmarTuli niCabi naosnobis niSnad unda qceuliyo xalxebSi

(`odisea~) dadebiT Sinaarss iZens, radgan filoktetes Tasi, rac

unda Sors yofiliyo misi qveynis xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

srulyofilebisgan, da kidev, rac gamoqvabulSi aRmouCines, cecxlis

gaCenis xelsawyo (pÂreion), marTlac ganZi ukacrieli kunZulis

binadarisTvis. is iyo niSani misi erTgulebisa kacobriobisadmi.

V

kvlav Cven Zvel avtors diogene laertels vubrundebiT. kiTxvaze

_ romelia adamianis xeliT damzadebuli is pirveli nivTi, kulturis

simbolod rom gamodges da itvirTos misi ani da hoe? _ vpasuxobT:

es Tasia, romelic Sors gascda Tavis pirvandel daniSnulebas,

yofiliyo wyurvilis mokvlis an, Tundac, msxverplSewirvis wmida

xelsawyo. man itvirTa imaze meti, risTvisac mowodebuli iyo.

Cveni avtori Talesis biografiaSi utrialebs Tasis Temas,

ramdenimegzis mogviTxrobs Tqmulebas sxvadasxva tradiciiT, sadac

centraluri figurebia Tasi da Svidi brZeni. sxva or TqmulebaSi

Tass samfexi enacvleba _ oriveni sakulto nivTebia [diogene:62-

64].

teqsti 1 (samfexi)

`amboben, ramdenime ionieli ymawvili kaci winaswar

SeuTanxmda mebadurebs, rom iyididnen imas, rasac maTi

bade amoaTrevda. badem samfexi amoaTria da Seiqna dava,

vis unda mikuTvneboda igi. bolos, miletelebma gagzavnes

samfexi delfoSi da RmerTma (apolonma) aseTi ganaCeni

gamoitana: `miletis naSiero, febis samfexze mekiTxebi?

aha, Cemi pasuxi: samfexi brZenTa Soris upirveless

ekuTvnis!~ samfexi gaugzavnes Taless, man sxva brZens

gadasca, sxvam _ mesames da ase solonamde. man ki ganacxada,

rom sibrZneSi RmerTia pirveli da samfexi delfoSi

gadagzavna~.

teqsti 2 (Tasi)

`magram kalimaxe iambebSi~ sxvagvarad mogviTxrobs

ambavs, romelic meandrios miletelisgan gaugonia.

arkadielma vinme baTiklosma sikvdilis win dastova

Tasi (fiale) aseTi anderZiT: `mieciT mas, vinc brZenTa

Soris ukeTesia~. da misces Taless. Talesisgan

zurab kiknaZe

171

gadacemulma moiara yvela brZeni da kvlav Taless

daubrunda, Talesma ki apolon didimeels gaugzavna aseTi

warweriT: mimarTva nelevsidebis mefes, feboss, Talesma,

romelmac orgzis damimsaxura jildod~. brZenidan

brZenamde ki Tass baTiklosis Ze firioni daatarebda~.

teqsti 3 (Tasi)

xolo evdoqsos knidieli da evanTes mileteli

amboben, rom kresosma (krezem) erT-erT Tavis megobars

Caabara oqros Tasi (poterion) elinTa Soris

ubrZenesisTvis gadasacemad. man igi Taless gadasca, Tasma

moiara yvela brZeni xilonamde, romelic piTias daekiTxa,

Tu vin iyo masze brZeni, man ki misani daasaxela...

teqsti 4 (samfexi)

`sxvani amboben, rom samfexi hefestom gamoWeda da

pelopss aCuqa mis qorwilze; pelopsisgan menelaoss

Sexvda da mere elenesTan erTad aleqsandrem (parisma)

moitaca, elenem igi kosis zRvaSi Caagdo sityvebiT iomon

misTvis!~ gamoxda xani da ramdenime lebedoselma am mxareSi

mebadurebisgan maTi nadavli iyida da nadavlTan erTad

maT xelSi samfexic moxvda. daiwyes dava mebadurebTan

da imdeni idaves, rom kunZul kosamde mividnen. aq rom

ver morigdnen, TavianT metropolias milets mimarTes.

miletis elCobam nayofi ver gamoiRo da miletelebma

gailaSqres kosze. orive mxridan bevri daeca brZolaSi

da, bolos, orakulma brZana, samfexi yvelaze brZenisTvis

miecaT. maSin orive mxare SeTanxmda, rom samfexi

TalesisTvis miecaT. xolo mas Semdeg, rac samfexma yvela

brZeni Semoiara, Talesma igi didimeel apolons Seswira.

koselebs ki es ganaCeni emcnoT:

`ar Sewydeba ionielTa da koselTa omi,

vidre gadagdebuli zRvaSi samfexi, hefestos naxelavi,

ar moSordeba aqaurobas da ar Cabardeba kacs,

vinc uwyis yoveli _ rac iyo da rac iqneba~.

Tasis dawyvileba samfexTan moulodneli ar unda iyos,

ramdenadac Tqmulebis Tanaxmad maTi saboloo adgilsamyofeli

delfos samisnoa, sadac oriveni, rogorc sakulto nivTebi, Tav-


172

TavianTi funqciiT, erTmaneTs avseben. magram am teqstebSi, romlebic

aseve erTmaneTis Semavsebelni arian, isini, rogorc sinonimebi, erTi

da imave funqciiT monawileoben.

es nivTebi sam etaps gadian am narativSi, romelsac aqvs miTosis

niSnebi, Tumca miTosad mas, SesaZloa, aravin miiCnevdes. nadavli,

romelSic garkveuli ganzraxviT zRvaSi gadagdebuli Tasi Tu samfexi

moyva, jer Tu megobarTa Soris Tanxmobis niSania, meore etapze

efemeruli davisa Tu xangrZlivi omis sagani xdeba (teqstebi 1-2),

_ roca is jer kidev Cveulebrivi nivTia, Tundac qmnileba, SesaZloa,

ganZic, _ raTa Tavdapirveli Tanxmoba ufro maRal safexurze aiyvanos,

vidre nivTi Tavis saboloo adgils ipovides, risTvisac gamiznulia

igi. magram manamde is sxva funqcias asrulebs.

Tassa Tu samfexs erTi gza aqvT: Tavdapirvelad nivTieri

simdidris niSniT gamoCndebian narativSi, gansakuTrebiT, roca

miTosurad ganTqmuli krezes xelSi vxedavT erT maTgans da is

(Tasi) oqrosia (midieli mefis sabediswero niSanic es aris), an

samfexs, romelic ver iqneba oqrosi, rogorc cecxlTan saurTierTo

nivTi, magram miuxedavad amisa, rac, SesaZloa, abrkolebdes mis

gaTanabrebas Tasis, rogorc ZRvenis, simbolizmTan, mainc samfexma,

rogorc hefestos naxelavma, saqorwino saCuqris maRali statusi

daimsaxura da orakulis ganaCenis gamocxadebamde elenes wyevlas

emorCileba da omis sababi xdeba. narativis saboloo sazrisi ar

Seecvleba, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra Tavgadasavali aqvs Tassa Tu

samfexs _ zRvidan aris amoTreuli TevzebTan erTad, Tu yovelgvari

winaistoriuli peripetiebis gareSe, is mainc Seasrulebs Tavis

misias, anderZiT Tu danabarebiT gamoxatuls. am mxriv, klasikuria

Tavisi simartiviT da gamWvirvalobiT teqsti 1.

dasmulia es kiTxva _ vin aris yvelaze brZeni? _ rogorc

gamowveva da gamocda, da dasmulia igi zRvis siRrmeebidan, qveynierebis

arqedan, rogorc es Taless, mokvdavTa Soris upirveles brZens

miaCnda. Tass Tu samfexs daekisra misia, amoicnos yvelaze brZeni, da

nivTi mogzaurobs brZenidan brZenamde im gamomcdeli molodiniT,

rom romelime maTganis xelSi darCeba samudamod. magram ase ar

moxda.

Tasi gadaeca Taless, romelic miiCnies yvelaze brZenad, magram

Tavad Talesi aseTad ar miiCnevs Tavs, gadascems x-s (variantebSisxvaoben pirTa saxelebi), romelsac is Tavisze brZnad Seracxavs, es

ukanaskneli mis kvalze iqceva da yvela brZenis gamovlenis Semdeg

kvlav Taless ubrundeba. ras niSnavs es? Tu es narativi Svidi

zurab kiknaZe

173

brZenis gamovlenis miTosia, Tasi an samfexi is nivTia, romlis

meSveobiTac xdeba gamovlena. aq nivTi kravs wres, romelic mis

gareSe verasodes Seikvreboda, ganusazRvreli raodenobidan Svidis

arCeva ver moxdeboda. nivTi aq arCevis nivTieri sayrdenia.

Tasis pirvelma gadacemam amoarCia brZeni da axla TiToeul

brZens Tasi aZlevs Sanss amoarCios Tavisze brZeni. nivTi, rogorc

gamowvevis niSani, elis TiToeulisgan gadawyvetilebas. roca Tasi

pirvelad arCeulTan dabrundeba anu Seikvreba wre, aRmoCndeba, rom

TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTze brZenia anu isini sibrZneSi Tanabarni

arian. swored am Tanamimdevruli arCeviT, roca erTmaneTs upiratesoba

mianiWes, daamtkices maT TavianTi sibrZne. ise moxda, rogorc platoni

werda `saxelmwifoSi~, rom Rirseuli da brZeni kaci ar cdilobs

aRematos Tavissave msgavss (saxelmwifo 350b). ricxvi Svidi amasmianiSnebs. Svidi xom ar aris ricxvebis jami, is erTiani mTlianobaa,

romelic ar iSleba Semadgenlebad, romelTagan erTi naklebi iqneboda

meoreze. magram verc erTs ver davukargavT individualobas, ver

gavTqvefT erTmaneTSi, Tundac SvidSi: TiToeuli maTgani Seudareblad

unikaluria. magram Svidi TiToeul maTganze upiratesobs.

mas Semdeg, rac Svidi brZenis xelSi gaiara da yovel maTganSi

sibrZne damowma, Tasma unda Sewyvitos Tasoba, rogorc Tavdapirvelad

Cafiqrebulma xelsawyom. am wris Semoweris Semdeg, axali

gamocdilebiT gamdidrebuli, kidev ufro maRal safexurze adis

apolonis sakuTrebaSi. Tass (Tu samfexs) brZenTa ambavi miaqvs

apolonTan. apoloni ki Tavis mxriv adasturebs brZenTa

gadawyvetilebas.

SeniSvna

makari egviptels stumrad mosulma berma yurZeni miarTva.

makarim TavisTvis ver gaimeta yurZeni da mis axlo dayudebul

sneul bers gaugzavna. am bermac ar axlo xeli yurZens da sxva bers

gadaugzavna. is sxvac ase moiqca. da ase, am yurZnis mtevanma yvela

beri Semoiara, vinc ki axlo-maxlo eyuda.

Svidis aRmomCeni SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sxva sagani Tu

nivTi, an sulieri arseba _ cxoveli (furi) Tu frinveli (mtredi),

rogorc SegviZlia analogiur daarsebis miTosebSi vixiloT, sadac

arsebani, rogorc RvTis nebis saukeTeso gamtarni, ar saWiroeben

Suamavals, gamZRols. Tassac da samfexsac SeeZlo mxolod RvTis

nebas yofiliyo minebebuli, rogorc analogiur SemTxvevebSi fSav-


174

xevsurul andrezebSi vadasturebT dinamiuri, damoukideblad moZravi

Tasis Tu sxva sagnebis mimarT. magram klasikuri tipis elinuri

narativi ar cnobs TviTmoZravi nivTebis saswaulebriv gamoCenas

(`iudevelni moiTxoven saswaulebs da elinebi sibrZnes eZeben~, 1

kor. 1;22), amitomac teqsti 2 Tasis mimotanas brZenTa Soris

avalebs meanderZis baTiklosis vaJs. elinur racionalistur

warmosaxvas am miTosSi adamianuri agenti esaWiroeba, rac sruliad

zedmetia.

zemoT iTqva, rom im miznis aRsrulebaSi, risTvisac Tasi da

samfexi arian mowodebulni, es nivTebi semiotikuri sinonimebia,

magram ara absoluturi. Tass garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs, Tumca

Tu Sors wavalT, samfexi (tripos) didad ar CamorCeba mas. samfexs

vxedavT im saCuqrebis TavSi, romelic odisevsma feakelTa karze

miiRo (od. XIII, 13), xolo iliadaSi~ srbolaSi morkinalTa sapatio

jildoa (il. XI, 700), rac cxadyofs mis maRal niSnobriv statuss.

magram Tass, rogorc xelsawyos, erTi mniSvnelovani funqcia

gamoarCevs: masSi ziarebis siTxea Cayenebuli (miTosis Tanaxmad:

ambrosia ukvdavebis sasmeli~), romelic aRrmavebs da ganamtkicebs

Svidis kavSirs.

VI

adamianis xeliT Seqmnil saganTa ierarqiaSi Tass namdvilad

umaRlesi safexuri uWiravs. Tavis mniSvnelobas adasturebs igi

ara mxolod gankacebis gzaze Semdgar enqidus xelSi, aramed misi

uarmyofeli diogenes saqcielSic da mravalnacadi odisevsis

ironiaSic, roca ganZad moixsenia filoktetes xeliT gamoCorknili

es WurWeli. rac unda martivi iyos es sayofacxovrebo nivTi,

xelsawyo, romelsac forma adamianis peSvma ukarnaxa, igi ver eteva

utilitaruli praqtikiT miCenil sazRvrebSi. mas SeuZlia moeqces

saganTa ierarqiis TavSi, rogorc svetis Tavze Semodgmul yabaxs.

yabaxis Tasi ukiduresad sublimirebulia, is Sors aris

gacdenili zRurbls, romelic misma avtorma miuCina, da mTlianad

Camocilebuli aqvs gamosadegoba. is ukve wmida niSania, niSani wmida

saxiT. magram ra aris is, risi niSanicaa igi? es aris raime siqveleze

dafuZnebuli Rirseba, romelic iseve gamousadegaria, rogorc misTvis

miRebuli jildo.

zurab kiknaZe

175

VII

roca Tasze vlaparakobT, ver gaveqceviT qristianul dasavleTSi

ganTqmul graalis Tass. Tu Tasoba Tavis mwvervals graalis TasSi

aRwevs, is sxvagvarad aRwevs, vidre Tasi yabaxisa an Tasi, rogorc

delfos sakulto xelsawyo. graalis Tasi aris Ziebis saganic da

maZieblis jildoc erTdroulad. Tu Tasis mxridan, misi poziciidan

SevxedavT, igi igi elis Tavis rCeuls: Ziebis dasawyisi arCevaa,

radgan mxolod rCeulTa xvedria Zieba da povna, rogorc jildo.

Tasi irCevs mas, vinc misi xilvis da mopovebis pirobebs akmayofilebs.

asea Tu ise, graalis Zieba srulyofilebis gzaze svlaa.

mociqulTa ricxvis Tanaziari mefe arturis is Tormeti

raindi, romelic mrgvali magidis (Tasis da, Tundac, samfexis

konfiguracias rom imeorebs) irgvliv aris Semokrebili, qristes

mociqulTa msgavsad, Tanabarni arian, amitomac am magidas ara aqvs

arc saTave, sadac maT Soris ukeTesi daikavebda adgils, da arc

bolo, sadac maT Soris udaresi dajdeboda. es Tormetic imave

Tvisebisaa, rac Svidi elinur TqmulebaSi, sadac aseve arsebobs

mrgvali magida, magram misi arseboba virtualuria, ufro droJamul

ganzomilebaSi myofobs uxilavad, vidre sivrculSi da, amrigad,

ufro magidis ideas _ magidobas gamoxatavs, ris saxilveladac

platonis TqmiT gonebis Tvalia aucilebeli. iseve, rogorc elinur

TqmulebaSi, aqac Tasi TiToeulis wilxvedrili unda iyos: TiToeuli

maTgani unda eziaros am Tasidan mas Semdeg, rac srulyofis gzas

gaivlis. qriste, romelsac xelT upyria barZimi (legendebSi graalis

Tasad wodebuli), Tanabrad aziarebs mociqulebs, rig-rigobiT rom

eaxlebian mas, erT mxares eqvsi, meore mxares eqvsi, rogorc mociqulTa

ziarebis xati gvisuraTebs (es scena gansxvavdeba ukanaskneli serobis

aRwerisgan). graalis legendis Sinagani logika karnaxobs narativis

ganviTarebas: TiToeulma am Tormetidan Tav-Tavisi unikaluri gza

unda gaiaros srulyofisken, raTa TiToeuli Tavis gzis bolodan

dabrundes mrgval magidasTan, sadac mas magidis SuagulSi dasvenebuli

safarvelaxdili Tasi, rogorc jildo RvawlisTvis, daxvdeba.

SeniSvna 1

magram legendis Tanaxmad, mefe arturs Tormetze gacilebiT

meti saxelovani raindi hyavda Tavis karze da metoqeoba maT Soris

iseTi mwvave iyo, rom man daamzadebina mrgvali magida, raTa

acilebuliyo dava imis Taobaze, Tu vin unda mjdariyo saTaveSi.


176

SeniSnulia, mrgvali magida imeorebs graalis tablas, romelic sxva

arafria, Tu ara tabla ukanaskneli serobisa. amitomac evalebodaT

mis garSemo msxdom raindebs iseTive harmonia yofiliyo

damkvidrebuli maT Soris, rogoric qristes mociqulTa Soris

sufevda [kavendiSi:53-54]. Tumca iyo SemTxveva, roca zebedes Svilebma,

iakobma da ioanem, mosTxoves iesos, rom Tavis didebaSi erTi Tavis

marjvniv daesva, meore _ marcxniv, ramac danarCeni aTis drtvinva

gamoiwvia (mr. 10:35-41).

SeniSvna 2

aSkaraa graalis Tqmulebis ara mxolod zogadqristianuli

arsi, aramed misi konkretuli gamoxatuleba, kerZod, evqaristiis

saidumlos saxiT. Cans, dasavleTis religiurma cnobierebam legendaSi

siuJeturad ganfina saRvTo liturgiis mTeli Sinaarsi. am saidumlos

Zlier da Rrma liturgiul gancdas ganumsWvalavs qristianobamdeli

warmoSobis kelturi Tqmuleba da sruliad gardauqmnia igi.

mociqulTa ricxvis Tanaziari is Tormeti raindi, romelic mrgvali

magidis (Tasis da, Tundac, samfexis konfiguracias rom imeorebs)

irgvliv aris Semokrebili da zneobriv srulyofas eswrafis, sxva

ra unda iyos, Tu ara eklesia, romlis zRvruli ricxvi mociqulTa

dadgenilebebis~ Tanaxmad, Tormetia _ krebuli morwmuneTa barZimis

gamoCenis molodinSi, romelsac maT winaSe safarveli unda aexados,

rom saTiTaod eziaron `uxrwnelTa da cxovelsmyofelTa

saidumloTa~. Jamiswirvis mTeli ganmavloba maT gamobrZanebamde

xom ziarebisTvis samzadisia.

aseTia graalis legendis idea. magram mrgval magidasTan erTi

skami Tavisufalia. Tavisufali adgili SeiZleba niSnavdes an imas,

rom erTi wevri gasulia am wridan, rogorc iuda, romelmac datova

ukanaskneli serobis tabla, an imas, rom igi elis rCeuls. wre ar

aris dasrulebuli, is gawyvetilia erT adgilas da rCeba ase,

vidre ar mova rCeuli graaliT xelSi, raTa daikavos Tavisi kuTvnili

adgili da, amrigad, gaamrTelos gawyvetili wre.

literatura

gilgameSiani 1984: gilgameSiani, “nakaduli”, Tb., 1984.

diogene 1998: Äèîãåí Ëàåðòñêèé, Î æèçíè, ó÷åíèÿõ è èçðå÷åíèÿõçíàìåíèòûõ ôèëîñîôîâ, Ì . , «Ìûñëü», 1998.

zurab kiknaZe

177

kavendiSi 1983: Cavendish R. King Arthur and the Grail, Granada Publishing,1983.

kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo,

quTaisi, 1996.

romanovi 1980: Ðî ì à í îâ Â. Í . Íåêî òî ð û å îñ î áå í í îñòè ýòè÷åñêèõï ð å ä ñ ò à â ë å í è é ä ð å â í è õ è í ä è é ö å â ( ï î ì à ò å ð è à ë à ìäõàðì àøàñòð), ÂÄÈ ¹ 3, 1980.

qegl 1960: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, T. VI, Tb., 1960.

haidegeri 1992: haidegeri m. dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa,

germanulidan Targmna giorgi baramiZem, goni~, Tb., 1992.

Zurab Kiknadze

A Cup, Diogenes and Seven Sages

In the hierarchy of things made by human hand a cup holds the highestplace. Its symbolic meaning is attested not only in the hands of Enkidu on his wayto becoming human (The Epic of Gilgamesh), but in the behavior of Diogenes ofSinope, who denies culture and in the words of Odysseus as well, when he ironicallycalled treasure the vessel roughly made on the deserted island by Philoctetes(Sophocles: Philoctetes), as the first and the last sign of culture.

However, primitive this everyday life utensil might seem, the form of whichwas dictated by the cup of the hand, it could not be restricted to the limits of itspractical use.

In the narrative of Diogenes Laertius (Lives and Opinions of EminentPhilosophers) the question is asked as a challenge and a test: who is the wisestamong the sages. The cup (or tripod) is assigned the mission to find the answer tothe question and this thing travels from one wise man to another in testingexpectation that it will remain in the hands of one of them.

But each wise man is given a chance to choose the person more wiser thanhimself. The item as a sign of challenge, awaits from each of them the only rightdecision. When the cup (or tripod) so circulated returns back to the first chosen(Thales), it turns out that all of them are equally wise. By giving to each other thepriority, they proved their wisdom.


178

irakli mWedliSvili

metafora, msgavseba daùmSvenieresi kavSiri~,

romelic samyaros sxeulssrulyofilad aerTebs...

rogorc zogierTi Tanamedrove moaz-

rovne acxadebs, mas Semdeg rac garemomcvel

sinamdvileSi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis

Sedegad warmoSobili axali movlena, virtua-

luri realoba Casaxlda~ Cveni samyarosTan

mimarTeba gamoTqmuli ara cnebiTi, aramed

mxolod metaforuli formiT SeiZleba iyos.

es ki niSnavs, rom dezorientaciuli dabneu-

loba, romelic cnebiTi kategoriebis moSlas

mohyveba, daZleuli mxolod metaforul-

gadataniT konteqstSi SeiZleba iyos. amitomac,

aseTi viTarebis gamo, rogorc Cans, Tanamed-

rove kulturis konceptualuri safuZvlebis

kvlav gadaxedva mogviwevs...

aristotele metaforas, am ùCveulo~

da `gadataniTi mniSvnelobis~ sityvas (an

saxels), rogorc mraval naSromSi ganbneuli

msjeloba mowmobs, ZiriTadad, mainc nega-

tiurad afasebda.1 misi SedarebiT dadebiTi

damokidebuleba mxolod erTgan _ `poeti-

kaSi~ _ vlindeba: gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT

sityvaTa gamoyenebis codna yvelaze ufro

1 “topikaSi” aristotele metaforas “qaragmul

gaurkvevlobas” uwodebs da miiCnevs, rom misi gamoyeneba

mxolod sadResaswaulo gamosvlasa da bundovan

gamoTqmaTa uaryofisas SeiZleba (ix.: “topika”, 139b

33-35 da 158b 9-12). imave sakiTxs aristotele sxva

naSromebSic exeba (“meore analitika”, “sofistur

dasabuTebaTa uaryofis Sesaxeb” da sxv.).

filosofiis mecniereba-

Ta doqtori, kinomcodne,

inJiner-fizikosi.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`cifruli gamosaxuleba

da eidosuri xati~, kos-

mosi, sivrce-dro da

virtualuri realoba~,

`perspeqtiva _ aRorZi-

nbidan cifrul gamosa-

xulebamde...~...

samecniero interesebi:

amJamad ori mimarTule-

biT vmuSaob: pirveli,

xmelTaSua zRvis kul-

turaTa da civilizacia-

Ta safuZvlebSi gan-

msazRvreli da dReisaT-

visac sagulisxmo msofl-

SegrZnebiTi, anu dro-sivr-

ciTi xasiaTis koncepte-

bis gamovlena-Sepiris-

pireba . da meore _

àrTroni”, anu elinuri

azrovnebis is simboluri

winaforma, romelmac Sem-

dgomi, dasavluri kul-

turis msoflSegrZnebiTi

mimarTeba ganapiroba.

179

mniSvnelovania, radgan am unaris oden sxvisgan gadmoReba SeuZlebelia,

es niWierebis niSan-Tvisebaa _ marTlac, msgavsebis SemCnevis unari

kargad `gadatanisaTvis~ aucilebelia~1.

aq, am gamonaTqvamSi da, sazogadod, metaforis raobasTan

mimarTebaSi siZneles an gaurkvevlobis pirobas sityva `msgavsebis~

aracalsaxa mniSvneloba warmoSobs. marTlac, ras gulisxmobs an

moicavs msgavseba _ analogias, Sedarebas, msgavsis an igives moxelTebasa

Tu ikonurobas? metaforis TeoriaSi am sakiTxis kvlevas erT-

erTi centraluri adgili ukavia, magram aRniSnuli sferos uSualo

wvdoma winamdebare statiis mizans namdvilad ar warmoadgens.2

mocemuli TemisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani, albaT, isev

aristoteles Sexedulebis moniSvnaa. msgavsebis erTaderTi mkacrad

gansazRvruli mniSvneloba, rogorc Cans, Seesabameba imas, rasac

aristotele analogiad moixseniebs. analogias ki is TanafardobaTa

tolobas uwodebs3 (laTinuri pro-portio-s termin `analogiasTan~

gaigiveba mogvianebiT, albaT mainc, ciceronis iniciativiT moxda).

msgavsebis am ZiriTad (analogiur) mniSvnelobasTan axlos,

aristoteles mixedviT, Sedarebis (eïkôn) gagebaa.Sedareba ki, gansxvavebiT analogiisgan, ara wyvil sidideTa

Tanafardobas, anu proporciis oTx wevrs, aramed _ SesadarebelTa

calsaxa damokidebulebas moicavs. swored amitom, aristotele

Sedarebas metaforas uqvemdebarebs~, mas martiv, qmedebis armomcvel

konstruqciad miiCnevs. magaliTad, gamonaTqvami, zneobrivi adamiani

oTxkuTxedia~, aristoteles ganmartebiT, metaforaa, magram, iseTi,

sadac orive Semavali cneba (zneobrivi adamiani da oTxkuTxedi)

miuxedavad srulyofilebisa, qmedebas ar gamosaxavs4 (da, albaT, amis

gamo, `poetikaSi~ Sedarebas saerTod ar ixseniebs).

amgvari, erTob zedapiruli Semzadebis Semdeg mkiTxvelis

yuradReba erT metaforul gamonaTqvams gvsurs mivapyroT. naSromSi

`sulis Sesaxeb~, kerZod, im adgilas, sadac mamoZravebelisa da moZravis

urTierTobaze msjelobs, aristotele gakvriT SeniSvnavs: axla ki

mxolod mokled mivuTiToT, rom organos meSveobiT mamoZravebeli

isaa, romlis sawyisi da bolo erTmaneTs emTxveva iseve, rogorc _

SenawevarSi~.5

1 aristotele, “poetika”, 1459à 5.2 ufro dawvrilebiT am sakiTxs dainteresebuli mkiTxveli SeiZleba gaecnos,

magaliTad: Ï. Ðèê¸ð, «Æèâàÿ ìåòàôîðà ». Â êí. «Òåîðèÿ ìåòàôîðû», Ì., «Ïðîãðåññ»,1990, ñ 4353 ix.-T, aristoteles “nikomaxes eTika”, 1131a 30.4 ix.-T “ritorikis” III wignis X, XI.

5 Àðèñòîòåëü, «Î äóøå», X, 433b 20.

metafora, msgavseba da `umSvenieresi kavSiri~, romelic samyaros sxeuls

srulyofilad aerTebs...

180

erTi SexedviT, SeniSvnis CarTuli saxe, TiTqos, mxolod

metaforul Sedarebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, ufro dawvrilebiTi

ganxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom amgvarivea analogiis

(analogiuri mimarTebis) piroba. marTlac, Tu `Sedarebis~ orive

mxares davakvirdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom iqac da aqac wyvil-wyvili

fardoba gvaqvs (miswrafeba/organo da foso/burculi). magram

aristotele am SemTxvevaSi proporciul Tanafardobas saerTod

ar exeba. Tumca ki, nawevaris moqmedebis principis aRweras sakmao

adgils uTmobs _ saxsari, misi xedviT, iseTi sivrculi erTianobaa,

sadac, rogorc wris SemTxvevaSi, erTi wertili mainc rCeba uZravi

(igulisxmeba wris centri), imisaTvis, rom moZraobis dawyeba

SesaZlebeli iyos.

sxvagan, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, vTqvaT, `nikomaxes eTikaSi~,

aristotele `amCnevs~ da aRniSnavs kidevac proporciul

damokidebulebas _ amrigad, samarTali raRac TanafardobiTi [e. i.

proporciuli] ramea. proporciaSi Sesvla ki _ ara mxolod ricxvis

TavisTavadi, aramed Tvladis Tvisebaa.~1 aristoteles, wina magaliTTan

mimarTebiT aRniSnuli, TiTqos, ucnauri gaurkvevloba cxadi an axsnadi

swored am SeniSvnis Semdeg SeiZleba gaxdes.

`nikomaxes eTikaSi~ ganxiluli proporciis orive wyvili _

pirveli, _ samarTliani ganawilebis maZiebeli ori pirovneba da,

meore, _ Sesabamisi mflobelobis ori wili _ fardobadia, radgan

Tvladia (aq igulisxmeba, rom pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi ganawilebis

principi `Rirsebis mixedviT~ unda dgindebodes, rac strati-

ficirebuli socialuri struqturisa da, Sesabamisad, Tvladi

kriteriumebiT aRweris pirobaa).

magram sulieri warmomavlobis aravrceuli fenomenis _ swrafvis

an miswrafebis da sxeulovani organos Tanafardoba arakoreqtulia,

radgan am oridan pirveli araTvladi bunebisaa (entelecheia/dynamis,anu sinamdvile da SesaZlebloba Tvisebrivad gansxvavebulni arian).

swored amitomaa, rom naSromSi `sulis Sesaxeb~ proporcia an

analogia, ar gvxdeba. amis nacvlad, aristotele xSirad mimarTavs

Sedarebas rogorc miniSnebis saSualebas. aseTi `Setyobineba~ am

naSromSi yovelTvis iribia, maSinac ki, roca TiTqos uSualo gadatana

xdeba.

magaliTad, imave traqtatSi aristotele kvlav metaforul

Sedarebas mimarTavs: `suli TiTqos xelia; rogorc xeli iaraRTa

1 Àðèñòî òåëü, «Íèêî ì àõî âà ýòèêà», 1131à 28.

irakli mWedliSvili

181

iaraRia, aseve goni formaTa formaa, xolo, SegrZneba _ SesagrZneblis

forma.~1 ase rom, adamianis xeli SeiZleba `iaraRTa iaraRi~ iyos,

magram suli, ara _ `xelis xeli~, aramed `TiTqos xelia~.

mniSvnelovani am SemTxvevaSi, swored es TiTqos~-aa. cnobilia,

rom azrovnebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze metaforis enobrivi

xorcSesxma or safexurad xdeboda _ Tavidan iyo mtkiceba da

Semdgom _ uaryofa. Cvens dromde moRweul uZveles wyaroebSi

amgvar SedarebaTa bevri magaliTia: magari, magram ara klde~, mdinare

bRavis, magram xari ar aris~, mefe keTilia, magram mama ar aris~ da

a. S.

aristotelesTan ki metaforuli mtkiceba-uaryofa erTdroulad

xdeba, xolo sityva `TiTqos~ swored am `Tan aris da Tan arc

aris~ funqciis matarebelia. es SemTxveviT an arqauli inerciis

gamo ar xdeba. sxva naSromebSi, sadac aristotele analogiasa da

proporciul damokidebulebaze saubrobs, sityva TiTqos~ iSviaTad

gvxdeba. xolo naSromSi `sulis Sesaxeb~ amgvari `Tan/Tan~

konstruqcia ganbneuli yovel nabijzea: `goni TiTqos TvaliT

xedavdes~, …goni maTematikuri sagnebis moazrebisas maT sxeulisgan

gamocalkevebulad iazrebs, Tumca isini misgan gamocalkevebulni ar

arian~, dro _ msgavsad ganfenisa _ dayofadia da dauyofadic~2 da

mravali sxva…

asevea im gamonaTqvamebSic, sadac aristotele TiTqos

Tanafardobas migvaniSnebs, magaliTad: arc SegrZnebis unaris arseba

da arc SegrZneba sivrculi sidide ar aris, magram isini raRac

Tanafardobasa da SemgrZnebis SesaZleblobas warmoadgens.~3 aq, albaT,

yuradReba erT mniSvnelovan moments unda mieqces. aristoteles

modelis Tanaxmad, SegrZneba sulis Semadgenlobis is erTaderTi

donea, sadac gare sagnobriv-materialur samyarosTan (an garemosTan)

uSualo `Sexvedra~ xdeba.

SegrZneba, aristoteles azriT, iseve moqmedebs rogorc azrovneba

(Wvreta). gansxvaveba ki isaa, rom SegrZnebis moqmedeba mimarTuli

gareT, erTeuliskenaa, xolo, codna an azrovneba _ im zogadisaken,

romelic sulis SigniT arsebobs. imisaTvis, rom sulis erTianoba

ar dairRves, SegrZnebidan sulis SemadgenlobaSi ara sxeulovani

anabeWdi (anu sivrcul-geometriuli sidide), aramed sagnis garkveuli

Tvisebrioba, anu forma (logos-i) Semodis.

1 Àðèñòîòåëü, «Î äóøå», VIII, 431b 30.2 Ibid., 431b 8, 431b 16, 430b 9.3 Ibid. 424a 27.



182

magram Tu arc SegrZneba da arc, sazogadod, suli sivrculi

bunebis araa, maSin ras efuZneba sulis arsebis logosuri wesrigi?

da am kiTxvaze arapirdapiri pasuxi, isev aristoteles amave naSromSi

(`sulis Sesaxeb~) unda veZioT. rogorc Cans, pasuxi amofarebuli~

qmedebisa da moZraobis cnebaTa ukan aris. sagulisxmo miniSnebas

swored moZraobis aRmZvrelis, wminda~ sulieri fenomenis, swrafvis

an miswrafebis aRwera gvaZlevs.

aristoteles Tanaxmad, miswrafebis ukan survili, vneba da

neba igulisxmeba. amitom, sulis sivrceSi~ erTdroulad SeiZleba

erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego miswrafebani arsebobdes. es im SemTxvevaSi,

`roca goni survilebs ewinaaRmdegeba, da es ki maTTan xdeba, visac

drois grZnoba aqvs.~1 ase rom, survilebs, romelTa aRmZvreli wadili

myisier, amwamier ganxorcielebas, siamovnebis miRebas iswrafvis, goni

swored momavali sikeTis an madlis, anu drois niSnis mixedviT

aferxebs da awesrigebs. aqedan ki SeiZleba sruliad calsaxa daskvna

gakeTdes _ sulis velSi, sulis sferoSi, aristoteles mixedviT,

droiTi mowesrigeba daSvebulia.

magram am SemTxvevaSic problema kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. Tu

goni erTdroulad arsebul miswrafebebs (an, sazogadod, sulier

fenomenebs) Soris droiT gadarCevas~ axdens, es droiTi dinebidan

gasvlasa da mimdevrobis wyvetas niSnavs. amitom, kvlav gasarkvevia,

rogor xdeba, erTi mxriv, droiTi Tanmimdevrobidan `gasvlis~

pirobebSi TviT erTiani drois warmodgenis SenarCuneba da, meore

mxriv, am xan erT, xan meore da a. S. sulier movlenebze gadarTuli

gonis _ kvlav erTian droiT TanmimdevrobaSi CarTva?

am kiTxvas pasuxi am naSromis mixedviT (da albaT, aristoteles

sxva wyaroebis mixedviTac) ver gaecema. Tumca, VI TavSi azrovnebis

Sesaxeb gaSlili msjeloba raRac miniSnebas mainc gvaZlevs. `dro

_ ganfenis msgavsad _ dayofadic da dauyofadic aris~.2

ras niSnavs es? imas, rom aristotele am SemTxvevaSi sulier

procesebs SesaZleblobis sferos miakuTnebs (sivrcec da droc

xom sinamdvileSi daunawevrebadad miiCneva, xolo moZraoba,

aristoteles Tanaxmad, SesaZleblobis ganxorcielebisaken swrafvis

tendenciad moiazreba)? met garkveulobas mainc isev moZraobis

saxeTa aristoteleseuli dayofa unda iZleodes.

Tu, aristoteles mixedviT, sivrciTis garda yvela sxva saxis

moZraoba wyvetadia, maSin, Sesabamisad, sulieri swrafvebiT aRZruli

1 Ibid. 433b 5.2 Ibid. 430b 9.

irakli mWedliSvili

183

moZraobaca da misi `zomac~, anu droc wyvetadi unda iyos. es ki

imas unda niSnavdes, rom aristotele sulis sferos uSualod

drois zogad TanmimdevrobaSi, anu uwyvet ganzomilebaSi ar moiazrebs.

rac Seexeba azrovnebis aqts, rogorc Cans, aq dro ukve modalur

mimarTebas iRebs. radgan goni calkeul saazrovno sagnebs (an formebs)

akavSirebs da amasTan, am procesSi yovel nawils `calke iazrebs,

[is] amavdroulad drois dayofasac axdens.~1 meore mxriv, aristotele

iqve gveubneba, rom imas, rac saxeobis mixedviT dauyofadia, `goni

dauyofad drosa da sulis dauyofad nawilSi moiazrebs~12.

ase rom, am erTob `CaxlarTuli~ msjelobis Sedegad, met-

naklebi danamdvilebiT ori ram mainc SeiZleba iTqvas. pirveli, is,

rom azrovnebis sfero da albaT, mTlianobaSi, sulis velic,

aristoteles naazrevidan gamomdinare, droiTi niSniT mowesrigebul

fragmentul (wyvetil) erTianobad warmogvidgeba; da meore, _

sasazRvro areebSi (SegrZnebis organoebi da mamoZravebeli _ swrafva/

organo), iq, sadac suli sivrcul-sxeulovan obieqtebs `xvdeba~,

aristoteles, marTalia metaforulad, msgavsebiT, magram mowesrigebis,

anu morgebis ukve sivrciTi (sxeulovani saxsari) principi Semoaqvs.

aqve, dawvrilebiTi ganxilvis an kvlevis gareSe, mxolod varaudis

saxiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom Semdgomi periodis droiTi

koncepciebi~, didwilad, aristoteles amgvari ganazrebis Sedegi

iyo. kerZod, rogorc Cans, sivrcul-sxeulovani warmonaqmni, nawevari,

anu saxsari, aristoteles mimdevrebma~, universalur kvanZad miiCnies

da wyvetil (fragmentul) droTa damakavSirebladac gadaaqcies.

aristoteles mier calsaxa metaforuli mniSvnelobiT

Semotanili sityvis, `nawevaris~ (saxsris) laTinuri Sesatyvisi

artikulusi (articulus) da misgan nawarmoebi artikulacia (articulatio_ danawevreba, dasaxsvra) saazrovno kulturaSi, romidan da adreuli

qristianobidan dawyebuli _ dRevandlamde, myarad mkvidrobs. amasTan,

isic sagulisxmoa, rom es Tavdapirvelad sivrculi mimarTebis

termini Tanamedrove gamoTqmebSi, umeteswilad, swored droiTi niSniT

mowesrigebas gulisxmobs (mag.: `artikulirebuli ena, sityva an

metyveleba~, `azrovnebis artikulacia~ da a. S.).

arada, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc aristotelesa da arc sxva

elin moazrovnes saxsari~ cnebis an Tundac, terminis mniSvnelobiT

naxsenebi ar aqvs, ueWvelia, rom es saazrovno warmonaqmni Semdgom

1 Ibid. 430b 12.2 Ibid. 430b 15.



184

da Tanamedrove Zireul `sakvanZo~ warmodgenebTan ganmapirobebel

kavSirSia. magram imisaTvis, rom es kavSiri ufro naTlad iyos

gamokveTili, enis droTa ganmavlobaSi danaleq gamyarebul

asociaciaTagan nawilobrivi gamonTavisufleba mainc xdeba saWiro.

sityva nawevaris~ berZnuli Sesatyvisis _ arTronis~ (arthron)SemoReba, upirveles yovlisa, artikulusis dadgenil, Cveul konteqsts

agvaridebs, da, meorec, _ misi elinuri ìeri~ antikur saazrovno

sivrceSi TiTqos xelovnur-pirobiTad CarTvisas (sinamdvileSi,

dabrunebisas) warmoqmnil `saCoTiro kuTxeebs~ moamrgvalebs da

rac aseve mniSvnelovania, es termini elinuri azrovnebis simbolur

xasiaTs ufro naTlad gamoavlens.

es bolo momenti mniSvnelovani da yovelTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli,

ra Tqma unda, aristoteles naazrevTan mimarTebaSic unda iyos,

magram gansakuTrebuli datvirTva sivrcul simbolos mainc platonis

warmodgenaTa ganxilvisas eZleva.

SeiZleba sityva ànalogias~ mniSvneloba platonTan, iseve

rogorc aristotelesTan msgavsebis cnebasTan uSualo kavSirSia,

magram, sxva mxriv, am termins gadataniT, anu metaforul gamoTqmasTan

raime saerTo ar aqvs. platonur teqstebSi sityva ànalogia~

swored sawyisi Tu Zireuli mniSvnelobiT (anâ _ msgavsad, + logia)xSirad Cndeba. amasTan, msgavsebis SemCnevis unari, anu STabeWdilebaTa

gamocalkeveba-Sedareba aq gonierebis, azris dabadebis uSualo pirobas

warmoadgens1.

magram mocemuli TemisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani termin

ànalogias~ is gansxvavebuli datvirTvaa, romelsac Cven ciceronis

wyalobiT SemoRebuli sinonimis, `proporciis~ qveS vgulisxmobT

_ es ricxviTi Tanafardobaa. Tumca, aqve unda iTqvas: miuxedavad

imisa, rom termin proporcias~ msgavsebis mniSvneloba Camocilebuli

aqvs platonis Sesabamis teqstebSi mas mxolod calsaxa, Tanamedrove

gagebiT maTematikuri mniSvneloba ar unda mieces. timeosSi~ naxsenebi

proporciis oTxive tipidan wminda maTematikuri, anu iseTi, romelsac

aristotele ricxvis, an Tvladis TavisTavad Tvisebad~ da erTaderT

SesaZlebel (oTxwevrian, a/b=c/d,) proporciad Tvlis, mxolod erTia

(Tanac kvlav ariTmetikul, geometriul da harmoniul qvetipebad

dayofili).

platoni ZiriTadad piTagorelTa mier Camoyalibebul ricxviTi

harmoniis moZRvrebas eyrdnoba. amitomac danarCeni sami tipi

1 magaliTisaTvis ix.-eT platonis: Theaet. 186c da Crat. 399.

irakli mWedliSvili

185

proporciisa _ wesier geometriul sxeulTa (kubi, ikosaedri,

oqtaedri, piramida), musikalur-oqtavuri (toni, kvarta, kvinta) da

ZiriTad fizikur elementTa (miwa, wyali, haeri, cecxli) _ swored

samyaros harmoniuli wyobis piTagorul-esTetikuri modelis

uSualo gamovlenaa1.

garda amisa, platoni proporcias gnoseulogiur funqciasac

aniWebs. sinamdviles, romelic platonis modeliT realobis xarisxis

mixedviT gansxvavebul Sreebad iyofa Semecnebis aseve sxvadasxva

saxe Seesabameba. `...Cven mogvwons... rom pirvel saxes [Semecnebisa]

codna (epistemen) daerqvas, meores _ gansja (dianoian), mesames rwmena(pistin) da meoTxes damsgavseba (eicasian)., amasTan, or ukanaskenls

erTad _ warmodgena (doxan)..., xolo pirvel ors _ azrovneba

(noçsin) /daerqvas/. saxeldobr, warmodgena qmnadobas, azrovneba ki

arsebas miekuTvneba. da rogorc arseba qmnadobas efardeba, aseve

azrovneba _ warmodgenas da rogorc azrovneba warmodgenas, aseve

codna _ rwmenas da gansja _ damsgavsebas~2.

amrigad, platonis mixedviT, Semecnebis saxeebs Soris iseTive

proporciuli damokidebulebaa, rogoric sinamdvilis doneebs Soris

aris. yvela zemoTqmulis erTianad gaTvaliswinebisas SeiZleba iseTi

STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, TiTqos platonTan yvelaferi proporciaa~.

da aseTi azri WeSmaritebisgan arcTu Sors iqneba, radgan piTagoruli

moZRvreba, romelsac platoni eyrdnoba da romelic amtkicebda,

rom yvelaferi ricxvia~ swored vizualur ricxvebs~, struqturul,

anu iseT mowesrigebul warmonaqmnebs gulisxmobda, sadac

postulirebuli `wesieri~, Tvladi Tanafardoba iyo.

piTagoruli xedviT ki ricxviTi harmonia~ ara marto kosmiur

wesrigs, aramed yvela sagnisa da sulis imanentur struqturasac

apirobebs. amitomac, albaT ar SevcdebiT Tu vigulisxmebT, rom

Semecnebis saxeTa Soris mimarTebis msgavsi, anu proporciuli

damokidebuleba platons daSvebuli sulis sivrceSic~ unda qondes.

am mosazrebis marTebulobis safuZvels timeosSi~ sulis grZnobadi

Semecnebis meqanizmis aRweris garda, arapirdapir, sulis or _

ukvdav da mokvdav _ nawilad platoniseuli dayofac unda iZleodes.

Tu platonuri xedviT maradiul, inteligibelur sinamdvilesa

da grZnobad, warmaval sinamdviles Soris proporciuli damo-

kidebulebaa, maSin igive mimarTeba sulis ukvdav da mokvdav nawilebs

1 ufro dawvrilebiT es sakiTxi ganxilulia: Ëî ñåâ À.Ô., «Èñòîðèÿ àíòè÷íîéýñòåòèêè», Ì. 1963, ñ. 263.2 platoni, “saxelmwifo”, 533e–534a.



186

Sorisac unda moiazrebodes. es ki SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom `uZravi

da erTaderTi maradisobis xatad Seqmnili moZravi da maradmedini

xatebis~1, drois ricxvTa kanonis Tanaxmad mimdinareoba sulis

wiaRSic (mis mokvdav nawilSic) unda xdebodes. magram, amgvar

mosazrebas platoni arc gamoTqvams da arc gulisxmobs _

maradisobisa da drois mimarTebis sakiTxs is Tavs dumiliT aridebs.

garkveulad mxolod is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom, radgan piTagoruli

modeliT makrokosmosisa da mikrokosmosis wyoba erTgvarovani

unda iyos, amitomac, proporciuli damokidebuleba maradiul da

warmaval sinamdvileebs an doneebs Soris sulis wiaRSic unda

arsebobdes. rac Seexeba dros, am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi platonisa

da aristoteles xedva erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdeba _

droiT faqtors sulis wiaRSi orive aRiarebs, Tumca `ricxvTa

kanonis Tanaxmad mimdinare~ droiT struqturas sulis imanentur

Tvisebad arc erTi miiCnevs.

Tu es asea, maSin zemoT, dasawyisSi wamoWril sakiTxs kvlav,

ganmeorebiT SeiZleba davubrundeT: maS, saidan Semovida antikurobis

Semdgom periodSi dasaxsvris, artikulaciis principi? nuTu am

models sababad mxolod aristoteles TiTqos SemTxveviT moxmobili

metaforuli Sedarebis, arTronuli kavSiris sulis wiaRSi SecdomiT

gadatana da droiT mowesrigebaze ganvrcoba daedo?

da aqve, argumentirebis gareSe, winaswar da garkveulad SeiZleba

gacxaddes _ aRniSnuli, antikurobis Semdgomi periodis xedviTi

cToma~ inspirirebuli ufro platonis `wyalobiT~ unda iyos.

yovlismomcveli da `umSvenieresi kavSiri~, anu proporcia iseTi

cnebiTi Tu simboluri warmonaqmnia, romelic arsobrivad swored

rom dasaxsvris princips gulisxmobs. yvela zemoT moxseniebuli

struqturuli proporcia, romelic 1 Ó 2 simboloTi aRiniSneba _

kubi-piramida, oqtava, miwa-cecxli da aseve gnoseologiuric _ ara

Cveul ricxviTi Tanafardobas an raodenobriv cvlilebas, aramed

Tvisebriv gadasvlas gulisxmobs.

piTagorelTa diaduri sawyisi (erTi _ monada, ori _ diada)

zomadi an vrcul-ariTmetikuli ganzomilebidan gasul yvela

alogikur qmnadobas (sivrcul, droiT, moZraobiT...), anu gadasvlas

gansazRvravda. diadur gadasvlas platonTanac igive datvirTva

aqvs, magram amasTan, swored imis gamo, rom diaduri sawyisi

universaluria, anu radgan mas mimarTeba Tu naTesaoba~ orive, idealur

1 platoni, “timeosi”, 37d.

irakli mWedliSvili

187

da materialur obieqtebTan aqvs, sinamdvilis platonur ierarqiaSi

is Sualedur, maTematikur saganTa dones ganekuTvneba.

aristoteles moZRvrebis mixedviT ki materias mowyvetili

raime formis an formalur-geometriuli warmonaqmnis arseboba

SeuZlebelia. amitomac sasazRvro areSi (SegrZneba, organo), iq, sadac

ori gansxvavebuli arsis, sulier da materialur obieqtTa morgeba

unda moxdes aristoteles arTronuli kavSiris, anu bmis zogadi

principi arapirdapir, ìZulebiT~, metaforul-gadataniTi saxiT

Semoaqvs. platoni ki mTeli `dasaxsruli~ sinamdvilis iseTi

struqturul-geometriul warmodgenas gvaZlevs, sadac ganyenebul

cnebiT warmonaqmnTa (diada, `vizualuri proporcia~) simboluri

Zalmosileba arTronul (artikulaciis) princips Tavad moicavs.

platoni uSualod sxeulovan saxsars (nawevars) `timeosSi~

mxolod erTgan da isic Zalze zedapirulad exeba. kerZod _ iq,

sadac adamianis Zvlovani struqturis Seqmnas aRwers: `...xolo

Semdgom /RmerTma/ masSi CaaSena saxsrebi, romelTa SeqmnisTvisac

damxmare saSualebad gamoiyena sxvisi~ Zala, raTa uzrunvelyo maTi

moZraoba da moqniloba.~1 da es nawyveti swored zemoT gamoTqmul

mosazrebas adasturebs: platonis `timeosis~ mixedviT, `... marad

ucvleli da TviTidenturi arsi daaxloebiT igivea, rac piTagorelTa

`monada~, absoluturi erTi~; ... maSin rodesac sxva~ _ maradiuli

qmnadobis es idealuri principi, piTagorelTa ganusazRvreli oriT~

_ `diadiTaa~ gamoxatuli, radgan `diada~ arsebiTad sxva ara aris

ra, Tu ara monadas~ TviTgansxvavebis, yovelgvari simravlis, dayofisa

da gansxvavebis dasabamieri sawyisi.~2

ase rom, Cveulebrivi, sxeulovani saxsris funqciur bmulobas,

platonis mixedviT, swored sxvisi~, anu diaduri~ kavSiris Zala

ganapirobebs. anu sxvanairad, Tu mxolod warmavali sinamdvilis

donidan ganvsjiT, ùmSvenieresi bma~ CvenTvis, grZnobadi samyaros

mcxovrebTaTvis gamovlenili swored sxeulovan saxsarSi iqneba.

amitomac, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom Tu antikurobis Semdgom

periodSi gamovlenili `droiTi artikulaciis~ koncepciis war-

moSobas uneburi biZgi aristoteles metaforulma Sedarebam misca,

platonurma ùmSvenieresma kavSirma~ (diadurma gadasvlam), anu

arTronuli bmis ganyenebulma simbolom, rogorc Cans, amgvar

warmodgenas struqturuli simwyobrec SesZina.

Tumca, aqve, kvlav unda aRiniSnos, rom arc aristotelesa da

miT ufro, arc platonis xedva aseT droiT mimarTebas arc cnobs

1 Ibid. 74a.2 baCana bregvaZe, komentarebi. wignSi, platoni, “timeosi”, Tb. 1994, gv. 402.



188

da arc gulisxmobs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom piTagoruli tradiciiT

diadur gadasvlas (1 Ó 2 proporcias) xSirad `vizualur

proporciasac~ uwodeben. es ki niSnavs, rom piTagorul-platonur

`ricxviT harmonias~ safuZvlad sivrciT-geometriuli xedva udevs.

amitomac antikuri geometriuli xedvis Cem mier adre

Catarebulma kvlevam, berZnuli azrovnebis, ase vTqvaT, winaformis an

saxasiaTo xatis (Spengleruli praformis) Ziebis mcdelobam

`arTronul~ warmonaqmnTan, rogorc axla irkveva, sruliad

kanonzomierad mimiyvana. ori idealuri formis, sferosa da sxivis

urTiermorgebis Sedegad swored saxsruli an arTronuli

konfiguracia miiReba. da es konfiguracia safuZvlad ara mxolod

antikur kosmiur struqturas, aramed Tanamedroveobamde mosul

dro-sivrciT warmodgenebsac daedo.1

ase rom, winamdebare statia ara, rogorc zogjer ityvian,

mwignobruli an sqolastikuri `Cxrekvis~ magaliTi, aramed ufro,

CanafiqriT mainc, Tanamedroveobis Zalzed mniSvnelovani problemis,

`axali sinamdvilis~ msoflSegrZnebiT, kulturul-konceptualur

winapirobaTa gadaazrebisa da raRacis dRevandelobis konteqstSi

kvlav dadgena-gagebis kidev erTi mcdelobaa...

Irakli Mchedlishvili

Metaphor, Similarity and «the Finest Union» which inPerfection Connects a Body of the Universe...

Aristotele in work “On the Mind” metaphorically transfers a principle ofarticular connection on the union of soul and corporal body of sensation. There issupposition, such representation has allowed an occasion to the subsequent thinkersto enter the term «articulation» (lat. articulus – a joint) mainly in sense of timeordering. Though Aristotele supposes concept of time of sphere of soul, but aboutcontinuous time sequence in it nothing speaks...

Plato too means presence concept of time in structure of soul (“immortal”and “mortal” parts of soul), but - and he does not mention time sequence. Butthen, the basic, “finest union”, or a proportion (1 : 2, a monad-dyad) at Platogeometrically repeats a principle of articulate connection.

Therefore, for a designation of concept which in an obvious kind in antiquephilosophies did not exist and for delimiting it from later “articulus”, I suggest toenter the term «arthron» (Greek arthron - a joint). This term or a principle keepsgreat value for the present – the subsequent behind antiquity and today’s spacial-temporal representations grow just from this mental designs…1 ufro dawvrilebiT SegiZliaT ixiloT: irakli mWedliSvili _ dro-sivrciTi

paradigmebi da maTi monacvleoba vizualur kulturaSi~, sadisertacio naSromi,

Tsu, 2005, I Tavi.

irakli mWedliSvili

189

manana kvaWantiraZe

Carlz pirsi da Tanamedrovesemiotikis problemebi

filosofiuri azris istorias TiTqmis

ori saukune dasWirda imisaTvis, rom xorci

Sesxmoda jon lokis mosazrebas niSanTa

sagangebo Teoriis Seqmnis aucileblobaze

(`Î ïûò î ÷åëîâå÷åñêî ì ðàçóì å,~ wigni III). esamocana warmatebiT ganaxorciela amerikelma

mecnierma Carlz sanders pirsma (1839-1914)

zogadi semiotikis SeqmniT da safuZveli

Cauyara niSanTa sistemebis, komunikaciuri

aqtebis, meqanizmebisa da procesebis Seswavlas

Tanamedrove movlenebis araerT sferoSi –

xelovnebidan dawyebuli biologiiT

damTavrebuli. Carlz pirsi ar yofila

saTanadod Sefasebuli Tavisi Tanamedroveebis

mier, samagierod, dRes igi amerikuli

filosofiis umniSvnelovanes figuradaa

aRiarebuli. mis mier dawerili asobiT

gamokvlevis sistematizaciasa da publikacias

samecniero gamomcemlobebma gardacvalebidan

oci wlis Semdeg mohkides xeli. TxzulebaTa

pirveli krebuli 1935-1966 wlebSi gamoica.

arsebobs rCeuli naSromebis ori

komentirebuli gamocema (1955, 1956); ufro

farTodaa cnobili mokle fragmenti pirsis

naSromisa logika, rogorc semiotika: niSanTa

Teoria~, romelic semiotikis 1985 wels

gamocemul anTologiaSi gamoqveynda.

dasavleTSi pirsis mimarT daintereseba

s e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i as e m i o t i k i s i s t o r i a

d a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i ad a T e o r i a

filologiis mecnie-

rebaTa doqtori, SoTa

rusTavelis saxelobis

literaturis institu-

tis qarTuli litera-

turis ganyofilebis gamge,

Jurnal `kritikis~

mTavari redaqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: ,,me

Cems sakuTar Senobas

vageb”, ,,oTar WilaZis

mxatvruli sistemis

semiologiuri aspeqtebi”,

`werilebi litera-

turaze”, ,,gameoreba”.

interesTa sfero:


kritika, semiotika.

190

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi imdenad didia, rom saubroben `pirsisken

Semobrunebaze~, `pirsis xazze~ da a. S. am interess mowmobs masze

gamoqveynebuli veeberTela literatura, romelic specialur

sacnobaro bibliografiaSia Tavmoyrili. pirsis Sesaxeb amomwuravi

informaciis miReba SesaZlebelia indianas universitetis semiotikuri

kvlevebis institutSi, romelsac Tomas a. sabeoki xelmZRvanelobs.

pirss mieZRvna Jurnal `The Monist~-is specialuri nomeri 1982

wels da a. S.

sabWoTa samecniero sivrceSi pirsi 1968 wels gamoCnda i. k.

melvilis avtorobiT gamosul wignSi Carlz pirsi da pragmatizmi~.

1983 wels krebulSi semiotika” pirvelad gamoqveynda misi logikis

elementebi~, 1996 wels ki Âîïðîñû ôèëîñîôèé~-s # 12-Si daibeWda

pirsis ori cnobili statia: `rwmenis ganmtkiceba~ da `rogor

gamovxatoT Cveni ideebi naTlad~. 2000 wels rusulad gamoica

pirsis rCeuli naSromebis ori tomi.

pirsis semiotika, upirveles yovlisa, logikosebisaTvis Seiqmna.

igi sosiuris lingvisturi semiotikisagan damoukideblad

viTardeboda da filosofias, logikasa da Semecnebis Teoriebs

eyrdnoboda. semiotikis lingvisturi mimarTulebisagan gansxvavebiT,

romelic mis praqtikul gamoyenebaze iyo orientirebuli da enis

models iyenebda, pirsis semiotika gnoseologiur da metafizikur

universalurobazea orientirebuli (noTi 2001: 6). amis gamo pirsis

Sromebi semiotikaSi upirvelesad filosofiisa da niSanTa zogadi

Teoriis farglebSi iqna aRiarebuli. am garemoebis gamo pirsisa

da sosiuris Teoriebis Sedareba araerTi samecniero naSromis

Temaa. maTi avtorebi ZiriTadad sosiuris diaduri da pirsis

triaduli modelebis SepirispirebiT interesdebian.

semiotikas pirsi gansazRvravda, rogorc moZRvrebas bunebaze

da niSnobrivi procesebis ZiriTad saxesxvaobebze. man pirvelma

daaxasiaTa iseTi semiotikuri cnebebi, rogoricaa niSani da mniSvneloba,

niSnuri damokidebuleba da a. S. pirsis umTavresi Tavisebureba,

sosiurisagan gansxvavebiT, isaa, rom igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs

semiozisze, rogorc obieqtisa da masze azrobrivi warmodgenis

SeuRlebis dausrulebel dinamiur procesze maSin, roca sosiuri

niSnis struqturas statikur mdgomareobaSi ganixilavda.

pirsis ideebi farTod dainerga hermenevtikaSi, naklebad –

postmodernizmSi, romelmac gamoyenebiT semiotikas mianiWa

upiratesoba da sosiuris xazs mihyva (Tumca mizezi, vfiqrobT,

marto es ar yofila da amaze sxva dros). pirsis semiotika

manana kvaWantiraZe

191

erTgvari logikuri safuZvlis rols asrulebs xelovnebisa da

literaturis im TeoriebSi, romlebic aRqmaze, intepretaciaze,

recefciazea orientirebuli. pirsis gavlenas aRiarebdnen greimasi,

morisi, derida, lakani, eko da sxv. miuxedavad imisa, rom greimasi,

struqturalizmis arsebiTi postulatidan gamomdinare, TandaTan

uars ambobs obieqtze, rogorc semiozisis procesis erT-erT

korelatze, mecnierebi mainc pouloben Tanxvedris wertilebs maT

poziciebs Soris. pirsis usasrulo semiozisis idea gavlenas axdens

deridas dekonstruqciazec. paralelis gavleba SeiZleba lakanis

triadis (warmosaxviTi, realuri da simboluri) da pirsis pirveladis,

meoreulisa da mesameulis kategoriebs Soris. lakanisaTvis niSnis

interpretacia da mniSvnelobis warmoqmna socialur process

warmoadgens, anu simboluri rigis ideaa, Tumca, Tu tereza de

lauretisis dakvirvebas gaviziarebT, amisagan maincdamainc Sors

arc pirsis interpretanta dgas, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirsis

warmodgeniT, igi mentaluri xatia da ara socialuri. imis gamo,

rom niSnis safuZveli yvelasaTvis saerToa, misi interpretireba,

rogorc socialuri xatisa, gansakuTrebul siZneles ar warmoadgens

(beli... 1996: 554).…

germaniaSi, 1960 wlebidan dawyebuli, ,,Stutgartis skola”

(maqs benze, elizabeT valteri) sistematurad amuSavebs semiotikis

`sabaziso Teorias~, romlis mizansac pirsis Teoriis sistematuri

rekonstruqcia da ganviTareba warmoadgens. abduqciasa da usasrulo

semiozTan dakavSirebiT pirsis ideebis mniSvnelovani gavlenis Sesaxeb

saubrobs umberto ekoc. rogorc ukve vTqviT, araerTi samecniero

kvlevis Temaa pirsis triaduli da sosiuris diaduri modelebis

Sedareba-Sepirispireba. mecnierebi paralelebs eZeben baxtinis

dialogurobisa da pirsis usasrulo semiozisis princi pebis

Sorisac. es oden nawilobrivi CamonaTvalia im didi gavlenisa, rac

pirsis Teoriam iqonia rogorc lingvisturi niSnis, ise, zogadad,

niSnuri procesebis kvlevis mdgomareobaze Tanamedrove humanitarul,

saxelovnebo, sabunebismetyvelo da maTematikur mecnierebebze (noTi

2001).

pirsis semiotikis ontologiuri da fenomenologuri

safuZvlebis arsebiT nawils warmoadgens misi Teoria xarisxis,

mimarTebisa da reprezentaciis sami universaluri kategoriis

Sesaxeb. am definiciis mixedviT, niSani da niSnuri procesebi mesame

– reprezentaciis kategorias ganekuTvnebian, Tumca semiotikuri

aspeqtebi danarCen orsac gaaCniaT. ase rom, samyaros, rogorc mTliani

Carlz pirsi da Tanamedrove semiotikis problemebi

192

niSnuri universumis gaazreba, myar safuZvels qmnis samyaros, rogorc

teqstis, Teoris Semdgomi damuSavebisaTvis: `mTeli universumi

gamsWvalulia niSnebiT, Tuki mTlianad am niSnebisagan araa Semdgari~.

am mosazrebis fonze semiotika universalur mecnierebad iqceva.

amis Sesaxeb werda kidec pirsi ledi uelbisadmi miweril werilSi

1908 wels: me jer arasodes gamomikvlevia rame ise, rom ar ganmexila

es sagani, rogorc semiotikuri Studiebis obieqti – maTematika,

eTika, metafizika, gravitacia, Termodinamika, optika, qimia, SedarebiTi

anatomia, astronomia, fsiqologia, fonetika, ekonomika, mecnierebis

istoria, qalebi da kacebi, Rvino da metrologia~(noTi 2001).

adamianis cnobierebis fenomenebi (pirsi maT faneronebs uwodebs),

rogorebicaa aRqma, iluzia, winaTgrZnoba, samyaros azrobrivi

intepretacia – pirss sam universalur kategoriamde dahyavs

(cnobilia, rom aristotele gamoyofda aT, kanti ki _ Tormet

ontologiur kategorias) da maT pirvelads, meoreuls da mesameuls

uwodebs (vinaidan am terminologiis Sesabamisi cnebebi, ramdenadac

CvenTvis cnobilia, qarTulad ar damuSavebula da isini, Targmanis

saxiT, pirvelad Semogvaqvs. siamovnebiT gaviTvaliswinebT

SemoTavazebul SeniSvnebsa da rCevebs am mimarTulebiT).

`pirveladoba~ esaa imis yofierebis meTodi, romelic yofnobs

ise, rogorc yofnobs, dadebiTi saxiT da damoukideblad raime

sxvisgan~. esaa damoukidebeli SegrZnebis, sufTa SesaZleblobis,

uSualobis, spontanurobis, Tavisuflebis, jer kidev aradiferen-

cirebuli xarisxisa da damokidebulebis kategoria (,,sainformacio

eridan” ,,nanoteqnologiurSi” gadasvlis Tanamedrove etapze, vfiqrob,

samyaros wonasworobis, harmoniulobis SenarCunebis mizniT

kacobriobis yvelaze aqtualur amocanad swored am tipis niSanTa

dacva rCeba).

`meoreuli~ vlindeba pirvelis meoresTan mimarTebaSi raime

kanonzomierebis gareSe. esaa drosa da sivrceSi mimarTebis, reaqciis,

qmedebis, uxeSi Zalis, realobisa da Semecnebis kategoriebi. meoreuls

ganekuTvnebian iseTi faqtebi, romlebic, pirveladebisagan gansxvavebiT.

Tavs iCenen ara wminda SesaZleblobebis saxiT, aramed mxolod

raRac sxvasTan opoziciaSi, amitom meoreuls vxvdebiT iseT

movlenebSi, rogoricaa sxva, mimarTeba, iZuleba, qmedeba, damokidebuleba,

damoukidebloba, uaryofa, realoba, Sedegi~.

`mesameuli~ akavSirebs meores pirvelTan. esaa kategoria

gaSualebis, gaxsenebis, Cveulebis, aucileblobis, kanonzomierebis,

uwyvetobis, sinTezis, komunikaciis, reprezentaciis, semiozisisa da

manana kvaWantiraZe

193

niSnebis. miuxedavad imisa, rom TviT niSnebi pirsisTvis mesame

kategorias ganekuTvnebian, igi semiotikur aspeqtebs pirvelad da

meoreul kategoriebSic xedavs, Tumca maT ganixilavs, rogorc e. w.

`naklovani~, arasakuTari (gadagvarebuli) semiozisis SemTxvevebs.

niSnobriobis sayovelTaobis aRiarebas, rogorc zemoTac vaxseneT,

pirsi samyaros pansemiotikur gaazrebasTan mihyavs, romlis mixedviTac

Semecnebas, azrovnebas da TviT adamiansac niSnuri (semioturi) buneba

aqvT. rogorc nebismieri niSani, ise nebismieri azric dakavSirebulia

samyaros obieqtebTan da sxva azrebTan, radgan yvelaferi, razedac

vfiqrobT, warsuls Seicavs~. metic, pirsisTvis yovelgvari fiqri

niSans warmoadgens~. azris es niSnuri xasiaTi da is faqti, rom

cxovreba sxva araferia, Tu ara azrTa dineba, pirss saSualebas

aZlevs amtkicos, rom `adamiani niSania~. pirsis Sexedulebebis

fonze SeiZleba Semdegnairad wavikiTxoT vaJas erTi cnobili

poeturi gamonaTqvami: nisli mTebis fiqria, anu mTebis azrovnebis

niSani. samyaro, buneba iseve azrovnebs nisliT, rogorc adamiani –

fiqriT. adamianis, rogorc niSnis amokiTxva aq samyaros, rogorc

teqstis universalur konteqstSi xdeba, Sinagani poeturi xedva

swored am universalur konteqstzea mipyrobili, erT-obasa da

erTian-obazea orientirebuli, poeturi ena ki am darRveuli

konteqstis aRdgenasa da gamTlianebas emsaxureba.

pirsis es semiotikuri Sexeduleba adamianze da adamianur

Semecnebaze exeba awmyos, warsulsac da momavalsac. amdenad yvelaferi,

rac adamianma icis samyaros obieqtebis Sesaxeb, rasac grZnobs

maTTan urTierTobisas, is, rasac obieqtis forma Caagonebs da isic,

ra saSualebiTac mas Seimecnebs _ adamianobis niSani da adamianis

interpretanataa. adamianis yvelaze uCveulo interpretantebi, am

azriT, poeziaSi daiZebneba. me-16 s-is sparsi poeti muhamed fizuli

wers: me _ me ara var. is, rasac me me~-s veZaxi, es Sen xar~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom pirsis Teorias ar hqonia sakuTriv

lingvisturi mimarTuleba, misi semiotikuri postulatebidan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsovna TviT enaSia akumulirebuli

da rogorc azrovnebis, ise adamianobis niSans warmoadgens. ena

Seicavs da universaluri ganmasaxierebelia pirsis samive kategoriisa

erTianobaSi: ena pirveladia, rogorc uSualo, spontanuri da

Tavisufali; meoreulia, ramdenadac Semmecnebeli, moqmedi da Zalis

mqonea; da mesameulia, ramdenadac gaxsenebis, Cveulebis, sinTezis,

komunikaciis, reprezentaciis, semiozisis procesebs awesrigebs da

meores pirvelTan ara mxolod garegnulad, aramed Sinaganadac


194

akavSirebs drosa da sivrceSi. samiozisi swored enisa da azrovnebis,

rogorc sicocxlis formaTa damakavSireblis, uwyveti funqciaa.

vfiqrob, pirsis Teoriis fonze savsebiT logikuria davsvaT

kiTxva – risi niSania literatura; rogor gamoiyureba igi pirsis

SexedulebaTa Suqze, ra gansakuTrebul niSnebs atarebs, rogorc

semotikuri universumis nawili? sakiTxi unda damuSavdes ara

mxolod imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom literaturis Semoqmedi, rogorc

adamiani, TviTonve warmoadgens niSans, aramed im kuTxiTac, rom am

samyaroSi literaturis erTaderTi aRmqmelic mxolod adamiania.

amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva unda daiwyos swored pirvelad, meoreul

da mesameul kategoriebTan literaturis Sesabamisobis sakiTxis

dasmiT. rogorc pirveladi kategoria, literaturis ena muSaobs~

Tavisufal spontanul reJimSi. rogorc meoreuli, esaa mimarTebac,

reaqciac, qmedebac raRac aRsaniSnis, referentis mimarT, Semecnebis

procesic da realobac. igi ara marto sufTa SesaZleblobaa

(pirveladoba), aramed iseTi movlenac, romelic realobasTan

opoziciaSi dgindeba, rogorc warmosaxvis, SesaZleblobis ena.

literaturis ena, misi emociuri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, meoreuli

kategoriaa sxvasTan~ mimarTebis konteqstSic, rogorc enis diqtantis,

Zalisa da zemoqmedebis gamovlineba.

mesameuli meoreuls pirveladTan akavSirebs. am azriTac

literaturis ena xasiaTdeba yvela im niSniT, romelsac pirsi

mesameuls akuTvnebs. aq igi arsebulsa da SesaZlebels Soris

gamaSualebeli, gaxsenebis, aucileblobis, Cvevebis, komunikaciis, sinTezis

da reprezentaciis kategoriaa, aq iZens srul saxes da avlens Tavis

SesaZleblobas, rogorc niSani, niSanTa sistema da semiozisis saxeoba.

literaturuli semiozisis uwyvetoba SenarCunebulia rogorc

horizontalur-sintagmatur WrilSi (kiTxvis procesSi), ise

vertikalur-paradigmatul ganaserSi (rogorc azrTa ganviTarebisa

da interpretaciebis istoria) da maT sinTezs axorcielebs. es

imas niSnavs, rom igi vlindeba, jer erTi, rogorc mniSvnelobaTa

gafarToebis uwyveti procesi individualur aRqmaTa gansxvavebis

safuZvelze, da meore, rogorc kulturul mniSvnelobaTa _ istoriis

cvalebadobaSi gamotarebul (gadarCenil, damaxsovrebul)

mniSvnelobaTa Sexvedris adgili.

literaturis semiotikis fonze sainteresoa xsovnisa da

mxatvruli enis urTierTmimarTebis Seswavla, ramdenadac mxatvruli

ena, rogorc erTdroulad samive kategoriis matarebeli da

ganmasaxierebeli, kvlevaTa farTo SesaZleblobebs gvTavazobs. amas

manana kvaWantiraZe

195

garda, ena imTaviTve atarebs xsovnas, romelic akumulirebulia

mniSvnelobaSi da axlavs mas. enis codna swored dakargul

mniSvnelobaTa faruli xsovnaa. mxatvruli ena ki im dakarguli

codnis Sexsenebaa, romelsac mxatvruli forma inaxavs da romelic

mniSvnelobaTa konotaciur doneze aqtalizdeba. semiozisis procesi

literaturaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara xsovnis gacocxleba da

gafarToeba _ urTulesi procesi, romlis drosac aracnobieri

mudmivad aregulirebs dasaviwyebel, dasamax-sovrebel da Sesacvlel

zonebs.

sosiurisTvis niSani sistemis nawilia, romelic dgindeba mxolod

sistemis sxva elementebTan opoziciurobaSi an maTgan

gansxvavebulobiT. pirsTan ki niSans triaduli kavSiri warmoSobs,

romelic interpretaciis dinamiur procesSi gadadis. es triaduloba

pirsis semiotikis fundamenturi cnebaa. igi niSans axasiaTebs rogorc

samnawilian mTlianobas: niSani, aRsaniSni sagani da Semecneba, romelic

gonebaSi mimdinareobs. semiozisis es sami pozicia ase gamoiyureba:

1. niSani anu reprezentanti _ aRqmisTvis misawvdomi elementi,

romelic enacvleba obieqts; 2. interpretanti _ am obeqtis

mentaluri xati; dabolos, 3. referenti anu TviT obieqti. arsebiTad,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirsis semiotikis kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens

ara niSani, aramed semiozisis TviT procesi. semiozisi esaa

`triaduli qmedeba niSnisa~, procesi, romlis drosac niSani

kognotiur zemoqmedebas axdens TviT intepretatorze. termini

`semiozisi~ pirsma filosofos-epikurelis filodemis traqtatidan

isesxa. niSani erTdroulad warmoadgens: a. azris niSans; b. obieqtis

niSans; g. damokidebulebis niSans. es imas niSnavs, rom igi warmoadgens:

a) misive mainterpretirebeli azris niSans; b) im obieqtis niSans,

romlis eqvivalentadac aris miCneuli am azris mixedviT da g) im

mimarTebisa da xarisxis niSans, romlis wyalobiTac dgindeba kavSiri

massa da obieqts Soris. pirsis Tanaxmad, obieqti anu referenti,

romelic niSnis miRma amoikiTxeba, principulad subieqturia da

damokidebulia aRmqmelze.

SeniSnulia, rom niSanze pirsi Tavisi Sromebis araerT adgilas

laparakobs, xSirad urTierTgansxvavebuli da bundovani

aRwerilobiTac. mas ekuTvnis niSnis cnobili gansazRvreba, romelic

dRemde fundamentur definiciad aris miCneuli yvela tipis

komunikaciuri TeoriisaTvis: niSani anu reprezentameni esaa is, rac

garkveuli azriT an moculobiT aRniSnavs raimes viRacisTvis. igi

mimarTulia, anu am viRacis gonebaSi aRZravs Sesabamis niSans an,


196

SesaZloa, ufro ganviTarebul niSans. im niSans, romelsac igi qmnis,

me vuwodeb am niSnis interpretantas. niSani enacvleba raRacas,

saxeldobr, Tavis obieqts, magram warmoadgens mas ara yvela mimarTebaSi,

(mTlianad, yvela aspeqtiT, mTeli moculobiT – m. k.), aramed im

ideasTan SesabamisobaSi, romelsac me vuwodebdi bazisurs, anu niSnis

safuZvels~ (pirsi 2000: 177). amrigad, niSani obieqtebis raime

gansazRvruli klasi ki ar aris, aramed nebismieri ram, rac

uzrunvelyofs gaSualebis SesaZleblobas (mediacias) pirveladi

da meoreuli kategoriis obieqtebs Soris. niSnis magaliTebad

pirsi asaxelebs: naxatebs, simptomebs, wignebs, sityvebs, winadadebebs,

biblioTekebs, signalebs, brZanebebs, mikroskopebs, parlamentis

deputatebs, koncertebsa da maT Sesrulebas. magram, Tuki, erTi

mxriv, nebismier fenomens SeuZlia Seasrulos niSnis funqcia, meore

mxriv, ìs yvelaferi, rac ar interpretirdeba rogorc niSani, ar

warmoadgens niSans~. gamodis, rom TviT iseTi sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli niSanic ki, rogoricaa sityva an winadadeba, niSnad ver

CaiTvleba, Tuki ar moxdeba misi interpretireba, anu komunikaciis

aqtSi ar Seiqmneba misi mentaluri xati – interpretanta.

interpretanta (pirsi xSirad mas interpretaciasac uwodebs),

anu azri interpretaciis momentSi warmoadgens niSnurobis pirobas

da interpretatoris rangSi, SesaZloa, adamianis garda cxovelsac

gulisxmobdes. araa aucilebeli azrovneba ukavSirdebodes adamianis

tvins: ,,igi Tavs iCens futkrebis saqmianobaSi, kristalebSi da

yvelgan fizikur samyaroSi~. am aramentaluri movlenis

dasaxasiaTeblad pirsi iyenebs qvazicnobierebis~ cnebas da niSanTa

gamovlinebebs xedavs ara mxolod azrobriv, aramed biologiur,

qimiur da fizikur procesebSic. amitomaa, rom pirsisTvis mTeli

universumi niSnebiTaa gamsWvaluli.

obieqtis problema erTerTi umniSvnelovanesia aramxolod

pirsis, aramed mTel semiotikaSi da periodulad igi seriozuli

diskusiis sagnad iqceva xolme, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca Zlierdeba

winaaRmdegoba òbieqturisa~ da `realuris~ cnebiT Sinaarsebs

Soris. sosiurisTvis obieqti (aRsaniSni) ar gulisxmobs realur

sagans an movlenas, rogorc substancias (substituts). igi mxolod

formaa: ènobrivi niSani aerTianebs ara sagansa da mis saxels,

aramed azrsa da akustikur xats” (konceptsa da fonemaTa akustikur

rigs _ m.k.) sosiuri 1977: 99). roman iakobsoni da `praRis

skola~ semiozisisaTvis aucileblad miiCnevs mesame pirobasac –

obieqtis, rogorc realobis arsebobas (iakobsoni 1983: 107).

manana kvaWantiraZe

197

obieqti pirsisTvis sulac araa ubralod sagani, romelic

niSans upirispirdeba rogorc materialuri aramaterialurs, aramed

is yvelaferi, ris reprezentaciasac niSani axdens. masSi igulisxmeba

materialuri sagani an saganTa klasi, romelic CvenTvis

gamocdilebidanaa cnobili. Tumca, amave dros, obieqti SeiZleba

iyos oden azrobrivi an warmosaxviTi, aramaterialuri konstruqti.

amrigad, niSans SeuZlia mxolod obieqtis reprezentireba an masze

laparaki, magram ar SeuZlia uzrunvelyos am obieqtis cnoba

komunikaciis aqtSi, Tumca es cnoba aucilebelia, raTa niSanma SeZlos

momdevno informaciis mowodeba, anu aqtualur niSnad CarTva

semiozisis procesSi. amrigad, obieqti Tavisi niSnuri funqciiT

gansxvavdeba niSnisagan mxolod imiT, rom warmoadgens naklebad

ganviTarebul niSans. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki niSani da misi obieqti

hi poTeturad erTmaneTs emTxveva, obieqti mainc raRac sxvis

reprezentacias axdens, vidre misive niSani. aseTi damTxveva naklebad

bunebrivia niSan-indeqsisaTvis, romelic emyareba nawili-mTelis an

mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobas. samagierod, igi Cveulebrivi movlenaa

ikonur niSanSi, romelic aq wminda SesaZleblobis aRmniSvnelad

gvevlineba; aseve, esTetikur niSanSi, romelic sakuTar Tavs aRniSnavs,

anu TviTreferencialuria.

pirsi obieqtebis or saxes ganasxvavebs. erTia obieqti niSanSi~,

anu obieqti, rogoradac mas niSani warmoadgens da romlis arsebobac

mxolod niSanSi mis reprezentaciazea damokidebuli. meorea obieqti

anu referenti, e. w. dinamiuri obieqti, romelic niSnis miRma

amoikiTxeba, subieqturia da mxolod aRmqmelzea damokidebuli.

pirsi mas `niSnis gareSe~ (gareT, miRma) obieqtsac uwodebs. Tu

maTi daxasiaTebiT vimsjelebT, am tipis referentebi gansakuTrebiT

mravladaa mxatvrul enaSi da literaturas swored am tipis

obieqtebTan aqvs saqme. `niSanma SeiZleba ar asaxos es obieqti,

aramed mxolod miuTiTos masze, xolo interpretatorma es obieqti

damatebiT cdaSi unda Seimecnos. esaa miuRweveli referencia anu

obieqti, romelsac ar gaaCnia saboloo saxe. SesaZloa, es obieqti

fiqciac iyos~.

interpretantis cneba pirsTan mniSvnelobis klasikur gagebas

Seesabameba. mis nacvlad pirsi xandaxan signifikaciisa da

interpretaciis terminebsac iyenebs. interpretanta aris is, `rac

warmoiqmneba interpretatoris cnobierebaSi~. gamomdinare iqidan,

rom pirsisTvis azric niSania, xolo interpretacia ki – semiozisis

procesi, pirsi interpretantasac niSnad miiCnevs: niSani mimarTulia


198

viRacisken, anu igi adamianis cnobierebaSi warmoqmnis eqvivalentur

niSans, an SesaZloa, ufro gafarToebul niSans. niSans, romelsac is

warmoqmnis, me vuwodebdi pirveli niSnis interpretacias~. gamodis,

rom TiToeuli niSani warmoqmnis interpretacias, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, momdevno niSnis reprezentatad gvevlineba. semiozisis procesi,

amrigad, `interpretantebis Tanmimdevruli seriaa”. am usasrulo

procesSi ar arsebobs pirveli~ da ukanaskneli~ niSani. pirsisTvis

azrovneba yovelTvis xorcieldeba azrTa urTierTmimarTebis, anu

dialogis formiT me”-s sxvadasxva fazebs Soris. ase rom, azrovneba,

ramdenadac igi dialoguria, niSnebisagan Sedgeba (Sdr.: holderlini:

,,adamianis arseboba dialogidan iwyeba”). sxvaTa Soris, es niSnebi

ar warmoadgenen aucileblad sityvebs, gansakuTrebiT ki _

SemoqmedebiT-mxatvruli da mecnieruli azrovnebis dros. a. ainStaini

maTematikos J. adamars werda: `sityvebi im saxiT, rogorc isini

iwereba an gamoiTqmis, rogorc Cans, araviTar rols ar TamaSoben

Cemi azrovnebis meqanizmSi. azrovnebis elementebad gvevlinebian

metnaklebad mkafio saxeebi da niSnebi fizikuri realobisa. es

saxeebi da niSnebi TiTqos TavisTavad warmoiqmnebian da kombinirdebian

cnobierebis mier. bunebrivia, azrovnebis am elementebsa da Sesabamis

logikur cnebebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri. miswrafeba,

bolos da bolos, mivides cnebaTa logikurad urTierTdakavSirebul

rigTan, gvevlineba im sakmaod gaurkveveli TamaSis emociur safuZvlad,

romelsac cnobiereba warmarTavs zemoTnaxseneb azrovnebis

elementebTan. fsiqologiurad es kombinaciuri TamaSi proteqtuli

azrovnebis arsebiT mxares warmoadgens~.

SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom adamianuri azrovnebis es Sinagani

dialoguri buneba samyaros niSnobriobis homologiuri movlenaa

da, Tavis mxriv, arsebobisa da yofierebis dialogurobis

reprezentantia. ar SeiZleba semiozisi odesme dasruldes iseve,

rogorc mniSvnelobis matarebel sicocxlis formaTa warmoqmnis

procesis Sewyvetaa SeuZlebeli. igi SeiZleba mxolod droebis

Seneldes (Sdr.: barti: `mniSvnelobis warmoqmna Zalze ioli saqmea

da mTeli maskultura dilidan saRamomde amiTaa dakavebuli; misi

Seyovneba _ ukve usazRvrod Zneli da es marTlac rom xelovnebaa~.

(WeSmariti literatura swored amas akeTebs – m.k.); azris

,,ganadgureba” ki sruliad uimedo saqmea, radgan amis miRweva

SeuZlebelia (barti 1989: 288).

interpretaciis tipebis klasifikaciisas pirsi sam jgufs

gamoyofs: uSualo – niSnis warmoqmnis savaraudo SesaZlebloba,

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199

zogadi STabeWdileba niSanze yovelgvari refleqsiis gareSe;

dinamiuri – niSnis faqtobrivi, pirdapiri qmedeba interpretatorze

da finaluri anu saboloo, romelic warmoadgens interpretaciis

ara realur, aramed mxolod Teoriulad SesaZlebel Sedegs _

interpretaciis idealTan, finalur interpretantasTan miaxloebas.

finaluri interpretaciis magaliTia mniSvnelobis dadgena

leqsikonebSi. Sesabamisad, masTan daSorebis magaliTad SeiZleba

davasaxeloT dekonstruqciuli intepretaciebi, sadac varaudebis

usasrulo gafarToeba SeuZlebels xdis raime, Tundac miaxloebiTi

mniSvnelobis dadgenas. am tipis niSnebi dinamiur niSnTa rigs

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT, Tumca pirsisgan gansxvavebiT, dekonstruqciaSi

saerTod uaryofilia aRsaniSni, rogorc raime mniSvnelobis

matarebeli, interpretacia ki mTlianad TviTnebur subieqtur

qmedebad da saTamaSo praqtikadaa miCneuli.

niSnebis klasifikaciisas pirsi niSanTa sam triqotomias

gvTavazobs, romlebSic niSnis maxasiaTeblebi klasificirdebian

pirveladobis, meoreulobisa da mesameulobis TvalsazrisiT. niSani

sruli triadulobiT miCneulia namdvil niSnad, xolo arasruliT

– naklovanad anu gadagvarebulad.

pirveli triqotomia niSans ganixilavs, rogorc monadas, rogorc

niSans TavisTavad, raime gareSesTan mimarTebis gareSe, meore – rogorc

diadurs, obieqtTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi niSani

warmoadgens obieqtis aRmniSvnels, anu masTan dialogur

damokidebulebaSi myofs; mesame tipis niSnebi asaxaven triadul

damokidebulebas obieqtis reprezentaciisa interpretantaSi. amave

triqotomiaSi erTiandebian xarisxobrivi, erTeuli da zogadi niSnebi.

pirsis semiotikis yvelaze arsebiT klasifikacias meore

triqotomia warmoadgens, romelic gansazRvravs niSans obieqtTan

mimarTebaSi. am triqotomiaSi niSanTa sami klasi erTiandeba: ikonuri

niSani (pirveladi), indeqsi (meoreuli) da simbolo (mesameuli).

ikonuri niSani `migviTiTebs aRniSnul obieqtze mxolod da

mxolod misTvis (niSnisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis safuZvelze~.

indeqsi iseTi niSania, romelic damokidebulia Tavis obieqtze

dro-sivrcul mimarTebaSi an mizezob-riobiT; simbolo ki akavSirebs

niSans obieqtTan `kanonis an regularulobis~ safuZvelze

(igulisxmeba Cveva, SeTanxmeba, norma _ m.k.). miuxedavad imisa, rom

droTa ganmavlobaSi semiotikis ganviTarebam niSanTa axali

klasifikaciebi warmoSva, pirsis aRniSnul triqotomias dRemde

ar daukargavs klasikurisa da fundamenturis statusi da misi


200

gavlenis amokiTxva, erTi SexedviT, sruliad gansxvavebul Tanamedrove

TeoriebSic SeiZleba. magaliTad, bartis semiologia aRsaniSnsa da

aRmniSvnels Soris sami tipis damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. pirveli

Sinagani da virtualuria, danarCeni ori ki _ garegani da aqtualuri.

pirvels barti simbolurs uwodebs, Tumca mas marto simboloebiT

ar Semofarglavs. meore tipis damokidebuleba sistemaSi niSnis

sakuTar, Tundac minimalurad gansxvavebul adgils ganapirobebs da

barti am tipis niSnebs paradigmatuls uwodebs. mesame tipis

niSnebi sintagmaturia, radgan aq niSani Tavs avlens ara sxva niSnebTan

virtualur urTierTobaSi, aramed _ aqtualur mezoblobaSi.

sintagmaturis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT damokidebuleba

winadadebis wevrTa Soris (barti 1989: 246-247). vfiqrob,

gansakuTrebul sirTules ar warmoadgens bartis sintagmatur tipSi

niSan-indeqsebis, simbolurSi ki _ ikonuri da simboluri niSnebis

aRmoCena. rac Seexeba paradigmatuls, aq ufro bartis Teoriis

lingvisturi, kerZod, sosuriseburi aqcentebi igrZnoba.

mivubrundeT pirss: ,,niSani ikonuria, Tuki mas gaaCnia mniSvneloba

imis miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara misi aRsaniSni obieqti” (pirsi

2000: 196). niSnis ikonurobis piroba aRsaniSnTan msgavsebaa, romlis

safuZvelzec am aRsaniSnze grZnobad-konkretuli warmodgena Cndeba.

aseTia, magaliTad, palmis, lotosis msgavsi kolonebi arqiteqturulnagebobebSi; atlantebi, romlebic ikaveben Senobis TaRebsa da aivnebs

da a. S. ikonuria portretuli ferwera, qandakeba da a. S. pirsis

mixedviT, ikonurobisaTvis sakmarisia gaCndes msgavsebis aRqma,

miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara, an vicnobT Tu ara Sesadarebel

obieqts, magaliTad, atlants. naturmorti ikonuri niSania, Tumca

msgavseba aq SeiZleba gansxvavebul warmodgenebs daeyrdnos: zogisTvis

igi konkretuli xilis aRqmas aCens, zogisTvis ki – misi Sesrulebis

stilis gamo – me-19 saukunis sufris an salonuri kulturis

asociacias aRZravs da a. S.

indeqsi ,,gamoxatavs cdis ori nawilis kavSirs”. igi kargavs

mniSvnelobas obieqtis ararsebobis dros, samagierod, misTvis

aucilebeli ar aris intepretantis arseboba (pirsi 2000: 206).

magaliTad, rom ar momxdariyo gasrola, ar iqneboda arc natyviari.

gasrolasa da natyviars Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri arsebobs.

natyviari rCeba imis miuxedavad, movaxdenT Tu ara mis interpretacias,

anu mivaniWebT Tu ara mas mniSvnelobas, rogorc srolis niSans.

simbolo niSania, romelic kargavs Tavis statuss

interpretantis ararsebobisas (pirsi 2000: 212-213). aseTia enobrivi

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201

gamonaTqvamebi. am tipis niSani funqcionirebs mxolod maSin, Tuki

mas gaigeben, rogorc mniSvnelobis gadamcems. am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,

rom niSnis arebobis piroba mxolod interpretantis (mniSvnelobis)

arsebobaa.

pirsis mixedviT, indeqsi azrobrivad ikonuri niSnis

sapirispiroa, ramdenadac niSani-xati (xatebrivi niSani) ar saWiroebs

obieqtis arsebobas, indeqsisaTvis ki obieqtis arseboba aucilebeli

pirobaa.

indeqsaluri niSani, rogorc vTqviT, niSansa da obieqts Soris

mizez-Sedegobriv princips efuZneba, anu obieqtTan an azrTan indeqsis

uSualo kavSiridan aRmocendeba, Tumca sulac araa aucilebeli, es

kavSiri realobis sivrceSi arsebobdes. igi SeiZleba gaCndes Tundac

tiloze an cariel furcelze. pirsis Teoriidan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ferwera ar daiyvaneba mxolod ikonur niSnebze.

portretis magaliTma SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom niSani, rac ufro

realisturia, miT ufro ikonuria. magram ase araa. ikonur niSans

SeuZlia gamoiwvios warmodgena ararsebul obieqtze, romelic TviT

ikonuri niSnis msgavsia. maSasadame, ikonuroba, upirvelesad, esaa

aRqmis meTodi, xerxi, romelic niSansa da obieqts Soris rame

tipis msgavsebas emyareba. nebismieri, vTqvaT, geometriuli figura

SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas ikonur niSnad, Tuki CavTvliT, rom igi

raRac ideas (da ara maincdamainc konkretul sagan)s Seesabameba.

magaliTad, xelis TiTebis garkveuli konfiguracia mogvagonebs saxls

da es idea, rogorc saxlis ikonuri niSani. warmatebiT iqna

gamoyenebuli `iberia hilsis~ reklamaSi. ase rom, ikonuri niSani

SeiZleba emyarebodes ara marto vizualur, aramed nebismier grZnobad-

sensorul msgavsebas, romelsac intuicia aRmoaCens. zustad am

grZnobadi aRqmis vizualizacia, gansivrceba da ganxateba xdeba ikonur

niSanSi imisda miuxedavad, ferwerasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu poeziasTan.

me-17 saukunis germanuli barokos warmomadgenlis iohan

helvigis kalams ekuTvnis leqsi qviSis saaTi~, romlis grafikuli

gamosaxuleba _ striqonebisa da sityvebis ganlageba _ qviSis

saaTis grafikul gamosaxulebas iZleva. aq es gamosaxuleba leqsis

ikonur niSans warmoadgens, romlis funqciac leqsis SinaarsisaTvis

damatebiTi mniSvnelobis miniWebaa. erTi mxriv, igi ikonuri niSania,

meore mxriv, azrobriv doneze ki _ niSan-indeqsi, leqsis SinaarsTan

mizezobrivad dakavSirebuli warmosaxvis Sedegi. ase rom, TviT

leqsi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc erTdroulad rTuli, erTeuli

da xarisxobrivi niSani. am SemTxvevaSi, da es upiratesad xelovnebis


202

`enebs~ exebaT, mizanSewonilia saubari kompleqsur, sinTetur niSnebze.

amdenad, esTetikuri niSani aRsaniSnTan niSnis da interpretantis

damokidebulebis ara calsaxa, aramed rTuli, mravaldonani

gamoxatulebaa, sadac gansakuTrebul rols TamaSoben ara mxolod

mniSvnelobaTa formebi, aramed formis mniSvnelobebic. magaliTad,

violinos aJRereba filmis sasiyvarulo epizodSi imdenadve ikonuria,

ramdenadac galaktionis leqsis ritmika, intonacia da leqsika

ubrwyinvales bolodroindel leqsSi `qari dacxra siboboqris~...

aseT SemTxvevaSi lingvisturi anu konvenciuri niSnebi (pirsis

mixedviT, simboloebi) da `mimeturi~, analoguri niSnebi

dapirispirebul mxareebad ki ar unda warmovidginoT, aramed

urTierTSemavseblebad, semiozis uwyvet procesSi kombinaciuri bmebis

ganmaxorcieleblebad. g. leoniZis striqonebSi `mcxeTas vumtvrie

saketurebi, vlewe taZrebi kelaptriani~ _ `t~-s aliteraciiT

Zlierdeba mtvrevis, lewvis SegrZneba. am SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi

mniSvnelobebi iqmneba aramxolod leqsikur, aramed fonetikur

donezec, Tumca maTi funqcia arc amiT amoiwureba. momdevno striqonSi

mocemulia fraza _ `TviTonac daileweba~ da naTeli xdeba, rom

emocia da aRqma mzadaa aRiaros aramarto mizez-Sedegobrioba

(indeqsaluri niSani), aramed analogiuroba-msgavsebac (ikonuri niSani)

or situacias Soris: vlewe taZrebi~... da TviTonac daileweba~[is,

vinc lewavs].., ase rom, semiozisi ufro Rrma doneze grZeldeba.

roman iakobsonis azriT, `poeziis safuZvelSi devs msgavsebis

principi. metrikuli paralelizmi an gariTmuli sityvebis xmovani

ekvivalenturoba badebs SekiTxvas semantikur msgavsebasa da

kontrastze~ (iakobsoni 1990: 130). Tu ufro Sors wavalT, igi

badebs SekiTxvas saerTod poeturi enis bunebis, enis moqmedebis am

gansakuTrebuli reJimis mimarT, romlisTvisac misaRebia msgavseba-

gansxvavebaTa gacilebiT farTo da mravlismomcveli speqtri, vidre

konvenciuri (sasaubro) enisaTvis. am speqtris kidev ufro

gasafarToeblad axali, uCveulo semantikuri msgavseba-gansxvavebebis

gaTvalsaCinoebis mizniT, poeturi ena maqsimalurad iyenebs yvela

donis SesaZleblobebs – genetikuridan dawyebuli (Sinaarsis

substancia) – fonetikuriT damTavrebuli (gamosaxvis forma),

rogorc mniSvnelobaTa formebis, ise formaTa mniSvnelobebis

aqtualizebuli niSnebis saxiT.

rogorc niSani, kompozituri bunebisaa munkis cnobili

eqspresionistuli ferweruli tilo `yvirili~. aq adamianis

gaRebuli piri ara mxolod ikonuri niSania, anu vizualurad

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203

gamoxatavs yvirilis aqts, aramed indeqsaluric, ramdenadac yvirils

miRma sulier tkivils da samyaros mSfoTvarebasac gadmogvcems

(nawili-mTelisa da mizez-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba). mxtvris

xelmowera naxatze indeqsaluria iseve, rogorc misi gamosaxuleba

naxatis romeliRac kuTxeSi – wina an ukana planze, mxolod am

ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, saubari ikonurobiT unda

daviwyoT. SegaxsenebT, rom Jak deridasaTvis, magaliTad, weriloba

swored kvlebis datovebaa da am azriT, xatva, ferwera _ werilobis

saxeebia. yovelgvari kvali indeqsaluri niSania. igi mimzidvelia

imiT, rom aRsaniSnis (obieqtis) SesaZlo ucnobobis SemTxvevaSic

ki Cven SegviZlia movaxdinoT interpretacia, metic, igi TiTqos

mogviwodebs am kvalis~ gaSifvrisaken, misi saidumlos amoxsnisaken.

pirsis klasikuri ganmartebisagan gansxvavebiT, niSanTa Tanamedrove

TeoriebSi indeqsi Txoulobs interpretacias, romelic

dakavSirebulia intuiciasTan, aRmqmelis kulturul TvalsawierTan

da a.S. bartis konotaciuri aRmniSvnelebi, am azriT, Zalian

uaxlovdebian indeqsalur niSnebs, romelTac ar gaaCniaT pirdapiri

da gacnobierebuli sakomunikacio daniSnuleba, samagierod, isini

gaucnobierebelad da farulad monawileoben ideologiur-

RirebulebiT urTierTobebSi sociokulturul jgufebsa Tu

individebs Soris (barti 1989: 19).

pirsis mixedviT, simbolo mTlianad damokidebulia

intepretatorze. intepretaciis gareSe simbolo, rogorc niSani –

daniSnulebas kargavs. niSnis interpretants ayalibebs `enis

matarebeli~ molaparake subieqti, romelmac icis, ra igulisxmeba

mocemul sistemaSi niSnis miRma. simboluri interpretacia yvela

sxva intepretaciis safuZvelSi devs da poeturi Tu samxatvro

tradiciisa da stilis, aseve sxva tipis kulturuli ganpirobe-

bulobis saukeTeso arguments warmoadgens. magaliTad, ideografuli

damwerloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc kulturis mexsierebis

niSanTa matrica, am niSnebiT moqsovili kulturis teqsti. igi

uZveles xanaSi Seiqmna niSan-simboloTa meSveobiT. mas Semdeg, rac

kacobrioba ganviTarebis axal safexurze, saxeldobr, fonetikur

damwerlobaze gadavida, ideografia, rogorc simbolizebis principi,

ar gadaugdiaT, igi gamoiyenes qristianuli simbolizaciis adreul

etapze (I-IV ss.). Sua saukuneebSi amave princi ps iyenebdnen

alqimikosebi, naturfilosofosebi. isini cdilobdnen am simboloebis

meSveobiT SeeqmnaT epoqis mTliani mecnieruli Senobis erTgvari

ideografuli kodi (florenski 1971: 521-527).


204

gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi simboluroba warmoadgens

pirobiTobis sakmaod Znelad mosaxelTebel tips, ramdenadac igi,

jer erTi, imaleba ikonurobis ukan, meorec – indeqsalurobis ukan.

pirveli Sexeduleba uyrdnoba varauds, rom, Tuki arsebobs

gamosaxuleba, e.i. realur samyaroSi unda arsebobdes Sesatyvisi

obieqtic, meore ki im mosazrebas, rom gamosaxulebis elementebsa

da Cvens Soris arsebobs realuri kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi an

nawili-mTelis tipisa. cxadia, yoveldRiuri azrovneba ar svams

kiTxvebs am pirobiTobebze, radgan ubralod ver amCnevs maT, samagierod,

am problemebiT interesdeba filosofia, kultu-rologia, sociologia,

xelovnebamcodneoba, literaturaTmcodneoba, fsiqologia da a. S.

isini swored semiotikur procesebze dakvirvebiT adgenen, Tu rogor

icvleba konvencionaluroba erTi epoqidan meoreSi. magaliTad,

kulturuli epoqebi gansxvavdebian ara mxolod modasTan

damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed TviT adamianis fizikuri,

fsiqologiuri, moraluri monacemebisadmi damokidebulebis

Tvalsazri-siTac. magaliTad, erT epoqaSi moswonT tansruli qalebi,

sxvaSi – piriqiT. modernizmma saerTod Tqva uari harmoniulobis

klasikur gagebaze, postmodernizmma ki TviT am gagebis parodireba

scada. me-18 s-is bolos racionalizms sakmaod ubodiSod Caenacvla

emocionaluroba, rogorc adamianis dadebiTi maxasiaTebeli, mTeli

me-20 saukune ki qristianul kodeqsis pragmatuli aTeizmiT

agresiuli Canacvlebis niSniT WarimarTa da a. S. arsebiTad,

sociokulturuli epoqebis analizs swored simboluri kodis

analizi udevs safuZvlad.

kidev ufro Znelad mosaxelTebelia simboluroba sasaubro

enis SemTxvevaSi. literaturaSi niSan-simbolo ufro abstraqciisken

migviZRveba, vidre grZnobad-konkretulisaken da swored am bunebis

gamo kulturis sakmaod daSorebuli sivrceebis xsovnasac inaxavs.

amave mizeziT, rigi simboloebi kulturuli kodis maradiul

binadrebad gvevlinebian da maradiul RirebulebaTa mikro-modelebsac

warmoadgenen. simbolo literaturaSi arc ikonurobis miRma imaleba

da arc indeqsalurobisa, igi maT aRiarebs da Tavis SemadgenlobaSi

Semohyavs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia arqauli simboloebi anu

miToidebi. maTTan Sexvedrisas Cven arasodes gvepareba eWvi, rom

aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnis kavSirs realuri kulturul-istoriuli an

sxva tipis safuZveli aqvs, rac aisaxeba kidec simboloSi, rogorc

mis ikonur niSanSi. mag. jvari qristianobis simboloa imitom, rom

qriste jvars acves. jvari jvarcmis ikonuri xsovnaa. wyali ganmwmendi,

manana kvaWantiraZe

205

sicocxlis momniWebeli Zalis simboloa, wre – erTianobis,

usasrulobis. yvela magaliTSi ikonurobis safuZveli sakmaod

TvalsaCinoa da damajerebeli. rac Seexeba indeqsalurobas, simboloSi

es Tvisebac aSkaraa. simbolosa da aRsaniSns Soris arsebobs ara

mxolod ikonuri, aramed indeqsaluri anu realuri kavSiric –

mizez-Sedegobrivi, nawili-mTelis an sxva tipisa, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

am kavSiris rwmena mainc, gnebavT, enisa (sityvisa) da yofierebis

onTologiuri erTianobidan gamomdinare. ra safuZveli aqvs wyals,

rogorc macocxlebeli da ganmwmendi Zalis simbolos, ra codnas

emyareba kavSiri wyalsa da mis simbolur niSnebs Soris, magaliTad,

folklorSi an mxatvrul literaturaSi? aRmoCnda, rom wylis

qimiuri formula mis am `indeqsalur~ parametrsac akmayofilebs

da simbolos am SemTxvevaSic aqvs realobasTan obieqturi kavSiri.

simboloTa gamZleoba kulturuli mexsierebis gamZleobazec

migviTiTebs da kulturis teqstis elementebs (niSnebs) Soris

kombinirebuli kavSirebis arsebobasac adasturebs. es

kombinirebuloba (erTdroulad ikonurobac, indeqsa-lurobac da

simbolurobac) am teqstis gamZleobis garantia da TviTdacvisa

da TviTganaxlebis pirobaa. igi istoriul procesSi organizdeba

ise, rom uzrunvelyos mravalganzomilebiani SeWiduloba kulturis

teqstis fragmentebs Soris umciresidan udidesamde.

mecnierebi aRniSnaven, rom niSanTa Soris yvelaze didia niSan-

indeqsebis gayalbebis SesaZlebloba, ramdenadac, rogorc mizez-

Sedegobrivi damokidebulebis referenti, indeqsaluri niSani yvelaze

realuri da materialuria niSanTa Soris. magaliTad, ferwerul

tiloze esaa mxatvris xelmowera, mwerlis biografiasa da misi

nawarmoebebis personaJebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris niSnebi,

kulturis tipsa da istoriul procesebs Soris kavSiris niSnebi

da a. S., amdenad, interpretaciis procesSi am damokidebulebebis,

kavSirebis Canacvleba Tu gayalbeba mowadinebuli interpreta-

torisaTvis gansakuTrebul siZneles ar warmoadgens. Tuki li-

teraturis ena upiratesad niSan-indeqsebiT aigeba, maSin, cxadia,

dekonstruqciuli kritikisaTvis arc meTodolgiurad, da miT ufro,

arc praqtikulad iqneba miuRebeli hiperinterpretacia, anu avtoris

Canafiqrze, teqstis ZiriTad aRsaniSnze an aRsaniSnebze

principialurad uaris Tqma, wakiTxvis sruli Tavisufleba da

aqedan, `avtoris sikvdilis~ Teza. sabednierod, literaturuli

azrovnebaze radikaluri eqsperimentebis etapi Cavlilia da misma


206

Teoretikosebma Tavadve aRiares gadaWarbebebis Sesaxeb (Jeneti

2001: 52).

umberto ekom, xumrobiT (an princi pialurobas niRbavda

xumrobiT), niSani gansazRvra, rogorc is yvelaferi, rac emsaxureba

WeSmaritebis dafarvas, ramdenadac niSani, jdeba raRac sxvis adgilas,

anu, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, am sxvas malavs (eko 1998: 14-15).

magram niSnis pirsiseul gansazRvrebebSi yuradReba unda mivaqcioT

erT principul moments: `niSani warmoaCens obieqts ara yvela

damokidebulebaSi, aramed raRac gansazRvrul idesTan mimarTebaSi~.

es mimarTeba, vfiqrob, unda warmoadgendes erTgvar garantias, romelic

icavs niSans interpretaciaTa zedmeti Tavisuflebisagan. `niSani

unda warmoaCendes raRacas, Tavis obieqts~, anu niSani ara mxolod

malavs, aramed aCens kidevac. es gamoCena~, anu warmoCena, xdeba ara

yvela, aramed mxolod gansazRvrul ideasTan mimarTebaSi da

gansazRvravs rogorc niSnis komunikaciaSi CarTvis princips, ise

misi interpretaciis mimarTulebasac. amdenad, savsebiT marTebulad

unda miviCnioT ekos mosazrebebi Teoriuli polisemiisa da realuri

interpretaciis gamijvnis aucileblobaze (eko 1998). pirsis niSnis

gansazRvreba imTaviTve gulisxmobs am gamijvnas.

semiozisis uwyvetobidan, sawyisi da finaluri interpretantis

SeuZleblobidan gamomdinare, xsovnas inaxavs, anu mexsierebis fenomeni

igulisxmeba samive tipis niSanSi, oRond ikonuri amas axdens

aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis grZnobadi msgavsebis safuZvelze, indeqsi

– maT Soris realuri kavSiris kodirebiT, simboluri ki –

kulturuli SeTanxmebiT da am SeTanxmebis xsovnis SenaxviT.

literatura

barti 1989: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû. Ñå ì è îòèêà . Ï îýòèêà . Ì . :“Ïðîãðåññ“, 1989.

beli…1996: Ì. Áåë, Í. Áðàéñåí. Ñåìèîòèêà è èñêóññòâîçíàíèå.“Âî ïð îñû èñêóññòâîçíàíèÿ”, ò. IX, ¹2, 1996.

eko 1998: Ýêî Ó. Îòñóòñòâóþùàÿ ñòðóêòóðà. Ââåäåíèå â ñå ì è îë îãèþ .ÒÎÎ ÒÊ “Ïåòð î ï îëèñ“, 1998. Tavi A. 3,4,5; Ä. XIV.

iakobsoni 1990: ß êîáñîí Ð. Äâà àñïåêòà ÿçûêà è äâà òèïà àôàòè÷åñêèõíàðóøåíèé . kr. Òåîðèÿ ìåòàôîðû. Ì . : “Ïðîãðåññ“, 1990.

iakobsoni 1983: ß êîáñîí Ð. Â ïîèñêàõ ñó ù í îñòè ÿçûêà. kr. Ñå ì è îòèêà.Ì.: “Ðàäóãà“, 1983.

manana kvaWantiraZe

207

noTi 2001: Íëò Â. ×àðëüç Ñàíäåðñ Ïèðñ. Æ. Êðèòèêà è ñåìèîòèêà.Âûïóñê 3-4. Íîâî ñèáèðñê, 2001. http://www.nsu.ru/education/virtual/cs34net.htm

pirsi 2000: Ïèðñ. ×.Ñ. Èçáðàííûå ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîèçâåäåíèÿ. Ïåð.ñ àíãë. Ãî ëóáîâè÷ è äð., Ì.: ”Ëî ãî ñ”, 2000.

Jeneti 2001: J. Jeneti. “aRaravin uwyis, ra aris struqturalizmi”.

J. “kriteriumi”. Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba,

#3, 2001.

sosiuri 1977: Ôåðäèíàíä äå Ñîññþð. Òðóäû ïî ÿçûêî ç í à í è þ . Ì . :“Ïðîãðåññ”, 1977.

florenski 1971: Ôëîðåíñêèé Ï.À. Ñëîâàðü ñèìâî ëîâ. Òðóä û ï îçíàêîâûì ñèñòåìàì. . ò.5. Òàðòó. 1971.

Manana Kvachantiradze

Charles Peirce and problems of modern semiotics

In this work the modern communication problems are considered usingCharles Sanders Peirce’s general theory of signs. The applicability of Piers’s theoryto explain different peculiarities of artist and poetic languages is evaluated. Hispan-semiotic vision of the universe of signs, of human beings and humanconsciousness is discussed, together with primary, secondary and tertiary categories.

Using the Peirce’s theory the author makes attempt to find answer to thefollowing questions: what represents literature as a sign and as a part of semioticuniverse; how can be solved the problem of memory and art languageinterrelationship in the process of continuous semiosis.

In this work the state-of –the-art in Peirece’s theory is assessed. Thetheories of signs developed by Peirce and Saussure are compared. Also severalsemiotic problems are discussed based on relevant examples: the tips ofinterpretation and the process of significance development, the internal dialogicalcharacter of thinking, problems of object and so on. The most important secondtricotomy of signs which determines the relation between the sign and the objectis analyzed.


208

levan cagareli

metafiqcia – rogorcsemiotikuri fenomeni

Sesavali

metafiqcionalobas ganmartaven rogorc

garkveuli ti pis mxatvruli teqstebis

Tvisebas, imsjelon literaturaze1. meta-

fiqcionaluri literaturis ZiriTad ma-

xasiaTeblebad miiCneva “sakuTari xelov-

nurobis gaSiSvleba, literaturuli konven-

ciebiT TamaSi da ontologiuri sazRvrebis

darRveva”2, avtorefleqsiuri mTxroblis

(igive self-conscious narrator, romelsac

gaazrebuli aqvs Txrobis aqti) arseboba,

eqsplicituri mkiTxvelis rogorc moqmedi

piris gamoCena teqstSi da e.w. Cinuri

kolofis (chinese box) struqtura erTma-neTSi moqceuli ambebisa, romlebic erTmaneTs

ireklaven3.

mocemuli narkvevis mizania, rolan

bartis Sexedulebebze dayrdnobiT

iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis humanitaruli

fakultetis dasavleT

evropis enebis da lite-

raturis mimarTulebis

profesor-asistenti.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

“Die Besonderheiten derRealitätskonstruktion inArno Schmidts Abend mitGoldrand“ (Literatur imUnterricht. Texte der Mo-derne und Postmoderne inder Schule. 3, Wissenschaft-licher Verlag Trier 2006);“fiqcia, fantastika, ara-

sando Txroba” (monogra-

fia, Tbilisi, 2006 w.); „av-

gust strindbergi, ro-

gorc arasando mTxrobeli

(„jojoxeTis” naratolo-

giuri analizi) da sxv.

amJamad muSaobs sadoqto-

ro disertaciaze (“arno

Smitis gviandeli proza

– rogorc metafiqcia”).

interesis sfero:

XX s-is germanuli lite-

ratura da literaturis

Teoria.

1 Sdr. verner volfis ganmarteba: “metafiqcionaluria

avtorefleqsiuri gamonaTqvamebi da moTxrobis

elementebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs ara warmosaxuli

sinamdvilis gadmocemas, aramed ubiZgebs recipients,

gaacnobieros teqstualoba da `fiqcionaloba~ –

`xelovnurobis, gakeTebulobis~ an `gamonagonis~

mniSvnelobiT – da maTTan dakavSirebuli fenomenebi.”

[aq da Semdeg Targmani Cemia – l.c.] Werner Wolf:Metafiktion. In: Ansgar Nünning: Grundbegriffe derLiteraturtheorie. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004, S. 172-1742 Mirjam Sprenger: Modernes Erzählen. Metafiktion imdeutschsprachigen Roman der Gegenwart. Stuttgart;Weimar: Metzler, 1999, S. 1253 ix. iqve, gv. 151, 162, 154-155

209

SevimuSavoT metafiqciis semiotikuri modeli. igi mogvcems

saSualebas, erTian sistemaSi movaqcioT teqstobrivi Taviseburebebi,

romlebsac literaturaTmcodneebi tradiciulad ukavSireben

metafiqciis fenomens, da ganvmartoT, romeli struqturuli meqanizmis

safuZvelze warmoiqmneba TiToeuli maTgani. am miznis misaRwevad

mizanSewonilia, davyoT naSromi sam nawilad. pirvel TavSi zogadad

ganvixilavT metafiqcionalobis fenomenisa da postmodernizmis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs. meore Tavi daeTmoba metafiqcionalobis

tipologiur aRweras. mesame TavSi ki – konkretul semiologiur

koncefciaze dayrdnobiT SevecdebiT metafiqcionalobis semiotikuri

modelis SemuSavebas.

sanam metafiqcionalobaze msjelobas SevudgebiT, saWiroa

davazustoT, ra aris fiqcionaloba. esaa Tavisebureba teqstebis

garkveuli jgufisa, romlebic umetesad Txrobis fiqtiur aqts

gadmoscemen da swored amiT gansxvavdebian sxva (arafiqcionaluri)

teqstebisgan. fiqcionaluri, igive mxatvruli teqstebis konvenciuri

Taviseburebebi am ukanasknelis semiotikur bunebas efuZneba.

literaturuli teqsti, rogorc rTuli (super-)niSani, ganirCeva

rogorc sintaqtikis, ise pragmatikisa da semantikis doneebze.

pragmatikuli TvalsazrisiT, mas axasiaTebs gaormagebuli saTxrobi

situacia

gare sakomunikacio situacia avtori – teqsti – mkiTxveli

Sida sakomunikacio situacia mTxrobeli – ambavi – fiqtiuri adresati

gamosaxuleba 1. gaormagebuli sakomunikacio situacia

da ama Tu im kulturul garemocvaSi damkvidrebuli

samomxmareblo praqtika. literaturuli teqstis semantika

aRsaniSnavia denotaciis naklebobiTa da konotaciis dominanturobiT,

ris Sedegadac misi TiToeuli elementi zedeterminirebulia, teqstis

saerTo Setyobinebas eqvemdebareba da swored masTan mimarTebaSi

iZens garkveul funqcias.

literatura: gamoxatuleba Sinaarsi

ena: gamoxatuleba Sinaarsi

gamosaxuleba 2. literaturuli fiqciis konotaciuri

struqtura

metafiqcia _ rogorc semiotikuri fenomeni

210

gamosaxuleba 3. enobrivi niSnebis zedeterminirebuloba meorad

sistemaSi “literatura”

aRniSnuli Taviseburebebis erToblioba sintaqtikuri deviaciis,

erTgvari normatiuli anomaliis saxes iZens da ganasxvavebs mxatvrul

nawarmoebs ara-mxatvrulisgan1.

1. metafiqcia da postmodernizmi

metafiqcionalobam, rogorc literaturulma tendenciam,

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba moipova postmodernizmis konteqstSi.

Tumca metafiqconaluri elementebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad,

avtorefleqsiuroba) gvxvdeba ufro adrec – lorens sternis

romanSi “tristram Sendi”, migel de servantesis romanSi “don

kixoti”, da TviT ariostos poemaSi “Smagi orlando”2. Tanamedrove

literaturaTmcodneobaSi metafiqcias ukavSireben post-istoriisa

(posthistoire) da poststruqturalizmis koncefciebs; samive maTgani

warmoiqmna masobrivi sazogadoebis sabolood Camoyalibebisa da

globalizaciis pirobebSi3.

4 fiqcionalobis mocemuli modeli detalurad aris ganxiluli Cems sadisertacio

naSromSi, „arno Smitis gviandeli proza – rogorc metafiqcia” [savaraudod

2007]2 ix. Matias Martinez/Michael Scheffel: Einführung in die Erzähltheorie. 2. Aufl. –München: Beck 2000 S. 16f.; Michael Scheffel: Formen selbstreflexiven Erzählens. EineTypologie und sechs exemplarische Analysen.Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997, S. 62f.; agreTveSprenger, iqve, gv. 126, 2943 ix. Hanns-Josef Ortheil: Perioden des Abschieds: Zum Profil der neueren und jüngstendeutschen Literatur. In: German Quaterly, Bd. 63, 1990, S. 367-376, S. 372; agreTve, MateiCalinescu: Modernitetens fem ansikten. Modernism. Avantgarde. Dekadens. Kitsch.Postmodernism. Övers. av Dan Shafran och Åke Nylinder. Dualis 2000, s. 127 (Orig. MateiCalinescu: Five faces of modernity. Modernism, avant-garde, decadence, kitsch,postmodernism. Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1987)

enobr.

niSani/m

otivi

enobr.

niSani/m

otivi

enobr.

niSani/m

otivi

enobr.

niSani/m

otivi

enobr.

niSani/m

otivi

subteqsti

konotacia

meoradi

sistema:

pirveladi

sistema:

levan cagareli

211

post-istoriis koncefcias safuZvlad udevs istoriulobis

cnebis gaqroba. igi gamsWvalulia skefsisiT totaluri azrovnebis

mimarT da istoriuli amowurulobis grZnobiT. am koncefciis

Tanaxmad, aRar arsebobs absoluturi WeSmariteba; “arsebobs mxolod

Cveni warmodgenebis, suraT-xatebis, moTxrobebisa da warsulTan

dakavSirebuli stereotipebis istoria, romlebic sruliad Ta-

nasworia da romelTa urTierTgamijvnac mxolod qronologiuradaa

SesaZlebeli.”1 amrigad, istoria iqceva fiqciad. sinamdvile ki sxva

araferia, Tu ara konstruqciebisa da fiqciebisgan Semdgari

warmonaqmni. Sesabamisad, faqtebi da fiqciebi erTnair midgomas

moiTxovs, midgomas, romelic “Rirebulebebis, wiaRsvlebis, qmedebebis,

gamonaTqvamebis urTierTCanacvlebadobasa da ganusxvavebulobas”2

emyareba.

poststruqturalizmis farglebSi sinamdvilesa da fiqcias

Soris sazRvari kidev ufro bundovani gaxda. poststruqtu-

ralistebis azriT, yvelaferi – rogorc xelovneba, ise istoria da

sindamvile – mxolod teqstia3. yovelive aman gamoiwvia erTi mxriv,

Semoqmedi subieqtis sruli ugulebelyofa (e.w. “avtoris sikvdili”),

xolo meore mxriv, mkiTxvelis wina planze wamoweva. mkiTxveli

miiCnies gadamwyvet instanciad nawarmoebisTvis azris miniWebis

procesSi, kiTxva ki sruliad gautoles weras, radgan kiTxvis

dros mkiTxveli teqsts axal-axal mniSvnelobebs aniWebs da

Sesabamisad, teqstis yoveli ganmeorebiTi wakiTxvisas warmoiqmneba

axali teqsti. xolo mniSvneloba, rogorc stabiluri, myari kavSiri

aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris, poststruqturalizmis koncefciis

mixedviT, saerTod ar moipoveba. aRniSnuli mimarTeba xasiaTdeba

nebismierobiT da, Sesabamisad, nebismieri signifikanti SeiZleba

davukavSiroT nebismier signifikats. amrigad, komunikacia gvevlineba

erTgvar Tavisufal TamaSad, TamaSad signifikantebiT.

zemoxsenebulma Teoriebma didi gavlena moaxdina postmoder-

nizmis literaturasa da xelovnebaze. Semoqmedi subieqtis

ugulebelyofiT warsuls Cabarda individualobis, originalurobisa

1 Wilfried Barner (Hg.): Geschichte der deutschen Literatur von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart.München: Beck, 1994, S. 8172 Peter V. Zima: Moderne/Postmoderne. Gesellschaft, Philosphie, Literatur. – 2. überarb.Aufl. – Tübingen; Basel: Francke, 2001, S. 267; Vgl auch Calinescu, S. 272f.3 ix. Michaela Kopp-Marx: Zwischen Petrarca und Madonna. Der Roman derPostmoderne. München: Beck, 2005, S. 113


212

da auTenturobis moTxovnac. postmodernizmis epoqis xelovnebasa

da literaturaze vkiTxulobT erT-erT germanel mkvlevarTan:

mas Semdeg, rac davrwmundiT, rom mudmiv eqsperimentebSi

gatarebuli saukunis Semdeg im didi SesaZleblobebis miuxedavad,

romlebsac mediebi gvTavazobs, faqtobrivad aRar dagvrCa Sansi,

SevqmnaT raRac axali, rogorc Zvelisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli,

Cven gavTavisufldiT “gavlenis SiSisgan” [anxiety of influence], SiSisganukve arsebuli xelovnebis gavlenis qveS moqcevisa, romelic jer

kidev XVIII saukunis geniis esTetikidan moyolebuli arsebiTad

gansazRvravda dasavlur xelovnebasa da literaturas. axla ki

sruliad daufaravad daviwyeT xelovnebis Seqmna xelovnebisgan,

literaturisa ki – literaturisgan, eqneba amas pastiSis saxe Tu

romelime Zveli mimdinareobebis ganaxlebuli saxesxvaobisa, romelic

aRiniSneba TavsarTiT “neo”. ase warmoiqmna variaciis literatura

da xelovneba, romelSic siaxle ukve nacnobis cvlilebas gulisxmobs

da gansxvavebuloba rafinirebul xasiaTs iZens.1

postmodernistuli xelovneba da literatura efuZneba ukve

nacnobis gardaqmnas. amgvari gardaqmna xorcieldeba sxvadasxva,

tradiciulad SeuTavsebeli stilisa Tu Janris aRreva-kombinaciis

saxiT, an yoveldRiuris, banalurisa da trivialuris xelovnebaSi

Semotanis meSveobiT. am mizniT postmodernisti mwerlebi xSirad

mimarTaven e.w. trivialuri literaturis sqemebs da axali SinaarsiT

avseben maT. radgan niSani daiSala da xelSi mxolod signifikanti

SegvrCa, yuradRebas imsaxurebs ara Sinaarsi, mniSvneloba, aramed

stili da teqstis zedapiri. avangardistuli mimdinareobebis

Tanmimdevruli monacvleoba postmodernizmis epoqaSi Seicvala

gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebis TanaarsebobiT: “dRevandeli viTareba

xasiaTdeba pluralizmiT, romelic zogjer nebismierobis sazRvars

aRwevs.”2 nebismieroba gamoixateboda ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad

da Tematurad – rogorc kulturul RirebulebaTa da esTetikur

konvenciaTa nebismieroba, aramed formaluradac – nawarmoebidan

misi Seqmnis procesze yuradRebis gadataniT. literaturuli teqstis

1 Herbert Grabes: Einführung in die Literatur und Kunst der Moderne und Postmoderne.Die Ästhetik des Fremden. Tübingen; Basel: Francke, 2004, S. 104. termini „gavlenis

SiSi” literaturis TeoriaSi daamkvidra amerikelma literaturaTmcodnem, harald

blumma. ix. Harald Bloom: The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. New York:Oxford U.P. , 1973. (dt. Einflußangst, Basel: Stroemfeld/Nexus, 1995)2 Klaus Honnef: Die Kunst der Gegenwart. Köln: Taschen, 1992, S.7; zit. nach Grabes, S.122

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procesualuri xasiaTis gamokveTis mizniT postmodernisti mwerlebi

arRveven Txrobis standartul Tanmimdevrobas da mkiTxvels miandoben

calkeuli monakveTebis urTierTSekavSirebas. nebismierobis

ukiduresi gamoxatuleba gaxlavT, magaliTad, e.w. “hiperteqsti”,

agreTve nawarmoebebi, romlebSic SemTxveviTobasa da gegmas Soris

sxvaobis dadgena SeuZlebelia.

Tviseba, romelic mkafiod ganasxvavebs postmodernistul

mwerlobas modernistulisagan, gaxlavT ara ltolva radikaluri

ganaxlebisa da tradiciebis msxvrevisaken, aramed swrafva, Zvelisa

da gardasulis aRdgena-ganaxlebisaken. mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi

SeiniSneba interteqstualobis mxrivac. xorvati literaturaTmcodne

dubravka oraiC toliCi1 gamoyofs citatis or ZiriTad saxeobas:

ilustraciulsa da iluminaciurs. pirveli maTganisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia imitacia, sakuTari teqstis daqvemdebareba

ucxosaTvis, mkiTxvelis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da ucxo

teqstisa Tu kulturis reprezentaciis principi. iluminaciur

citats ki – piriqiT, polemikis an dialogis xasiaTi aqvs, masSi

moqmedebs koordinaciis principi, romlis mixedviTac teqstebs

Tanaswori uflebebi eniWebaT. iluminaciuri citati sruliad ar

uwevs angariSs recefciis arsebul normebs da upirispirebs teqsts,

romelSic gvxvdeba, yvela winare nawarmoebs. ilustraciuli citatis

SemTxvevaSi kulturuli tradicia gaiazreba saganZurad, iluminaciuri

citatis SemTxvevaSi ki – tabula rasa-d. mkvlevris azriT, modernistuli

xelovneba da literatura iluminaciuri iyo, “xolo sakuTari

tradiciebisaken dabrunebisa da TviTSenarCunebis survilTan erTad

postmodernizmis epoqaSi citati iluminaciur xasiaTs iZens”2.

amrigad, citati postmodernistul literaturasa da xelovnebaSi

erTgvari katalogis, muzeumisa Tu arqivis funqcias asrulebs da

miznad isaxavs kulturuli memkvidreobis SenarCunebas.

warsulisadmi interesis zrdasTan erTad igrZnoba realisturi

tendenciebis dabrunebac, Tumca es axali realizmi gansxvavdeba

Zvelisagan da Zalze mravalferovania:

“axali” realizmi, romelic nawilobriv “eqsperimentuli

realizmis” saxeliT cdilobs TviTdamkvidrebas, warmoadgens

variaciis xelovnebas, radgan masSi marTalia realisturi Txrobis

1 ix. Dubravka Oraiæ Toliæ: Das Zitat in Literatur und Kunst.Versuch einer Theorie. Ausdem Kroat. übers. v. Ulrich Dronske. Wien, u.a.: Böhlau 19952 iqve, gv. 86


214

normebi TiTqmis SenarCunebulia, samagierod – sinamdvilis

adekvaturad gadmocemis unari eWvs iwvevs.1

postmodernistuli realizmi uaryofs realistur tradicias,

radgan igi aRar (an veRar) mogviTxrobs simarTles samyaros Sesaxeb,

aramed mogviTxrobs simarTles TviT literaturis Sesaxeb, mis

imanentur kanonzomierebebsa da fiqcionalobaze. swored amiT aris

ganpirobebuli postmodernistuli teqstebis kidev erTi Tviseba,

romelic sruliad ucxo iyo klasikuri modernizmisTvis, esaa –

kiTxviT mogvrili siamovneba, anu plaisir du texte – rogorc mas rolan

barti uwodebs.

radganac postmodernistulma mwerlobam gansjis sagnad aqcia

ukve arsebuli teqstebis normebi, motivebi da struqtura, savsebiT

gasagebia, rom metafiqcionaloba, rogorc literaturuli tendencia,

swored am epoqis mxatvrul xerxebs Soris ikavebs dominantur

adgils. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom metafiqcia araerTgvarovani

fenomenia. magaliTad, moi poveba metafiqcionaluri romanebi,

romlebSic fiqcionaloba mxolod Tematur doneze ganixileba;

gvxvdeba agreTve nawarmoebebi, romlebSic metafiqcionaloba

formaluri da ontologiuri gaurkvevlobis saxiT vlindeba, Tumca

maTi struqturis dadgena mainc SesaZlebelia; da bolos, gvaqvs

teqstebi, romlebSic realizmi sruliad uaryofilia, mxatvruli

samyaro ki warmogvidgeba rogorc dapirispirebuli semiotikuri

sistemebis brZolis veli, sadac “realuri” mniSvnelobis dadgena

SeuZlebelia.

2. metafiqcionalobis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi

germaneli mkvlevari verner volfi2 gamoyofs metafiqcionalobis

Semdeg saxesxvaobebs:

1. gadmocemis formis mixedviT: eqsplicituri da implicituri

metafiqcia. eqspliciturad metafiqcionaluri teqsti Tu teqstis

monakveTi Tavisi SinaarsiT aris metateqstobrivi, xolo impli-

cituri metafiqcia moicavs ti pografiul eqsperimentebsa da

urTierTgamomricxav, winaaRmdegobriv elementebs, romlebic teqstis

fiqcionalobaze amaxvileben recipientis yuradRebas.

1 Grabes, S. 1102 ix. Werner Wolf: Ästhetische Illusion und Illusionsdurchbrechung in der Erzählkunst.

Theorie und Geschichte mit Schwerpunkt auf englischem illusionsstörenden Erzählen.Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1993, Kap. 3.2.

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2. moculobis mixedviT: nawilobrivi da eqstensiuri metafiqcia.

am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi metafiqcionaluria mTeli teqsti, masSi

waSlilia zRvari kritikasa da fiqcias Soris (ingl. critifiction).3. Sinaarsis mixedviT:

a)e.w. fictum-metafiqcia da fictio-metaficia. pirveli maTgani

eWvis qveS ayenebs teqstis Sesabamisobas simarTlesTan, mis

referencialur funqcias; ukanaskneli ki – gamokveTs xelovnurobas,

teqstobriobas, medialobas, magram ar exeba monaTxrobis verifikaciis

problemas (mag. calkeuli Tavebis saTaurebis auqtoruli

Tematizeba).

b) pirdapiri, anu avto-metafiqcia, iribi da zogadi metafiqcia.

avto-metafiqciaSi yuradRebis centrSi eqceva TviT is teqsti,

romelSic metafiqcionaluri gamonaTqvami gvxvdeba; iribi metafiqcia

gulisxmobs interteqstobriv kavSirs sxva teqstebTan (Cveulebrivi

interteqstisgan gansxvavebiT metafiqcionaluri interteqsti

gvacnobierebinebs winare teqstis fiqcionalur statuss); zogad

metafiqciaSi ki moiazreba meta-esTetikuri msjeloba zogadad

literaturaze da ara – erT romelime mxatvrul teqstze, Tumca

amgvari msjelobis dros gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi, cxadia, mocemul

teqstsac exeba, radgan es ukanaksnelic fiqcionaluri literaturis

nawilia. zogadi da iribi metafiqciis farglebSi SeiZleba movaqcioT

agreTve intermedialobis SemTxvevebi, rodesac gansjis sagnad qceulia

sxva Janrebi Tu mediebi (saxviTi xelovneba, kino-xelovneba da a.S.),

an xelovneba zogadad.

g) kritikuli da afirmaciuli metafiqcia. kritikul

metafiqciaSi fiqcionalobis gamoaSkaravebisas igrZnoba erTgvari

distancia, kritikuli damokidebuleba (mag. parodia). afirmaciuli

metafiqcia ki amgvar kritikul damokidebulebas moklebulia.

verner volfi aRniSnavs, rom metafiqciis mxatvruli daniSnuleba

ar Semoifargleba monaTxrobis sandoobis eWvis qveS dayenebiTa da

esTetikuri iluziis rRveviT. metafiqcia, amave dros, qmnis

poetologiuri gansjisTvis saWiro sivrces, aris komentirebis

araCveulebrivi saSualeba da xSirad gvexmareba teqstis gagebisas

(gansakuTrebiT, Tu teqsti inovaciuria).

amrigad, metafiqcionaloba Zalze farTo speqtris movlenaa.

igi moicavs tipografiul eqsperimentebs, poetologiur eseistikas,

interteqstobriv mimarTebaTa mravalferovnebasa da iseT naratiul

xerxebs, rogoricaa arasando da avtorefleqsiuri Txroba.


216

3. metafiqciis semiotikuri struqtura

zemoxsenebul teqstobriv maxasiaTeblebs erTi SexedviT araferi

aqvs erTmaneTTan saerTo. ibadeba kiTxva: ratom moiyara Tavi yvela

am literaturulma xerxma erTi fenomenis – metafiqciis farglebSi?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad gamogvadgeba frangi literaturaT-

mcodnis, rolan bartis mier Tavis erT-erT adreul naSromSi

SemuSavebuli modeli. aq mkvlevari cdilobs semiologiur

principebze dayrdnobiT daadginos, ra aris konotacia da meta-ena.

konotaciur sistemas igi gansazRvravs rogorc “sistemas,

romlis gamoxatulebis donesac mniSvnelobis matarebeli sistema

qmnis”1. amgvari sistema meorad, zednaSen xasiaTs atarebs, mas safuZvlad

udevs sxva sistema, romelic mxolod gamoxatulebis doneze,

aRmniSvnelis funqciiT gamoiyeneba. amgvari konotaciuri sistemaa,

magaliTad, mxatvruli literatura, miTosi, xelovnebis sxvadasxva

dargebi da sxv. amrigad, mxatvruli literatura aris meoradi

sistema, romelic enobriv sistemas Tavisi Sinaarsis gadmosacemad

iyenebs.

aRmniSvneli aRsaniSni


gamosaxuleba 4. konotaciuri sistemis semiologiuri sqema.

xolo meta-enas rolan barti ase gansazRvravs: “meta-ena, esaa

sistema, romlis Sinaarsis donesac mniSvnelobis matarebeli sistema

qmnis.”2 meta-enis SemTxvevaSi pirveladi sistema iqceva meoradi

sistemis ara aRmniSvnelad, aramed aRsaniSnad.



gamosaxuleba 5. meta-enis semiologiuri sqema.

1 Roland Barthes: Elemente der Semiologie. Aus dem Franz. v. Eva Moldenhauer. – 2. Aufl.– Frankfurt a.M.: Syndikat, 1981, S. 762 iqve

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gamosaxuleba 6. metafiqciis semiotikuri modeli

Cveni azriT, semiotikur sistemas _ “literaturuli metafiqcia”

_ swored amgvari, sami Srisagan Semdgari struqtura gaaCnia. sistemis

safuZvels warmoadgens ena. meoradi sistemis – “literaturuli

fiqcia” – farglebSi igi asrulebs aRmniSvnelis daniSnulebas da

esTetikuri Setyobinebis gadmosacemad gamoiyeneba. aq enobrivi niSnis

konvenciuri mniSvneloba (e.i. mimarTeba aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns

Soris) sruliad sxva mniSvnelobis gamoxatvas isaxavs miznad.

amrigad, fiqcionaluri literaturis semiotikur meqanizms safuZvlad

udevs swored konotaciis princi pi. metafiqciis doneze ki

mniSvnelobis warmoebis procesi sapirispiro mimarTulebiT viTardeba.

aq TviT fiqciis konotaciuri sistema iqceva metafiqcionaluri

gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsobriv mxared.

teqstis semantikuri moculobis amgvari gafarToeba, cxadia,

mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs iwvevs nawarmoebis semiotikur

maxasiaTeblebSi ara mxolod semantikis, aramed pragmatikisa da

sintaqtikis doneebzec.

pragmatikis mxriv metafiqcionaluri teqsti xasiaTdeba gare

da Sida sakomunikacio situaciis TematizebiT. amgvari Tematizeba

xorcieldeba, rodesac mxatvrul samyaroSi teqstis adresati

(mkiTxveli) da adresanti (avtori) moqmedi pirebis saxiT gvxvdeba,

an rodesac yuradReba maxvildeba TviT weris aqtze. pragmatikuli

mimarTebis ukidures gaucxoebas emsaxureba avtorefleqsiuri

Txrobis formebic, romelTa drosac mTxrobeli daufaravad

warmoaCens Tavs mTeli ambis Semoqmedad, moqmedi pirebi saubroben

avtoris Sesaxeb da a.S. fiqcionaluri komunikaciis gaormagebuli

xasiaTi agreTve SeiZleba iqces gansjis sagnad, Tu ambavi arasando

moyvanili sqemebis Serwymis Sedegad iqmneba Semdegi modeli:

literaturuli

metafiqcia:

aRmniSvneli

aRsaniSni

literaturuli

fiqcia: aRmniSvneli aRsaniSni

ena:

aRmn. aRsan.


218

mTxroblis mier aris moTxrobili. aseT SemTxvevaSi (iseve, rogorc

ironiis yvela sxva saxesxvaobis SemTxvevaSi) gansakuTrebiT mkafiod

Cans gansxvaveba avtors, rogorc Setyobinebis namdvil adresantsa,

da mTxrobels, rogorc fiqtiur konstruqcias Soris1. amdenad,

arasando Txroba SegviZlia miviCnioT fiqcionaluri komunikaciis

pragmatikuli aspeqtis Tematizebad.

arasando Txrobis xerxi aRsaniSnavia metafiqcionaluri

sistemis semantikis mxrivac. vinaidan arasando mTxroblis naambobi

ar Seesabameba mxatvrul samyaroSi “namdvilad” momxdar ambavs da

garkveulwilad ayalbebs kidec mas, yuradReba maxvildeba denotaciis

naklebobaze, rac saerTod literaturuli fiqciisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. arasando mTxroblis naambobi xom mxolod

SezRudulad asaxavs fiqtiur movlenebs, riTac mxatvrul

literaturaSi referencialuri funqciis naklebobasa Tu

ararsebobas aaSkaravebs. gamokveTili metafiqcionaluri potenciali

gaaCnia e.w. mimeturad ganurCevel Txrobasac; am ukanasknelis

SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens garemoeba, romelic Cveulebriv dafaruli da

avtomatizirebulia, saxeldobr, is, rom mxatvruli samyaroebi sxva

araferia, Tu ara sityvebiT agebuli konstruqciebi. Sesabamisad,

mimeturad ganurCeveli Txroba literaturul fiqcias warmogvidgens

rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnil konstruqcias.

konotaciis dominanturoba, rogorc fiqcionaluri diskursis

kidev erTi semantikuri niSanTviseba, warmoCindeba avtorefleqsiuri

Txrobis garkveuli saxesxvaobis, kerZod – mizanabimis (mise enabyme) meSveobiT. mizanabimi gulisxmobs moTxroba-CarCos gameorebas

CarTul moTxrobaSi an iseTi wignis xsenebas, romelic mTels

eqstradiegetur moqmedebas asaxavs. mizanabimis xerxis gamoyenebiT

aSkara xdeba, rom mTeli moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara erTaderTi

subteqstis gavrcobili versia, romlis farglebSic TiToeuli

elementi mTlian teqsts ukavSirdeba2.

literaturuli sistemis semantikuri Taviseburebebi vlindeba

interteqstobrivi miniSnebebis saxiTac3. aseT SemTxvevaSi

1 Sdr. Martinez/Scheffel, S. 101: „aseT SemTxvevaSi eqsplicituri mTxrobeli

gadmogvcems eqsplicitur Setyobinebas, xolo mTxroblis miRma avtori mkiTxvels

sruliad sxva, mTxroblis gamonaTqvamebis sapirispiro Setyobinebas sTavazobs.

mTxroblis eqsplicituri Setyobineba ar Seesabameba nagulisxmev azrs, xolo

avtoris implicituri Setyobineba swored nagulisxmev azrs asavaxs.”2 subteqstis Sesaxeb ix. Michael Riffaterre: Fictional truth. The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore and London, 1990, s. 28: “moTxroba subteqstisTvis igivea,rac sagani niSnisaTvis.”3 Sdr. Scheffel, gv. 48: “avtorefleqsia gaxlavT fenomeni, romelic markirebul

miniSnebebsac SeiZleba moicavdes, romelTa adgilic calkeuli moTxrobis

interteqstobrivi konteqstia.”

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sagrZnoblad icvleba avtorefleqsiis moculoba, igi amjerad moicavs

mTlian fiqcionalur literaturas, rogorc mediums. Tu mxatvrul

nawarmoebSi gvxvdeba moqmedi piri raime sxva teqstidan, an fsevdo-

interteqstobrivi miniSneba mogvepoveba ararsebul teqstze, maSin

(principiT – pars pro toto) aqtualizdeba Sesabamisi winare teqstis

mTliani fiqcionaluri konteqsti da, Sesabamisad, SiSvldeba

preteqstis fiqcionaluri xasiaTic.1 orive SemTxvevaSi fiqciona-

lobis fenomeni wina planze iwevs, aSkara xdeba, rom teqstorbivi

elementebis ukan ara realoba, aramed sxva teqstebis fiqtiuri

sinamdvile dgas da, amrigad, teqstis semantika fiqtiur referents

emyareba.

interteqstobrivi mimarTebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba teqstis

sintaqtikuri TviTTematizebac. magaliTad, e.w. sistemuri

referentulobis (germ. Systemreferenz)2 interteqstobrivi fenomenisafuZvlad udevs fantastikur literaturas. fantastika, rogorc

diegeturad manifestirebuli darRveva tradiciuli literaturuli

konvenciebisa SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc wminda metafiqcionaluri

movlena. fantastikuri elementebi aaSkaraveben avtomatizirebuli

literaturuli xerxebis deviaciur xasiaTs da yuradRebas amaxvi-

leben mxatvruli samyaros konvenciur agebulebaze. fantastikuri

elementis saxiT diegezisis doneze vlindeba literaturuli teqstis

specifikuri, deviaciaze (enobrivi normebis darRvevaze) damyarebuli

sintaqtika. fantastikuri literaturis metafiqcionaluri

potenciali isaa, rom misi Tema impliciturad Tavad literaturaa3.

mxatvruli teqstis Sida sintaqtika gamoixateba markirebuli

motivaciuri struqturis saxiT. ormagi motivacia SesaniSnavad

gamodgeba Sinagani urTierTkavSiris gamosaxatavad, romelic yovel

literaturul teqstSia mocemuli4. rodesac moTxrobili xdomileba

1 Sdr. Wolfgang Karrer: Intertextualität als Elementen- und Struktur-Reproduktion. In:Ulrich Broich, Manfred Pfister (Hg.): Intertextualität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistischeFallstudien. Unter Mitarbeit von Bernd Schulte-Middelich. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1985, S.98-116; fsevdo-interteqstobriobis Sesaxeb ix. Heinrich F. Plett: SprachlicheKonstituenten einer intertextuellen Poetik. In: Ulrich Broich, Manfred Pfister (Hg.):Intertextualität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. S. 78-982 sistemuri referentulobis Sesaxeb ix. Ulrich Broich: Bezugsfelder der Intertextualität.In: Intertextualität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. S. 52-583 ix. Uwe Durst: Theorie der phantastischen Literatur. Tübingen [u.a.]: Francke, 2001, S.333-336; uve durstis Teoriis mokle mimoxilva ix. Cems narkvevSi – levan

cagareli: ra aris fantastikuri literatura? J. sjani. SoTa rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis instituti. Tbilisi 2006.4 naratiuli teqstebis ormagi motivaciuri struqturis Sesaxeb ix. MatiasMartinez: Doppelte Welten: Struktur und Sinn zweideutigen Erzählens. Göttingen 1996,S. 29-32; ix. agreTve Matias Martinez: Formaler Mythos. Skizze einer ästhetischen Theorie.In: Ders. (Hg.): Formaler Mythos. Beiträge zu einer Theorie ästhetischer Formen.Paderborn: Schöningh, 1996, S. 7-24


220

koherentul axsnas ar eqvemdebareba, mkiTxveli iwyebs mxatvruli

teqstis Sida struqturis aRqmas. am dros teqsti iqceva

metateqstad, e.i. teqstad literaturis imanenturi kanonzomierebebis

Sesaxeb.

metafiqcionaloba SeiZleba imaSic gamomJRavndes, rom

literaturuli mediumis masala (anu – ena) Tavad iqceva mediumad

(anu Setyobinebis matareblad). nabeWd gverdze sityvebis ganlageba

da Sriftis forma SeiZleba teqstis mniSvnelobis matarebeli

iyos1. garkveuli tipografiul-vizualuri xerxebis gamoyenebiT

sityvas ZaluZs Tavis Tavze miuTiTos, gaxdes avtorefleqsiuri da

teqsts damatebiTi kodi Sehmatos. amgvarad, Tavad dawerili sityva

iqceva konotatorad. magram, amasTan, igi abrkolebs teqstis recefcias,

ris gamoc mkiTxveli (metakomunikaciur doneze) Sriftis konotaciur

muxts acnobierebs.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom metafiq-

cionaluri teqstebi erTgvari saxeobaa fiqcionaluri teqstebisa,

romlebic mkiTxvels literaturuli fiqciis pragmatikul,

semantikur an sintaqtikur gamorCeulobasa da gansakuTrebulobas

acnobierebineben da swored amiT aaSkaraveben TavianT xelovnurobas.

literatura

barneri 1994: Barner, Wilfried (Hg.): Geschichte der deutschen Literaturvon 1945 bis zur Gegenwart. München: Beck, 1994

barti 1981: Barthes, Roland: Elemente der Semiologie. Aus dem Franz. v.Eva Moldenhauer. – 2. Aufl. – Frankfurt a.M.: Syndikat, 1981

blumi 1973: Bloom, Harald: The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry.New York: Oxford U.P. , 1973. (dt. Einflußangst, Basel: Stroemfeld/Nexus, 1995)

broixi 1985: Broich, Ulrich / Pfister, Manfred (Hg.): Intertextualität:Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. Unter Mitarbeit vonBernd Schulte-Middelich. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1985

broixi 1985: Broich, Ulrich: Bezugsfelder der Intertextualität. In:Intertextualität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. S.52-58

kalinesku 2000: Calinescu, Matei: Modernitetens fem ansikten.Modernism. Avantgarde. Dekadens. Kitsch. Postmodernism.

1 ix. reimond federmanis mosazreba Sprenger, S. 136

levan cagareli

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Övers. av Dan Shafran och Åke Nylinder. Dualis 2000 (Orig. MateiCalinescu: Five faces of modernity. Modernism, avant-garde,decadence, kitsch, postmodernism. Durham: Duke Univ. Press, 1987)

dursti 2001: Durst, Uwe: Theorie der phantastischen Literatur. Tübingen[u.a.]: Francke, 2001

grabesi 2004: Grabes, Herbert: Einführung in die Literatur und Kunstder Moderne und Postmoderne. Die Ästhetik des Fremden.Tübingen; Basel: Francke, 2004

honefi 1992: Honnef, Klaus: Die Kunst der Gegenwart. Köln: Taschen,1992

kareri 1985: Karrer, Wolfgang: Intertextualität als Elementen- und Struktur-Reproduktion. In: Ulrich Broich, Pfister, Manfred (Hg.):Intertextualität: Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. S.98-116

kop-marqsi 2005: Kopp-Marx, Michaela: Zwischen Petrarca undMadonna. Der Roman der Postmoderne. München: Beck, 2005

martinezi 1996: Martinez, Matias: Doppelte Welten: Struktur und Sinnzweideutigen Erzählens. Göttingen 1996

martinezi 1996: Martinez, Matias: Formaler Mythos. Skizze einerästhetischen Theorie. In: Ders. (Hg.): Formaler Mythos. Beiträge zueiner Theorie ästhetischer Formen. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1996,S. 7-24

martinezi 2000: Martinez, Matias/Scheffel, Michael: Einführung in dieErzähltheorie. 2. Aufl. – München: Beck 2000

orTeili 1990: Ortheil, Hanns-Josef: Perioden des Abschieds: Zum Profilder neueren und jüngsten deutschen Literatur. In: German Quaterly,Bd. 63, 1990, S. 367-376

oraiq-toliqi 1995: Oraiæ Toliæ, Dubravka: Das Zitat in Literatur undKunst.Versuch einer Theorie. Aus dem Kroat. übers. v. UlrichDronske. Wien, u.a.: Böhlau 1995

pleti 1985: Plett, Heinrich F. : Sprachliche Konstituenten einer intertextuellenPoetik. In: Ulrich Broich, Manfred Pfister (Hg.): Intertextualität:Formen, Funktionen, anglistische Fallstudien. S. 78-98

rifateri 1990: Riffaterre, Michael: Fictional truth. The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, Baltimore and London, 1990

sqefeli 1997: Scheffel, Michael: Formen selbstreflexiven Erzählens.Eine Typologie und sechs exemplarische Analysen.Tübingen:Niemeyer, 1997


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Sprengeri 1997: Sprenger, Mirjam: Modernes Erzählen. Metafiktion imdeutschsprachigen Roman der Gegenwart. Stuttgart; Weimar:Metzler, 1999

cagareli 2006: cagareli, levan: ra aris fantastikuri literatura?

J. sjani. SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis

instituti. Tbilisi, 2006

volfi 1993: Wolf, Werner: Ästhetische Illusion und Illusionsdurch-brechung in der Erzählkunst. Theorie und Geschichte mitSchwerpunkt auf englischem illusionsstörenden Erzählen. Tübingen:Niemeyer, 1993, Kap. 3.2.

volfi 2004: Wolf, Werner: Metafiktion. In: Ansgar Nünning: Grundbegriffeder Literaturtheorie. Stuttgart: Metzler, 2004, S. 172-174

zima 2001: Zima, Peter V.: Moderne/Postmoderne. Gesellschaft, Philosphie,Literatur. – 2. überarb. Aufl. – Tübingen; Basel: Francke, 2001

Levan Tsagareli

Metafiction as a Semiotical Phenomenon

The metafiction is a concept that became particularly popular in connectionwith the postmodern discussion. In the numerous studies we may see theclassifications of the general properties of the phenomenon. However, its structuralfeatures have never been described. In this essay we work out the model ofmetafiction in accordance with the concepts of connotation and metalanguage,introduced into the literary theory by Roland Barthes. We define the metafictionas a special type of the literary fiction, whose content is the fiction itself. Thisstructure causes certain changes for the semantics, pragmatics and syntactic ofthe text: The metafictional text exposes the specific fictional features of all thesemiotic relations in one way or another.

levan cagareli

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givi alxaziSvili

sami semiotikuri esse

uneblie damTxveva Tu...

erT leqsSi, romlis saTauria ,,kvira-

Zalis dila~ (igi rva monakveTisagan Sedgeba),

mexuTe monakveTSi stivensi wers: ,,sikvdili

_ dedaa mSvenierebis~. didi xniT adre vaJa-

fSavela werda: ,,Seni Wirime sikvdilo,

sicocxle mSvenobs SeniTa.~

eSberis aqvs erTi saxe leqsSi ,,cisfer-

gitariani adamiani~: ~iWeren bavSvebs mindvre-

bi~... SoTa CantlaZe ki erT Tavis leqsSi

wers: ,,patara bavSvebs yvavilebi iWeren

xelad.~

vaJa-fSavelasa da stivensis striqonebs

Soris aris msgavseba. stivenss rom qarTuli

scodnoda da vaJa-fSavela hqonoda wakiT-

xuli, SeiZleba vaJas cnobili leqsis

aluziad CagveTvala misi ~sikvdili dedaa

mSvenierebis~, magram araferi gamova aqedan,

orma gansxvavebulma poetma, sxvadasxva dros,

erTmaneTis teqstebis ucodinrad miakvlies,

erTnairs Tu ara, mimsgavsebul aRmoCenas.

eSberis ,,iWeren bavSvebs mindvrebi~ da

SoTa CantlaZis ~patara bavSvebs yvavilebi

iWeren xelad~, absoluturad erTi da igive

xatia da amas ukve aluzia ki ara, sxva saxeli

hqvia, magram am striqonebis avtorebmac ara

Tu erTmaneTis teqstebis, erTmaneTis

arsebobis Sesaxebac araferi icodnen. vaRiareb,

s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a . . .

mwerali, avtori mravali

poeturi krebulisa:

`warsulis sarkmeli~,

`ucxo frinveli~, `dia-

logi fiqrSi~, sinaTle

wveTSi~ , `g a mosvla

udroobidan~, `qoro-

nikoni~ da sxva.

Targmnili da gamocemuli

aqvs aTanas fetis, vla-

dimir soloviovis, aleq-

sandr blokis, Aandrei

belis, tudor argezis,

rilkes, haimis da vislava

Simborskas leqsebi;

avtoria sami romanisa:

`amodis Tu Cadis mze?!~,

`sodomidan sodomamde~,

`rkinis kars aqeT da

iqeT~ da esseebis krebu-

lisa _ sityvebSi gaxiz-

nuli fiqri~.

1999 wels poeturi

krebulisaTvis gamosvla

udroobidan~ mieniWa

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

premia.

224

CemTvisac eSberi herald blumis wignSi citirebuli leqsebiT

gaxda cnobili.

rusulad gamocemuli amerikuli poeziis anTologiaSi stivensi

ramdenime leqsiTaa Setanili, magram eSberi _ ara. misi ramdenime

leqsi saqarTveloSi pirvelad Targmna daTo barbaqaZem (,,evropuli

da amerikuli poezia~. wigni meore. 1993 w.).

gasagebia, roca erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad msgavs saxeebs

miakvleven poetebi, erTmaneTis arsebobac rom ar ician, sxvadasxva

kontinentze, sxvadasxva enobriv sivrceSi, sxvadasxva dros rom

moRvaweobdnen, magram ra gamarTlebas mouZebnis kaci im movlenas,

roca mwerlebi erT qalaqSi, erTsa da imave droSi. lamis erT

ubanSi cxovroben da...

Tumca, SeiZleba uneblie damTxveva CvenSic moxdes, es sruliadac

ar aris gamoricxuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi qronologia gansazRvravs

yvelafers, radgan sxva kriteriumi, albaT, ar arsebobs.

borxesi, kortasari da zogi sxva ram...

kortasaris kiTxvisas SeuZlebelia ar gagaxsendes borxesi,

ara mxolod im mizeziT, rom 1985 wels, kortasaris gardacvalebidan

erTi wlis Semdeg, buenos_airesSi gamoica misi ,,rCeuli moTxrobebi~

xorxe luis borxesis winasityvaobiT; arc imis gamo, rom imave

wels (1985) gardaicvala ,,Tanamedroveobis legendaruli mwerali~

borxesi, anu erTi wlis Semdeg, rac parizSi leikemiiT suli ganuteva,

aseve Tanamedroveobis udidesma mweralma xulio kortasarma; arsebobs

sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtori, rasac TviTon kortasari

gulwrfelad aRiarebda evelin pikon harfildTan saubrebSi (am

saubrebis fragmentebi da agreTve,kortasaris ,,eseebi da moTxrobebi~

gamoqveynda ,,inostrannaia literaturas~ 2001 wlis ivnisis nomerSi).

...aq ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT borxesi, Tumca, sabednierod, gavlena,

romelic Cemze moaxdina borxesma, ar iyo Tematuri da arc _

stilisturi; gavlena, upirveles yovlisa, eTikuri iyo. borxesma

maswavla me da mTel Cems Taobas mkacri momTxovneloba sakuTari

Tavis mimarT, gvaswavla fxizlad Segvefasebina sakuTari Tavi,

gvaswavla, ar dagvebeWda araferi, rac ar iyo profesiuli

TvalsazrisiT arc Tu ise kargad Sesrulebuli...

Semdeg kortasari saubrobs or urTierTsapirispiro,

polarulad gansxvavebul mwerlebze _ roberto arltsa da borxesze

givi alxaziSvili

225

da askvnis, rom arlts ar gaaCnda nasaxi TviTkritikulobisa... mas

ar SeeZlo obieqturad Seexeda sakuTari Tavisadmi. misi ena gaugebari

da stilisturi SecdomebiT aWrelebuli iyo. samagierod, masSi

imaleboda warmoudgeneli SemoqmedebiTi Zala. borxesi, Tu mas

SevadarebT, aseT mxatvrul energias ar flobda da amis kompensirebas

aRwevda iseTi donis, iseTi siRrmis gonebrivi SromiT, rom Cemze

SemaZrwunebeli STabeWdileba moaxdina da me, TiTqmis daufiqreblad,

gadavwyvite im drois literaturis superinteleqtualur frTas

movkedlebodi. Tumca, sxva kuTxiTac SeiZleba SevavloT Tvali

warsuls.im drosve aRmovaCine CemTvis orasio kiroga da roberto

arlti _ ,,yvelasTvis gasagebi~ mwerlebi...

gasagebia, rasac gulisxmobs kortasari: or gansxvavebul sawyiss,

Znelad gasageb, inteleqtualur prozas, sadac prevalirebs

universaluri ,,gonebrivi Sroma~ (borxesi) da yvelasTvis misawvdomi,

gasagebi mxatvruli azrovneba, romlis SemoqmedebiTi Zala upiratesad

,,intuicias~ eyrdnoba, vidre mkacr kritikulobas, anu ,,gonebis~

primats. me SemTxveviT ar Camisvams brWyalebSi ori TiTqosda

urTierTgamomricxavi, magram sinamdvileSi erTarseba, erTmaneTTan

Serwymuli ori sityva _ ,,goneba~ da ,,intuicia~, radgan maTi

semantika, erTi SexedviT gamijnuli, gamudmebiT Tanaarsebobs da es

Tavs iCens iseT teqstebSi, romlebic TiTqos konkretuli piris

mier ki ar aris dawerili, aramed ,,yoveli kacis~ mier, anda ,,mTeli

kacobriobis mier~ (borxesi _ ,,RvTismetyvelni~, ,,enigmaTa sarke~.

Targmani Tamaz Cxenkelisa). ioane eriugenas panTeisturi moZRvrebis

ganmartebisas borxesi aRniSnavs, rom ,,sagnebi warmoadgenen Teofaniebs

(RvTaebriv gamocxadebebs, RmerTCinebebs), maT ukan dgas Tavad RmerTi,

romelic erTaderTi realobaa, Tumca man ar icis, rom is aris,

imitom, rom igi ar aris aranairi ,,raime~ da igi TavisTvisac

miuwvdomelia da, maSasadame, miuwvdomelia yovelgvari gonebisTvis.

igi ar aris gonieri, imitom rom aRmatebulia yovelgvar keTilobaze.

ucnauri da uTqmeli _ igi ukuaqcevs yovelgvar atributs, raki

yovelgvar atributze aRmatebulia. RmerTis gansazRvrebis Ziebisas

ioane eriugena moixmobs sityvas nihil, anu ~araras~. RmerTi dasabamieri

araraa, romlisganac warmodinda qmnili, creation ex nihilo (qmnili

ararasagan)~.

SeuZlebelia ar gavixsneoT XVII saukunis germaneli poetis

angelus sileziusis gamonaTqvami: ,,ucnobi RmerTi~, romelic, rogorc

eriugenas naazrevi, Sors dgas saeklesio orTodoqsulobisagan da

eZebs RmerTs ara caSi, aramed _ bunebasa da adamianSi.


226

sayuradReboa borxesis erTi gamonaTqvamic: ,,nakvalevi, rasac

droSi tovebs adamiani, dabadebis dRidan sikvdilamde, erTgvar

Seucnobel suraTad ixazeba~. adamianis mier droSi datovebuli

nakvalevi, kvali, gzis gakvleva, sxva sinonimebic SegviZlia movixmoT,

erT_erTi sayrdenia Jak deridas gramatologiisa, saerTod,

dekonstruqciuli meTodisa. borxesiseuli nakvalevisa da deridas

,,kvalis~, ,,gzis gakvlevis~ pirvelwyaroa, albaT, zigmund froidi,

romelic aRniSnavda ,,STabeWdilebaTa gaucnobierebel Segrovebas~

_ nakvalevTa~ saxiT.

rogorc Cans, yovlis Secnoba, an yovlis Semecneba, yovlis gageba,

yovlis SegrZneba, Cveulebriv, miuwvdomelia nebismieri adamianisTvis,

da rac ufor genialuria igi, ufro mZafrad ganicdis am gardauval

adamianur sisustes da meti siSmagiT ganagrZobs Ziebas, an, iqneb,

sulac ar eZebs da, rogorc pikaso ambobda: ,,me ar veZeb, me vpoulobo~,

aseve ,,ubralod~ poulobs ,,raimes~ gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis

gareSe.

maxsendeba. quTaisSi zogierTebi rogor dascinodnen cnobil

mkvlevars, petre Wabukians: ,,ras akeTebs iseTs, yvelas rom gikvirT?

Seyo xeli romelirac xvrelSi da gamoiRo mexuTe saukunis Subi,

dabodialobda tyeSi da dinozavris nakvalevs gadaawyda. morigi

xetialisas saTafliis gamoqvabuls miadga~. pirvelaRmomCenTa

misamarTiT gamoTqmuli sayvedurebi bunebrivi gamoZaxilia adamianTa

umadurobisa, romlebic arc eZeben da arc pouloben, an, iqneb, eZeben

da ver pouloben. Cven xom kargad vicnobT aseTebs, TavianTi

,,gansakuTrebulobis~ warmosaCenad araferi rom ar gamouvidaT da

TavianTi ,,sxvagvarobis~ damtkicebas yvelafris dawunebiT an abuCad

agdebiT cdiloben.

gavagrZeloT adre dawyebuli Tema. kortasari askvnis, rom

moraluri da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT didi gakveTili miiRo

borxesisagan, xolo miwieri, erotikuli, mgrZnobelobis TvalsazrisiT,

maswavleblad roberto arlts aRiarebs, aRniSnavs, rom borxesi da

arlti simboloebia ori sapirispiro tendenciisa. Cvenc unda

daveTanxmoT, rom es ori tendencia nebismier drosa da nebismieri

qveynis literaturaSi arsebobda da arsebobs. Tumca, arc is unda

daviviwyoT, rom literaturis istoriaSi sayovelTaod cnobilia

mwerlebi, romlebmac warmatebiT ganaxorcieles am ori tendenciis

Serwyma. ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, es ori tendencia mogvianebiT

gaemijna urTierTs, maTi Tanaarseboba eWvs ar iwvevs kacob-

riobisaTvis umniSvnelovanes wignebSi. rogorc Cans, xulio

givi alxaziSvili

227

kortasaris swrafvac aqeTken iyo mimarTuli, igi didad afasebda

orive maswavlebels, Tumca, maT ,,naklzec~ aSkarad miuTiTebda. es

Cveulebrivi procesi iyo, moswavle cdilobda eswavla

maswavleblisgan da ,,aRmateboda~ (iqneb, sworad ar vambob?!),

gansxvavebuliyo maTgan, maTi ,,nakli~ ar gaemeorebina. ,,nakli~ aq

pirobiTi mniSvnelobis sityvaa da konotaciurad ufro

,,maswavleblis~ SesaZleblobebis, Tvalsawieris, anu individualur

TvisebaTa sinonimad gamodgeba im literaturuli ,,samefos~

sazRvrebis aRsaniSnavad, romelsac borxesi an arlti erqva da

romelTa Semdegac kidev bevri ram iyo gasakeTebeli, rac warmatebiT

ganaxorciela kidec xulio kortasarma borxesis sicocxleSive.

borxesi masze TxuTmeti wliT ufrosi iyo da kortasarze

erTi wliT gvian gardaicvala 1985 wels. misi winaTqma kortasaris

,,rCeul moTxrobebs~ rom waumZRvara gamomcemelma, romelic

buenos_airesSi gamoica kortasaris sikvdilidan erTi wlis Semdeg,

maswavleblisgan moswavlis Semoqmedebis udidesi aRiareba iyo. es

imas niSnavda, rom kortasarma SeZlo mieRwia im simaRleebisTvis,

saiTkenac iswrafoda. Tumca me, rogorc mkiTxvels, erTgvarad, eWvi

mepareba, rom borxesis gavlena kortasarze mxolod

moralur_eTikuri iyo, vgulisxmob mis adrindel Semoqmedebas.

borxesma laTinur_amerikul literaturaSi ganumeorebeli da didi

skola Seqmna. am skolam ganapiroba, erTi mxriv, mimbaZvelebis _

,,miniborxesebis~ (kortasaris sityvebia) gamoCeka, meore mxriv,

ganapiroba uniWieresi, jiuti da sruliad gansxvavebuli talantis

mqone kortasarisTvis niadagis Semzadeba, romelmac 1981 wels, parizSi,

erTdroulad gaigo, rom man safrangeTis moqalaqeoba miiRo da

isic, rom ganukurnebeli seni, leikemia sWirda.

erT_erT interviuSi igi aRniSnavda, rom ,,...argentinaSi verc

erTma, vinc cdilobda miebaZa borxesisTvis da werda wignebs

labirinTebiT, sarkeebiTa da im gmirebiT gamotenils, romelTac

esizmrebaT, rom isinic, amave dors, viRacas esizmrebaT, veraferi

Rirebuli ver Seqmna...~

sizmarSi sizmris naxvis Temas _ anri miSos erTi cnobili

leqsis rusul Targmans _ gacilebiT adre gavecani (,,me damesizmra,

rom meZina da damesizmra...~), vidre borxesis gaxmaurebul siuJetebs

sizmris Tematikaze. Tumca, sizmris moTxrobad qceva, an, ase vTqvaT,

sizmareuli xilvebi, Cvens yoveldRiur yofaSi rom aRweven gamudmebiT,

sul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxatvruli xerxebiT warmoCenili, arc

kortasarisTvis ar aris ucxo. albaT, amitomac, arc Tu iSviaTad


228

axsenebs Tavis interviuSi iungs da gulwrfelad aRiarebs, rogor

karnaxoben Rameuli koSmarebi moTxrobis mTlian monaxazs, an

mianiSneben realurisa da irealuris zRvarze, im erT uxilav nabijze,

am or samyaros rom aSorebs, an, iqneb, arc aSorebs da isinic

erTdorulad arseboben CvenSi.

rogorc Cans, ,,enigmaTa sarkesac~ ufro Soreul warsulSi

mivagnebT: ,,wminda pavles gamonaTqvami: ,,aw vxedavT viTarca sarkiTa

da saxiTa~ _ fardas xdis adamianis sulis namdvil ufskruls.

caTa wiaRSi dafaruli auracxel ufskrulTa SemaSinebeli simravle

moCvenebiTia, radgan is Cveni Sinagani samyaros mxolodRa ,,sarkeSi~

Cenili anareklia. Cven gvmarTebs SigniT mivmarToT mzera da urTulesi

astronomiuli gaTvlebi movaxdinoT gulis Tvaluwvdenel siRrmeebSi,

risTvisac sasikvdilod Tavi dado ufalma~. rogorc borxesi

gvauwyebs, leon bluam gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miapyro pavle

mociqulis korinTelTa mimarT gagzavnil epistoles Semdeg muxls

(13,12): ,,axla Cven vxedavT sarkeSi bundovnad, xolo maSin vixilavT

pirispir. axla me vici mxolod nawilobriv, xolo maSin SevimecnebT

imgvaradve, rogorc me viqnebi Semecnebuli~ (borxesi, ,,enigmaTa sarke~).

Cveni Tvalsawieri wvdeba pirvelwyaros (pavle mociqulis

,,korinTelTa mimarT~), ufro iqiT gaxedva rom SegveZlos, iqneb,

gacilebiT Zveli sawyisisTvis migvekvlia, Tumca, orTodoqsebisTvis

Cemi varaudi miuRebeli iqneba da amitomac aqve davZen: wminda wignebis

Tu apokrifuli teqstebis sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi saTaves udebda sxvadasxva seqtas, magram vis SeuZlia

mospos am teqstebis sxvadasxvagvarad wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba da

aiZulos yvela, ise ikiTxos, an gaigos esa Tu is postulati, igavi,

sentencia, rogorc mxolod orTodoqsebs esmiT?!

ase ganmartavdnen sizmars Teologebi: sizmari zmanebaa da ara

arsi. aSkaraa, mwerlebs (leon blua, borxesi, anri miSo, kortasari

da mravali sxva) sizmris amgvari axsna ar akmayofilebT da ufro

Sors midian, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi ,,Sors~ da ,,axlos~ saeWvo

sizustis sityvebia da badebs SekiTxvas: saidan Sors da rasTan

axlos?

kortasaris publikaciebis kiTxvisas ratomRac Jiul laforgi

gamaxsenda, ki ar gamaxsenda, amekviata. kiTxva meore dRisTvis gadavde,

radgan SuaRame karga xnis gadasuli iyo da laforgze fiqrSi

CameZina. Cems gakvirvebas sazRvari ar hqonda, roca kiTxva ganvaaxle

da mivadeqi im gverds, sadac kortasari wers: xatovnad, ra Tqma

unda, rogor esrola laforgma Subi mzis diskos, an rogor mimarTa

givi alxaziSvili

229

mTeli Tavisi grZnobebi sasowarkveTis momgvrel kosmosis gamocanas...

da citirebulia laforgis erTi soneti, romlis erT_erT striqonSi

,,mze~ Sedarebulia ,,gaberil~, ,,gasivebul~ limonTan, romelic, anu

mze, ,,dacinvas gvCuqnis~; erTma Tanamedrove qarTvelma poetma, ramdenime

wlis winaT ,,mze~ konservis kolofTan gaaigiva, romelic man fexiT

atyorcna caSi. ar SeiZleba am striqonebis sworxazovnad kiTxva

da aseve erTmniSvnelovnad gageba. saerTo daskvnis gamotana mainc

SeiZleba: es aris mcdeloba dausabamobis SiSis daZlevisa, survili

miwaze myarad dgomisa. xolo, rac Seexeba imas, rom mze ,,dacinvas

gvCuqnis~ _ an, iqneb, ajobebs, vTqvaT: ,,mze dagvcinis~ (samwuxarod,

rusuli TargmaniT vsargeblob da frangul teqsts ar vicnob),

sruliad logikurad maxsendeba rusTavelis rva saukunis winandeli

,,mze sworad moefinebis~. am striqonSi sityva ,,dacinva~ ar aris

naxsenebi, magram ufro didebuli da damcinavi mze arsad minaxavs,

radgan rusTavelis striqonSi ara mxolod mzis ,,gulgrilobasa~

da ,,dacinvazea~ saubari, an kosmosis mier CveniT dauintereseblobaze,

albaT, imazec, rom es WeSmaritebaa, romelsac ver gaveqceviT. ase iyo

Tu ise, akviatebul laforgsac wavawydi kortasaris teqstSi, magram

Cemi biblioTeka amaod gadavqeqe, frangi simbolistebis krebuls

versad mivageni, is ki aRmovaCine, rom wignebis uneblie gadaadgilebis

mere cxovreba TiTqos Tavdayira dadga.

amasobaSi aivanze mezoblis kata gamoCnda. kortasarma Tavis

katas erT_erT nawarmoebSi adorno daarqva. personaJebis azriT,

oci wlis win msgavs mizezTa gamo sxva katisaTvis rainer maria,

alberti an uiliami, Semdeg ki, iqneb, sen_Jon persi unda daerqmiaT.

mkiTxvels ar egonos, rom kortasari adornos, rilkes, albert

ainStains, uiliam Seqspirs an sen_Jon perss dascinis; ara, misi

personaJebi vaisociologebsa da vaiJurnalistebs amasxaraveben

sakvirao gazeTebis kiTxvisas, sadac xsenebul avtorTa uazro da

uadgilo citirebebiT gadatenilia statiebi da citatebi

gamoyenebulia, rogorc samkaulebi. sabolood mainc Teodor adorno

daarqves katas, radgan ,,adorno~ _ espanurad ,,samkauls~ niSnavs.

kortasari wuxs laTinur amerikaSi Tavisuflebisa da

SeuboWvelobis naklebobaze, iumoris uqonlobaze da miaCnia, rom

swored SeuboWvelobisa da iumoris grZnobis wyalobiT yalibdeba

normalur sazogadoebaSi mwerlis pirovneba.

Jerar Jenetic erT_erT Tavis interviuSi wers: ,,auRebeli

cixe_simagre, rogoric sorbonaa... sorbona dRemde rCeba

literaturuli istoriisa da biografizmis burjad; gviwevs imis


230

aRiareba, rom universiteti, literaturaTmcodneobis TvalsazrisiT,

iseTive darCa, rogoric iyo igi 50_ian wlebSi~.

kiTxva, romelic am opusis werisas gamiCnda (gansakuTrebiT

kortasarisa da Jenetis ,,aRsarebaTa~ citirebis Semdeg, rom

argentinaSi Tavisuflebis naklebobaa, xolo ,,sorbona iseTive darCa,

rogorc 50_ian wlebSi~), upasuxod rCeba da Cven, qarTvel

literatorebs, mwared gveRimeba.

sxva gza aRar damrCa, kortasaris kata adornos unda vkiTxo,

sad veZeboT gamosavali?! ,,adorno~, SegaxsenebT, rom espanurad Turme

,,samkauls~ niSnavs.

haeris saflavi

gasuli saukunis samocian wlebSi mandelStamis leqsebs sabeWdmanqanaze beWdavdnen da ise avrcelebdnen. egreT wodebuli “îòòåïåëü“-i mis Semoqmedebas nawilobriv Seexo da 1973 wels poetis biblioTekis~

seriiT mandelStamis leqsebis wigni gamoica 15 000- iani tiraJiT .manamde, peterburgidan ( maSindeli leningradidan ), aw gansvenebulma

poetma dali caavam mandelStamis is leqsebi Camoitana TbilisSi

(manqanaze gadabeWdili ), CvenTvis saerTod rom ar iyo cnobili da,gasagebi mizezebis gamo, sabWoTa cenzura maT gamoqveynebas krZalavda.

2006 wels zaza SaTiriSvilma maCuqa osip mandelStamis rCeuli

_ Semdgeneli, winasityvaobisa da SeniSvnebis avtori nerleria. es wigni1989 welsaa gamocemuli da ufro Tamami da srulia winare gamocemebTanSedarebiT.

osip mandelStamis Semoqmedeba Tavdapirvelad Salva alxaziSvilma

gamacno. mTxovda , meTargmna cnobili leqsi Tbilisze _ “Ì íå Òèôëèñãîðáàòûé ñíèòñÿ”... maSin ymawvili viyavi da es “Òèôëèñ ãîðáàòûé”aviTvalwune , erT -erT versiad ganvixilavdi mTawmindiani Tbilisis~

variants , magram arc es damijda WkuaSi da am leqsis Targmna gadavifiqre.2006 wels xelaxla da guldasmiT wavikiTxe nerleriseuli rCeuli

da kidev erTxel davrwmundi mandelStamis poeziis genialobaSi .jer kidev 1915 wels mandelStami erT-erT moxsenebaSi

winaswarmetyvelurad aRniSnavda: mxatvrisTvis sikvdili, SesaZloa ,misi umTavresi SemoqmedebiTi aqtia. nerleri wers (da aramarto is ),rom mandelStamis gareSe SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT meoce saukunisrusuli poezia, saerTod, rusuli poezia .

givi alxaziSvili

231

mandelStami 1939 wels gardaicvala sabWour sakoncentraciobanakSi, vtaraia reCkaSi, vladivostokis maxloblad.

saocaria poetis meuRlis nadeJda mandelStamis da saerTod misimegobrebis, gansakuTrebiT ki natalia Stempelis Tavdadeba, gadaerCinaTpoetis memkvidreoba. bolo periodis leqsebi maT mexsierebaSiCabeWdiliyo da xelnawerebi ki aRar arsebobda. ase gadaurCa ganadgurebasmandelStamis mravali leqsi, uaxloes adamianTa xsovnis furclebze

aRbeWdili. xsovna ki, mogexsenebaT, oficialuri cenzurisTvissabednierod xelmiuwvdomeli iyo.

Tqvens yuradRebas SevaCereb osip mandelStamis erT leqsze _

`leqsi ucnob jariskacze~, romelic daiwera 1937 wlis Teberval-martSi . Cemamde sxvac SeamCnevda erT saintereso garemoebas , kerZodimas, rom mandelStamis am leqsSi ramdenimejer meordeba metad ucnaurimetafora _ “âîçäóøíàÿ ìîãèëà”.

“Êàê ìíå ñ ýòîé âîçäóøíîé ìîãèëîéÁåç ðóëÿ è êðûëà ñîâëàäàòü........................Êàê ñóòóë îãî ó÷èò ìîãèëàÈ âî çäóøíàÿ ÿìà âëå÷¸ò.”es leqsi mravalplaniania, mraval dinebaTa da SenakadTa mTlianobaa

da sakmaod rTulia. magram “âîçäóøíàÿ ìîãèëà” sruliad logikurad

maxsenebs celanis ( paul leo anCelis) ucnobiles leqss _ sikvdilis

fugas~, mis pirvel wignSi rom daibeWda da 1948 wels venaSi gamoica.haerSi viTxriT saflavebs Cvensas. iq adgili yvelas eyofa................RrublebSi Tqveni saflavebia. iq adgili yvelas eyofa..................is Cven saflavebs gvCuqnis haerSi......( zviad ratianis Targmanidan)cnobilia, rom celani aqtiurad Targmnida rus poetebs _

aleqsandr bloks, sergei esenins, osip mandelStams da a. S. savaraudoa,mas wakiTxuli hqonda mandelStamis `leqsi ucnob jariskacze~.

`sikvdilis fugaSi~ `haeris saflavi~ srul metamorfozasganicdis, igi arc aluziaa da arc reminiscencia _ ufro interpretaciaa,citaciaa, ase rom aZlierebs im saSinel gancdas, rasac celani sikvdilis

fugaSi~ gadmogvcems da mandelStamis ` haeris saflavi~ gansxvavebuldatvirTvas iZens.

sxvagvaradac SeiZleba davaskvnaT: SesaZloa, msoflio istoriaramdenime metaforis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciiT warmoTqmisistoriaa (borxesi).


232

cira barbaqaZe

semiotika da kritika

`vinc wvimis saidumlo icis...~

(guCa kvaracxelias verlibri)

dumilis nakrZalebSi*

is gamoCndes, visac mkacri dumilis

nakrZalovan sivrceSi Seesvleba.

guCa kvaracxelia

sxva ver gaigebs, sxva ver igrZnobs, sxva ver axsnis, Tumca

poeziis enas axsna sulac ar sWirdeba, is Tavad axsnis bevr rames,

roca adamianSi SeaRwevs... roca... manamde ki poeziis Widan wylis

amoReba unda viswavloT mTvaris sxivebiT, mere am wylis dagemovneba

_ neba_neba, mzis Tu mTvaris sxivebis TanxlebiT Sesma ise, rom

wyurvilis yvela nervi gacocxldes da datkbes RvTiuri siTxiT.

Cvens aCqarebul samyaroSi ki wyalic ise swrafad amogvaqvs Widan,

rom naxevarze meti gzaSi gveqceva, xan_mTvaris sxivebic gviwydeba,

Wis kedlebidan Camoyrili xavsi uRimRamod dayrila saTlis

fskerze... aba, aseT wyals ra gemos gaugeb?!..

leqsic im wyaliviTaa, gnebavT, RvinosaviT, romelic kargad

unda daigemovnoT! kargad unda SeigrZnoT... TiToeul striqons xom

Tavisi gansakuTrebuli feri, gemo, aromati aqvs.

is gamoCndes,

visac mkacri dumilis

nakrZalovan sivrceSi

Seesvleba.

bevrs ifiqrebT _ SegesvlebaT Tu ara... nu ifiqrebT, Tqven

igrZnobT... metafora mxolod imitom ar arsebobs, lamazi samkauliviT

daamSvenos leqsi. metafora usasrulobisaken gvityuebs, kanonebis

* `dumilis nakrZalebSi~ dabeWdilia literaturul gazeT `Cvens mwerlobaSi~.

233

samyaros~ angrevs, daukavSirebels akavSirebs da axal realobas

gvaziarebs. aba, wesiT da rigiT, ra saerTo aqvs `dumils~

`nakrZalebTan?~ ise, poetisa ar iyos, ras ar wamoedebi, `roca

sakuTar TavSi sakuTar Tavs eZeb~(ùcnauri ambavi~).

aq SexvdebiT `wvimiT gaJeJil Crdilebs, Suqi rom

qsaqsavda~(àriTmia~). sityvis mniSvnelobaTa jamiT am saxes ver

axsniT. marTali arian semiologebi, roca leqsikons mniSvnelobaTa

sasaflaos~ uwodeben. sityva cocxldeba winadadebaSi, frazaSi da

aTasgvar niuanss iZens. `wvimiT gaJeJili Crdilebis~ aRqmisas ki

cnobierebaSi vizualuri xatic Cndeba, erTgvari ferweruli tilo,

swored amaSia am sityvebis Zalac, rasac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs poetis

vizualuri azrovnebis cxovelmyofeloba. rusi fsiqologi zinCenko

vizualur azrovnebas gansazRvravda, rogorc adamianTa imgvar

Semoqmedebas, romelic warmoSobs axal xats, axal vizualur formebs,

romlebic mniSvnelobas xilvads qmnian.

aba, es suraTi Tu ginaxavT odesme, Tu ara, aucileblad dainaxavT

am striqonebis wakiTxvis (ara, SegrZnobis) Semdeg:

nigvzis sqel foTlebSi

RiRvela bartyiviT

farTxalebs sxivi _

fexs ver ikidebs rtoze,

saidan sad mosuli,

aq ar Camovardes, sawyali!

(àRwera trafaretuli stilistikiT~)

am saxem axlaxan wakiTxuli paruir sevakis leqsis fragmenti

gamaxsena:

mzis sxivebs mwvane WinWrianSic

undaT SeRweva,

magram cvivian aqeT_iqiT _

dasusxulebi.

(Targmna givi Sahnazarma)

sivrcesa da droSi daSorebul SemoqmedTa Soris yovelTvis

arsebobs idumali ram kavSiri.

guCa kvaracxelias metaforuli azrovneba uamravi axali gancdis,

SegrZnebis wyaroa da, rac mTavaria, misi poezia ukidegano, dausazRvrav

sivrces gvTavazobs. poetis SemoqmedebaSi arc erTi tropi ar

iqceva imgvar simbolod, erTi, erTaderTi mniSvneloba rom hqondes.

vinc wvimis saidumlo icis... (guCa kvaracxelias verlibri)

234

andrei tarkovski erT-erT interviuSi aRniSnavda: xSirad

meubnebian, Tqvens filmebSi uamravi simboloao da aravis sjera, rom

iq erTi simboloc rom ar aris... ra aris simbolo? es aris Sifri,

kodirebuli idea, cneba, romelic SeiZleba erTmniSvnelovnad

gaiSifros. roca ki mWvreteli mas Sifravs, yvelaferi damTavrebulia,

usasrulobis iluzia banalobad, gacveTil saxed, truizmad iqceva.

qreba saidumlo da mTlianobis gancda.

arc guCa kvaracxelias am saxes minda movparo saidumlo:

batknis cxviriviT

notio nisli

Caimuxlebs aseT mindorze

da miwas kocnis.

(`bukolikuri~)

ramxela sinazesa da sifaqizes matebs batknis cxviris sinotive

im nisls, miwas rom kocnis.

ase yofila Turme:

roca sakuTar TavSi

sakuTar Tavs eZeb,

maSin wamoedebi xolme

manamde SeumCnevels.

gvian, magram mainc amCnev, rom

uTqmeloba,

vici, uTqmeloba

gvaSoriSorebda...

(`qali~)

`upasuxobis koncxebma~ daamsxvria usityvo xomaldebi~... qalis

saflavs ki amasobaSi bamba daaTovs~. nuTu? ... aiSleba safiqrali...

sainteresoa, xan Tqma aSorebT, xan_uTqmeloba adamianebs, es TiTqos

isec ici, magram poeziiT gancdili mainc sxva dasturia.

is movides,

vinc wvimis saidumlo icis.

aseTia `xalxis moTxovna mitingze~ vin? vin icis wvimis

saidumlo? an aseTi ra saidumlo aqvs wvimas? poetma icis, gveubneba

kidec _ oRond sxvagvarad, okrobokrod, mixveul_moxveulad,

orazrovnad, ai, ase:

cira barbaqaZe

235

cocxlebi tyuian,

daimowmeT mkvdrebi!

xlebnikovi adamianis mier enis gamoyenebas bavSvebis TojinebiT

TamaSs adarebs. is wers: TojinebiT TamaSis dros bavSvma SeiZleba

gulwrfelad itiros, roca misi `naWris gunda~ avadaa an kvdeba.

TamaSisas es naWris gundebi~ cocxali, namdvili adamianebi arian _

Tavisi guliTa da grZnobebiT.

ena aSualebs~ adamianis Sinagan emociebsa da grZnobebs, magram

albaT TamaSis xarisxzea~ damokidebuli, ramdenad zustad gamoxatavs

`niSani~ (ena) poetis saTqmels, ramdenad gulwrfelad TamaSobs

Semoqmedi sityvebiT, rogorc naWris TojinebiT.

Tqven dainaxavT `sityvebis momReral siluetebs~, roca guCa

kvaracxelias leqss: `visac Cveni saxelebi gerqmevaT~_ CaikiTxavT.

raze mRerian sityvis siluetebi~, romlebic Tqveni xmebis grZel

derefnebSi~ Casaxlebulan? aqvea pasuxic:

Cveni sityvebi Casaxldebian Tqvens xmebSi,

rom mogiTxron,

rogor gavediT mexuTe mxares

da davcineT nacradqcevis SiSs;

gaswavlian foTlis morcxvobas,

rtoebis rokvas menuetis mokle nabijiT,

Tavis dakvriT da reveransebiT...

guCa kvaracxelias leqsebis kiTxvisas, misive Tqmis ar iyos,

`bevr rames wamoedebiT, manamde SeumCnevels~, iqneb Zalisxmevac ar

geyoT, leqsi bolomde CaikiTxoT, radgan poetis rTuli sintaqsi,

azrovneba, datvirTuli asociaciebiT, romelic erT winadadebaSi

daaxvavebs CarTulebs, detaluri aRweris manera ki imdenad vrcels

xdis winadadebas, rom zog SemTxvevaSi wertils mxolod leqsis

bolos dainaxavT... manamde ki, sakmaod Rrmad unda CaisunTqoT, rom

Zala geyoT, aRiqvaT da gaigoT _ jer sad mTavrdeba winadadeba, mere

_ romelia mTavari winadadeba, ... Semdeg _ azri, qveteqsti, miniSneba

da a. S. riTac mdidaria guCa kvaracxelias poeturi teqstebi,

magram damerwmuneT, Tu bolomde CaikiTxavT leqsebs, Tqven mas meored

da mesamed aucileblad miubrundebiT.

Tanamedrove mkiTxveli _ Tavbrudamxvevi ritmebis samyaros

mkvidri, moangariSe goneba, lirizmisagan daclili, magram lirikis

TeoriiT datvirTuli... erTi sityviT... mkiTxvelTa umravlesobas,


236

iolze, martivze, adviladaRsaqmelze rom aris orientirebuli, ra

Tqma unda, guCa kvaracxelias leqsebis wakiTxva gauWirdeba.

poetis azrovneba, iseve rogorc misi Sesabamisi weris

stilistika, paradigmulia. is paralelurad uamrav miZinebul azrs

da fiqrs aRviZebs, grZnobas giforiaqebs, SegrZnebebs gixalisebs,

emociebs gicocxlebs, warmosaxvasa da fantaziebs agiSlis da bolos,

yvelafers erT mTlianobaSi Sekravs Semoqmedi, sakuTar sulSi (da

mkiTxvelis sulSic) moixelTebs da risTvis sWirdeba es yvelaferi?

misi leqsebis kiTxvisas refreniviT Cagesmis sokrateseuli: Seican

Tavi Seni~, amas poetic ar gvimalavs:

roca sakuTar TavSi

sakuTar Tavs eZeb,

maSin wamoedebi xolme

manamde SeumCnevels.

frazaSi uamravi azris Catevis maneriT guCa kvaracxelias

Semoqmedeba ponJs magonebs, saganTa Sinagan arss maTTan identifikaciiT

rom gamoxatavda. ponJi erTgan wers, rom adamians wonasworobisaTvis

sityva sWirdeba (Semoqmeds, miT ufro), gamoTqmuli sityviT axali

realobis kars vaRebTo. marTlac, romel Semoqmeds ar aRmouCenia,

rom werisas, azri rom yalibdeba da formdeba, CvenTvisve ucxo

dagvinaxavs im enis meSveobiT, Cven rom gamogvTqva da gamogvxata.

ase xdeba nebismieri kargi leqsis wakiTxvis Semdegac. zogjer

ki qreba sityvebiT gamoxatuli Sinaarsi da isev ucxo karibWesTan~

aRmovCndebiT, manamde ucnobi SegrZneba dagvipyrobs da iqneb sul es

aris, rasac WeSmaritma Semoqmedebam unda gvaziaros. maSin, vikmaroT

poetis am striqonebis miRma Tu TanxlebiT gacocxlebuli unazesi

sevda_tkivili:

...roca erTxelac,

Sens maRal totebs,

varskvlavebs rom iWeren axla,

metyeve moswvdeba,

gagaxsendes:

me viyavi, me,

gzaabneuli da caluRela,

sxiviviT rom dagtrialebdi...

(`qali~)

cira barbaqaZe

237

guCa kvaracxelias verlibri erT did mdinares magonebs uamravi

SenakadiT _ es Senakadebi gansxvavebulia siTbo_siciviT,

sigrZe_simokliT, siCqariT, feriT, gemoTi... zogi mTidan Camorbis

kisrismtvreviT, zogi baridan uerTdeba dinji xmauriT, zogs damdnari

Tovli moaqvs, zogs_ayvavebuli atmis rto, zogs_Semodgomis

foTlebi...

is didi mdinare Tavad poetis sulia, striqonebiT rom

sxvadasxva Senakadis xmas gvasmeninebs, zogi Senakadi Cavlilia, zogi

_ Casavleli da zogic _ Cauvlelad gubdeba...

mainc kargad icnob

Cavlilsac da Cauvlelsac

TavianTi saxelebiT,

dabadebis adgilebiTa da TariRebiT.

Zalian Zveli da mkvidri ki,

romlis amosacnobi

arcerTi niSani ar ici,

im siRrmeSia usxeulod Cafenili,

romlis apki usasrulobas atarebs,

ori siRrme erTmaneTs ereva

da kidev ufro wyviaddeba

erTmaneTSi gazavebuli...

(`ucnauri ambavi~)

da bolos, patrik ziuskindis `literaturuli amnezia~ rom

dagvemarTos guCa kvaracxelias poeziaze, waiSalos yvela teqsti

Tavisi SinaarsiT, gaqres yovelgvari azri, erTi xom mainc gadarCeba:

is movides,

vinc wvimis saidumlo icis...

da davamatebdi: guCa kvaracxelias leqsebic man waikiTxos:

visac mkacri dumilis

nakrZalovan sivrceSi Seesvleba,

rom wvimis saTqmeli

gafiltros da gareT gamoitanos...


238

manamde ki... gTavazobT blic_intervius guCa kvaracxelias

lirikul gmirTan, damontaJebuls~ wignidan: qalaqi qalaqSi~ (guCa

kvaracxelia, leqsebi, qalaqi qalaqSi~, gamomcemloba qarTuli ena~,

Tbilisi, 2005).

`veZeb awmyoSi Camalul momavals...~

_ qalbatono guCa, gamodis, rom vatyueb mkiTxvels, radgan

vTavazob arSemdgar dialogs... ras mirCevdiT?

_ advilad gadaaqcev tyuils simarTled,

oRond unda Seuloco...

(`Ramis fiqrebi~, gv. 108)

_ maSin intervius bolos Sevulocav, yvela tyuili rom

simarTled gadavaqcio...

axla ki mainteresebs, saiT midis poeti guCa kvaracxelia?

_ Cven Cveni gza gvaqvs

gasacveTi Cveni nabijiT,

damRupvelic rom iyos es gza,

am gorakebze mainc mivdivarT...

(`ekologiuri striqonebi~, gv. 99)

_ yvelaferi ise xdeboda Tqvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc gegmavdiT?

_ sulyvelaferi ise ver iqneba,

rogorc Cven vgegmavdiT.

Cveni xomaldi saxifaTo marSruts

irCevs moulodnelad...

(`bneli kvamli~, gv. 92)

_ ra vqnaT, roca `Cveni xomaldi saxifaTo marSruts

irCevs moulodnelad...~ roca raRac gvawuxebs, roca problemebi

gvaqvs?

_ daviZinoT. ZilSi mokvdeba

Cveni problemebi da Cveni ocnebebi.

(`bneli kvamli~, gv. 95)

cira barbaqaZe

239

_ bevris mnaxvels kidev gikvirT rame?

_ mxolod uRimRamoebs ar ukvirT araferi...

(`wuxel wyvdiadi Rame iyo~, gv. 88)

_ da mainc... ra ar unda gagikvirdes?

_ ar unda gagikvirdes, roca

erT mSvenier dRes getyvian,

Sen vina xar, saidan moxvedio?

(`Sen da isini~, gv. 81)

_ marTalia, rom Tqven ambobT: warsuli ganvlili ar ariso?

_ visac warsuli ganvlili hgonia,

is arc warsulSi arsebobs,

arc myofadSi...

bedi qarebisTvis miundvia...

(`qalaqis erT ubanSi~, gv. 153)

_ ras gvaswavlis buneba?

_ foTlebi Turme imdagvarad msxdaran totebze,

mze rom erTmaneTs ar dauCrdilon.

amas rqmevia mozaikuri ganlageba.

buneba marto zomierebas ar gvaswavlis,

Sewyalebasac.

(`ori mozaika~, gv. 29)

_ ki, magram rodis gaigebs amas adamiani?

_ zemoTqmuls kargad gaigebs, roca

xis yovlismimtevebel CeroSi,

umateriod rom gvefineba,

daZinebuls gaeRviZeba.

(`ori mozaika~, gv. 29)

_ geSiniaT sikvdilis?


240

_ marto mkvdrebs ar eSiniaT sikvdilis,

SiSis qvevrs Zirs veravin gamoaclis.


_ ras gamimxelT iseTs, sxva rom ver metyvis?

_ imasac aravin gagimxels Cem meti,

rom dro fuli ar aris...

(aba, gamoitane bankidan...)...

(`nawyveti megobris werilidan~, gv. 7)

_ mainc ra aris cxovreba?

_ ukanmouxedavi siyvarulis siSlege...

(`SemTxveviTi mZRoli~, gv. 18)

_ mdinaris garda kidev sad irekleba Rrubeli da barem isic

gviTxariT, rogori amindi iqneba xval?

_ marto mdinareSi ki ara,

gaxelil TvalebSic irekleba

saRamos Rrubeli, romelic

xval diliT usaTuod wvimad wamova...

(`SemTxveviTi mZRoli~, gv. 23)

_ risTvis madlobT ufals?

_ gmadlob, ufalo (reJisoro),

rom maTqmevine satrfosaTvis,

sanam suls gamafrTxobinebda,

lamazi fraza:

de, niaRvrebma SenTan erTad gadamiaron!

(`pirovnebis gaoreba~, gv. 52)

_ ras etyodiT satrfos?

_ vgrZnob, rom aRarsad aRara var,

minda, Seni dumili viyo!

(`neli daviwyeba~, gv. 58)

cira barbaqaZe

241

_ ra dakargeT?

_ ar vici, ra davkarge,

magram vici, rom veZeb...

(`zRvaze~, gv. 67)

_ rogor gamoxatavdiT Tqvens rwmenas?

_ TaviT fexamde yofaSi Cafluli,

kisers vigrZeleb,

rom davinaxo ukeTesi samyaro,

romelic sadRac usaTuod unda arsebobdes...

(`rwmena~, gv. 105)

_ sad waxvidodiT da ra SemTxvevaSi?

_ wavidodi qviSis saTesad Soreuli zRvis

Sor napirze, Tuki iq vinme damiZaxebda,

Tundac iseTi, vinc kvdeba da ver momkvdara.

vapovninebdi bunebrivsa da utanjvel

gardacvalebas.

(`nu daynosav yayaCoras~, gv. 71)

_ minda vicode Tqveni mizani....

_ yvela sityva gamoviyeno,

Cems fiqrsacavSi upatronod

rom melodeba.


_ rodis unda gaCerdes adamiani?

_ ....rodesac Senive nakvalevi Semogxvdeba gzaze,

xom unda gaCerde?

(`situaciuri samyaros daZleva~, gv. 137)

_ diax, roca nakvalevi Semogxvdeba, unda gaCerde da mere gahyve

nakvalevs, sakuTar TavTan Sesaxvedrad da... ras eZebs guCa kvaracxelia?

vinc wvimis saidumlo icis... (guCa kvaracxelia verlibri)

242

_ gaSiSvlebuli stepebidan mosuliviT

iRbals ar veZeb,

aqauri var.

arc im filmSi vmonawileob,

sadac Semodian da gadian gmirebi

ubiografiod.

mkvidri mosaxlis SiSnarevi sifrTxiliT

Tvals vadevneb

istoriis avangardul damontaJebas

da veZeb awmyoSi Camalul momavals.

(`Ramis fiqrebi~, gv. 111)

P.S. didi madloba, qalbatono guCa, da me axla Savtarian

danas movimarjveb, am yvelafers rom Sevuloco da simarTled vaqcio,

Torem aravin damijerebs...

da mainc, Tu aRmoCndeba aseTi mkiTxveli, vTxov, Tqveni pasuxebi

Cems SekiTxvebze gadaamowmos wignSi _ `qalaqi qalaqSi~, ra Tqma

unda, miTiTebuli gverdebis mixedviT.

cira barbaqaZe

243

levan bregaZe

semiotika da ganaTleba

rogor vaswavli semiotikas orsaaTSi

(gamocdileba)

ocdaaTsaaTian kursSi, romlis saxel-

wodeba iyo `mxatvruli teqstis analizis

meTodebi~ da romelsac eqvsi wlis ganmav-

lobaSi (2001-2006 ww.) vukiTxavdi qarTuli

filologiis fakultetis IV kurselebs ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universitetSi, semiotikas (niSanTa

Teorias) ori 50-wuTiani leqcia eTmoboda

(aTwuTiani SesvenebiT leqciebs Soris). meore

leqciis damTavrebis Semdeg msmenelebisTvis

naTeli iyo semiotikis anu niSanTa Teoriis

arsi, mniSvneloba, misi kavSiri struqtu-

ralizmTan da mxatvruli teqstis analizisas

niSanTa Teoriis gamoyenebis meTodika.

viwyebdi niSanTa Teoriis fuZemdeblebis

_ amerikeli Carlz sanders pirsis (1839-

1914) da Sveicarieli ferdinand de sosiuris

(1857-1913) _ moZRvrebaTa urTierTSedarebiT.

am orTagan sisiuris saxeli TiTqmis yvelas-

Tvis nacnobi iyo, pirsis gvari ki umetesobas

pirvelad esmoda. amitom Zalian mokled

vacnobdi studentebs amerikeli moazrovnis

biografias, vixsnebdi roman iakobsonis

naTqvams mis Sesaxeb: `igi imdenad didi iyo,

rom misTvis adgili verc erT universitetSi

ver moiZebna~, da Zalian lakoniurad vaxdendi


doqtori, SoTa rusTa-

velis qarTuli lite-

raturis institutis

mTavari mecnieri Tanam-

Sromeli, gelaTis mecni-

erebaTa akademiis wevri.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

postmodernizmi qarTul

mwerlobaSi, antimimesisis

ideologia, postsabWouri

kulturis sivrce da

literaturuli procesi,

kavkasiuri Tematika gazeT

`kaukziSe postis~ furc-

lebze (1906-1914), fran-

guli Jurnali TbilisSi,

fsiqoanalizi da mxatv-

ruli Semoqmedeba, recef-

ciuli esTetika, sadRegr-

Zelo da misi kompensa-

toruli buneba, qarTuli

Jargonis leqsikoni.

interesTa sfero:

literaturis Teoria da

istoria, Jurnalistikis

Teoria da istoria, Tar-

gmanis Teoria da praqtika,

Tanamedrove literatu-

ruli procesebi, lingvis-

tika.

244

pirsis ori genialuri dakvirvebis arsis gadmocemas:

a) im mimarTebaTa Sesabamisad, rac aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels

Soris arsebobs, niSani SeiZleba iyos samgvari: 1. ikoni, anu

gamosaxuleba (naxati, sqema, gegma, diagrama, piktograma), 2. indeqsi,

anu miniSneba (magaliTad, kvamli cecxlis indeqsia, kvamlis arseboba

cecxlze migvaniSnebs) da 3. simbolo, anu pirobiTi (daTqmuli)

niSani (sityva, xmovani signali da a. S.).

b) wminda saxiT arc erTi maTgani ar arsebobs _ yoveli niSani

Seicavs ikonis, indeqsisa da simbolos elementebs, oRond amaTgan

erT-erTi dominirebs.

niSanTa Teoriis meore fuZemdeblis sisiuris Sexedulebis

naTelsayofad mis xatovan gamonaTqvams viyenebdi:

`yvelas, vinc fexs daadgams enis teritoriaze, SeuZlia

Tqvas, rom igi zeciur Tu miwier yovelgvar analogias

gamoeTxova~ (123. sosiuris es citata da qvemoT damowmebuli

pirsis citatebi momyavs r. iakobsonis naSromTa germanuli

gamocemidan: R. Jakobson, Semiotik. Suhrkamp, 1992. ricxvebi aRniSnavsam gamocemis gverdebs), da ganvmartavdi, ras gulisxmobda amiT

Sveicarieli enaTmecnieri: sosiuris mixedviT, enobriv niSansa da

aRsaniSns Soris araviTari logikuri (bunebrivi) kavSiri ar SeiZleba

arsebobdes, kavSiri enobriv niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris pirobiTia,

adamianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegia; igi bunebrivi ar aris imGgagebiT, rom

bunebaSi, sadac mizezSedegobrioba arsebobs, mas analogi ar moepoveba.

sosiuris am mosazrebas pirsis ufro Rrma dakvirvebebi

abaTilebs, magram msmenels ar unda darCes iseTi STabeWdileba,

TiTqos Sveicarieli lingvisti urigo moazrovne iyo da uxeSi

Secdomebi mosdioda. aramc da aramc! sosiuris maxvilgonivruli

dakvirvebebi damajerebeli, logikuri da saRi azrisTvis erTob

misaRebi Cans.

marTlacda, ra daewuneba Tundac am msjelobas: sityva `didi~

qarTul enaSi ufro pataraa, vidre sityva patara~ (es ukanaskneli

pirvelze ori fonemiT mets Seicavs), rac xels ar gviSlis, am

sityvebiT is Sinaarsebi gamovxatoT, rasac gamovxatavT.

es magaliTi Zalian moswondaT msmenelT, misi meSveobiT erTbaSad

xdeboda maTTvis gasagebi sosiuris Teoriis arsi (rac Tvalebzec

etyobodaT). magram kidev ufro did efeqts axdenda erTi

semiotikuri anekdoti, romelsac akaki wereTeli iyenebs efTvime

wereTelTan polemikisas:

`kurdReli marto sam dRes wovs [ZuZus], ai am mizeziT: Turme,

dedam hkiTxa, rom daebada bocori: _ Svilo, sam Tves gawovoo?

levan bregaZe

245

(Cqara hkiTxa) Tu saaam dReees (gaugrZela). sawyals Svils sami

dRe meti egona da miaZaxa (imanac gagrZelebiT), rasakvirvelia saaam

dReeeso (akaki wereTeli, Txz. 15 tomad, t. II, gv. 16-17).

es anekdotic, erTi SexedviT, sosiuris mosazrebis

marTebulobaze metyvelebs. msmenelebs uCndebaT STabeWdileba, TiTqos

sworia sosiuris Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom enobriv niSansa da

aRsaniSns Soris araviTari logikuri kavSiri ar SeiZleba arsebobdes,

kavSiri enobriv niSansa da aRsaniSns Soris pirobiTia da marTlac

`yvelas, vinc fexs daadgams enis teritoriaze, SeuZlia Tqvas, rom

igi zeciur Tu miwier yovelgvar analogias gamoeTxova~.

axla, am STabeWdilebis gasaqarwyleblad, msmenelebi saRi azris~

sauflodan dialeqtikuri azris saufloSi unda gadaviyvanoT,

risTvisac viyeneb roman iakobsonis msjelobas. pirsis Sesaxeb

daweril naSromSi r. iakobsoni erTi SexedviT Zalian ucnaur

rames gveubneba: TviT morfologiis sferoSic blomad moiZeveba

movlenebi, sadac SeimCneva simbolos (enobrivi niSnis) miswrafeba

ikonurobisken (mimeturobisken). magaliTad, mravlobiTi ricxvis

formebi, rogorc wesi, ufro vrcelia, ufro meti fonemisagan Sedgeba,

vidre mxoloobiTisa (saxli, saxlebi; aSenebs, aSeneben).

rac Seexeba sintaqss, misi swrafva ikonurobisken dauokebelia.

da aq roman iakobsoni imowmebs pirsis frazas: `winadadeba rom

gavigoT, sityvaTa wyoba winadadebaSi ikoniseburi unda iyos~

(80), anu realobas raRacnairad unda Seesabamebodes.

pirsis am azris sailustraciod r. iakobsons mohyavs fraza:

`mivedi, vnaxe, davmarcxe~ da aRniSnavs, rom sityvaTa amgvari dalageba

iulius keisris qmedebaTa droSi Tanmimdevrobaze gvawvdis

informacias, anu am TvalsazrisiT ikoniseburad warmosaxavs realobas.

iakobsonis sxva magaliTis moSveliebiT kidev ufro naTels

vxdiT pirsis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom wminda saxiT arc erTi

niSani (aRmniSvneli) ar arsebobs _ yoveli niSanSi SeimCneva ikonis,

indeqsisa da simbolos Tvisebebi, oRond amaTgan erT-erTi dominirebs.

magaliTi: `prezidenti da saxelmwifo mdivani monawileobdnen

konferenciis muSaobaSi~. iakobsonis sityviT, es Tanmimdevroba _

jer prezidenti da Semdeg saxelmwifo mdivani _ bevrad ufro

bunebrivia, vidre Sebrunebuli (jer saxelmwifo mdivani da Semdeg

prezidenti), vinaidan winadadebaSi prezidentis pirvel adgilze

dayeneba asaxavs (Seesabameba) mis pirvelobas oficialur ierarqiaSi

(85), anu realobas Seesabameba.

amis Semdeg aseT kiTxvebs vsvamdi: ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba povos

enobrivi struqturis am Tvisebam esTetikis sferoSi? anu: SeiZleba

rogor vaswavli semiotikas or saaTSi (gamocdileba)

246

Tu ara enobrivi niSnis es Tviseba (misi midrekileba ikonurobisken)

gamoyenebul iqnes esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone teqstis

Sesaqmnelad?

enobriv niSanTa (simboloTa) ikonurobisken swrafvaze

dafuZnebuli esTetikuri efeqtis warmosaCenad viyenebdi gamonaTqvams,

romelic kompozitor Sarl gunos miewereba:

`axalgazrdobaSi vambobdi: me. Sua xnisa rom gavxdi, vambobdi:

me da mocarti. Sua xnis asaks rom gadavcildi, vambobdi: mocarti

da me. axla vambob: mocarti~.

aSkaraa, rom am gamonaTqvamis esTetikuri efeqti didwilad

enobrivi niSnis (pirveli piris nacvalsaxel `me~-s) `xatovan~

(ikonur) prezentaciazea dafuZnebuli. oTxi xatia~ warmodgenili

da isini am gamonaTqvamis avtoris Sexedulebis dinamikas warmoaCenen:

1. me~ da araferi mis gverdiT, rac Zaldautaneblad ase iSifreba:

Cemi toli kompozitori ar arsebobs;

2. jer `me~ da Semdeg mocarti, rac niSnavs: me pirveli var,

magram Cems Semdeg mocartis xsenebac SesaZlebelia;

3. jer mocarti da Semdeg `me~, anu: pirveli mocartia, magram

Semdegi me var;

4. me~-s nulovani prezentacia (rCeba mocarti, qreba me~): mocarti

imdenad didia, rom masTan SedarebiT me saxsenebelic ar var.

am gamonaTqvamis gaanalizebis Semdeg msmenelTaTvis advili

gasagebia debuleba, rom esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone teqstSi

informaciis didi nawili sityvaTa organizebiT gadaicema

da mniSvnelovanwilad amas efuZneba mxatvrul teqstTa

maRalinformaciuloba (`grZeli sityva mokled iTqmis, Sairia

(waikiTxeT: esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone teqstia. _ l. b.) amad

kargi~.

aq mxatvruli teqstis imdenad mniSvnelovan TaviseburebasTan

gvaqvs saqme, rom misi ilustrirebisas anekdotur gamonaTqvams,

Tundac metad maxvilgonivrulsa da efeqturs, ver davjerdebiT,

amitom movixmobdi erT strofs saiaTnovas leqsidan `damexseni~:

Cemi sityva Seni dasajer iyos,

Seni kalTa Cemi dasaWer iyos!

Cemi Tavi Seni miwa-mtver iyos,

Seni baRi Cemi baRis gverdT iyos,

SuaSia gadaRoba ar minda!

msmenelTa yuradRebas mivapyrobdi im movlenas, rom damowmebul

strofSi pirveli da meore piris kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis

ganlageba Wadrakulia: oTx taepSi pirvel da mesame sityvebad

levan bregaZe

247

monacvleobiT sxedan Cemi~ da Seni~. warmosaxviTi (gnebavT, realuri)

xazebiT rom SevaerToT am strofis yvela `Cemi~ da Semdeg yvela

`Seni~, erTmaneTSi gadawnul-gadaxlarTul or zigzags miviRebT,

rac imis grafikul gamosaxulebad gamodgeba, rasac leqsis lirikuli

gmiri natrobs: misi da leqsis adresatis bed-iRbali erTmaneTs

gadaeWdos da gadaewnas.

* * *

mas Semdeg, rac cxadvyofT, rogor xdeba informaciis esTetizacia

enobriv niSanTa ikonis TvisebebiT aRWurvis Sedegad, leqciis meore

saaTs mxatvruli teqstis struqturalisturi analizis arsis

garkvevas vuZRvniT, aRvniSnavT, rom niSanTa Teoriam biZgi misca

struqturalisturi analizis meTodis gamoyenebas literatu-

rismcodneobaSi. mxatvruli Txzulebis struqturis yvela doneze,

teqstis yovel elementSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT simbolos, indeqsis

da ikonis Tvisebebi. magaliTad, riTmebi (gariTmuli sityvebi),

upirveles yovlisa, raRac konkretuli Sinaarsis matarebeli

leqsikuri erTeulebi, anu enobrivi simboloebia, magram leqsis

indeqssac warmoadgenen (riTma, rogorc leqsis erT-erTi umTavresi

atributi) da, amavdroulad, isic SeuZliaT, rom ikonisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli funqciac itvirTon, anu mimeturad warmosaxon leqsis

SinaarsTan (gnebavT, mxatvrul ideasTan) dakavSirebuli raRac niuansic.

amgvarad xdeba mxatvrul teqstSi formis semantizacia.

amiT bolo moeRo formisa da Sinaarsis erTmaneTisagan

izolirebul analizs literaturismcodneobaSi.

amis naTelsayofad ganvixilav grigol robaqiZis mier qarTveli

poetebis mimarT gamoTqmul erT sayvedurs.

qarTuli riTmisadmi miZRvnil werilSi (1918 w.) grigol

robaqiZe wers:

`rusTavelis garda ar arsebobs qarTveli poeti, romelic

riTmiT xSirad ar amsxvrevdes ritms. aq raRac ucnaurobaa, xolo

sinamdvile mainc ar icvleba~.

cota qvemoT ki aRniSnavs:

`erTi sityviT, qarTuli leqsi am mxriT metad koWlobs~.

(citirebas vaxden gr. robaqiZis statiis gaz. `kalmasobis~ 2002

wlis me-9 nomerSi gadmobeWdili teqstidan).

roca am sayvedurs gamoTqvams, gr. robaqiZes mxedvelobaSi aqvs

is movlena, rom Cveni poetebi zogjer sxvadasxvamarcvlian sityvebs


248

riTmaven. mas iqve mohyavs amgvari riTmis nimuSebi paolo iaSvilis

leqsidan: perangis : hangis; uzangis : zangis.

marTlac, raki aq or- da sammarcvliani sityvebi eriTmeba

erTmaneTs, am ukanasknelTa (sammarcvlianTa) bunebrivi maxviliT

wakiTxvis SemTxvevaSi riTmac dakoWldeba da ritmic daimsxvreva~.

xolo Tu gvinda riTma ar dakoWldes da ritmi ar `daimsxvres~,

maSin sammarcvliani sariTmo sityvebi qarTuli enisTvis arabunebrivi,

bolodan meore marcvalze dasmuli, maxviliT unda wavikiTxoT, rac

gr. robaqiZes yovlad dauSveblad miaCnia da savsebiT marTebuladac.

magram gr. robaqiZe p. iaSvilis am leqsis riTmebs Sinaarsisgan

izolirebulad ganixilavs. is ar svams kiTxavs: iqneb riTmis aseTi

dakoWleba da ritmis `damsxvreva~ raRacnairad leqsis SinaarsiT

iyos gamarTlebuli, motivirebuli?

TiTqosda gr. robaqiZis sayveduris sapasuxod am statiis

gamoqveynebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg tician tabiZe wers leqss

`ocdasami aprili~, romelSic aseTi striqonebia:

var dalewili, viT Cemi riTma,

(oh! es ar aris bodiSi marTla),

ver gaditanos cxeni jiriTma,

bedo, mixmare TviTon kamaTlad.

aqac koWlia riTma _ ormarcvliani da sammarcvliani sityvebi

eriTmeba erTmaneTs, aqac damsxvreulia~ ritmi, magram poetsac Turme

es unda _ amgvari formismieri dasharmonia kargad esadageba,

ekorespondireba, mis sulier diskomforts _ `var dalewili, viT

Cemi riTma~.

magram poeti rodia valdebuli gangvimartos, ratom mimarTa

ama Tu im Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad ama Tu im formas; metic: es

SeiZleba mas TviTonac ar hqondes gacnobierebuli; forma-Sinaarsis

aseTi kavSirebi analitikosma, interpretatorma unda amoicnos.

davubrundeT paolo iaSvilis im leqss, romlis riTmebic

grigol robaqiZem daiwuna. es gaxlavT `feradi soneti~ `elene

darianis dRiurebidan~. leqsis lirikuli gmiris sulier mRelvarebas

(`sanatrel moymis dabruneba me TrTolviT vcade, avtirdi Cumad,

roca raSi tyes moefara~) aqac gamoxatvis Sesatyvisi forma upovia

araTanabarmarcvliani riTmebiTa da `damsxvreuli~ ritmiT

Sesrulebuli leqsis saxiT.

levan bregaZe

249

es magaliTebi aTvalsaCinoebs pirsis debulebas, rom yvelaze

srulyofili is niSnebia, romlebSic ikonuri, indeqsuri da

simboluri Tvisebebi rac SeiZleba Tanabrad arian erTmaneTs

Serwymuli~.

rasac pirsi am citataSi `yvelaze srulyofils~ uwodebs,

xelovnebis sferoSi imas maRalmxatvruli, maRalesTetikuri

Seesatyviseba.

* * *

dasasruls, oriode sityviT ikonis simbolizaciasac vexebi.

ganvmartav, rom ara marto simbolos SeiZleba aRmoaCndes ikonis

niSnebi, aramed _ ikonsac simbolosi. rom araferi vTqvaT diagramebsa

da piktogramebze (romlebSic aSkarad aris Serwymuli ikonuroba

da simboluroba), TviT yvelaze realistur ferwerul naxatSic ki

aRmovaCenT simbolos elementebs (ufro kompoziciaSi), romelTa

mniSvneloba naTelia maTTvis, vinc im xanaSi mcxovrebi adamianebis

warmodgenebs, Sexedulebebs, konvenciebs, mokled, im epoqis konteqsts

icnobs, romel epoqaSic mxatvari cxovrobda.

* * *

gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom zemoTqmuli sruliad sakmarisia

niSanTa Teoriisa da mxatvruli teqstis struqturalisturi

analizis arsis warmosaCenad.

momdevno leqcia struqturalizms eZRvneboda _ misi mosmena

am leqciaze SeZenil codnas ganamtkicebda.

Levan Bregadze

How I Teach Semiotics in Two Hours

The author shares his experience as to how he gives his students an essentialunderstanding of semiotics and the particularities of its application in the structuralanalysis of a text during two 50-minute lectures. The paper is of algorithmiccharacter: it represents a succession of the material and its analysis (citationsfrom the works of the founders of semiotics and structural analysis, “semiotic”anecdotes, citations from the critical and poetic texts of the Georgian poets), which,as the author believes, ensures the achievement of the above-mentioned purpose.


250

amiran gomarTeli

`meranis~ qaragma

(interpretacia)

sakuTari SedevrisaTvis nikoloz bara-

TaSvils merani~ ar uwodebia. avtograful

xelnawerebSi igi ZiriTadad usaTauroa da

iwyeba striqoniT: `mirbis, mimafrens...~

erTaderT SemTxvevaSi, romelic `meranis~

daweris wliT (1842) TariRdeba, poets leq-

sisaTvis `Tavganwiruli mxedari~ uwodebia.

roca me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan

Jurnalma `ciskarma~ mkiTxveli sazoga-

doebisaTvis xelaxla aRmoCenili poetis

leqsebis publikacia daiwyo, `meransa~ da

zogierT sxva usaTauro leqss saTaurebi

misces. es faqti ciskris~ redaqtors, ivane

kereseliZes miewereba. 1860 wlis ciskris~

me-6 nomerSi pirvelad Cndeba saTauri Cems

merans~.

1863 wels daviT CubinaSvilma peter-

burgSi gamocemuli qarTuli qrestomaTiis~

me-2 wignSi leqss merani~ uwoda da dRemde

yvela am saTauriT ixseniebs qarTuli

lirikuli poeziis mSvenebas (`meranis~

dasaTaurebis Sesaxeb ix. simon sxirtlaZe,

`vin SeurCia baraTaSvilis ukvdav leqss

saTauri?~).

baraTaSvilis poeziis yovelma mkiT-

xvelma icis, rom `meranis~ daweris sababi

poetTan TanSezrdili megobrisa da biZis,

iliko orbelianis, datyveveba gamxdara

Samilis mier. sami dRe Zalzed Sewuxebuli


doqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

literaturul-kriti-

kuli werilebis krebuli

`WirTa Tqma sjobs~ (1985

weli), qarTuli simbo-

listuri proza (monogra-

fia, 1997 weli), lite-

raturuli werilebi da

eseebi (2005 weli).

interesTa sfero:


saliteraturo da kino-

kritika.

251

da gabruebuli viyavo, _ auwyebs baraTaSvili ufros biZas grigol

orbelians da, roca es leqsi davwere, `TiTqos aman raRac Sveba

momcao~.

`meranis~ mkiTxvels isic kargad moexseneba, rom leqsis

Rrmaazrobrivi Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba oden iliko orbelianis

Tavsdatexili ubedurebiT. baraTaSvilis poezia xom, upirvelesad,

`meraniT~ exmianeba iliaseul gansazRvrebas poetis sakacobrio

safiqralsa da satkivarze. magram aqve Cndeba kiTxvac: rodesac

leqss merans~ varqmevT, xom ar vaviwroebT mis Sinaarss? marTalia,

leqsSi meranisadmi mimarTva araerTgzisaa gacxadebuli, magram leqsis

lirikuli gmiri Tavganwiruli mxedaria da ara misi taiWi! nuTu

es uxerxuloba verc ivane kereseliZem igrZno da verc daviT

CubinaSvilma? an egeb sruliad sxva parolisa Tu sxva qaragmis

Semcvelia merani? magram, vidre am kiTxvas pasuxs gavcemdeT, erT

sakiTxs unda SevexoT.

qristianul literaturaSi kargadaa cnobili wminda mxedris~

ideali. igi macxovris modelzea proecirebuli da, amdenad, wminda

mxedris~ qmedeba sulier da fizikur dabrkolebaTa daZlevas

gulisxmobs. am azriT, ara marto wminda mxedris zeciuri pirvelsaxe

_ miqael mTavarangelozi an amqveyniuri iersaxe _ wminda giorgi

arian `wminda mxedrebi~, aramed `wminda mxedaria~ yoveli wmindani,

romelic sulierebis maxviliT ibrZvis. amdenad, Cvens samecniero

literaturaSi wminda mxedrebad~ moiazrebian wminda SuSaniki, abo

Tbileli, grigol xanZTeli, qeTevan wamebuli, tanjvis gziT mavali

daviT guramiSvili... isic aRniSnulia, rom wminda mxedris~ ideali

daedo safuZvlad raindobis instituts da am xasiaTis literaturas.

aqedan gamomdinare, vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri raindis, avTandilis (`vis

sikvdili moyvrisaTvis TamaSad~ da uCans mRerad) arqetipic wminda

mxedaria~.

Tu am logikas mivyvebiT, advilia baraTaSvilis Tavganwirul

mxedarSi~ sazogadod wminda mxedris~ idealis danaxva da, gnebavT,

urjuloebTan mebrZoli ilia orbelianisac; oRond am ukanasknelis

dasaxva meranis~ lirikul gmirad, rogorc iTqva, cxadia, gaaRaribebda

leqsis azrobriv Sinaarss. amis Taobaze TviTon poetic xumrobs

grigol orbelianisadmi gagzavnil werilSi. roca axlobelTa wreSi

leqsi wavikiTxe, qalebma imdeni itires, TiTqos amas iliko ambobs

da ara meo. n. baraTaSvilis leqsis lirikul gmirad `wminda

mxedris~ dasaxvas da, saTaurad `Tavganwiruli mxedrisaTvis~

upiratesobis miniWebas win TiTqos aRaraferi eRobeba (amgvari

`meranis~ qaragma

252

Tvalsazrisi aqvs gamoTqmuli nino evgeniZes narkvevSi _ `wminda

mxedris idealis poeturi eqo qarTvel romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi~),

magram mainc pasuxgaucemeli rCeba kiTxva, Tu sabolood ratom

amjobina poetma leqsis usaTaurod datoveba an SemdgomSi

gamomcemlebma ratom uwodes leqss _ `Cems merans~ an `merani~?

rogorc Cans, amas garkveuli mizezi Tu safuZveli hqonda da amis

amocnobaa aucilebeli. aq ki upirvelesad imas unda mieqces yuradReba,

Tu ratom gakeTda aqcenti meranze, am ucnaur huneze, ra Sinaarsia

masSi daqaragmebuli da daunjebuli? egeb, baraTaSvilma imitomac

Tqva uari Tavganwirul mxedarze~, rom aseTi dasaTaurebis SemTxvevaSi

iCrdileboda meranis saxe.

magram vidre aRniSnul sakiTxze vimsjelebdeT, imis gaxseneba

gvmarTebs, Tu raoden Rrmad religiuri poetia n. baraTaSvili.

gulisTqma misi gamudmebiT zenaarT samyofs~ aris mimarTuli, Tvalnic

zecad miiswrafvian. amqveyniuri mSvenierebac imitomaa naTeli, zeciT

mosuli~, rom `uxrwnelis~, maradiulis, RvTaebrivi harmoniis

gamokrTomaa. poeti gamudmebiT RvTaebrivi taZris maZiebelia, sadac

daviTis qnari ikvris da uzenaesis winaSe arcTu iSviaTad locvad

aris muxlmoyrili (`Cemi locva~). RvTaebriv eqstazs xan metyveli

locviT, xanac dumiliT eziareba (`maSa dumilic mimiTvale Sendami

locvad~). Jamidan Jamze, marTalia, axelebs miwieri silamaze _

ekaterines sayuris xilva anda Tavad katina, fortepianozed momRerali,

magram amgvari trfoba mainc iSviaTia. n. baraTaSvili upiratesad

RvTaebrivi trfialebiTaa gamsWvaluli, amitomac pasuxobs banovans

Tamami pirdapirobiT: rad hyvedri kacsa, banovano, pirumtkicobas?~

poets masze didi mijnuri hyavs _ RvTaebrivi mijnurobiTaa

gaxelebuli da iq, sadac n. baraTaSvilTan zogjer Cveulebriv

satrfialo lirikas xedaven, `sazeo~, saRvTo trfialeba unda

davinaxoT. laJvardSi igi mxolod RvTaebrivs Wvrets (`magram ra

Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni Senda moiswrafvian~), radgan

iq uxrwneli, RvTismSobliseuli mSveniereba eguleba (`magrama

mSveniereba gaqvs, cisiero, uxrwneli~).

am yaidis cnobiereba romelime konkretul `Tavganwirul

mxedarze~ ver SeCerdeba, maT Soris, bunebrivia, verc ilia orbelianze.

gulisTqma misi uSualod macxovris misteriazea proecirebuli. es

gacxadda `meranSi~.

RvTaebrivi sauflosaken, transcendenturisaken miqcevas Cveni

poetisaTvis amqveyniuri amaoebis SegrZneba ganapirobebs. `bedis

samzRvris~ gadalaxva, sadac `Savi yoranis~ Cxavili ismis, uflis

amiran gomarTeli

253

nebis daZleva ki ara, uflis wiaRSi dabrunebaa. miuRebeli realoba

rwmeniT gadailaxeba. racionaluri Semecnebis Sedegad ki oden Savi

yornis~ samyaro warmoudgeba poets. aqve unda iTqvas, rom yorani

sakmaod mdgradi paradigmaa. edgar posTanac yorani racionalur

azrovnebas ganasaxierebs, anu imas, rac rwmenas upirispirdeba. aseTivea

n. baraTaSvilis `TvalbediTi Savi yorani~.

rogorc ukve iTqva, racionaluri azrovnebiT ver daiZleva

amqveyniuri yofis SezRuduloba, is, rac ase awuxebda baraTaSvils.

grigol orbelianisadmi gagzavnil baraTSi vkiTxulobT: `Cvenis

daniSnulebis miznis miuRwevloba... da mTeli cisqveSeTis amaoeba

Cems suls saSineli sicarieliT avsebs~. amaoebis daZleva mxolod

rwmenas, rwmeniT aRvsebul Tavganwirul suliskveTebas SeuZlia. am

mxriv poeturi cnobiereba ufro rwmenasTanaa wilnayari, vinem

racionalur azrovnebasTan. meranis~ avtori miuRebeli empiriuli

sinamdvilisagan mowyvetas swored rwmenasTan wilnayari poeturi

cnobierebis meSveobiT axerxebs.

kvlav grigol orbelianisadmi miwerili baraTidan: `tfilisi

isev is qalaqia, usargeblo gonebisa da gulisaTvis~. am saocrad

tevad da ymawvili kacis pirobaze gonier frazaSi marto tfilisi

ar igulisxmeba, aramed mTeli garemomcveli empiriul-materialuri

sinamdvile, `bedis samzRvrisgan~ SemosazRvruli. swored es

usargeblo yofa, es sicariele, es RvTisgan dacilebuloba-miusafroba

unda gadailaxos, raTa poeti mSobliur samyofels, naTelqmnil

RvTaebriv wiaRs daubrundes. amgvar miusafrobas galaktioni

`ubinaobas~ eZaxda da isic RvTaebriv wiaRSi dabrunebas eltvoda

(`momwyurdi axla, ise momwyurdi, viT ubinaos yofna binaSi~). orive

poetisaTvis swored es RvTaebrivi wiaRia maTi bina, maTi Sin~. ase

filosofosoben Cveni poetebi. aki Tqva novalisma: filosofosoba

Sin yofnis gamudmebuli nostalgiaao. `bedis samzRvris~ msgavsad,

pirvelqmnil, idealur samSobloSi dabrunebis nostalgiac rwmeniT

gadailaxeba. baraTaSvilic swored rwmenas unda daemyaros iseve,

rogorc misi mxedari _ merans.

magram kvlav unda davubrundeT kiTxvas, ra aris merani? ratomaa

ase aqcentirebuli meranisadmi mimarTva? arsebiTad xom merani

warmarTavs leqsSi mxedris nebas (`mirbis, mimafrens...~), mis qrolva-

Wenebas mihyveba igi. poets xom swored merani miaCnia moZmisaTvis

gezis damsaxavad da jerac uvali gzis gamkvalavad (`da gza uvali,

Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba~). magram aq sxva kiTxvac

ismis: ra gzaa is, romlis pirvelgamTelavic merania?

`meranis~ qaragma

254

religiuri poetis mier uvali gzis pirvelgamkvalavis xseneba

saxarebiseul asociacias aRZravs. WeSmaritad uvali gza xom

gankacebuli Ze RvTisas mier gakvaluli gzaa. Tavadve brZanebs

macxovari: me var gzai da me var WeSmaritebai da cxovrebai~ (ioan.

14,6). yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamodis, rom

moyvasisaTvis vnebuli da gzis gamkvalavi macxovris saxe

identifikacias meranTan povebs. amdenad, meranic macxovris saxe-

simbolod aRiqmeba. Tumc saboloo daskvnis gamotana jer mainc

naadrevia, meti argumentaciaa saWiro.

himnografiasa Tu hagiografiaSi ganswavlulma mkiTxvelma

macxovris araerTi saxe-simbolo icis. maTi CamoTvla Sors wag-

viyvanda. sxva rom ara vTqvaT, amis dasturad abos wamebac~ ikmarebda,

sadac macxovris saxe-simboloTa Zalze vrceli CamonaTvalia.

samwuxarod, qarTuli Teologiuri saxismetyvelebiTi azrovneba ar

asaxelebs merans macxovris saxe-simbolod. arada, meranic qristes

iseTive simboloa, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, kravi an martorqa.

magaliTisaTvis: martorqa, rogorc macxovris saxe-simbolo,

mkafiodaa ganmartebuli Satberdis krebulSi~ moTavsebul basili

kesarielis TxzulebaSi. movusminoT: `saxismetyvelman Tqva

martorqisai... ismineT, romel-igi Tquas saxarebasa, rameTu aRgvidgina

rqai cxorebisai Soris saxlsa daviTis, monisa Tvisisa...~ vidremde

movida saSod mariamis qalwulisa, RmrTismSobelisa `da sityuai

igi xorciel iqmna da daemkvidra Cuen Tana~ (gv. 187).

`martorqis simbolika gansakuTrebul rols iZens Sua sau-

kuneebis qristianul TxzulebebSi. momdinareobs ra fiziologosis~

berZnuli teqstidan (swored aRniSnuli naSromis qristianuli

gardaTqmaa basili kesarielis zemonaxsenebi Txzuleba _ a. g.).

`fiziologosis~ Tanaxmad, martorqis moSinaureba SeuZlia mxolod

wminda qalwuls. aqedanaa SedarebiT mogviano qristianuli tradicia,

romelic erTmaneTs ukavSirebs qalwul RvTismSobelsa da ieso

qristes~ (msoflios xalxTa miTebi, t. I, gv. 429, mosk., 1998).

raoden ucnauradac unda moeCvenos qarTvel mkiTxvels, Sua

saukuneebis qristianul mxatvrobaSi (ufro adreul heraldikaSic)

gamosaxulia ara is ZuZumwovara cxoveli, romelsac Cven martorqas

vuwodebT, aramed cxenis Tavisa da tanis mqone irmisCliqebiani

arseba, Sublze zecisken mimswrafi rqiT.

saqme isaa, rom qarTuli, sxva enebiviT, rodi mijnavs erTmaneTisagan

imas, rasac magaliTad, rusebi í î ñ î ð î ã~-s da åäèí îð îã~-s uwodeben.Cven orive SemTxvevasi martorqas vambobT. is rac Satberdis

amiran gomarTeli

255

krebulSia moxseniebuli, aris _ edinorogi~, iseTive ararealuri,

fantastikuri cxoveli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kentavri. samwuxarod,

Cvens leqsikonebSi es sxvaoba gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.

martorqis (åäè í î ð î ã) simbolika Zalian Soridan modis.

mogvianebiT iqca igi qristes saxe-simbolod. rqa (`xsnis rqa~)

simbolurad ganasaxierebs qristes Zalauflebas, romelic codvas

anadgurebs. orfad dagrexili erTi rqa niSnavs qristes erTobas

mama RmerTTan; amave dros, mianiSnebs macxovarze, rogorc mxolodSobil

Zeze RvTisa (ix. Ic. Cooper, Lexikon alter Symbole, Leipzig, 1986, s. 42-43).

rogorc iTqva, qristianul mxatvrobaSi gamosaxuli martorqa

vizualurad ufro meranis STabeWdilebas tovebs, vinem afrikuli

cxovelisa. erTi aseTi nimuSi am wignis garekanzecaa gamosaxuli.

mas qalwuli martorqiT~ ewodeba da mis saxismetyvelebiT SinaarsSi

igulixmeba RvTismSobeli macxovriT (domeniko vampieris freskis

detali, romi, palaco forneze).

marTalia, martorqis saxismetyveleba, vizualuri msgavsebis

gamo, Zalian axlosaa meranis simbolikasTan, magram Cveni kvlevisaTvis

gadamwyveti ar aris. Cven sakuTriv meranis simbolika gvainteresebs.

amitom bunebrivad wamoiWreba kiTxva: martorqis msgavsad meranic

xom ar aris macxovris simbolo? am TvalsazrisiT Zalze mniS-

vnelovania Tu rogor aris gaazrebuli cxenis (meranis) saxis-

metyvelebiTi Sinaarsi Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi, razec, samwuxarod,

ar iZleva pasuxs `Satberdis krebuli~, romelic praqtikulad

Zveli saqarTvelos saRvTismetyvelo saxelmZRvanelo iyo.

Zvel aRTqmaSi cxeni araerTgzisaa moxmobili Seupovrobis,

uflis Semweobisa da RvTaebrivi marTva-gamgeblobis

simbolod. zaqarias winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad (10,3),

`moxedavs cabaoT ufali Tavis faras _ iudas saxls da

Tavis didebul raSad gaixdis mas brZolaSi~. aq swored

raSis simbolikiTaa gamoxatuli uflisadmi Tanadgoma da

Semweoba.

winaswarmetyveleba abakumisa gvamcnobs: `nu mdinareTa zeda

ganhrisxne, ufalo, anu mdinareTa zeda guliswyromai Seni, anu

zRuasa zeda mimarTeba Seni, rameTu zeda ahxed cxenTa zeda SenTa

da cxenianoba Seni macxovreba~ (3,8). bibliis komentarebSi

`cxenianoba~ RvTaebrivi wesrigis gamovlenadaa ganmartebuli.

axla isev `merans~ mivubrundeT. baraTaSvilTan, rogorc

aRniSnaven, ara Cans meranis feri, magram Cans Savi yorani~. amitom

misdami SepirispirebiT meranis ferad warmosadgenia TeTri,

`meranis~ qaragma

256

ZvelqarTulad `spetaki~, sulTa `feri~ (revaz siraZe). swored

TeTri cxeni ixsenieba ioane RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebaSi. vixile

ca gaxsnili da TeTri cxeni da misi mxedari~ (apok. 19.11). am

muxls vrclad ganmartavs II-III saukunis saeklesio avtori origene

Tavis saxelganTqmul SromaSi: `qeba qebaTas ganmarteba~, romlis

nawili Semonaxulia rufinusis laTinur TargmanSi (Origenes, inCauticum Cauticorum; teqsti ix. Patrologia Graeca). origenes naSromisgacnobaSi SemweobisaTvis madlobas movaxseneb Teologiis Cinebul

mcodnes, b-n ediSer WeliZes.

origenes naSroms maRal Sefasebas aZleven wminda mamebi. SeniSnaven:

am naSromSi igi aramc Tu sxvebs, sakuTar Tavsac aRematao (wm.

ieronime).

aRniSnul ZeglSi origene `mxedars~ ganmartavs, rogorc `Ze

RvTisas~, anu `RvTis sityvas~, yovladwminda samebis meore pirs,

hipostass, xolo `TeTr cxens~ iazrebs rogorc qristes kacebriv

bunebas (amgvari ganmatebisas origene sxva RvTismetyvelTa azrsac

iTvaliswinebs da maTze miuTiTebs).

baraTaSvilis meranis Tavganwirvac, macxovris darad, RvTaebrivi

wesrigis aRsrulebas emsaxureba. isic tarigia RmrTisai. leqsis

lirikuli gmirisaTvis merani is sayrdeni Tu saSualebaa, riTac

xorcieldeboda jvarcmis misteria. aseTia leqsis irealuri plani.

aq Tanagancda da Tanatanjvaa. cxeni da mxedari erTad kvalaven

uval gzas. metic, aq absoluturi erTianobaa. amitom, ioanes

gamocxadebis analogiiT, baraTaSvilis mxedarsa da meranSi (oriveSi

erTad) macxovris rogorc RvTaebrivi, ise gankacebuli saxe-simbolo

igulisxmeba. rogorc iTqva, amaze mxedrisa da hunes erTianoba da

tarigoba miuTiTebs. moyvasis saxsnelad xom wminda samebis nawili,

misi erTi hipostasi gaiwira da jvars evno. meti Tavganwirva

warmoudgenelia. aseTia `meranis~ suliskveTebac.

metic, uflis msxverplSewirvis darad, baraTaSvilis leqsis

finalic tragikuli optimizmiTaa gamsWvaluli:

`cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba

da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba;

rom Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa gauadvildes...~

aq mimarTvis pirdapiri adresatic merania da analogiac

gamWvirvalea: meranis mier gakvalul gzaSi moyvasTa sulieri

amiran gomarTeli

257

xsnisaTvis kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelze didi Tavganwirulis _

gankacebuli Ze RvTisas suliskveTeba igulisxmeba.

Cans, imxanad, tfilisis keTilSobilTa gimnaziaSi

RvTismetyvelebas safuZvlianad aswavlidnen. swored es codna

gardaisaxa `meranis~ gasaocar poetur xatovanebad.

* * *

esec erTi wakiTxvaTagania `meranisa~. literaturuli

interpretaciebic xom imiTaa saintereso, rom wakiTxvaTa nairgvarobas

iZleva. swored es sZens azrsa da lazaTs eseistikasa Tu

literaturaTmcodneobas. sxvagvarad aramcTu isini, aramed mxatvruli

qmnilebebic ki Sewyvetdnen arsebobas. literaturuli klasikis

Zalmosileba da cxovelmyoflobac swored isaa, rom sxvadasxva

epoqis, sxvadasxva donisa Tu inteleqtis mkiTxveli gansxvavebul

Sinaarss debs da kiTxulobs mxatvrul qmnilebaSi. Torem imis

Tqma, zustad ra igulisxma mweralma, ara marto Wirs, aramed arcaa

saintereso, rameTu arafers matebs nawarmoebs. rogorc iTqva, amaSia

xelovnebis qmnilebis sirTuleca da cxovelmyoflobac.

sworad SeniSna osip mandelStamma: `gacilebiT iolia mTeli

ruseTis eleqtrifikacia, vinem wera-kiTxvis yvela mcodnes waakiTxo

puSkinis evgeni onegini~ ise, rogorc puSkinma dawera~. RmerTma nu

qnas es, Torem puSkini imwamsve Sewyvetda arsebobas. magram nu

daRondebiT, didi mwerlebi amis uflebas ar iZlevian. baraTaSvilic

asea!

`meranis~ qaragma

258

gia joxaZe

semiotika da istoria

XX saukunis istoriulinarativi da miTologia

sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa

miRwevebisa da teqnikuri progresis

miuxedavad, XX saukunis adamianis yofaze

aRibeWda arqauli miTi. Tanac, ise mkafiod,

rom is (yofa, cnobiereba) semiotikis

sakbilo gaxda; semiotika yru da brma unda

yofiliyo, rom ar SeemCnia XX saukunis enas

iseTi Tavisufleba misca, rom saswrafod

gadaisinja istoriuli narativis adgili

da mniSvneloba: man dakarga WeSmaritebis

ukanaskneli instanciis privilegia _ piriqiT,

kritikuli refleqsiis veqtori swored

misken miimarTa. Tu tradiciuli formis

istoria Zeglis dokumentad gadaqcevaa, XX

saukunis istoriam dokumentis Zeglad

gardasaxvis funqcia ikisra. es semiotikis

bralia. istoriulma narativma dakarga

WeSmaritad faqtobrivi wyaros mniSvneloba.

samagierod, radgan istoria Txrobis

xelovnebas daukavSira, poetikisa da

ritorikis obieqtadve aqcia. gamonagoni da

istoria erTi klasis fenomenebad gamocxadda.

am debulebis popularizebam istoria da

literatura daukavSira erTmaneTs. istoria

literaturis artefaqtad iqca, radgan

istoriac iseve iTxzveba, iseve iwereba

(istorio-grafia!), rogorc _ literatura.

Tumc, aristoteleseuli Sefaseba dRemde

ZalaSia: “istorikosi da poeti imiT


doqtori, ilia WavWava-

Zis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis humanitarul


ris kvlevebis fakul-

tetis asistent-profe-

sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

“XIII_XIV saukuneebis

saqarTvelos istoriidan”,

“avgustineseuli provi-

dencializmi da JamTa-

aRmwerlis religiuri

msoflmxedveloba” da

“istoriuli esseebi”.

interesebis sfero:

eklesiisa da religiis

istoria da istoriuli

anTropologiis proble-

mebi.

259

gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, rom pirveli namdvilad momxdars aRwers,

meore ki imas, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo”. amgvarad, istoriuli

narativi Tavs ikatunebs _ is faqtebis sistemis im mantias irgebs,

romlis miRmac miTi imaleba. faqtebis sistemad miCneuli miTi,

sinamdvileSi, semiologiuri sistemaa.

Tanamedrove miTi, cxadia, arqauli miTis tolfasi rodia:

Tanamedrove miTi sxvagvarad warmoiSoba d amavenairad gamoiyeneba.

arqauli miTi stiqiurad ibadeboda. XX saukunem ki miTologiuri

azrovnebis namdvili teqnika gamoimuSava. termin “teqnikis” gamoyenebam

Tanamedrove miTis warmoqmna saomar teqnikas daukavSira. sxvaTa

Soris, Tanamedrove miTic aCaRebs saSinao Tu sagareo omebs; sxvaTa

Soris, am miTs gansazRvruli jgufebi da partiebi meoreTa winaaRmdeg

iyeneben; Tanamedrove miTologia ideologiad iqceva, istoriuli

narativi ki _ mis msaxurad, mis saSualebad. is iqceva ambad, istoriad,

dasrulebul miTologiur siuJetad.

magaliTad gamoviyenoT sabWoTa istoriuli narativi, romelsac

axasiaTebda:

a)permanentuli omi burJuaziul istoriografiasTan (klasikur

istoriul narativTan);

b) gadaWarbebuli aqsiologizmi, roca Sefaseba faravs movlenis

mimdinareobas;

g) reduqcionizmi: faqtebis sagangebo SerCeva maTi xvedriTi

wilis gasazrdelad, roca faqti erTgvar nimuSad, erTgvar magaliTad

iqceva; meore mxriv, faqti asustebs argumentacias, teqsts miTologiad

gardaqmnis;

Tu utrirebul skrupulozurobad aravin CagviTvlis, es sami

niSani sabWoTa istoriografiul narativs literaturis

artefaqtidan miTologiur struqturad ayalibebs.

saxeli

saxeli miTologiuri sistemis arsebiTi komponentia. saxelis

gareSe miTi ar arsebobs. sabWoTa istoriuli narativi

miTologizebulia. am konteqstSi saxels gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eqceva: xorcieldeba ararsebuli piris saxeldeba; ukuagdeben saxels,

roca denotats konotati STanTqavs; tabu cxaddeba ama Tu im

saxelze...

erTi ilustracia: XX saukunis Suaxanebamde mTels sabWoeTSi

mkvidrdeboda azri vinme kriakutnoize, romelmac TiTqos, msoflioSi

XX saukunis istoriuli narativi da miTologia

260

pirvelad (ufro ukeT _ pirvelma!) imogzaura sahaero burTiT. am

miTiT unda ganmtkicebuliyo ruseTisa da rusebis primati.

aucilebeli ganmarteba: akademikos d. lixaCovis ganmartebiT,

1731 wlis teqstSi msgavsi araferi weria. metic: kriakutnoi saerTod

ar aris saxeli. sinamdvileSi aq ewera rusuli sityva “monaTluli”

_ «Êðåùå í î é». Tanac, es monaTluli, romelsac riazanSi sahaero

burTi daumzadebia, erovnebiT germaneli, gvarad ki furceli yofila.

miuxedavad am mtkicebisa, rusebis prioritetis gasaxazad gamogonili

saxeli XX saukunis bolo aTeulamde mogzaurobda sahaero burTiT...

samecniero-popularul literaturaSi.

XX saukunis istoriul narativSi saxeli gansakuTrebiT

konotatiuri xdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom konotacias nebismieri

is saxeli eqvemdebareba, romelic ki istoriografis narativSi

xvdeba. es naambob ambavs mkveTri miTologizebis safrTxis win

ayenebs. magram rac ufro mcirdeba droiTi distancia, konotaciurobac

izrdeba. rac ufro axlosaa istorikosi aRsawer movlenasTan, miT

ufro bundovani xdeba denotati.

erTi ilustracia: sabWoTa istoriul narativSi Tu Tavidan

mxolod anti partiuli dajgufebebi, mimdinareobebi da a.S.

eqvemdebareboda konotacias, Semdeg, safinalo nawilSi, mTeli saxelebi

konotirdeboda. Cndeboda aseTi figurebi: “TeTrgvardieli pigmeebi”,

“usaxuri araraobebi”, “faSisti laqiebi”, “sabWoTa xalxi” da a.S.

opozicionerTa saxelebi, Cveulebriv, mxolobiT ricxvSi aRar

ixmareboda: “rikovebi, zinovievebi, kamenevebi...”

aucilebeli ganmarteba: roca saxelis denotats misi

konotati STanTqavs xolme, izrdeba winaaRmdegoba narativebsa da

mis sapirispiro diskursebs Soris. teqstis dasawyisidan

dasasrulisken midrekili istoriuli narativis energetika cxreba,

sustdeba, diskursuli energia ki izrdeba. warmoiSoba axali problema,

romelsac originalurad wyvets XX saukunis istoriografia.

cnobilia, rom yovelgvari diskursuli sawyisis eskalacia Zliers

xdis teqstSi avtoris sunTqvas da piriqiT, diskursuli sawyisis

Sesusteba teqsts wminda narativad aqcevs _ iq pirebi ar arseboben.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sabWoTa narativs, romlis avtoris vinaoba

ubralo mkiTxvelisTvisac ki cnobili iyo, eqsplicirebuli avtori

ar hyavda. partiul teqstebs, ZiriTadad, centraluri komitetis

komisia qmnida, teqstebis avtorebis vinaoba ki tabuirebuli gaxldaT.

iqmneboda anomaliuri situacia: opoziciebi “stalinia sabWoTa

gia joxaZe

261

narativis avtori” an “stalini ar aris sabWoTa narativis avtori”,

erTdroulad, simarTlec iyo da sicruec.

amgvarad, sabWoTa istoriul narativSi tabuirebis ori saxe

ganiWvriteba: tabuirdeba CamogdebulTa da samudamo daviwyebisTvis

ganwirulTa saxelebi _ 1980 wlamde opoziciis warmomadgenelTa

gvarebi ar ixsenieboda. Camoyalibda paradoqsuli viTareba, romelSic,

vTqvaT, trockizmi arsebobda, magram ar arsebobda lev trocki. maS,

tabu edeboda demonTa saxelebs, Tumc, tabus verc teqstis demiurgi

acda. misi saxelis warmouTqmeloba demiurgs orakulis, misnis

reputacias uqmnida, TviTon teqsti ki absolutur WeSmaritebad

iqceoda. es emTxveoda koleqtiur survils. yalibdeboda erTgvari

magiuri sivrce, roca adamians sakuTari Tavisadmi, sakuTari

SesaZleblobebisadmi urwmunoba uCndeboda. imave dros, is TiTqmis

aRmerTebda koleqtiuri survilebisa da moqmedebis Zalmosilebas.

jadosani, misani imiT Zlierdeboda, rom calkeul pirovnebasaviT ar

iqceoda _ masSi mTeli tomis energia iyo akumulirebuli. pirovnebis

kulti magiis kultad iqceoda.

dabadeba

sabWoTa narativis klasikur (burJuaziul) narativTan brZolis

erTi mTavari TemaTagania “normanTa Teoria”. klasikuri istoria

ara mxolod mSvidad uyurebda variagebis mowvevis faqts, aramed

mas pozitiuradac ki miiCnevda. xazi esmeboda normanTa xelsayreli

da mSvidi mmarTvelobis stils. es rusebs keTildReobis perspeqtivas

uSlida da iolad aviwyebda erovnuli siamayis gancdas. amitom

slavebma, romlebmac novgorodis uxucesisa irwmunes, variagebs

mTavrobis daweseba Txoves. gaCnda daqucmacebuli slavuri tomebis

gamaerTianebeli xelisuflebis Seqmnis imedi. klasikuri istoria

am nabijisTvis novgorodis uxucess didebas da ukvdavebas uqadda.

sunTqvas iwyebda rusuli istoria.

SesaZloa vamtkicoT, rom sabWoTa istoriografia mxolod

imitom ebrZoda klasikur istoriul narativs, rom irRveoda misi

miTologiuri sistema: dauSvebeli iyo sabWoTa xalxis (igulisxme:

didi rusi xalxis) saxelmwifoebriobis mesaZirkvled normanebis

dakanoneba. aman naratiuli simetria daarRvia. saqme is aris, rom

imaSi, gvjera Tu ara normanTa Teoriis, gansxvaveba ara mxolod

msoflmxedvelobrivia, aramed _ naratologiuric. am gadmocemis

dajerebiT Cven gveZleoda saSualeba, istoriuli diskursi


262

literaturul artefaqtad gardagveqmna, radganac oriveSi warsuli

dro feTqavs da cdilobs, faqtebis samefoSi ierarqia SeinarCunos.

gadmocemis ukugdebiT Cven uarvyofT warsul dros, masTan

erTad ki _ istoriuli diskursis naratologiur potencias.

SesaZloa, gvwamdes an ar gvwamdes imis, Tu vin daudo safuZveli

rusul saxelmwifoebriobas, magram SeuZlebelia imis dajereba an

daujerebloba, vin ar aris saxelmwifoebriobis fuZemyreli.

antinormanulobis mankiereba is ki ar aris, rom arsebuli

gadmocemisadmi skefsiss avlens, aramed is, rom klasikuri narativis

ganadgurebiT, alternativis saxiT, sicarieles gvTavazobs.

narativi da predikati

ra ganapirobebda sabWoTa narativis cxovelmyoflobasa da

xanierebas?

klasikur istoriul narativSi intriga erTmaneTs ukavSirebs

da xsnis urTierTsawinaaRmdego faqtebs. am dros istoria

filologiasaviT irjeba. roca cnobili teqsti ar Seesabameba sxva

sayovelTaod dadgenil faqtebs, filologi xelaxla awesrigebs

detalebs, gadawers (wers) teqsts. sabWoTa istoriul narativSi

intrigas hbadebs ara faqtebis konfiguracia, aramed _ referenciis

veli, romelsac safuZvlad udevs metabola _ gansxvavebuli metyveleba,

romlis wyalobiTac erTi da igive movlena SesaZloa sxvadasxva

urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebidan aRiweros imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

es movlena globaluri ganzogadebis magaliTad ganixileba Tu

kerZo, konkretul SemTxvevad! istoriografi am SemTxvevaSi im

adamianis rols TamaSobs, roca igi sakuTar Tavs sTavazobs gamocanebs

da TviTve gamoicnobs xolme maT.

amgvari naratiuli strategiis realizaciisTvis saWiroa ormagi

predikati.

klasikuri istoriuli narativi icnobs am paradoqss: “xalxi

yovelTvis marTalia im SemTxvevebis garda, roca is cdeba”.

gamovyofT sam Teziss, romlebic Tan sdevs 1930-1980 wlebis

sabWour narativs:

a)yvela mefe reaqciulia maT garda, romlebic progresulebi

arian;

b) aznauruli kulturis yvela warmomadgeneli proletariatis

mteria maT garda, vinc am kulturis gmiroba ikisra;

g) yvela teroristi mosawonia TanamedroveTa garda;

gia joxaZe

263

es debulebebi 1920-30-ian wlebSi gaCnda, maSin, roca Zveli

formebis msxvreva dasrulda da axali saxelmwifos mSenebloba

daiwyo. sazogadoebis didi nawilisTvis es misaRebi aRmoCnda.

saintereso mxolod isaa, rogor gaaerTiana aseTma politikurma

miTologiam socialurad gansxvavebuli klasebi! ase iyo Tu ise,

“kargma mefeebma”, “kargma memamuleebma” TavianTi adgili daimkvidres

kinosa da literaturaSi. albaT, aq im miRwevebs iTvaliswinebdnen,

romlebic maT qveynis winaSe miuZRodaT. yvela am teqstSi

ganixileboda urTierToba gmirsa da xalxs Soris, romelic

safuZvlad edeboda axal miTs. gmirisa da xalxis urTierTobis

naratiuli modeli mxatvruli diskursidan istoriulad gardaisaxa,

magram Tan iaxla mxatvruli diskursis mTxrobelobiTi forma,

gaiTavisa mTxrobelobiTi intenciebi. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu

mxatvruli Txrobisas ormagi predikatebi gadailaxa, es movlena

istoriul narativSi, TiTqmis, Cvens dromde SemorCa.

meore niSnad unda miviCnioT kulturuli miTis ideologiurad

gadaqceva. mag; ilia WavWavaZis kulturuli miTi ideologiurad

iqca. ase moxda ruseTSic _ puSkini xan memamulebTan brZolisTvis

gamoiyenes, xan _ Tavisive Tavis winaaRmdeg. poeti gaxda miTologiuri

gmiri, romelic xalxis gaTavisuflebas eswrafvoda.

sabWoTa narativis mTavar personaJad xSirad Cans teroristi.

es, cxadia, bolSevikebis mier xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebamde moxda,

rasac, sxvaTa Soris, taSi daukra inteligenciam. teroristi heroikul

narativSi “Caiwera”. inteligenciis naqadagebi humanizmi da

teroristis qmedeba gaerTianda.

warsulis teroristebs sabWoTa narativi xotbas asxams, magram

Tanamedrove miTologia, romelic ideologiur sistemas qmnis,

Tanamedrove teroristebis mimarT daundobelia. opozicia: “humanizmi

_ terorizmis” nacvlad gaCnda axali binaruli wyvili: “warsulis

terorizmi” _”Tanamedrove terorizmi”. sabWoTa narativma amiT

mTlianad gamoavlina Tavisi miTologiuri buneba.

sabWoTa istoriuli narativi ormag predikatTan SejaxebiT

uxerxul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, magram maleve ipovna gamosavali:

ori, radikalurad gansxvavebuli dadebiTi gmiris funqciebi ganasxvava:

grigol orbeliani da nikoloz baraTaSvili ruseTis imperias

TanaugrZnobdnen, magram maT mxolod didi poetoba daukanona; arsena

oZelaSvili teroristi iyo, magram memamuleebTan brZolisTvis

gafetiSda da a.S;


264

principSi, amiT gansxvavdeba sabWoTa istoriuli narativi

arqauli miTisgan. am ukanasknelSi semiozisis pragmatuli ganzomileba

gvevlineba, rogorc _ sintaqsur da semantikur ganzomilebaTa

urTierTqmedebis Sedegi; Tanamedrove miTologiaSi pragmatika

srulad imorCilebs sintaqss da semantikas. is universalur

meqanizmad iqceva, romelic naratologiur sqemas adgens. es gansxvaveba

aisaxa enasa da sametyvelo komunikaciebze, romelic calke Seswavlis

sagania.

literatura

barti 1989: Áàðò Ð. Èçáðàííûå ðàáîòû. Ñå ì è îòèêà . Ï îýòèêà . Ì . ,1989

fuko 1996: Ôóêî Ì . Àðõå îëîãèÿ çíàíèÿ. Êèåâ, 1996rikiori 2000: Ðèêåð Ï. Âðåìÿ è ðàññêàç. Ò. 1; ÑÏá, 2000aristotele 1957: Àðèñòîòåëü. Ïîýòèêà. Ì., 1957toporovi 1994: Òî ï î ð î â Â . Í . È ì å í à / / Ì è ô û í à ð îäîâ ìèðà. Ò.4.

1994lixaCovi 1983: Ëèõà÷åâ Ä.Ñ. Òåêñòî ëîãèÿ, Ë. 1983

Èñòîðèÿ Âñåñ î þ ç í î é Êî ì ì ó í è ñ ò è ÷ åñêî é ï à ðòèè (á îëü-øåâèêîâ). Êðàòêèé êóðñ. Ì., 1997

karamzini 1998: Êàðàìçèí Í . Ì . Èñòîðèÿ ãî ñóäàðñòâà Ðî ññèéñêî ãî ,êí. 1, Ì. 1998

soloviovi 1988: Ñîëîâüåâ Ñ.Ì. Ñî÷èíåíèÿ, êí. 1., 1988

Gia Jokhadze

Historical narrative and XX c. mythology

The Metamorphosis done by semiotics with historical narrative, has loweredits value as authentic source of the facts, but has simultaneously strongly connectedwith art of a narration in a broad sense, having made object of poetics andrhetoric.The history inherently is historiography, or being expressed in franklyprovoking style, - a literary artifact.

Thus, nothing prevents historical narrative to pretend to system of the facts,being as a matter of fact system of meanings and to function in ordinaryconsciousness as a myth. However, modern myths differ from archaic as on thegenesis, and various pragmatics.

gia joxaZe

265

Myths of the newest time are myths with the newest pragmatics, distinctlyfocused on the certain group, a party of people in a counterbalance to other group.Mythology of XX century in the organic image develops into ideology, in that timeas historical narrative - means of service of the ideology, transforming a story inthe completed mythological plot. Soviet historical narrative had a number of thefeatures distinguishing it from other historical narratives:

Permanent discursive war with classical historical narrative (“a bourgeoishistoriography “); the estimation of events prevails of their coherent statement;selection of the facts is carried out exclusively in process of their importance forsemiotic systems owing to what relative density of each fact increases, and thefact becomes some kind of an example, the sample; on the other hand, the factweakens the argument, transforming the text in mythological plot.

It is possible to approve, that owing to three named features narrative,peculiar to the Soviet historiography, it developes from an artefact of the literatureto mythological structure. Display of such movement can be found out preciselyenough in several significant parameters: Historical narrative and a problem of aname; Historical narrative and a problem of genesis; Narrative and a predicate.


266

Tamar yuraSvili

semantema ~gzis~konceptualuri veli qarTulSi

samyaro CvenTvis mocemulia enobriv

suraTebSi. TiToeul ers Tavisi enobrivi

samyaro aqvs, romelic specifikuria da

Tavsdeba konkretuli enis sazRvrebSi.

ludvig vitgenSteini Tavis `logikur-

filosofiur traqtatSi~ wers: `Cemi enis

sazRvrebi gansazRvravs Cemi samyaros

sazRvrebs~. ena axdens sinamdvilis kons-

truirebas, romelic unikaluria konkretuli

enisa da konkretuli kulturisaTvis.

`epistemurma revoluciam~ lingvisturi

azrovneba enobrivi niSnis Sinaarsobrivi

mxaris adeqvaturi aRmniSvneli terminis

SemuSavebis aucileblobis winaSe daayena,

romelic tradiciuli mniSvnelobisa da

azris funqciur SezRudulobas moxsnida

da romelSic organulad iqneboda Serwymuli

logikur-fsiqologiuri da enaTmecnieruli

kategoriebi. am aucileblobam sxvadasxva

nominanturi erTeulebi warmoSva, romlebsac

erTmaneTTan mouxelTebeli xalxis sulis~

mniSvnelobebSi asaxvisaken swrafva aerTia-

nebda. mas uwodebdnen `koncepts~, `lingvo-

kulturemas~, miTologemas~, logoepisTemas~.

am CamonaTvalidan yvelaze ufro marTebuli

da sicocxlisunariani koncepti~ aRmoCnda.

lingvistikasa da filosofiaSi kon-

cepti moiazreba, rogorc idealuri~ obieqti,

romelic asaxavs adamianis kulturul-

RirebulebiT warmodgenebs samyaroze.

d e b i u t id e b i u t id e b i u t id e b i u t id e b i u t i

ilia WavWavaZis saxe-

lmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecniere-

baTa da kulturis kvle-

vebis fakultetis doq-

toranti semiotikis mi-

marTulebiT (mecnieri

xelmZRvaneli cira barba-

qaZe).

naSromi _ `semantema

`gzis~ konceptualuri

veli qarTulSi~ _ wakiT-

xulia qarTveluri enaT-

mecnierebis mimarTulebis

doqtorantTa da magis-

trantTa I respublikur

samecniero konferenciaze

(quTaisi, 2007 weli).

naSromi dasabeWdad war-

moadgina prof. cira

barbaqaZem.

267

koncepti adamianis mier samyaros Secnobis procesSi iqmneba

da swored amitom masSi adamianTa gamocdileba da realoba aisaxeba.

aseT SemTxvevaSi koncepti uSualod ki ar asaxavs obieqtur

sinamdviles, aramed ayalibebs mis garkveul saxes. adamianis idealuri

cnobiereba materialur samyaros enobrivi niSnebiT gamoxatuli

konceptebiT gamosaxavs.

koncepti samyaros enobrivi suraTis ZiriTadi erTeulia,

erTgvari `gasaRebi sityvaa~, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba kulturis

axsna.

rodesac ana veJbicka semantikur universaliebze saubrobs,

miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da leqsikas Soris arsebobs

sruliad mWidro kavSiri. `Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom is, rac

sazogadoebis materialuri kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi

ritualebis kuTvnilebaa, aris, agreTve, am xalxis Rirebuleba da

ideali, rogor fiqroben isini samyaroze da am samyaroSi TavianT

cxovrebaze.~ (veJbicka 1999: 264).

garkveuli azriT, sityvebi gansakuTrebuli, kulturospecifikuri

mniSvnelobebiT asaxaven da gadmoscemen ara mxolod sazogadoebis

cxovrebis wess, aramed am xalxis azrovnebis stilsac.

koncepti SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `gasaRebi sityva~,

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani kulturisaTvis.

rogor unda gamovicnoT gasaRebi sityvebi?~ ar SeiZleba, rom

enaSi arsebuli yvela sityva koncepti iyos. amis dadgena, upirvelesad,

sixSireTa leqsikonebiT aris SesaZlebeli. agreTve, enis

frazeologiasa da idiomatikaSi romelime leqsikis aqtualizaciiT,

misi unariT, Seqmnas myari Sexameba meore sityvasTan.

erT-erTi aseTi gasaRebi sityva~ aris gza~. is warmodgenebi,

romlebic am sityvis analiziT iqmneba, mravlismomcveli da

mravalmniSvnelovania.

gzis modelis gaazreba sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad

xdeboda. Zveli aRTqmis adamianisTvis droSi ganfenili gzis saTaveSi

winaprebi arian, xolo maT misdeven STamomavlebi, anu Semdegi Taobebi,

romlebic winamorbedTa cxovrebis wesiTa da kanonebis dacviT

cxovroben, maTTvis Rirebuli warsulia, romelic arqetipebSia

dapresili. `arqauli kacobrioba siaxlisgan da istoriuli

Seuqcevadobisagan rogorc SeeZlo, Tavs icavda. (eliade 1987: 64)

eklesiaste werda: rac yofila, igive iqneba da rac momxdara, igive

moxdeba, araferia mzis qveS axali.~ (ekl.1:9)

semantema `gzis~ konceptualuri veli qarTulSi

268

nina aruTiunova gzis modelis ganxilvisas gamoyofs or, Zvel

aRTqmiseulsa da qristes dabadebis Semdegdroindel models. orive

modelis gzis mTavar figuras mgzavri warmoadgens, romelic

tradiciul anu Zvel aRTqmiseul gzaze arasdros ar aris marto.

gzaze midis xalxi, tomi, Taoba... isini mTlianad emorCilebian bedsa

da drois uSualo moTxovnebs, cxovroben Tavisi winaprebis msgavsad.

(gamosvla, levianni, ricxvni, meore rjuli), rasac ver vityviT axali

aRqTqmisdroindeli adamianis Sesaxeb.

àxalma aRTqmam mTlianad Secvala gzis modeli. ioane

naTlismcemeli ieso qristes Sesaxeb malaqia winaswarmetyvelis

sityvebiT saubrobs: àha, movavlen Cems angelozs da gaamzadebs

gzas Cems winaSe~. (mal. 3:1). ioanes, maTes, markozis saxarebebSi

vkiTxulobT: ìoane mowmobs misTvis da RaRadiT ambobs: es aris

igi, visTvisac vTqvi: Cems Semdeg momavali Cemi winamorbedia, vinaidan

Cemze uwinares iyo~. (ioan. 1:15). ieso ioanes Sesaxeb ambobs: ès

aris igi, visTvisac daiwera: aha, me vgzavni Cems angelozs Sens winaSe,

romelic ganamzadebs Sens gzas Sensav winaSe~. (luka, 7:27). ioanes

misia iesos mosvlis damowmebaa. tradiciuli gzis modelSi mTavari

Rirebuleba eniWeba pirvelobasa da pirmSoobas, amitom qristes

ioanes win dayeneba motivirebulia imiT, rom qriste manamdec iyo,

ioanemde. uTxra maT iesom: WeSmaritad, WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven:

abraamze uwinares me var~. (ioan. 8;58) axla ki Sen ganmadide, mamao,

imave didebiT, romelic SenTan mqonda qveynis Seqmnamde~. (ioan.

17:5). qveynis Seqmnamde ieso qriste iwodeba `dasabam sityvad~,

logosad.

samyaros ganaxleba iwyeba axal aRTqmaSi. xolo aw rjulisTvis

mkvdarni, romliTac Sekrulni viyaviT, gavTavisufldiT misgan, raTa

vmonebdeT RmerTs sulis siaxliT da ara asos siZveliT~. (rom.,

7:6) axlis mosvliT ecema Zvelis prestiJi. ase rom, vinc qristeSia,

axali qmnilebaa; Zveli warxda, da, aha, yovelive aris axali~ (2kor.5:17).

axali aRTqmisTvis mniSvnelovania TanmimdevrobaSi siaxle. mravali

pirveli iqneba ukanaskneli da ukanaskneli - pirveli~ (maTe, 19:30).

pirveloba ganisazRvreba piradi damsaxurebis mixedviT.

qristianobam adamians misca Tavisufleba gzis arCevanSi. gzam

Seicvala mimarTuleba. adamianma zurgi aqcia warsuls da daiZra

momavlisken. gzis modelSi gaCnda mizandasaxeloba. miznebis (gegmebis,

Canafiqrebis, proeqtebisa da prognozebis) lokalizeba mxolod

momavalSia SesaZlebeli. miznisken swrafva aris swrafva momavlisken.

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269

am modelis centralur figuras aqtiuri pirovneba, axali adamiani

warmoadgens. (aruTiunova 1998: 693).

ioanes saxarebaSi qristes erT-erTi epiTeti aris gza. me var

gza da WeSmariteba da cxovreba. ara vin movides mamisa, garna Cem

mier~ (ioane, T.14:6). rodesac esaia winaswarmetyveli uflis

Surisgebaze saubrobs da am Surisgebis Semdeg morwmuneTa da

marTalTa xsnaze, gzas rogorc samudamo da saimedo TavSesafars

ganixilavs. Saragza iqneba iq da wmida gza daerqmeva mas; uwmiduri

iq ver gaivlis; gzianad mavalisaTvis iqneba igi da briyvebi ar

iyialeben~.

`Sua saukuneTa xelovnebaSi yoveli gza simboluria. nebismieri

gzis fizikurad gavla raRac sulier plansac gulisxmobs. sanimuSod

miuTiTeben xolme, rom dantes `RvTaebriv komediaSi~ cebze svla

sinamdvileSi sulieri gancdaa, fiqria da ocneba sakuTari sulis

safexurebze~ (siraZe 1987: 82).

gzis gavla yovelTvis siZneleebis daZlevasTan aris

dakavSirebuli da swored amis gamo gza iniciaciis, miuwvdomel

codnasTan ziarebisa da yofieri Tu sakraluri sibrZnis mopovebis

simbolod gvevlineba.

gzis dasawyisi SeiZleba iyos materialuri (saxli) an figu-

raluri (v.propis terminologiiT, `naklebobis gancda~). saboloo

wertili ki ganixileba rogorc sakralur RirebulebebTan ziareba

dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvis Semdeg.

rac Seexeba semantema gzis konceptualuri vels, misi kvleva

enis idiomatikasa da frazeologiaze dakvirvebiT aris SesaZlebeli,

mis masStaburobasa da polisemiurobaze warmodgenas ki mxatvruli

teqstebis analizi iZleva.

`gza ars zomieri kacTa savali, xolo Sara - vrceli, da

biliki - viwro, xolo qaSani - SambnarTa anu TovlTa zeda gatkecili

savali da wavarna - kldeTa zeda viwro rame nadirTa warsavali.~

- ase ganmartavs sivrceSi arsebul mimosvlisaTvis gankuTvnil xazs

sulxan-saba orbeliani (orbeliani 1991: 158).

radgan gza savali nawilia, Sesabamisad, am semantemis Semcveli

umravlesi idiomebis zmnuri nawilic moZraobis gamomxatvelia.

magaliTad, wanwali (gzaTa ukan wanwali) uTavbolod, ugzo-ukvlod

xetials, tyuilad drois kargvas niSnavs. gzis avla raimesTvis an

vinmesTvis Tavis aridebis gamomxatvelia. gzis gadavla dabrkolebis,

xelis SeSlis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis aRmniSvnelia. umoZraobas,


270

umoqmedobasa da usaqmurobas xatovani gamoTqma gzis abalaxeba

gamoxatavs.

vinaidan leva, galeva, daleva raimes dasrulebas, moklebas,

dauZlurebas, dasustebas niSnavs, amis Sesabamisad, gamoTqma gzis

galeva mgzavrobis an sicocxlis dasrulebis xatovani gamoxatulebaa.

(`naxevari sicocxlis gza gavlie, sitkbozeda mware meti davlie~,

a.wereTeli).

iseTi sawyisebi, rogoricaa moWra, gadaWra, Sekvra, dagdebineba,

gadagdeba, gadaRobva, gamrudeba, daxSoba gzasTan~ SeTanxmebiT xelis

SeSlas, dabrkolebis Seqmnas, akrZalvas, winaaRmdegobis gawevas

gamoxataven.

xelis Sewyobis, daxmarebis aRmoCenis, Wkuis darigebisa da

magaliTis mimcemi idiomebi gzasTan erTad Semdegi sawyisebis

SesityvebiT iqmneba: Camocla, gakafva, gagneba, dayeneba, gaxsna, Cveneba,

gatana, yofa, ganaTeba.

gzad da xidad gadeba winamZRvrobas, cxovrebis gaiolebasa da

daxmarebis aRmoCenas gulisxmobs.

raime gadawyvetilebis miRebisas orWofobasa da yoymans

gzasayarze dgoma gamoxatavs.

gza da kvali asaval-dasavals aRniSnavs, xolo gza-kvalis

areva/dabneva vinmes SecdomaSi Seyvanas gulisxmobs.

Zvel dros, rodesac gzebis nakleboba iyo da Tavisuflad

gadaadgileba mTel rig siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, gziani

gamosadegi, gonivruli, samSvidobos gamyvani da gaWirvebidan Tavis

daRwevis aRmniSvneli zedsarTavi saxeli gaxda. (`sZraxavdnen kaxTa

batonsa, saqme ver moyavs gzianad~, d.guramiSvili). gzianis antonimia

ugzo, rac winadauxedav, ugunur, uWkuo da gamousadegars aRniSnavs.

ampartavnebisa da qedmaRlobis gamosaxatavad iyenebdnen gamoTqmas

`mTis wverze gzis daqna.~ (`xevs vinRac ivasebaa,/ mindors bubunebs

xario,/ ar iareba dabalze,/ mTis wverze daqna gzanio.~ p.umikaSvili).

qarTul enaSi gza Ziridan nawarmoebi sityvebia: mgzavri, mogzauri,

mogzauroba, megzuri, megzuroba, namgzavri, Tanamgzavri, sagzao, sagzuri,

sagzali, sasagzle, gzavnili.. nawilaki -gzis, romelic daerTvis

ricxviT saxels, aqcevs mas zmnisarTad da moqmedebis ganmeorebas

gamoxatavs. (orgzis, samgzis, mravalgzis).

`gzasTan~ dakavSirebuli myari da dauSleli Sesatyvisebi,

romlebic iqcnen dauSlel kompozitebad aris gzamkvlevi,

gzajvaredini, gzatkecili, gzadakarguli, gzaabneuli, gzagamtari,

gzispira, fuZis gaorkecebiT aris miRebuli gzagza, an gzadagza..

Tamar yuraSvili

271

gza, rogorc wasvlasTan, mogzaurobasTan, aseve dabrunebasTan

da lodinTanac asocirdeba. gzisken Tvalebi damawyda viRacis an

raRacis didi xnis molodins gamoxatavs.

rogorc sicocxle, aseve sikvdilic gzasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa marilze wasvla, Sabze wasvla, avi

dRis waReba vinmes gardacvalebas aRniSnavs.

siaruli, sirbili, gaqceva, waqceva, CanCali, wanwali, Zrwola,

gorva, xoxva, forTxva, gaswreba, daweva uSualod gzasTan dakavSirebuli

sawyisebia da maTi gamoyeneba andazebSi sakmaod xSiria.

`gaiqca da kidec gaifrcqvna~, gamoqceulis mosvlas armosvla

sjobiao~, gaswie, xaro, nislao, patronTan ginda misvlao~, gamoudeq

simarTlesa, gamogilevs sinaTlesa~, gaWirveba maCvene, gaqcevas gaCvenebo~,

`wasvla sjobs warmavalisa, ardayovneba xanisa~, sasaflaos uTqvams

kacisTvis - bevrjer waxval, magram erTxelac moxval da veRar

waxvalo~, Sori gza moiare da Sin mSvidobiT modio~, sadac aris

bedi Seni, iq migiyvans fexi Seni~ da a.S.

gzis SemecnebiTi, komunikabeluri da esTetikuri funqcia

mravalgvaradaa gaazrebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi da amis erT-erT

saukeTeso magaliTs oTar WilaZis romanebi iZleva.

upirvelesad, gza aris moZraoba, sivrcis aTviseba, gadaadgileba

sawyisi wertilidan saboloosken. samoqmedo asparezi, erTgvari

direqcia, mimarTuleba Rirebulebebis transformaciisa da

realizaciisaken, pirovnebis swrafva individualizaciisaken.

`magram magaliTi mibaZvas, ganmeorebas ki ar avaldebulebda,

aramed mesame, sakuTari gzis Ziebas, radgan misma mSoblebma, dedamac

da mamamac TavianTi gza icodnen mxolod, ise cxovrobdnen, rogorc

is gza aiZulebda, rogorc im gzas Seefereboda, xolo viRacis,

Tundac mSoblis mier ukve ganvlil gzas, Zalianac rom moindomos,

Zalac rom mosdevdes saamisod, veRaravin gaivlis xelmeored, Tundac

im ubralo mizezis gamo, am qveynidan yvela Tavis gzianad rom

qreb.~.(o.WilaZe, ~rkinis Teatri~).

nina aruTiunova erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs adamianis cxovrebiseul

gzasa da bedisweras naSromSi: `bedis gageba sxvadasxva kulturis

konteqstSi~. gza, rogorc adamianis cxovrebis koncepti, dayofilia

etapebad, is, bedisgan gansxvavebiT, iwyeba maSin, rodesac adamiani

cxovrebaSi pirvel arCevans akeTebs. Tu bedi, bediswera adamians

aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisgan, cxovrebiseuli gza, piriqiT, mas

am pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. adamians SeuZlia bedis samduravis


272

Tqma, ubedobis Civili, magram cxovrebisul gzasTan dakavSirebuli

terminebiT is amas ver gamoxatavs.~

oTar WilaZe ki bediswerasa da cxovrebiseuli gzas erTmaneTTan

aigivebs da gzas, rogorc gardauval aucileblobas ganixilavs.

`yvela adamiani Tavisi sakuTari, erTaderTi, ganumeorebeli gziT

ibadeba da Tavcocxali ver gadauxvevs am gzidan~. (o.WilaZe, ~go-

dori~).

gzis konceptualur velSi oTar WilaZe moiazrebs rogorc

imeds (`vidre bilikis es nagleji mainc arsebobs, arc Cven gvaqvs

far-xmlis dayris ufleb.~. godori~), aseve - uimedobas, daRupvas,

ganwirulobas (ài, erTaderTi gza, romelic man cxovrebiT daimsaxura

- arsaidan momavali da arsaiT mimavali - gza ki ara, gzis nagleji,

gzis monarCeni, asfaltmosxmuli da wablis mwvane burZglebiT

mofenili~. ~godori~).

grZnobis, sindisis, mogonebis gareSe cxovrebas o.WilaZe

simbolurad ùgzoobis qveyanas~ uwodebs, ~sadac xelmocarulni,

ganwirulni, ufesvoni da umomavloni sakuTari fexiT Sedian, cocxlad

rom Caimarxon Tavi Zvel codvebSi, amazrzen, Semzarav mogonebebSi,

CvenebebSi, koSmarebSi, radgan sicocxlec iseTive uazrobaa imaTTvis,

rogorc sikvdili, sicocxlisac iseve eSiniaT, rogorc sikvdilisa.

amitom, aRarafers aRar elodeba, aRarafris aRar sjera, garda

aRsasrulisa, romelic dRiTidRe axlovdeba, dRiTidRe gardauvali

da bunebrivi xdeba, imitom ki ara, megzuri rom ar Cans, megzurma rom

daaRalata, anda ver amoaRwia aqamde, aramed imitom, TviTonve rom

moiWra erTaderTi gza~. (`rkinis Teatri~). da es erTaderTi gza

oTar WilaZisTvis im dakarguli gzis Ziebaa, romelic iq miiyvanda,

sadac unda misuliyo, aucileblad, ara viRacis jibriT, aramed

bunebis kanonis ZaliT - Tavis fuZeze, Tavis WerqveS, Tavis akvanTan

da Tavis samaresTan~ (`rkinis Teatri~).

gzas oTar WilaZe ganixilavs rogorc tradicias (`met-naklebad

yvelani erTnairad iyvnen gadamcdarni Zveli gzidan, ramdenadac Tavad

Zveli gza aRar arsebobda da Tu awuxebdaT, siaxlis SegrZneba

awuxebdaT mxolod, rogorc jer kidev moutexavi fexsacmeli~

(`rkinis Teatri~), aseve cxovrebis wess an Cvevas: àra, gzis meti

raa, magram umal axali gzis maZiebeli moinaTleba moRalated, vidre

Zvelis erTguli mimdevari~, (`godori~).

gza aris arCevani, alternativa, varianti, versia, xerxi, meTodi,

saSualeba da gamosavali. ìqneb, mxolod dumili da Segueba iyo

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273

erTaderTi gza, romelic adamianisTvis daeTmoT RmerTebs~ (`gzaze

erTi kaci midioda~).

oTar WilaZisTvis siyvarulsa da veragobasac TavTavianTi gza

aqvT: `natoc siyvarulis gzidan TandaTan, TiTqmis SeumCnevlad

veragobis gzaze gadadioda~; oTar WilaZe sikvdilis gzas daRupvis

gzisgan ganasxvavebs. sikvdilis gza ki ar iqneba igi, romelic adre

Tu gvian yvelam unda gaiaros, aramed daRupvisa, romelic mxolod

imisTvisaa gankuTvnili, visac bedma umuxTla, anda vinc beds aujanyda~.

(`yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~).

gzis modeli mgzavris moZraobisa (midis, modis, gadis, axlovdeba,

dgeba) da adgilis (win, ukan, Semdeg...) metaforebze aris dafuZnebuli,

is sivrcisa da drois kategoriebTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli

da, Sesabamisad, is leqsika, romelic gzasTan erTad qmnis myar

Sesityvebebs, Cveulebriv, drosac miemarTeba.

`marTlac, didi dro gasuliyo, gasuliyo, radgan es iyo misi

mTavari Tviseba, daudevrad miabijebda Tavis gzaze... misTvis sul

erTi iyo, vis abijebda, an ras abijebda fexs, ra unda gaesrisa, ra

unda gaecamtverebina, risTvis unda Seetovebina samudamod SiSveli

terfebis anabeWdi~. (`gzaze erTi kaci midioda~).

oTar WilaZis yvela romani sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis,

WeSmaritebasTan ziarebisa da sinamdvilesTan dabrunebis gzaze

Semdgari maradiuli mgzavrebis erTi didi moZraobaa. misi erT-

erTi romanis saTauri gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ am gzaze bedisweris

pirispir myofi adamianis martoobis gamomxatvelia. TiToeuli

adamiani martoa, Tavisi piradi, sakuTari gzisa da daniSnulebis

ZebnaSi.

`gzasac povna unda, gzas unda swored povna, ufro zustad rom

vTqvaT, yvelaferi unda aitanos, vidre sabolood aexileba gzis

dasanaxi Tvali. kidev ufro zustad, vidre sinamdvilisgan Tavis

dasacavi movlenebi, sizmrebi Tu mogonebebi isev sinamdviles dauTmoben

adgils~ (~martis mamali~).

es aris adamianis xelaxla dabadebis, kaTarzisis gza.

`gamwarebuli gamorbis sxvaTa warsulidan, Teslis bnelsa da idumal

gzas mihyveba araraobidan sicocxlisaken, raTa iSvas, daibados,

aRmocendes da Tavidan daiwyos yvelaferi~. (~martis mamali~).

magram oTar WilaZis romanebSi ganfenil gzebs mxolod

momavlisken ar aqvT gezi, aris gza, romelic ukan, warsulSic abrunebs

da `warsulamde arsebul droSic,~ iniciaciis sferoSi.


274

`farnaozma im dRes dahkarga ino, im dRes gaswira sabolood,

radgan swored im dRes unda gamoeyvana, ZaliT unda gamoeTria aTasi

kacis gaxrwnili vnebiT aSmorebuli oTaxidan da masTan erTad

dasdgomoda usasrulo gzas, romelic warsulamde arsebul droSi

gadaiyvanda, patara mRvimeS~ (`gzaze erTi kaci midioda~).

warsulSi Sebruneba ki oTar WilaZisTvis maradisobasTan

dakavSirebis aqtia. `Tuki rodisme warsulSi Sebruneba SesZeli,

mere ki warsulic gadalaxe, maradisobaSi aRmoCndebi Turme da

aRarasodes mokvdebi~ (`martis mamali~).

oTar WilaZe gzis globalur metaforizacias axdens da misTvis

gza mTavar saxe-simbolod, saxe-idead iqceva.

`gzas imitom hqvia gza, usasrulod rom gagrZeldes, yvelafers

miswvdes, fiqriviT, yvelaferze gadaiaros, dro-JamiviT da isic

pirnaTlad asrulebdes aqamde Tavis movaleobas - urCxuliviT

Semoxvevia qveyanas, sakuTari kudi pirSi Caudia da mSvidad sZinavs,

radgan aRaraferi arsebobs misTvis moulodneli, ganucdeli,

gauTvaliswinebeli... Tavic iq udevs, sadac bolo - iq iwyeba, sadac

mTavrdeba, xolo visac jer erTic gasarkvevi aqvs da meorec, iqamde

unda iaros, vidre urCxulis xaxidan isev urCxulis xaxaSi

dabrundeba~ (`martis mamali~).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom mecnierebi koncepts

metaforulad qolgisebur termins~ uwodeben, romelic gulisxmobs

niSnis azrobriv mniSvnelobas, araCveulebrivad dinamiur, variantulsa

da mravalganzomilebian warmonaqmns, mudmivad cvlads gare

informaciis zegavleniT, maSin oTar WilaZesTan semantema gzis

qolgisebur arealSi moqceul sxvadasxva gagebebs erT did, mTavar

ideasTan mivyavarT, romelic RmerTTan, absolutTan Sexvedris imeds

iZleva.

literatura

aruTinova 1998: Í. Ä. Àðóòþíîâà, ßçûê è ìèð ÷åëîâåêà, Ìîñêâà.veJbicka 1999: Àííà Âåæáèöêà, Ñåìàíòè÷åñêèå óíèâåðñàëèè è

î ï è ñàíèå ÿçûêî â , Ìî ñêâà.ivanovi 1999: Âÿ÷. Âñ. Èâàíîâ, Èçáðàííûå òðóäû ï î ñå ì è îòèêå è

èñòîðèè êóëüòóðû, ò. I , Ìî ñêâà.siraZe 1987: siraZe revazi, literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi,

1987.

Tamar yuraSvili

275

orbeliani 1991: sulxan saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, t. I,

Tbilisi.

teqstebi:

oTar WilaZe, gzaze erTi kaci midioda, Tb., 1979.

oTar WilaZe, yovelman Cemman mpovelman, Tb., 1976.

oTar WilaZe, rkinis Teatri, Tb., 1987.

oTar WilaZe, avelumi, Tb., 1990.

oTar WilaZe, godori, Tb., 2006.

Tamar Kurashvili

Conceptual field of the semanthema “wey” in Georgianlanguage

In liguistics and philosophy, the term concept implies an “ideal object”. Theterm reflects cultural and value-based of the human perceptions of the world. It isa kind of key word that explains culture. Obviously, not all the words of a languageare concepts in iteself. These key words are being identified by using the dictionariesof frequently used terms as well as through inquiries into lexics and fraseology.

Way is one of such key words. The perceptions that are revealed throughanalysis imply multiple meanings. The study of the conceptual field of way ispossible through the study of idiomatics and fraseology, that is, inquiry of the wordsthat stem from this semantheme including composites, idiomatic expressionsand popular sayings.

The perceptional, communicative and aesthetic functions of way found inGeorgian literature are rather diverse. Works of Otar Chiladze can serve as anillustrative example in this regard.

The way implies movement, exploring the phisical space, and respectively,the domain or an operational area for action and the pursuit of individalization.Importantly, it also implies the lifetime journey and pne’s fate. Conceptual field of theway in Otar Chiladze’s work implies hope and hopelessness, tradition, habit the way of lifeas well as a choice, alternative, version, method, the means and a way out.

Taking into accout the fact that the scholars metaphorically call concept an umbrellaterm – that is an excessively dynamic, multivariate and multidimensional set of meaningsthat permanently reshaped by external information – the multiple meanings of thesemanthema of the way in Otar Chiladze’s works altogether lead to an overencomompassingtheme and idea that offers a hope of reaching out God as the absolute.


276

iuri lotmani

poeturi teqstis struqturuli analizisamocanebi da meTodebi*

struqturuli analizis safuZvelia Tvalsazrisi

literaturuli nawarmoebis, rogorc organuli mTlianobis Sesaxeb.

amgvari analizisas teqsti ar ganixileba, rogorc misi Semadgeneli

elementebis meqanikuri jami. TviT am elementebis `kerZoobiToba~

ki kargavs absolutur xasiaTs: TiToeuli maTgani realizdeba mxolod

teqstis sxva elementebTan da struqturul mTlianobasTan

mimarTebaSi. am gagebiT, struqturuli analizi Seesabameba Cveni

saukunis mecnierul ZiebaTa saerTo suliskveTebas da upirispirdeba

pozitivisturi kvlevis am atomarul-metafizikur tradiciebs,

romlebic mecxramete saukunes axasiaTebda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom

analizis struqturulma meTodma Tavisi adgili daikava mecnieruli

codnis sruliad gansxvavebul sferoebSi: lingvistikasa da

geologiaSi, paleontologiasa da samarTalmcodneobaSi, qimiasa da

socialogiaSi. aq wamoWrili problemebis maTematikur aspeqtebze

yuradRebis gamaxvileba da struqturaTa Teoriis, rogorc damouki-

debeli mecnieruli disciplinis Seqmna mowmobs, rom sakiTxma

calkeuli disciplinis meTodologiis sferodan saerTo-mecnieruli

codnis Teoriis sferoSi gadainacvla.

amgvarad gagebuli struqturuli analizi ar warmoadgens raime

siaxles. specifikuria TviT mTlianobis gageba: mxatvruli nawarmoebi

garkveuli realobaa da, rogorc aseTi, SeiZleba, danawevrdes;

ganvixiloT teqstis romelime nawili; davuSvaT, esaa poeturi

teqstis erTi striqoni an adamianis Tavis ferweruli gamosaxuleba.

axla warmovidginoT, rom es fragmenti CarTulia ufro vrcel

teqstSi. Sesabamisad, Tavis erTi da igive gamosaxuleba SeiZleba

warmoadgendes suraTis erT-erT detals, SesaZloa, man suraTis

zeda nawili daikavos an mTlianad Seavsos tilo (vTqvaT, eskizebi).

T a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b iT a r g m a n e b i

* mkiTxvels vTavazobT or qveTavs wignidan Þ . Ì . Ëî ò ìàí, Àíàëèç ï îýòè÷åñêî ãîòåêñòà. Ë. Èçä. «Ïðîñâåùåíèå». 1972. gv. 11-23. maTSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi dResac

inarCunebs Tavis aqtualobas. mTargmneli – Tamar lomiZe.

277

es magaliTebi cxadyofs, rom teqstobrivad igiveobrivi detali,

ufro zogadi saxis mTlianobebSi CarTvisas, ar emTxveva xolme

sakuTar Tavs.

am mxriv sayuradRebo daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva

kinokadris aRqma. firze aRbeWdili erTi da igive gamosaxuleba,

romelic gansxvavebul (magaliTad, saerTo, saSualo da wina) planebzea

warmodgenili, kinofiris mxatvrul konstruqciaSi sxvadasxva

gamosaxulebis saxiT warmoCndeba, rac ganpirobebulia ekranis

Sevsebuli nawilis mimarTebiT misi carieli nawilisa da CarCosadmi

(TviT planebis gansxvaveba mxatvrul mniSvneloba gadmocemis

saSualebad iqceva). amasTan, gamosaxulebis sididis cvalebadoba,

romelic damokidebulia ekranis zomebze, darbazis moculobasa da

kinogaqiravebis sxva pirobebze, ar warmoqmnis axal mxatvrul

mniSvnelobebs. amgvarad, esTetikuri efeqtis wyarod da mxatvrul

realobad am SemTxvevaSi iqceva zoma – ara rogorc absoluturi

sidide, romelic Tavisi Tavis igiveobrivia (mxatvrul garemocvasTan

kavSiris gareSe), aramed – detalisa da kadris sazRvrebis

urTierTmimarTeba.

es dakvirveba SeiZleba ganvavrcoT da zogadi kanonzomierebis

saxe mivceT. mxatvruli realobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba

Tavs iCens maSin, rodesac miznad visaxavT nawarmoebis arsis, misi

ganuyofeli nawilis gamijvnas im (zogjer Zalze mniSvnelovani)

niSnebisagan, romlebic ar cvlis nawarmoebis specifikas. Cveulebriv,

eWvi ar gvepareba evgeni oneginis~ yvela gamocemis igiveobriobaSi,

maTi formatis, Sriftisa da qaRaldis xarisxis miuxedavad1. aseve

vaigivebT musikaluri an Teatraluri piesis yovelgvar

saSemsruleblo gaazrebebs. bolos, rodesac vakvirdebiT suraTis

Sav-TeTr reproduqcias an mis graviuras (XIX saukunemde ferweris

sxvagvari reproducireba SeuZlebeli iyo), mas, garkveulad, gaigivebT

dedanTan (ase magaliTad, graviurebis gadaxatva didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi xatvisa da kompoziciis swavlebis erTaderT formas

warmoadgenda. mkvlevars, romelic aanalizebs ferwerul tiloze

figurebis ganlagebas, SeuZlia mimarTos teqstis Sav-TeTr

reproduqciebs da gaaigivos isini TviT suraTTan). ZvelisZvel

freskaze daCneuli nafxaWni an laqebi SeiZleba ufro TvalsaCino

1 amgvari gaigiveba axasiaTebs teqstis Cveneul aRqmas, magram is sulac ar

warmoadgens sayovelTao kanonzomierebas. magaliTad, o. uaildis dorian greis

portretSi~ gmiris biblioTekaSi Sekrebil urTierTgansxvavebul wignebs erTnairad

anawyobi teqsti da sxvadasxva feris qaRaldi aqvT. bevr arqaul sazogadoebaSi

qvaze an spilenZze amotvifruli teqsti ise Seefardeba amgvarad gauformebel

teqsts, rogorc wminda – profanuls, WeSmariti ki _ yalbs.


278

iyos, vidre TviT naxati, magram freskis aRqmisas wavSliT~ xolme

mas (an vcdilobT wavSaloT. tkboba meoreul xasiaTs atarebs,

esTeturia. esaa mxolod danaSrevi aRqmaze, romelic teqsts

xarvezebisagan aTavisuflebs). amgvarad, teqstis realoba ar moicavs

yovelive imas, rac misTvis materialurad damaxasiaTebelia, Tu

vigulisxmebT materialurobis cnebis gulubryvil-empiriul an

pozitivistur mniSvnelobas. teqstis realobas warmoqmnis

mimarTebaTa sistema, is, rasac niSnadi antiTezebi gaaCnia, e.i. is, rac

gaerTianebulia nawarmoebis struqturaSi.

struqturis cneba gulisxmobs, pirvel yovlisa, sistemuri

mTlianobis arsebobas. xazs usvamda ra am niSans, klod levi-

strosi werd: struqturis sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs. misi Semadgeneli

elementebis Tanafardoba imgvaria, rom romelime maTganis cvlileba

iwvevs danarCenTa Secvlasac1.

zemoaRwerili dakvirvebebis meore arsebiTi Sedegia Sesaswavli

movlenis struqturuli (sistemuri) da arasistemuri elementebis

urTierTgamijvna. struqtura yovelTvis warmoadgens models. amitom

is teqstisgan meti sistemurobiT, `sisworiT~, abstraqtulobis

siWarbiT gansxvavdeba (ufro zustad, teqsts upirispirdeba ara

erTiani abstraqtuli sistema-modeli, aramed struqturaTa ierarqia,

romelic organizebulia abstraqtulobis gaZlierebis niSnis

mixedviT). TviT teqsti struqturasTan mimarTebaSi gvevlineba,

rogorc gansazRvrul doneze misi realizacia an interpretacia

(ase, magaliTad, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Seqspiris `hamletis~

nabeWdi an scenaze gaTamaSebuli variantebi – erTi nawarmoebia

sumarokovis hamletsa~ an Seqspiris makbetTan~ antiTezaSi; meore

mxriv, esaa piesis erTiani struqturis interpretaciis ori

gansxvavebuli done). maSasadame, teqsti ierarqiulia. is

ierarqiulobac Sinagani organizaciis, struqturulobis arsebiTi

niSania.

sistemisa da teqstis gamijvnas (enis Sesaxeb msjelobisas

erTierTs upirispireben `enasa~ da `metyvelebas~, amis Sesaxeb

dawvrilebiT ix. Semdgom TavSi) fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba

struqturuli ciklis yvela disciplinis Seswavlisas. am midgomidan

gamomdinare, ar SevexebiT SesaZlo Sedegebs, magram winaswari

ganxilvisas ramdenime maTganze unda SevCerde. upirveles yovlisa,

xazgasmiT aRvniSnav, rom teqnikisa da sistemis urTierTdapirispireba

1 Claude Levi-Strauss. Anthropologie structurale. Paris, 1958, p. 306.

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279

absoluturi rodia. is SefardebiTi da zogjer wminda evristikuli

xasiaTisaa. jer erTi, am cnebebis zemoT miTiTebuli ierarqiulobis

gamo erTi da igive movlena SeiZleba garkveul mimarTebebSi teqstis

saxiT mogvevlinos, sxvebSi ki – ufro dabali donis teqstebis

gasaSifri sistemis saxiT. ase, magaliTad, saxarebiseuli igavi an

klasicisturi araki warmoadgens zogierTi religiuri an zneobrivi

debulebis amxsnel teqsts, magram imaTTvis, vinc am SegonebebiT

unda isargeblos, isini modelebia, romelTa interpretacia

xorcieldeba mkiTxvelTa yofiTi praqtikisa da qcevis doneze.

`teqstisa~ da `sistemis~ cnebaTa kavSiri sxva SemTxvevebSic

iCens Tavs. umarTebuli iqneboda maTi imgvari dapirispireba, rom

teqsts realurobis Tviseba mivaweroT, struqtura ki ganvixiloT,

rogorc raRac gonebaWvretiTi mocemuloba, romlis arseboba

gacilebiT ufro problemuria. struqtura arsebobs teqstis

empiriul realobaSi, magram ar unda vifiqroT, rom kavSiri aq

calsaxaa da empiriuli arsebobis faqti realobis garkvevis

umaRlesi kriteriumia. empiriul samyaroSi Cveni gamocdilebidan

gamudmebiT ukuvagdebT da gamovricxavT garkveul faqtebs. vTqvaT,

mZRoli, romelic qarsarid minaSi Tvalyurs adevnebs quCas, amCnevs

fexiT mosiaruleTa jgufs, romelic quCas gadakveTs. is myisve

afiqsirebs maTi moZraobis siCqaresa da mimarTulebas, amCnevs im

Tvisebebs, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZloa qvafenilze fexiT

mosiaruleTa Semdgomi qcevis gansazRvra (`bavSvebi~, `mTvrali~,

`usinaTlo~, provincieli~). is ver aRiqvams yuradRebis gamfantvel

detalebs, romlebic misi sakuTari qcevis strategiis SerCevaze

gavlenas ver moaxdens. ase, magaliTad, is unda gaiwafos, raTa ar

SeamCnios kostiumebisa da Tmis feri, saxis nakvTebi. amave dros,

quCaze myofi sisxlis samarTlis policiis agenti an mSvenieri

sqesis moyvaruli ymawivili sruliad sxva realobas dainaxaven.

dakvirvebis unari gulisxmobs, rom zogierTi ram ver SeniSno da

imasac, rom sxva ram SeamCnio. TiToeuli am gulisyuriani damkvirveblis

winaSe empiriuli realoba gansakuTrebuli ieriTaa aRWurvili.

koreqtori da poeti erTsa da imave furcels gansxvavebulad

aRiqvamen. verc erT faqts ver SevamCnevT, Tu ar arsebobs maTi

SerCevis sistema, isive rogorc ver gavSifravT teqsts, Tu kodi ar

viciT. teqsti da struqtura urTierTs ganapirobebs da mxolod

am urTierTTanafardobis meSveobiT iZens realurobas.

quCis Sesaxeb moyvanili magaliTi SeiZleba ganvmartoT, rogorc

erTi da imave situaciis farglebSi arsebuli sami teqsti (xalxiTa


280

da manqanebiT savse quCa am SemTxvevaSi teqstis saxiT gvevlineba),

romlebic sami gansxvavebuli kodis saSualebiT iSifreba. amasTan,

is SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc erTi teqsti, romlis mimarT dasaSvebia

dekodirebis sami gansxvavebuli xerxis gamoyeneba. aseT magaliTebs

qvemoT sakmaod xSirad wavawydebiT. aranakleb sainteresoa magaliTi,

rodesac erTi da imave struqturis xorcSesxma ramdenime

gansxvavebul teqstSi SesaZ-lebeli.

humanitarul mecnierebebSi struqturuli meTodebis specifikis

swori gagebisaTvis saWiroa kidev erTi sakiTxis gamoyofa.

informaciis gadacemisa da dacvisaTvis yovelgvari struqtura ar

gamodgeba, magram informaciis Semcveli nebismieri mocemuloba

struqturas warmodgens. amgvarad, saqme exeba semiotikuri sistemebis

struqturul Seswavlas. es is sistemebia, romlebic niSnebs iyenebs

da emsaxureba informaciis gadacemasa da dacvas. struqturuli

meTodebi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove mecnierebaTa umravlesobaSi.

humanitaruli mecnierebis mimarT ufro marTebulia msjeloba

struqturul-semiotikuri meTodebis Sesaxeb.

* * *

poeturi teqstis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli saxiT organizebuli

semiotikuri struqturis ganxilvisas daveyrdnobiT winamorbedTa

mecnieruli azrovnebis miRwevebs.

amosavali mecnieruli principebis sxvaobasa da mravalferovnebas

ganapirobebs rogorc ideologiis (da, ufro farTod, kulturis)

gansazRvrul tipTan TiToeuli sakvlevi meTodis mimarTeba, aseve –

maTi kavSiri Semecnebis winsvlis kanonebTan. amasTan, arsebiTad,

mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seswavlisadmi orgvari midgomaa SesaZlebeli.

pirveli maTgani eyrdnoba warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom xelovnebis

arsi TviT teqstSi mdgomareobs, xolo yoveli nawarmoebi imiTaa

Rirebuli, rom is aris is, rac aris. am SemTxvevaSi yuradReba

maxvildeba xelovnebis nawarmoebis agebis Sinagan kanonebze; meoregvari

midgoma gulisxmobs nawarmoebis rogorc iseTi nawilis ganxilvas,

romelic TviT teqstze ufro mniSvnelovani mocemulobis

gamoxatulebaa: es SeiZleba iyos poetis pirovneba, fsiqologiuri

momenti an sazogadoebrivi situacia. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkvlevars ar

ainteresebs sakuTriv teqsti. es ukanaskneli masalaa zemoCamoT-

vlili ufro abstraqtuli donis modelebis asagebad.

literaturaTmcodneobaSi iyo periodebi, rodesac TiToeul

am tendencias yvelaze ufro aqtualuri mecnieruli amocanebis

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281

gadaWra ekisreboda. Semdgom, mecnierebis ganviTarebis mocemuli

doniT gansazRvruli SesaZleblobebis amowurvisas, is adgils

uTmobda sapirispiro mimarTulebas. ase, XVIII saukuneSi

literaturaTmcodneoba iyo, pirvel rigSi, mecniereba teqstis agebis

Sinagani wesebis Sesaxeb. da, rasac ar unda ambobdnen XIX saukunis

esTetikosebi meTvramete saukunis literaturaTmcodneobis

antiistorizmis, normatiulobisa da metafizikurobis Sesaxeb, ar

unda daviviwyoT, rom swored am dros daiwera bualos `poeturi

xelovneba~, lomonosovis `ritorika~ da lesingis `hamburgis

dramaturgia~. winamorbedi mecnierebis msjelobebs xelovnebis Sesaxeb

XIX saukunis Teoretikosebi `wvrilmans~ uwodebdnen. isini

fiqrobdnen, rom XVIII s. mkvlevrebs zedmetad itacebda samwerlo

ostatobis teqnologia. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom swored

XVIII saukuneSi literaturis Teoria, rogorc arasdros, ise iyo

dakavSirebuli kritikasa da cocxal literaturul cxovrebasTan.

teqstis agebis sakiTxze yuradRebis gamaxvilebasTan erTad XVIII

s. Teoretikosebi qmnidnen mxatvruli kulturis uzarmazar kapitals,

romelic, faqtiurad, XIX s. evropuli literaturis arsebobis

safuZvelia.

momdevno epoqis Teoriulma azrovnebam gadaWriT uaryo

Tvalsazrisi nawarmoebis, rogorc TviTkmari mocemulobis Sesaxeb.

teqstSi eZiebdnen istoriis, epoqis an romelime gareSe arsis sulis

gamoxatulebas. teqstis gareT arsebuli substancia cocxali da

usasrulo warmoedginaT, xolo TviT nawarmoebi gaazrebuli iyo,

rogorc misi nawilobriv adekvaturi samosi, rogorc sulis tyveoba

materialur gamoxatulebaSi~, rogorc usasrulobis sasruli xati.

mkiTxvelisa da mkvlevris mizans (winandeburad igulisxmeboda, rom

es erTiani mizani iyo, xolo mkvlevari kvalificirebul mkiTxvels

warmoadgenda) Seadgenda teqstis miRma arsebuli substanciebis

mikvleva. am TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZina teqstis

mimarTebam sxva teqstebTan, agreTve – maTma gaerTianebam erTiani

uZravi nakadis saxiT an teqstis mimarTebam mis gareT arsebul

realobasTan. es ukanaskneli esmodaT, rogorc msoflio sulis

ganviTareba an sazogadoebriv ZalTa brZola. TavisTavad teqstis

mniSvneloba mcirdeboda. igi `Zeglis~ doneze daiyvaneboda.

XX saukunis literaturuli Sexedulebebis Widils epoqis

saerTo xasiaTma Rrma dramatizmis didi daasva. swored am periodSi

aRiniSna rogorc erTi, aseve meore zemonaxsenebi tendenciis

mankierebis Sesaxeb. SeumCneveli darCa is faqti, rom TiToeuli


282

maTgani asaxavda Sesaswavli masalis gansazRvrul mxares da

mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis garkveul etapebze win wamowevda

xolme mZlavr da nayofier koncefciebs, sxva dros ki qmnida epigonur

da doqtrinul Teoriebs.

mTeli rigi istoriuli mizezebis gamo XX saukuneSi am ori

tendenciis konfliqtma gansakuTrebiT mZafri xasiaTi miiRo.

akademiuri literaturaTmcodneobis degradaciam sapasuxo reaqcia

gamoiwvia e.w. `formaluri skolis~ axalgazrda warmomadgenelTa

naSromebSi~ (`moskovis lingvisturi wre~ moskovSi; `opoiazi~

petrogradSi; futurizmis, mogvianebiT ki `lef~-is kritikosebi

da Teoretikosebi). am mimarTulebis amosaval debulebas da ZiriTad

damsaxurebas warmoadgenda Tvalsazrisi, rom xelovneba araa mxolod

damxmare masala fsiqologiuri an istoriuli StudiebisaTvis, xolo

xelovnebaTmcodneobas kvlevis sakuTari obieqti gaaCnia. obieqtisa

da kvlevis meTodikis damoukideblobis deklarirebis meSveobiT

`formalurma skolam~ pirvel planze wamoswia teqstis problema.

mis momxreebs egonaT, rom materializmis niadagze idgnen. isini

amtkicebdnen, rom mniSvneloba ar arsebobs misi materialuri

substratis – niSnis gareSe da rom is damokidebulia am niSnis

organizaciaze. am mkvlevarTa saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli bevri

brwyinvale migneba mxatvruli teqstis niSnobrivi bunebis Sesaxeb.

formaluri skolis bevrma debulebam winaswar ganWvrita

struqturuli literaturaTmcodneobis ideebi. maTi interpretacia

struqturuli lingvistikis, semiotikisa da informaciis Teoriis

uaxlesma ideebma ganaxorciela. praRis lingvisturi wrisa da r.

iakobsonis naSromebis meSveobiT, rusuli formaluri skolis Teoriam

Rrma zegavlena moaxdina humanitarul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebaze

mTel msoflioSi.

amasTan, ukve axalgazrda literaturaTmcodneTa naSromebis

garSemo wamoWrili polemikis dasawyisSi miTiTebuli iyo formaluri

skolis koncefciis bevri xarvezi. formalistebis kritikas, pirvel

yovlisa, xeli mihyves simbolizmis burjebma, romlebmac TvalsaCino

adgili daikaves 1920-iani wlebis literaturaTmcodneobaSi (v.i.

briusovi da sxva). isini ganixilavdnen teqsts, rogorc Rrma da

faruli sazrisebis garegnul niSans da ar eTanxmebodnen ideis

dayvanas konstruqciaze. formalizmis sxva aspeqtebma gamoiwvia im

mkvlevarTa protesti, romlebic klasikur germanul filologiasTan

iyvnen dakavSirebulni (g. Speti) da kulturaSi teqstebis jams ki

ar gulisxmobdnen, aramed – sulis moZraobas. bolos, 1920-iani

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wlebis kritikam miuTiTa, rom formalistebis literaturaT-

mcodneobiTi analizis imanenturoba mis ZiriTad nakls warmoadgens.

formalistebisTvis teqstis ganmarteba daiyvaneba pasuxze, romelic

unda gaeces kiTxvas: rogoriaa agebuli?~, sociologebisTvis yovelive

es ki gansazRvrulia sxvagvarad: `riTaa ganpirobebuli?~.

formaluri skolis dramatuli istoriis gadmocema

dagvacilebda Cveni uSualo amocanis farglebs. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos,

rom formaluri skolis rigebSi iyvnen gamoCenili sabWoTa mkvlevrebi:

b.m. eixenbaumi, v.b. Sklovski, i.n. tinianovi, b.v. tomaSevski; misi

principebis zegavlena ganicades v.o. vinokurma, g.a. gukovskim, v.v.

gipiusma, p.a. skaftimovma, v.m. Jirmunskim, m.m. baxtinma, v.v. vinogradovma,

v.i. propma da mravalma sxva mecnierma. formaluri skolis evolucia

dakavSirebuli iyo Sidateqstobrivi analizis imanenturobis

gadalaxvis tendenciasTan; metafizikuri warmodgena xerxze~, rogorc

xelovnebis safuZvelze, unda Seecvala mxatvruli funqciis

daileqtikur cnebas. aq calke unda gamovyoT i.n. tinianovis naSromebi.

formalizmis gardaqmna funqcionalizmad aSkarad vlindeba

literaturaTmcodneobis SesaniSnavi Cexuri da slovakuri skolis

magaliTze – i. mukarJovskis, i. grabakis, m. bakoSisa da praRis

lingvisturi wris sxva wevrebis, agreTve maTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli n.s. trubeckoisa da r. iakobsonis naSromebSi.

jerovnad SevafasebT ra `opoiazis~ Teoretikosebis mier

gamoTqmul ideebs, gadaWriT unda uarvyoT xSirad gamoTqmuli

Sexeduleba formalizmis, rogorc struqturalizmis ZiriTadi

wyaros Sesaxeb. am or mecnierul mimarTulebas zogjer aigiveben

kidec. struqturuli ideebis kristalizeba ganxorcielda rogorc

formalistebis, aseve maT mowinaaRmdegeTa naSromebSi. Tu erTni

saubrobdnen teqstis struqturis Sesaxeb, meoreni ikvlevdnen ufro

farTo – gareteqstobriv – mTlianobebs: kulturas, epoqas, samoqalaqo

istorias. formaluri skolis farglebSi ver gavaerTianebT iseT

mkvlevrebs, rogorebicaa: m.m. baxtini, v.i. propi, g.a. gukovski, v.m.

Jirmunski, d.s. lixaCovi, v.v. gipiusi, s.m. eizenSteini, iseve rogorc

andrei belis, b.i. iarxos, p.a. florenskis da mraval sxvas. amasTan,

maTi naSromebis mniSvneloba struqturalizmis ganviTarebisTvis

ueWvelia.

struqturul-semiotikuri literaturaTmcodneoba mTeli

winamorbedi mecnierebis gamocdilebas iTvaliswinebs, magram Tavisi

specifikac gaaCnia. is warmoiSva im mecnieruli revoluciis

garemocvaSi, romelic daemTxva XX saukunis Sua wlebs da organuladaa


284

dakavSirebuli struqturuli lingvistikis, semiotikis, informaciis

Teoriisa da kibernetikis meTodikasa da ideebTan.

struqturuli literaturaTmcodneoba ar warmoadgens

Camoyalibebulsa da sabolood gaformebul mecnierul mimarTulebas.

bevri, metad mniSvnelovani problemis Sesaxeb ar arsebobs

SexedulebaTa aucilebeli erTianoba an mecnieruli sicxade.

winamdebare wignSi avtors kargad aqvs Segnebuli, rom mecnierebis

amgvari mdgomareoba axal xarvezebs daumatebs imas, rac ganpirobebulia

misi, rogorc mecnieris, nakliT. amasTan, is ar iTvaliswinebs teqstis

struqturul-semiotikuri analizis yvela sakiTxis srul da

sistemur gadmocemas. mas surs gaacnos mkiTxvels problemebi da

maTi gadaWris meTodebi, gamoavlinos ara imdenad saboloo Sedegebi,

ramdenadac maTi miRwevis SesaZlebeli gzebi.

ena, rogorc literaturis masala

literaturis sagangebo adgils xelovnebaSi mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvravs mis mier gamoyenebuli masalis specifikuri Tvisebebi.

ar SevexebiT enis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi movlenis rTul problemas,

SevCerdebiT mxolod mis im mxareze, romelsac CvenTvis arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs.

ena literaturis masalaa. am gansazRvrebidan unda davaskvnaT,

rom literaturis mimarT ena materialuri substanciis rolSi

gvevlineba, iseve rogorc saRebavi – ferweraSi, qva – qandakebaSi,

bgera – musikaSi.

amasTan, TviT enis materialurobis arsi sxvagvaria, vidre

xelov-nebis danarCeni masalisa. saRebavi, qva da a.S., sanam xelovanis

gankargulebaSi aRmoCndeba, socialurad indiferentulia, sinamdvilis

SemecnebasTan araviTari mimarTeba ara aqvs. TiToeul maTgans sakuTari

struqtura gaaCnia, magram is bunebisganaa naboZebi da ar ukavSirdeba

sazogadoebriv (ideologiur) procesebs. am gagebiT, ena gansa-

kuTrebuli masalaa, romelsac maRali socialuri aqtivobis unari

manamdec axasiaTebs, vidre mas xelovani gamoiyenebs.

semiotikuri ciklis mecnierebebSi ena ganisazRvreba, rogorc

niSnobrivi komunikaciis meqanizmi, romelic informaciis dacvisa

da gadacemis mizans emsaxureba. yoveli enis safuZvelia niSnis

cneba – esaa mocemuli enis niSnadi elementi. niSans ormagi arsi

aqvs: garkveuli materialuri gamoxatulebis garda, rac mis formalur

mxares Seadgens, mocemuli enis farglebSi mas gansazRvruli

mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, es ki misi Sinaarsis saxiT gvevlineba. ase,

magaliTad, sityvisTvis `Î ð ä å í~ rusuli enis fonemaTa garkveuli

iuri lotmani

285

Tanmimdevroba da garkveuli morfogramatikuli struqtura

gamoxatulebas warmoqmnis, xolo leqsikuri, istoriul-kulturuli

da sxva mniSvnelobebi – Sinaarss. Tu mivmarTavT TviT ordens,

magaliTad, wm. giorgis I xarisxis ordens, maSin misi regaliebi -

niSani, varskvlavi da bafTa – gamoxatulebaa, xolo am jildosTan

dakavSirebuli pativi, misi socialuri Rirebulebis mimarTeba

ruseTis sxva ordenebTan _ warmodgena damsaxurebis Sesaxeb, romlis

mowmobasac warmodgens es ordeni anu misi Sinaarsi.

aqedan SeiZleba gamovitanoT daskvna, rom niSani – yovelTvis

Senacvlebaa. socialuri urTierTobis procesSi is enacvleba im

gansazRvrul arss, romelic misi meSveobiTaa warmodgenili.

Semcvlelis mimarTeba Sesacvlelisadmi anu gamoxatulebisa da

Sianaarsis urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoqmnis niSnis semantikas.

vinaidan semantika yovelTvis garkveuli mimarTebaa, amitom Sinaarsi

da gamoxatuleba igiveobrivi ver iqneba – komunikaciis aqtis

gansaxorcieleblad gamoxatuleba unda gansxvavdebodes Sinaarsisgan.

amasTan, gansxvaveba met-naklebi simZafrisaa. Tu gamoxatulebas da

Sinaarss araferi aqvT saerTo da maTi gaigiveba realizdeba mxolod

mocemuli enis sazRvrebSi (magaliTad, sityvisa da misi Sesabamisi

sagnis gaigiveba), maSin amgvar niSans pirobiTi ewodeba. sityvebi

pirobiTi niSnebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipia. Tu Sinaarssa da

gamoxatulebas Soris SeiCneva garkveuli msgavseba – magaliTad,

romelime mxare, asaxuli geografiuli rukiT, saxe da portreti,

adamiani da fotosuraTi – aseT niSans ewodeba saxviTi anu ikonikuri

niSani.

pirobiTi da saxviTi niSnebis praqtikuli gansxvaveba araa

dakavSirebuli sirTuleebTan; maTi Teoriuli Sepirispireba

aucilebelia kulturis, rogorc mTliani sakomunikacio organizmis

funqcionirebisTvis. amasTan, niSnisa da aRniSnuli obieqtis msgavseba~

Zalze pirobiTia da yovelTvis ganekuTvneba mocemuli kulturis

postulatebs: naxatSi samganzomilebiani obieqti organzomilebian

gamosaxulebas utoldeba; topologiis TvalsazrisiT, nebismieri

kvadrati nebismieri wrewiris homomorfulia; scena asaxavs oTaxs,

magram mayurebelTa mxares kedlis ararseboba _ misi mocemulobaa.

msaxiobis monologi asrulebs gmiris azrTa nakadis ikonikuri

niSnis funqcias, Tumca aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis msgavseba aq

pirobiTobaTaA mTeli sistemiT, e.i. Teatris eniTaa ganpirobebuli1.

enobrivi niSnebi araa mravali damoukidebeli arsis meqanikuri

naerTi. isini sistemas warmoqmnis. ena, Tavisi bunebiT, sistemuria.

1 ix. dawvrilebiT. Á. Óñïåíñêèé, Þ. Ëî ò ìàí. Óñ ë î â í îñòü â èñêóññòâå. – Ôèëîñîôñêàÿýíöèêëî ïåäèÿ, ò. 5, Ì., «Ñîâåòñêàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ», 1970, ñ. 287-288.


286

enis sistemurobis safuZvelia garkveuli wesebi, romlebic

gansazRvraven elementebis urTierTmimarTebas.

ena ierarqiuli struqturaa. is iSleba gansxvavebuli doneebis

elementebad. kerZod, lingvistika ganasxvavebs fonemaTa, morfemaTa,

leqsikis, sityvasSeTanxmebebis, winadadebebis, zefrazobriv

erTobliobebs (es yvelaze zogadi danawevrebaa. mTel rig SemTxvevebSi

aucilebelia marcvlebrivi, intonaciuri da sxva doneebis gamoyofa).

TiToeuli done organizebulia gansakuTrebuli, misTvis imanenturad

damaxasiaTebeli wesebis sistemis mixedviT.

ena organizebulia ori struqturuli RerZis meSveobiT. erTi

mxriv, misi elementebi danawilebulia sxvadasxvagvar ekvivalentur

klasebad, rogorebicaa: mocemuli arsebiTi saxelis yvela brunva,

mocemuli sityvis yvela sinonimi, mocemuli enis yvela Tandebuli

da a.S. ama Tu im enis romelime realuri frazis agebisas

ekvivalentobaTa yoveli klasidan virCevT erT saWiro sityvas an

saWiro formas. enis elementebis aseT mowesrigebulobas

paradigmatika ewodeba.

meore mxriv, imisTvis, raTa SerCeulma enobrivma elementebma

warmoqmnas am enis Sesabamisi, marTebuli (am enis TvalsazrisiT)

mwkrivi, isini gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviT unda davalagoT –

sagangebo morfemebis meSveobiT urTierTs SevaTanxmoT sityvebi,

sintagmebi da a.S. enis aseT mowesrigebulobas sintagmatika hqvia.

yovelgvari teqsti mowesrigebulia paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi

RerZebis mixedviT.

teqstis nebismieri donis ganxilvisas gamovlindeba misi

zogierTi elementis ganmeorebadoba da sxvebis variireba. ase,

magaliTad, rusul enaze Seqmnili yvela teqstis ganxilvisas

aRmovaCenT rusuli anbanis 32 bgeris mudmiv ganmeorebas, roca

anbanis moxazuloba sxvadasxva Sriftsa da sxvadasxva adamianis

xelnawerebSi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iqneba. metic, realur teqstebSi

Segvxvdeba mxolod rusuli anbanis asoTa variantebi, xolo sakuTriv

asoebi struqturuli invariantebi iqneba. esaa idealuri

konstruqtebi, romlebsac miewereba bgeraTa mniSvnelobebi. invarianti

– struqturis niSnadi erTeulia da ramdeni variantic ar unda

hqondes mas realur teqstebSi, maT mxolod erTi – sakuTar –

mniSvneloba eqnebaT.

amis gacnobierebis Semdgom TiToeul sakomunikacio sistemaSi

SeiZleba gamovyoT invariantuli struqturis aspeqti (romelsac

f. de sosiuris kvalobaze enas vuwodebT) da misi variaciuli

iuri lotmani

287

gansxvavebebis aspeqti (romlebic imave samecniero tradiciis mixedviT

ganisazRvreba, rogorc metyveleba). enisa da metyvelebis doneebis

gamijvna ganekuTvneba Tanamedrove lingvistikis yvelaze fundamentur

debulebebs. informaciis Teoriis terminebSi mas daaxloebiT

Seesabameba kodis (ena) da cnobis (metyveleba) dapirispireba.

enis (kodi) da metyvelebis (cnoba) Tanafardoba paraleluria

Tanafardobisa: sistema – teqsti. am TanafardobaTa arsis wvdomisTvis

mniSvnelovania molaparakisa da msmenlis enobrivi poziciebis gamijvna,

romelTa safuZvelze aigeba: a) sinTezuri (warmomSobi anu

generaciuli) da b) analitikuri enobrivi modelebi, romlebic

principulad gansxvavdeba urTierTisgan1.

movlenaTa klasebi, romlebic Cvens gansazRvrebas akmayofilebs,

semiotikaSi kvalificirebulia, rogorc enebi. aSkaraa, rom termini

`ena~ aq ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, vidre misi sayovelTao

gagebaa:

1. bunebrivi enebi – niSnobrivi sistemebi. isini adamianis

mieraa Seqmnili da emsaxureba misi moRvaweobis viwro-specializebul

sferoebs. maT ganekuTvneba yvela samecniero ena (pirobiTi niSnebisa

da maTi xmarebis sistema – magaliTad, algebraSi an qimiaSi miRebuli

niSnis, - semiotikis TvalsazrisiT, enis tolfasi `obieqtebisa~)

da sagzao signalizaciis tipis sistemebi. xelovnuri sistemebi

bunebrivi sistemebis safuZvelze aigeba maTi meqanizmis Segnebuli

gamartivebis Sedegad.

2. meoradi mamodelirebeli sistemebi – bunebrivi enis

safuZvelze agebuli semiotikuri sistemebi, romelTac ufro rTuli

struqtura aqvs. esenia: rituali, socialuri da ideologiuri

niSnobrivi komunikaciebis yvela erToblioba, xelovneba. isini

warmoqmnian erTian, rTul semiotikur mTlianobas – kulturas.

bunebrivi enisa da poeziis urTierTmimarTeba mocemuli

kulturis mTlianobaSi ganisazRvreba pirveladi da meoradi enebis

Tanafardobis sirTuliT.

1 aq warmodgenilia enis struqturis aspeqtTa Zalze arasruli da zedapiruli

nusxa – misi mizania, mkiTxvels gavacnoT Cvens naSromSi gamoyenebuli zogierTi

termini; vinaidan aucilebelia Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi debulebebis

codna. mkiTxvels vurCevT, mimarTos wignebs: È.È. Ðåâçèí, Þ.Þ. Ðîçåíöâåéã. Î ñ í î â ûî á ù å ãî è ìà ø è í í î ãî ïåðåâî äà. Ì, «Âûñøàÿ øêî ëà» (244 ñòð.); Þ.Ä. Àïðåñÿí. Èäåèè ìåòîäû ñîâðåìåííîãî ñòðóêòóðíîé ëèíãâèñòèêè. Ì., 1966. ufro specialuri

literatura miTiTebulia wignSi: Ñòðóêòó ð í îå ÿçûêîçíàíèå. Áèáëèîãðàôè÷åñêèéóêàçàòåëü. Ì., 1965.


288

bunebrivi enis, rogorc xelovnebis masalis specifikuroba,

mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs poeziis (da, ufro farTod –

sityvakazmuli xelovnebis) gansxvavebas mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

sxva saxeobebTan.

msoflios xalxTa enebi kulturis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi pasiuri

faqtorebis rolSi rodi gvevlineba. erTi mxriv, TviT enebi –

rTuli mravalsaukunovani kulturuli procesis produqtebia.

uzarmazari, uwyveti garemomcveli samyaro enaSi warmogvidgeba, rogorc

diskretuli, mkafio struqturis mqone mocemuloba. samyarosTan

Sefardebuli bunebrivi ena mis modelad gadaiqceva. esaa sinamdvilis

proeqcia enis sibrtyeze. vinaidan ena erovnuli kulturis erT-

erTi wamyvani faqtoria, samyaros enobrivi modeli warmogvidgeba,

rogorc samyaros erovnuli suraTis maregulirebeli faqtori.

erovnuli enis wamyvani roli meoradi mamodelirebeli sistemis

CamoyalibebaSi realuri da eWvmiutaneli faqtia1. is gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania poeziaSi.

meore mxriv, erovnuli tradiciis safuZvelze poeziis

Camoyalibebis procesi rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. Tavis droze

formalurma skolam wamoayena Tezisi enis, rogorc im masalis

Sesaxeb, romlis winaaRmdegobas gadalaxavs poezia. am debulebasTan

brZolisas warmoiSva Sexeduleba, TiTqos poezia enobrivi kanonebis

avtomatur realizacias warmoadgens da is enis erT-erTi funqciuri

stilia. b.v. tomaSevski epaeqreboda erT-erT ukidures Tvalsazriss,

romlis mixedviT, yvelaferi, rac poeziaSia, enis meSveobiT winaswaraa

mocemuli. mecnieri SeniSnavda, rom ena, marTlac, Seicavs yovelives,

rac poeziaSia, TviT poeziis garda. amasTan, ukanasknel naSromebSi

TviT tomaSevski xazgasmiT aRniSnavda enobrivi da poeturi kanonebis

erTianobas.

amJamad orive (rogorc `enasTan brZolis~, aseve – bunebriv

enasTan SedarebiT poeziis Tvisebrivi Taviseburebebis uaryofis)

Teoria mecnierebis adreuli etapisaTvis damsaxasiaTebel gardauval

ukiduresobad warmogvidgeba.

ena ayalibebs meorad sistemebs. amis gamo sityvakazmuli

xelovnebis dargebs, ueWvelia, yvelaze mdidari mxatvruli

SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia. amasTan, ar unda daviviwyoT, rom enis swored

es mxare (romelic momgebiania xelovnebisaTvis) warmoqmnis

1 saintereso nimuSebi da faseuli Teoriuli mosazrebebi. ix. Á.Ô. Óñïåíñêèé.Âëèÿíèå ÿçûêà íà ðåëèãèîçíîå ñîçíàíèå. Òðóäû ï î ç íàêîâûì ñèñòåìàì, ò. 3, Ó÷. çàï .Òàðòóñêî ãî ãî ñ. óí-òà, âûï. 236, 1969.

iuri lotmani

289

mniSvnelovan dabrkolebebs. ena, mTeli Tavisi sistemiT, mWidrodaa

gadajaWvuli cxovrebasTan, baZavs mas, iWreba masSi. amitom adamiani

veRar ganasxvavebs sagans misi saxelisagan, sinamdvilis Sres –

enaSi asaxuli misi Srisagan. analogiuri TvisebiT xasiaTdeba

kinematografi; is, rom fotografia mWidrod, avtomaturad ukavSirdeba

Tavis obieqts, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xels uSlida kinematografis

gadaqcevas xelovnebad. magram gamoigones montaJi da moZravi kamera,

rac erTi obieqtis Tundac ori xerxiT fotografirebis saSualebas

iZleoda, xolo cxovrebaSi obieqtebis Tanmimdevroba ukve

avtomaturad aRar gansazRvravda firze aRbeWdili gamosaxulebebis

Tanmimdevrobas. amis Semdeg kinematografi sinamdvilis aslis nacvlad

mis mxatvrul modelad iqca, sakuTari eniT ametyvelda.

poeziis mier sakuTari, bunebrivi enaze dafuZnebuli (magram

ara misi tolfasi) enis SemuSaveba, misi xelovnebad qceva, advili

rodi iyo. sityvakazmuli xelovnebis riJraJze warmoiWra

kategoriuli moTxovna: literaturis ena unda gansxvavdebodes

yofiTisgan, xolo enobrivi saSualebebiT sinamdvilis mxatvruli

asaxva unda ganirCeodes informaciulisagan.

Targmna

Tamar lomiZem


290

iuri lotmani

uflis gamocxadeba Tu azartuli TamaSi?

(kanonzomieri da SemTxveviTi istoriul procesSi)

konkretuli masalis Semswavleli istorikosi Cveulebriv

rankes formuliT kmayofildeba xolme: istoriis mizani warsulis

aRdgenaa. Tumc, am amocanis mTeli gulubryvilobis miuxedavad, misi

gadaWra Zalze rTuldeba, Tuki es saerTod SesaZlebelia. cneba

“warsulis aRdgena” gulisxmobs yvela mecnierebisTvis saerTo

proceduras: faqtebis gamorkvevasa da Sekrebas da maT Soris

kanonzomieri kavSiris dadgenas. amasTan, faqti yovelTvis raRac

pirveladadaa miCneuli, istorikosisa da misi analizis miRma

arsebulad. aseTia mocemuloba.

ra mdgomareobaSia istorikosi? istorikosi ganwirulia,

teqstTan iqonios saqme. movlenebs _ “rogorc es iyo” _ da

istorikoss Soris dgas teqsti da es Zireulad cvlis mecnierul

situacias. teqsti yovelTvis viRacis Seqmnilia da warmoadgens

momxdar movlenas, romelic romeliRac enazea Targmnili. erTi da

igive realoba, romelic sxvadasxva saSualebiTaa kodirebuli,

sxvadasxva _ xandaxan urTierTsawinaaRmdego _ teqstebs gvaZlevs.

teqstidan _ faqtis, ama Tu movlenis aRweridan _ movlenis “amoReba”

deSifrirebis procesia. amgvarad, acnobierebs Tu vera amas,

istorikosis semiotikuri manipulaciebi misi pirveladi masalidan

_ teqstidan momdinareobs. amasTan erTad, Tu am operaciebs

Seugneblad axorcielebs da mkvlevars, darwmunebuls dokumentis

WeSmaritebaSi, miaCnia, rom enis codna da WeSmaritebis intuituri

gancda, romelsac muSaobis gamocdileba aniWebs, sakmarisia teqstis

gasagebad, maSin, wesisamebr, istoriul auditorias is “bunebrivi

cnobiereba” Caenacvleba xolme, romelsac TviT istorikosis

kulturul-istoriuli gadmonaSTebiT aRsavse cnobiereba amowmebs.

gansxvavebuli Janrebis TvalsazrisiT _ sxvadasxva kulturis da,

erTi kulturis farglebSic ki, erTi da igive realuri movlena

SesaZloa imsaxurebdes werilobiT fiqsacias, teqstad qcevas an _

ar imsaxurebdes amas. magaliTad, skandinavur Suasaukuneobriv

291

qronikebsa da rusul matianeebSi aRibeWdeboda samxedro Setakebebi,

urTierTangariSsworebani, sisxliani Tavgadasavlebi... da Tu msgavsi

ram ar xdeboda, miaCndaT, rom saerTod araferi xdeboda. amgvar

SemTxvevebSi islandiuri saga ambobda: “simSvide idga”; rusul

matianeebSi, roca mematiane ama Tu im wels uTiTebda, adgils an

cariels stovebda an werda: “mSvidad cxovrobdnen”. Sexeduleba

imaze, Tu ra iTvleba istoriul movlenad, kulturis tipis

gaTvaliswinebiT, TviTonaa mniSvnelovani tipologiuri maxasiaTebeli.

amitom, roca istorikosi teqsts daswvdeba xolme, iZulebulia,

ganarCios _ TviTon ras miiCnevs movlenad da teqstis avtori da

Tanamedroveni ras miiCnevdnen moxseniebis Rirsad.

amgvarad, istorikosi imTaviTve ucnaur viTarebaSi vardeba xolme:

sxva mecnierebebSi mkvlevari faqtebiT iwyebs. istorikosi ki am

faqtebs iRebs, rogorc gansazRvruli analizis Sedegs da ara

rogorc _ maT sawyis xarisxs. Tumc, ufro rTulia kanonzomierebis

dadgena.

istoriuli kvlevis sawyis wertilad teqstis miCnevas Tan

sdevs sxvadasxvagvari Sedegi, romlebic uSualod moqmedebs imaze,

Tu rogor warmogvidgenia istoriuli kavSiri movlenaTa Soris.

yovelgvari teqsti, upirvelesad, bunebriv enazea gamoTqmuli

(“bunebrivi enis” cnebis Taobaze mimarTeT semiotikur leqsikonebs)

da Sesabamisad, mocemuli enis struquturaTa kanonebis mixedviTaa

organizebuli. Tumc, jer kidev roman iakobsoni, naSromSi “enis

sazrisis ZiebaSi” (1965), bunebriv enaSi ikonizmis elementebze

miuTiTebda da aRniSnavda, rom arsebobs msmenelTa tendencia, aRiqvan

formaluri kavSirebi Sinaarsis matareblad da Sesabamisad, enis

struqtura obieqtis struqturaze gadaitanon. zefrazul doneze

teqstis organizebis kanonebi kidev ufro arsebiTia _ ritorikis

kanonebs vgulisxmob. swori teqstis ageba, rogorc ki frazis

farglebs vcdebiT da ufro farTo erTeulebisken miviwevT,

siuJeturobas gulisxmobs. siuJets ki Tavisi logikuri kanonebi

aqvs. imisTvis, rom romelime movlena aRvweroT, aucilebelia, Cveni

monaTxrobi am logikis kanonebs davumorCiloT anu epizodebi

gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT da teqstis miRma arsebul

realobaSi siuJeti SevitanoT; erTdroulad momxdari an, SesaZloa,

erTmaneTTan sruliad dacilebuli movlenebi Tanmimdevrul jaWvad

SevkraT.

da bolos, umaRles doneze teqstis ideologiuri kodireba

xdeba. politikuri, religiuri, filosofiuri kanonebi, Janruli


292

kodebi, etiketiT gansazRvruli mosazrebebi, romlebic istorikosma

imave teqstebis mixedviT unda aRadginos, xandaxan logikurad mankier

wreSi xvdeba _ yovelsave amas damatebiT kodirebasTan mivyavarT.

gansxvaveba teqstis avtorisa da teqstis wamkiTxveli istorikosis

cnobierebis donesa da samoRvaweo miznebs Soris warmoqmnis

dekodirebis umaRles mijnas. istoriuli mecnierebis zemoT

CamoTvlili sirTuleebis gadalaxvisken swrafvas garkveulad

apirobebs ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze frangul

istoriografiaSi warmoqmnili mimarTuleba, romelic dRes axal

istoriul skolad, didxniani monakveTebis Semswavlel skolad

gaformda. am mimarTulebas “xangrZlivi sunTqvis” mimarTulebasac

uwodeben.

samecniero kvleva-Ziebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvisTvis

uSualo impulsad iqca pozitivisturi “politikuri istoriis”

aSkara krizisi. jer kidev XX saukunis II naxevarSi SeimCneoda

kompilatorobisa da Teoriuli siRatakis recidivebi. swrafvam,

CamoecilebinaT istoriisTvis “xelisufalTa Rvawlisa” da “did

adamianTa cxovrebis” mkvlevris statusi, Sva masebis cxovrebisa da

anonimuri procesebis Seswavlis interesi. maT winamorbedTa Soris,

romlebmac istoriaze amgvari Sexeduleba daamkvidres, Jak le gofi

CamoTvlis volters, Satobrians, gizos da miSles. Cveni mxriv ki, am

sias lev tolstois davumatebdiT, romelic jiutad imeorebda,

rom WeSmariti istoria kerZo cxovrebasa da masebis gaucnobierebel

qmedebebSia da dauRalavad aqilikebda “did adamianTa apologiebs”.

amas ukavSirdeba cnobili lozungi: “adamianis istoria _

uadamianod!” moTxovna upirovno, koleqtiuri impulsebis Seswavlisa,

romelTac masebis qmedeba warmarTavs, masebisa, romlebic maTze

zegavlenis momxden Zalebs ver acnobiereben, gansazRvravs am skolis

novatorul Tematikas da istorikoss Cveuli rutinuli sakvlevi

Temebis miRma gadaisvris.

istoriul mecnierebaSi am mimarTulebam sufTa haeri daamkvidra

da is ukve klasikadqceuli mTeli rigi gamokvlevebiT gaamdidra.

Tumc, SeukamaTeblad arc am skolis yvela principis ataceba Rirs.

istoria mxolod cnobieri procesi ar aris, magram is arc

mxolod gaucnobierebli procesia. istoria erTisa da meoris

urTierTdaZabulobaa. Tu “politikurma istoriam” arad Caagdao

orsaxa istoriuli procesis erTi mxare, “axali istoria” mis

meore mxares ar imCnevs. nebismieri dinamikuri procesi, romelSic

adamiani monawileobs, meryeobs neli cvlilebebisa (maTze adamianis

iuri lotmani

293

goni da neba ver zemoqmedebs, maT xSirad, saerTod ver amCneven

Tanamedroveni, radgan maTi perioduloba ufro xangrZlivia, vidre

_ Taobebis sicocxle) da gacnobierebuli adamianuri moRvaweobis

polusebs Soris. orive maTgans piradi neba da inteleqtualuri

Zalisxmeva ganapirobebs. urTierTdapirispirebuloba maTive arsebobis

pirobaa. da rogorc baironis genialur individualobaSi SeiZleba

gamovyoT anonimuri masobrivi procesebis bloki, ise XIX saukunis

dasawyisis evropuli baironizmis masobrivi kulturis~ nebismieri

moRvawis pirovnebaSi SeiZleba mivagnoT SemoqmedebiTi

ganumeoreblobis elementebs. yovelive, rasac xalxi sCadis da da

raSic xalxi monawileobs, SeuZlebelia, ama Tu im saxiT, pirovnul

sawyiss ar miekuTvnebodes. es gansazRvrulia adamianis kulturisadmi

damokidebulebis arsiT _ universumisadmi misi izomorfulobiT

da mxolod mis nawilad yofnis aucileblobiT.

cnobieri adamianuri Zalisxmevis Tanabari xarisxiT arseboba

sxvadasxva donis erTian istoriul procesSi erTdroulad exeba

erTi mxriv, SemTxveviTobebs da meore mxriv, pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi

SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebul Sefasebasac. amocanam _

`gavaTavisufloT istoria didi adamianebisagan~ _ istoria, SesaZloa,

Semoqmedebisgan, azrisgan, Tavisuflebisgan, ese igi arCevanis

SesaZleblobisgan ganZarcvos. am gzaze yvela sxva urTierTobaSi

anti podebi _ hegeli da `axali skolis~ istorikosebi _

moulodnelad axlovdebian. hegelis istoriosofia efuZneba

Sexedulebebs Tavisuflebisken, rogorc _ istoriuli procesis

miznisken svlas. magram imTaviTve windasaxuli mizani Tavisuflebis

winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli da es naTlad gamomdinareobs germaneli

filosofosis msjelobidan. SemTxveviTi ar aris hegelis mtkiceba,

rom TviTSemmecnebeli da gonieri samyaro SemTxveviTobaze ar aris

damokidebuli~. hegelisTvis goni realizdeba didi adamianebis

meSveobiT, `axali skolis~ istoriul ganviTarebaSi ki mTavari

rolis Semsrulebeli anonimuri Zalebi aracnobier masobriv

gamovlinebaTa meSveobiT realizdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi istoriuli

qmedeba arCevanis gareSe warimarTeba.

am skolis meTodologiaSi ganiWvriteba is aswlovani mecnieruli

fsiqologia, romelic emyareboda mtkicebas, rom iq, sadac determinizmi

mTavrdeba, mecnierebac qreba. ybadaRebuli `laplasis demonidan~

einSteinis mtkicebamde, rom RmerTi kamaTels ar agorebs~, ganfenilia

swrafva, ixsnas samyaro SemTxveviTobisgan anda, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

mecnierebis farglebs gareT gaitanos igi.


294

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rogor deformirdeba teqstis miRma arsebuli

realoba, rogor iqceva is istorikosis teqst-wyarod. isic vnaxeT,

rogor cdiloben istorikosebi am safrTxis Tavidan acilebas.

realobis deformirebis sxva wyaros qmnis ara dokument-wyaros

avtori, aramed _ misi interpretator-istorikosi. istoria drois

veqtoris (isris) mimarTulebiT viTardeba. es mimarTuleba

ganisazRvreba moZraobiT warsulidan _ awmyosken. istorikosi ki

Sesaswavl teqstebSi awmyodan warsulisken imzireba. miCneulia,

rom movlenaTa jaWvis arsi ar icvleba imis Sedegad, Tu rogor

vuyurebT mas _ drois isris Tu misi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.

mark bloki, romelmac Tavisi fuZemdebluri wignis ori Tavi

simetriulad daasaTaura _ “awmyos Secnoba warsulis meSveobiT”

da “warsulis Secnoba awmyos meSveobiT” _ TiTqos, gaxazavda

istorikosisTvis drois mimarTulebis simetriulobas. metic, mas

miaCnda, rom retrospeqtuli mzera istorikoss saSualebas aZlevs,

ganasxvaos arsebiTi da SemTxveviTi movlenebi. mark bloki, roca

istorikosis mier aRdgenil warsuls kinofilms adarebda, iyenebda

metaforas: “filmSi, romelsac is (istorikosi, i. l.) uyurebs,

mxolod ukanaskneli kadri gadarCa. danarCeni waSlili kadrebi

rom aRvadginoT, Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa, kadri davabrunoT im

mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod, romliTac films iRebdnen” (mark

bloki. istoriis apologia anu istorikosis xeloba, moskovi, 1986,

gv. 29)

SesaZloa, amTaviTve SegveniSna, rom am filmSi ukanasknelis

garda, yvela kadris aRdgena SeiZleba da es kadrebi, Sesabamisad,

sruliad usargeblo aRmoCndeboda. magram asec rom ara, mniSvnelovania

imis aRniSvna, rom yalbdeba istoriuli procesis arsi. istoria

asimetriuli, Seuqcevadi procesia. Tu mark bloks davesesxebiT, es

iseTi ucnauri kinofilmia, romelic sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTac

rom daatrialo, sawyis kadrTan ar migviyvans. es aris Cveni

winaaRmdegobis safuZveli. blokis Tanaxmad _ da es retrospeqtuli

SexedulebisaTvis bunebrivi Sedegia _ warsulis movlenebs

istorikosi unda ganixilavdes ara mxolod rogorc yvelaze

sarwmunos, aramed _ rogorc erTaderT SesaZlebel movlenasac. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT Sexedulebas, rom istoriuli movlena yovelTvis

alternativis erT-erTi nawilis rezultatia da istoriaSi erTi

da igive pirobebi jer kidev ar niSnavs calsaxa Sedegs, maSin

masalasTan midgomisas gansxvavebuli xerxebi unda gamoviyenoT. sxva

iuri lotmani

295

Cvevac dagvWirdeba: realizebuli gzebi ararealizebul

SesaZleblobaTa garemocvaSi warmogvidgeba.

warmovidginoT kinofilmi, romelic gviCvenebs adamianis

cxovrebas dabadebidan siberemde. Tu mas retrospeqtulad vnaxavT,

vityviT: am kacs erTaderTi SesaZlebloba hqonia da rkinisebri

kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, man Sesabamisad daamTavra cxovreba.

am Sexedulebis mcdaroba kadrebis retrospeqtuli xilviT ukeT

gamoCndeba: filmi iqceva ambad xelidangamsxltar SesaZleblobebze

da cxovrebis arsis Rrmad Sesacnobad ramdenime paraleluri

alternatiuli gadaRebac gaxdeba saWiro. SesaZlebelia, rom erT

variantSi gmiri 16 wlisa daiRupos barikadebze, meoreSi 60 wlisam

uSiSroebis organoebSi mezoblebi daasminos. frangi filosofosi-

ganmanaTlebeli mari Jan antuan kondorse, ukanonobaSi braldebuli,

TviTmkvlelobamde ramdenime kviriT adre iakobinelTa tribunals

rom emaleboda, muSaobda wignze istoriuli progresis Sesaxeb,

romelSic ganmaTleblobis mTeli optimizmia Tavmoyrili. mark

blokic msgavs mdgomareobaSi iyo: antifaSisturi iatakqveSeTis

meomari, romelsac daxvretam citirebuli Sroma ar daamTavrebina,

mTlianad uqcevs gverds sakiTxs pirad aqtiurobasa da

pasuxismgeblobaze, rogorc _ istoriul kategoriebs. es kidev

erTxel adasturebs, rom ideebi myaria da maT TviTganviTarebis

tendencia axasiaTebT. isini pirad qcevaze ufro konservatulebi

arian da garemoebaTa zemoqmedebiT, Zalze nela icvlebian. amgvarad,

istoria Seuqcevadi (uTanabro) procesia. msgavs procesTa arsis

gansaxilavad da imis gasagebad, Tu ras warmoadgenen isini istoriis

SemTxvevaSi, uaRresad mniSvnelovania im movlenaTa analizi, romlebze

i. prigoJinis SromebSia saubari. i. prigoJini swavlobda dinamikur

procesebs qimiur, fizikur da biologiur doneze. am Sromebs zogadi

TvalsazrisiT, Rrma revoluciuri mniSvneloba eniWeba: maT SemTxveviTi

movlenebi mecnierebis interesTa sferoSi daamkvidres da ufro

metic: ganmartes maTi funqcia da adgili samyaros zogad dinamikaSi.

dinamikuri procesebi, romlebic Tanabar pirobebSi mimdinareobs,

determinizebul mruds mihyveba. Tumc, radgan moZraoba wonasworobis

entropiul wertilebs scildeba, im kritikul wertilebs aRwevs,

romlebSic procesTa nawinaswarmetyvelebi ganviTareba irRveva.

(prigoJini maT bifurkaciis (laT. bifurcus – orkbila, gaorebuli)

wertilebs uwodebs imis aRsaniSnavad, rom es wertili mogvcems

mrudis alternatiul gagrZelebas. am wertilebSi procesi aRwevs

moments, roca momavlis erTmniSvnelovani winaswarmetyveleba


296

SeuZlebeli xdeba . Semdgomi ganviTareba gulisxmobs

TanabradSesaZlebeli ramdenime alternativis erT-erT realizacias.

mxolod imis miTiTeba ZalgviZs, Tu romel erT-erT mdgomareobaSi

SeiZleba gadasvla. am momentSi gadamwyveti roli, SesaZloa,

SemTxveviTobam iTamaSos, Tumc, SemTxveviToba umizezobad ki ar unda

miviCnioT, aramed _ sxvagvari mizezobriobis gamovlenad. “Zlier

uTanabro pirobebSi TviTorganizebis procesebi Seesabameba

urTierTqmedebas SemTxveviTsa da aucilebels Soris, fluqtuaciebs

(laT. Fluctus _ boboqroba, grigali; SegaxsenebT, rom horaciusi am

sityvas qariSxlis aRsaniSnavad iyenebda: “O navis, referent in mare tonovi fluctusi”, i. l.) da determinizebul kanonebs. migvaCnia, rom

bifurkaciis axlos mTavar rols TamaSoben fluqtuacebi da

SemTxveviTi elementebi, maSin, roca bifurkaciaTa intervalebs Soris

dominirebs determinizebuli aspeqtebi (ilia prigoJini, izabela

stingersi. qaosuri wesrigi. qaosuri wesrigi, moskovi., 1986, gv.

54).

amgvarad, SemTxveviTi da kanonzomieri erTmaneTisTvis

SeuTavsebeli ki ara, erTi da imave obieqtis ori SesaZlo mdgomareobaa.

roca obieqti determinizebul velSi moZraobs, igi wertilad

warmogvidgeba wrfiv ganviTarebaSi, xolo Tu fluqtuaciur sivrceSi

xvdeba, obieqti potenciur SesaZleblobaTa kontinuumad gvevlineba

da gamSveb meqanizms emsgavseba. dinamikuri procesebis saerTo Teoriis

gaSuqebisas, i. prigoJinis ideebi Zalze nayofierad gveCveneba

istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaswavlad. isini iolad eqsplicirdeba

msoflio istoriis faqtebTan da spontanurad aracnobier da piradad

gacnobierebul moZraobaTa urTules nazavTan dakavSirebiT. l.

scilardma jer kidev 1929 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi deklaratiuli

saTauriT: “entropiis Semcireba terminologiur sistemaSi moazrovne

arsebis Carevis Sedegad”. es niSnavs, rom bifurkaciis wertilebSi

moqmedebs ara mxolod SemTxveviTobis meqanizmi, aramed _ Segnebuli

arCevanis meqanizmic, romelic istoriuli procesis umTavresi

obieqturi elementi xdeba. amis axleburad gageba warmoqmnis

istoriuli semiotikis aucileblobas _ saWiroa analizi, Tu rogor

warmoudgenia samyaro adamianur erTeuls, romelic arCevanis winaSe

dgas. garkveulad, es imas uaxlovdeba, rasac “axali istoria”

mentalitets uwodebs. Tumc, am sferoSi kvlevis Sedegebi da imis

Sepirispireba, rac rusma mkvlevrebma v.n. toporovma, b.a. uspenskim,

viaC. vs. ivanovma, a.a. zalizniakma, a.m. piatigorskim, e.v. paduCevam, m.i.

lekomcevam da sxvebma miaRwies sxvadsxva eTnokulturuli

iuri lotmani

297

cnobierebis tipebis rekonstruqciisas, gvarwmunebs, rom aRniSnuli

mimarTulebis yvelaze perspeqtiuli gza istoriuli semiotikaa.

istoriuli procesis drois isris mimarTulebiT ganxilvisas

bifurkaciis wertilebi istoriul momentebad gvevlineba, roca

urTierTsawinaaRmdego struqturuli polusebis daZabuloba

umaRles xarisxs aRwevs da mTeli sistema wonasworobas kargavs.

am dros sxva adamianebis qceva, iseve, rogoc _ masisa, aRar aris

avtomaturad nagulisxmevi, determinizeba meore planze gadadis. am

momentebSi istoriuli moZraoba unda ganvixiloT ara traeqtoriad,

aramed _ kontinuumad, romelsac potenciurad ZaluZs ramdenime

variantad Camoyalibeba. Sesustebuli winaswarmetyvelebis es kvanZebi

iqceva revoluciur momentebad an mkveTr biZgebad.

im gzis SerCeva, romelic marTlac realizdeba, damokidebulia

garemoebaTa kompleqsze da ufro metad _ aqtantebis cnobierebaze.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom aseT momentebSi sityva, metyveleba, propaganda

gansakuTrebul istoriul mniSvnelobas iZens. amasTan erTad, Tu

manamde, vidre adamiani arCevanis winaSe dadgeboda, arsebobda

gaurkvevlobis gancda, arCevanis Semdeg principulad iseTi axali

viTareba myardeba, romlisTvisac arCevani aucilebelia; es viTareba

Semdgomi qmedebisTvis mocemulobad iqceva. is, rac realizebamde

SemTxveviTi iyo, realizebis Semdeg determinizebuli xdeba.

retrospeqtuloba amZafrebs determinizebas. Semdgomi moZraobisTvis

arCevani kanonzomierebis pirveli rgolia.

ganvixiloT calkeuli adamianis qceva. wesisamebr, es qceva

ramdenime stereotipis mixedviT realizdeba (tradiciebi, kanonebi,

eTika da sxv.), romlebic gansazRvraven misi saqcielis “normalur”

nawinaswarmetyveleb ganviTarebas. Tumc, stereotipebis raodenoba

mocemul sociumSi ufro farToa, vidre is, rasac realizebuls

xdis calkeuli pirovneba. zogi SesaZlebloba principulad uariyofa,

sxva saSualebebi naklebad momxiblavad iTvleba, mesameni dasaSveb

variantebad ganixileba. im momentebSi, roca istoriuli, socialuri,

fsiqologiuri daZabuloba piks aRwevs, roca adamianisTvis samyaros

suraTi imcroba (wesisamebr, umaRlesi emociuri daZabulobisas),

adamians ZaluZs stereotipis Secvla; is, TiTqos, qcevis gansxvavebul

orbitaze gadafrindeba xolme, romelic misTvis “normalur

pirobebSi” sruliad warmoudgeneli iqneboda _ ra Tqma unda,

“warmoudgeneli” im mocemuli personaJisTvis, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki

_ sruliad SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, mas SeuZlia Teatraluri gmiris,

“romaeli moqalaqis”, “istoriuli pirebis” qcevis normebis aTviseba.


298

istorikosebisTvis, romelTac miaCniaT, rom adamiani, rogorc _

klasicizmis epoqis tragikuli personaJi, yovelTvis moqmedebs,

yovelTvis inarCunebs “xasiaTis erTobas”, bunebrivi iqneboda

sankiulotis iseTad warmodgena, rogorc is C. dikensma daxata

“ori qalaqis moTxrobaSi”. miT ufro moulodnelia imis aRmoCena,

rom adamianebi, romlebic bastilias utevdnen da seqtembris

mkvlelobebis monawileni, savsebiT keTilsindisieri saSualo

Semosavlis mqone burJuebi da ojaxis mamebi iyvnen.

ra Tqma unda, Tu am momentSi brbos moqmedebas ganvixilavT,

garkveul ganmeorebadobas aRmovaCenT imaSi, rom bevrma adamianma

Seicvala Tavisi qceva, gansxvavebul pirobebSi misTvis warmoudgeneli

“orbita” airCia. saSualod, is, rac brbosTvis dasaSvebi iyo, calkeuli

pirovnebisTvis warmoudgeneli aRmoCnda. amaze dayrdnobiT SesaZloa

dagveskvna, rom individualuri movlenebis SedegTa winaswarmetyveleba

naklebadaa SesaZlebeli da swored amiT gansxvavdeba masobriv

movlenaTagan. Tumc, aseTi varaudi, SesaZloa, naadrevi iyos. TviT

empiriulma istorikosmac ki icis, Tu ra xSirad SeiZleba brbos

qmedebis winaswar amocnoba, vidre _ calkeuli pirovnebis reaqciis

gaTvla.

mocemuli SemTxvevisTvis ufro met interess warmoadgens i.

prigoJinisa da i. stengersis Sexeduleba imaze, rom bifurkaciis

wertilebis axlos sistema individualur reJimze gadasvlis

tendencias avlens. rac ufro uaxlovdeba normas, miT metad SeiZleba

sistemis qcevis winaswar gansazRvra. Tumc, am sakiTxs kidev erTi

mxare aqvs: iq, sadac SeiZleba movlenis Semdegi rgolis warmodgena,

SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom, TanabarSesaZleblidan arCevanis aqti ar

ganxorcilebula. magram cnobiereba yovelTvis arCevania. amgvarad,

arCevanis gamoricxviT (roca Sedegis winaswar gamocnoba SeuZlebelia,

garedamkvirvebeli amas SemTxveviTobad aRiqvams) istoriuli

procesidan cnobierebas gamovricxavT. istoriuli kanonzomierebani

ki swored imiT gamoirCeva sxva danarCenTagan, rom maTi gageba

adamianTa Segnebuli qmedebis gamoricxvis xarjze, maT Soris _

semiotikuri qmedebebisac _ SeuZlebelia.

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT samagaliToa SemoqmedebiTi

azrovneba. SemoqmedebiTi cnobiereba aris teqstis avtomaturi

algoriTmebiT dauSveblis, warmoudgenlis warmoqmnis aqti. magram,

vTqvaT, “baironuli romantizmis” ubaironod warmoqmnis dabali

albaToba situacias mxolod mis warmoSobamde gansazRvravs. metic,

kulturis sferoSi rac ufro moulodnelia esa Tu is fenomeni,

iuri lotmani

299

miT ufro Zlieria misi gavlena kulturul situaciaze realizebis

Semdeg. “uCveulo” teqsti realobad iqceva da Semdgomi ganviTareba

ukve am faqtidan gamomdinareobs. moulodneloba qreba, geniis

originaloba mimbaZvelTa rutinad gardaiqmneba, bairons baironistebi

mohyvebian, bremels _ mTeli evropis pewenikebi.

retrospeqtuli wakiTxvisas qreba am procesis dramatuli

diskretuloba da baironi warmogvidgeba “pirvel baironistad”,

Tavis mimdevarTa mimdevrad anda, rogorc amas Cveulebriv istoriul-

kulturul nakvlevebSi uwodeben xolme _ “winamorbedad”.

fridrix Slegelma Tavis “fragmentebSi” aseTi gamoTqma gamoiyena:

“istorikosi iseTi winaswarmetyvelia, romelic warsuliskenaa

pirmiqceuli”. es gonebamaxviluri SeniSvna sababs gvaZlevs, SevniSnoT

gansxvaveba momavlis winaswarmetyvel misanTa da warsulis

winaswarmetyvel istorikosTa poziciebs Soris. verc erTi misani

an winaswarmetyveli ver xsnis momavals, rogorc _ calsaxad

gardauvals an erTaderT SesaZlebels: winaswarmetyveleba an

orsafexurian pirobiTobas emyareba (vTqvaT, “Tu amas Caviden, esa da

es momiva”) anda sagangebod gaurkvevlad formirdeba, damatebiT

axsna-ganmartebas moiTxovs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, winaswarmetyvelebas

yovelTvis axlavs gaurkvevlobis, alternativebs Soris arCevanis

amouwuraobis maragi.

istorikosi, warsuliT winaswarmetyveli, mkiTxavisgan imiT

gansxvavdeba, rom “xsnis” gaurkvevlobas; is, rac de facto ar moxda,arc SeiZleboda, rom moxdariyo. istoriuli procesi kargavs Tavis

ganusazRvrelobas anu informaciulobas kargavs.

amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom teqstebze dayrdnobis

aucilebloba istorikoss ormagi gayalbebis garduvalobis winaSe

ayenebs. erTi mxriv, teqstis sintagmaturi mimarTuleba formas

ucvlis movlenas, naratiul struqturad aqcevs mas, meore mxriv,

istorikosis mzeris sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba aseve, ayalbebs

aRsawer obieqts.

Targmna

gia joxaZem


300

alfred barkovi

`winaaRmdegobebis~ roli literaturulSedevrebSi

debatebis gamomwvevi cnobili nawarmoebebi Seicaven imden

winaaRmdegobas da logikur Seusabamobas, rom uneburad ibadeba

kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad SeswevT maT avtorebs unari

sworad aagon nawarmoebis gegma. amisda miuxedavad, aseTi literaturis

didi mowoneba mkiTxvelTa mxridan, mowmobs, rom `gaugebrobis~ da

mxatvrulobis metad dabali donis miuxedavad, aseTi nawarmoebebi

intuitiur doneze aRiqmeba rogorc potenciurad srulyofili da

swored mkiTxvelis intuitiuri aRqma, romelic ar eqvemdebareba

logikas da raime samecniero klasifikacias, warmoadgens mxatvru-

lobis gansazRvris erTaderT kriteriums. vinaidan aseTi nawarmoebebi

kvlavac iwveven interess, es niSnavs, rom maTSi aris raRac iseTi,

rac jerjerobiT mkiTxvelma ver gamoavlina da ar moaxdina klasi-

ficireba filosofiuri esTetikis mixedviT. SeiZleba Tu ara,

CaiTvalos Seqspiris `hamleti~ maRalmxatvrul nawarmoebad? am

teqstis winaaRmdegobebma SeakrTo Seqspiris mkvlevarTa ara erTi

Taoba. me marto erTi magaliTi vici, rodesac adamianma patiosnad

da Riad yvela Tu ara, misTvis cnobili yvela winaaRmdegobebis

moxazviT hamletis gamosaxvaSi, yvelanairi orazrovnebis gareSe

ganacxada, rom msoflioSi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebi xasiaTdeba

mdare mxatvrulobiT. aseT gabedul daskvnas aravin miaqcevda

yuradRebas da CaTvlida kuriozul gancxadebad, rom ara erTi ram:

es gaakeTa ara SemTxveviTma adamianma, aramed niWierma poetma da

brwyinvale eseistma, momavalSi nobelis premiis laureatma

literaturis sferoSi – T. s. eliotma (The Sacred Wood, 1920).sawyenia, rom aseTi mosazreba ar gaxda amosavali wertili arc

eliotisTvis mis Semdgom ganazrebebSi, da arc sxva mkvlevarebisTvis.

m. a. bulgakovis `Êàáàëà ñâÿòîø~ (“cruwmindanebis mZime xvedri”),Ì Õ ÀÒ-is interpretaciiT, aRfrTovanebas iwvevs yvelaSi, vinc ki

naxa es dadgma; rogorc mayurebeli, mec aRfrTovanebuli var. magram

martooden rogorc mayurebeli. rogorc analitikosi, me kargad

vacnobiereb, rom am nawarmoebis zogadmiRebuli warmodgena

301

warmoadgens mixeil bulgakovis naTeli xsovnis Seuracxyofas, misi

moqalaqeobrivi sindisierebisadmi undoblobis gamoxatulebas.

`Êàáàëà ñâÿòîø~ interpretirebulia rogorc mwvave satira,

mimarTuli saeklesio pirebis mimarT, maSin, rodesac es mwerali

uSualod am antireligiuri saagitacio piesis Seqmnamde (da swored

aseT interpretacias aZleven `Êàáàëà ñâÿòîø~-s) Zalian mkveTrad

gamovida im uRmerToebis~ winaaRmdeg, romlebic partiis da mTavrobis

davalebiT lanZRaven religias. Znelia daveTanxmoT mtkicebas, rodesac

bulgakovs faqtobrivad akereben matyuaris iarliys, romelic Tavisive

Sexedulebebs uaryofs, fexiT Telavs Tavis simReras~ oficialuri

ideologiis sasargeblod.

`TeTri gvardia~ yvelas aRafrTovanebs – asea miRebuli. wminda~

kritikosebis Sexedulebas aravin ar iTvaliswinebs: rogorc

SemoqmedebiTi profesiis warmomadgenlebs, maT SeuZliaT

TavianTi subieqturi azris gamoxatva. magram, Tu daveyrdnobiT

Sinaarsis sayovelTaod miRebul interpretacias, unda vaRiaroT,

rom kompoziciis TvalsazrisiT, TeTri gvardia~ metad araTanabradaa

dawerili. amaRlebuli da mediduri ganwyoba, romelic dekla-

rirebulia pirvel gverdze, mkveTr da usiamovno konstrastSia

frivolur tonTan da aSkara qilikTan teqstis sxva adgilebSi.

analogiuri viTarebaa òstatsa da margaritaSi~, sadac

avtoriseul gazviadebul paTetikas ~samudamo, erTguli~ siyvarulis

Sesaxeb enacvleba mZafri avtoriseuli~ ironia imave siyvarulis~

Taobaze. ratomRac ar aris miRebuli, rom yuradReba mieqces marTali

mTxrobelis~ aSkarad damcinav damokidebulebas misive amaRlebuli

gandidebis mimarT. kargadaa cnobili am `samudamo erTgulebis~

analizi v. g. belinskis cnobil naSromSi, romelic werda, rom aseTi

èrTguleba~ siyvarulis gareSe amoraluria, da rom tatiana –

zneobrivi embrionia. miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri komentatori xedavs

òstatsa da margaritaSi~ gamoZaxils puSkinis Semoqmedebisa,

qrestomaTiuli momenti ratomRac maTi yuradRebis miRma rCeba.

erTaderTi adgili romanSi, rodesac `marTali mTxrobeli~,

stovebs ostatsa da margaritas marto xangrZlivi ganSorebis

Semdeg da aZlevs mkiTxvels saSualebas darwmundes, Tu rogor

gamoixateba es samudamo-erTguli~ siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi ratomRac

ignorirebulia komentatorebis mier, maSin, roca am SemTxvevaSi

SeyvarebulTa qceva sruliad ar pasuxobs ra siyvarulis ele-

mentarul cnebas, mTlianad angrevs Teziss `mudmiv erTgulebaze~

mis sayovelTaod miRebul interpretaciaSi. gavixsenoT _ ostatis


302

`gamoyvanis~ Semdeg fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofodan, margaritasTan

darCenili is maSinve wveba dasaZineblad da stovebs Seyvarebul

qals marto; diliT, ise rom piric ar daubania, qveda sacvlebSi

jdeba SeyvarebulTan da svams koniaks. amasTan, margarita ara marto

ar grZnobs Tavs Seuracxyofilad, aramed cdilobs moeferos kidec

Seyvarebuls, Tumca es ukanaskneli ratomRac am alerss Tavs aridebs.

`belkinis moTxrobebis~ mxatvrul simwireze jer kidev belinski

werda da puSkinistikas dRemde ar gauqarwlebia es mosazreba.

bevrma, da maT Sorisi. m. lotmanma, gamoavlina winaaRmdegoba evgeni

oneginis~ fabulaSic da mTavari personaJebis gamoxatvaSic. SeiZleba

ki visaubroT am nawarmoebis Sinaarsis wvdomaze, Tu ar amoixsna is

winaaRmdegoba, romelic aq arsebobs? lotmani erT-erT ukanasknel

naSromSi pirdapir werda òneginis~ Sinaarsis usasrulod bevri

interpretaciis SesaZleblobaze, metic, man gamoTqva mosazreba, rom

romanis daweris Semdeg imdeni xani gavida, rom misi arsi albaT arc

iqneba amoxsnili. magram mtkiceba imis Taobaze, rom SesaZlebelia

arsebobdes mravali interpretacia, niSnavs sxva arafers, Tu ara

imis aRiarebas, rom ar arsebobs mkafio saavtoro Canafiqri. aseTi

avtori ki – sityvis xelovani Tu ara, yovel SemTxvevaSi, realisti

mainc ar aris. da yvelaze uaresi isaa, rom Tezisi àrarsebobis~

Sesaxeb Semotanilia sayoveldReo xmarebaSi. ara erT wamyvan puS-

kinists miuqcevia yuradReba imis aRwerisTvis, Tu rogor ecvleboda

puSkins esTetikuri Sexedulebebi (`gadadioda romantizmidan

realizmze~) èvgeni oneginis~ Seqmnis procesSi, da viTomda aman

gamoiwvia winaaRmdegobebi. aseT mtkicebebSi aSkaraa meTodologiuri

nakli: dasawyisSi oneginis~ gaugebrobidan~ dgeba varaudi avtoris

esTetiuri Sexedulebebis cvlilebebis Taobaze, Semdeg es varaudi

SemoaqvT literaturis istoriaSi rogorc dadgenili faqti, bolos

ki ufro ganzogadebuli saxiT iyeneben imave oneginis~ struqturis

analizisTvis _ ise, TiTqos es Tezisi damtkicebuli yofiliyo

raRac sxva masalaze dayrdnobiT. (Tumca, damtkicebis sakiTxi

sazogadod literaturaTmcodneobis susti adgilia, vinaidan ar

arsebobs mkafio formulirebac ki, romelic gansazRvravda am cnebas).

magram mTeli saqme imaSia, rom sicocxlis bolo dRemde puSkini

ebrZoda àntiromantikosebs~. Tu gaviziarebT zogadmiRebul

Tvalsazriss, maSinac iZulebulni viqnebiT vaRiaroT, rom gadasvla

realizmze~ moxda ara romanze muSaobis procesSi, aramed dasawyisSive

_ satira lenskis misamarTiT SeimCneva ukve meore TavSi. amasTanave,

Tavad puSkinis gamonaTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom `romantizmad~

mwerali miiCnevda imas, rasac Cven dRes veZaxiT `realizms~ _

alfred barkovi

303

ubralod, im dros ar arsebobda aseTi termini (mis leqsikonSi

saerTod ar arsebobda sityva `real~-is fuZiT). diax, satiruli

pozicia, romliTac gamosaxulia lenski, winaaRmdegobaSia puSkinis

mimarTebasTan romantizmisadmi. magram aqedan srulebiTac ar

gamomdinareobs, rom poetis biografia aucileblobiT unda

mivusadagoT wminda fabulur elements _ amasTan romans, romelSic

mravali winaaRmdegobaa da gaugebari arsi; ubralod, unda gaverkvioT

`evgeni oneginis~ struqturaSi da gamovarkvioT aseTi gaugebrobis

mizezi, romelic arsebobs puSkinis esTetikuri kredos mimarT.

samwuxarod, am romanis yvela winaaRmdegoba~ rodia gamovlenili.

yvelaze cudia is, rom bevri maTgani, romelic Seqmnilia Tavad

romanis komentatorebis mier, teqstis realiebis miuxedavad, ukve

damkvidrda samecniero literaturaSi rogorc viTomda dadgenili

faqti, rac SinaarsSi nebismieri sicxadis Semotanis blokirebas

axdens.

marTlac, SeiZleba Tu ara vendoT cnobil mtkicebebs, rom

fabulis moqmedeba TariRdeba 1819-1825 wlebiT, maSin, rodesac

siuJetSi ar arsebobs araviTari mcire miTiTebac ki dekembris

movlenebze? ra vuyoT imis mtkicebas, rom romani _ `rusuli

cxovrebis enciklopediaa~? ramdenad SesaZlebelia, rom oneginis

tatiana _ pirveli bavSvi rusul ojaxSi _ dabadebuliyo, rogorc

amtkicebda v. nabokovi, 1803 wels, mSobelTa jvrisweridan meSvide

wels, rasac adgili hqonda araugvianes 1796 wlisa (amas mowmobs

sabrigado Cini dimitri larinis saflavis qvaze, es Cini gauqmebul

iqna 1796 w; anu tatianas mSoblebi daqorwindnen am TariRamde)?...

SeiZleba Tu ara, 1820 wels aJRerebuliyo nevis napirebze sasayviro

musika, maSin, rodesac ruseTSi erTaderTma sasayviro Seremetievis

orkestrma arseboba Sewyvita 1812 w. . . . garda amisa, yvela nawarmoebi,

romelsac tatiana kiTxulobda, ruseTis wignis daxlebze gaCnda

1812 wlis omamde . . . aRweril epoqas ufro zustad aTariRebs

zareckis biografia, romelic parizSi moxvda ara rogorc 1812

wlis gamarjvebuli, aramed rogorc patimari~ _ anu, 1805 wels

austerlicTan damarcxebis Semdeg. maSasadame, is SeiZleba yofiliyo

sekundanti lenskis duelze araugvianes 1812 wlisa.

morig siurprizs gvTavazobs oneginis daTariReba (`amrigad, im

dros odesaSi vcxovrobdi . . .~; romanis korpusSi es ukanaskneli

striqonia). srulad sandod iTvleba, rom gmirma imogzaura odesaSi

lenkisTan duelis Semdeg, magram romanis pirveli Tavi Seicavs

mkafio miTiTebas, rom odesa oneginma moinaxula bevrad adre (LI-LII

_ strofebi) _ jer kidev moxuci biZis gardacvalebasa da sofelSi


304

wasvlamde (meore Tavis mesame strofiT es movlena zustad TariRdeba

1808 wliT). anu, jer iyo mogzauroba, romlis drosac moxda mamis

gardacvaleba, Semdeg gardaicvala biZa da marto amis Semdeg iwyeba

fabulis ZiriTadi~ moqmedeba (`Ìîé äÿäÿ ñàìûõ ÷åñòíûõ ïðàâèë...~).dasaSvebia ki, rom romanis Sinaarsis Cveni mcdari Sefasebebi

aviyvanoT dadgenili faqtebis rangSi, romelic axasiaTebs puSkinis

SemoqmedebiT kredos, Tu, rogorc aRmoCnda, dRemde Cven ar SegviZlia

davadginoT romanis arqiteqtonika da masSi aRwerili movlenebis

Tanmimdevrobac ki?

Semdgom, literaturis istoriaSi damkvidrda anekdoti imis

Taobaze, rom daasrula ra romanis merve, damamTavrebeli Tavi, puSkinma

gamoxata Tavisi erTgvari gakvirveba imis Taobaze, rom tatianam

uari uTxra onegins. es legenda mohyavT imas sailustraciodac ki,

rom mxatvruli saxe viTomda cxovrobs `sakuTari mxatvruli

logikis~ Sesabamisad da ar emorCileba avtoris `TviTnebobas~.

magram rogorc aRmoCnda, tatianas es moulodneli~ saqcieli puSkins

Cafiqrebuli hqonda romanze muSaobis dawyebisTanave. miTiTeba am

viTarebaze CarTulia romanis epilogSi, sadac aRwerilia, Tu rogor

moaqvs evgeni oneginis~ moxucebul avtors~ Tavisi opusi puSkinis

_ gamomcemelTan~. da yvelaze saintereso imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs,

rom romanis prologi (òneginis mogzauroba~) puSkinma gamoaqveyna

martooden 1833 wels, bolo Tavis gamosvlis Semdeg, sityva

`dasasrulis~ Semdeg, aramed imaSi, rom epilogi gamoqveynda 1825

wlis dasawyisSi, pirveli Tavis win da masTan erTiani garekaniT!

poetis aseTi nabiji TxzulebaTa krebulis redaqtorebma ver

gaiges, maT Soris akademiurma, da gamoaqveynes is romanisgan calke,

1824 wlis leqsebs Soris. am epilogis Sinaarsidan, romelic win

uswrebs romanis pirvel Tavs, aSkarad gamosWvivis daberebuli,

martoxela da dakargul siyvarulze dadardianebuli oneginis bedi.

roman èvgeni oneginis~ epilogi _ es aris yvela CvenganisTvis

kargad cnobili (asea ki?!) `saubari wignis gamyidvelsa da poets

Soris~ da misi damamTavrebeli avtoris `saZulveli proza~: `Tqven

savsebiT marTali xarT. ai Cemi xelnaweri. SevTanxmdeT~ warmoadgens

kidec a. s. puSkinis romanis èvgeni oneginis~ namdvil dasasruls.

advilia davinaxoT, rom aseTi realiebis gamosavlenad ar aris saWiro

araviTari Teoria, saWiroa, ubralod, yuradRebiT wavikiTxoT teqsti,

da maSin sruliad aSkara gaxdeba, rom sayovelTaod miRebul

interpretaciaSi darRveulia ara marto fabulis movlenebis datireba,

aramed movlenebis Tanmimdevrobac ki. Teoria saWiroa sxva ramisTvis

_ kompoziciis im elementebis gamosavlenad, romlebic qmnian msgavs

alfred barkovi

305

efeqts, da romelTa arsebobis gacnobiereba yvelafers Tavis adgilze

ayenebs. anu Teoria aucilebelia imisTvis, rom moxdes struqturuli

elementebis erTian koordinatTa sistemaSi~ aRwera im saxiT, rogorc

isini gamovidnen avtoris mxatvruli Canafiqris mixedviT.

Tu erTad SevagrovebT yvela winaaRmdegobas TiToeuli cnobili

nawarmoebis mixedviT, TavisTavad gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom: an

Seqspiri, puSkini da bulgakovi srulebiTac ar arian geniosebi, an

es nawarmoebebi ar miekuTvneba maT kalams. sakiTxis aseTi dayeneba

am saxiT ukve Seicavs aSkara pasuxs: nawarmoebis korpusSi arsebobs

mTxrobeli rogorc sruluflebiani personaJi, romelic raRac

mizeziT amaxinjebs aRwerili movlenebis arss. es (da mxolod es)

qmnis menipeis _ rTuli Sinagani struqturis mqone nawarmoebis

fenomens. fabulaSi seriozuli winaaRmdegobebis, Seusabamobebis da

Txrobis stilis SeuTanxmeblobebis arsebobis faqti swored mowmobs

`Sinagani avtoris~ arsebobas, romelic, Tavisi fsiqologiidan, weris

ostatobisa da piradi mikerZoebis poziciidan gamomdinare, (yovelive

es warmoadgens mxatvruli gamosaxulebis obieqts), uRmerTod

ayalbebs aRweril movlenebsa da personaJebis daxasiaTebebs. amitom

yvela Seusabamoba da winaaRmdegoba sinamdvileSi warmoadgens

satitulo avtoris mxatvrul xerxs da mowmobs imaze, rom is

flobs kompoziciis ufro maRal dones.

nebismieri menipeis struqturis (Sinaarsis) analizi unda

daviwyoT mTxrobelis pirovnebis dadgeniT. im mizezebis dadgena,

romelTa gamoc is amaxinjebs moTxrobilis Sinaarss (anu, misi

intencia da fsiqologiuri dominanta) arsebiTad warmoadgens

menipeis analizis struqturul safuZvels. imitom, rom es faqtorebi

sxva araferia, Tu ara mTxrobelis xatis SigTavsi; vinaidan es

personaJi yovelTvis aris meni peis mTavari gmiri, misi xati

usasruloa obieqtis mixedviT. xSirad isec xdeba, rom nawarmoebi,

romelic aseTi Sinagani avtoris~ mier iqmneba, TavisTavad warmoadgens

`Sinagan menipeas~ (`hamleti~, `Wirveulis morjuleba~, `belkinis

moTxrobebi~, ostati da margarita~, TeTri gvardia~), es ki, kidev

ufro arTulebs nawarmoebis struqturas, aniWebs mas veeberTela

romanul siRrmes. (pirvelad konstruqcia menipea menipeaSi~ gamoiyena

Seqspirma Tavisi romanis `Wirveulis morjulebis~ (1594 w.) da

`hamletis~ _ 1602-1603 w. Seqmnisas. ufro dawvrilebiT am

sakiTxebze SeiZleba waikiTxoT Cems naSromSi: hamleti~: Secdomebis

tragedia Tu avtoris tragikuli bedi?~)

Targmna

Tamar berekaSvilma


306

vladimer toporovi

saxeli, rogorc kulturis faqtori

(saWirboroto sakiTxi)

1. adamianis sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi (religiur,

providencialur-profetur, spekulaciur-filosofiur, mxatvrul-

esTetikur, socialur-sazogadoebriv sferoSi) saxelis roli ara

Tu didia, aramed gansakuTrebulad aRniSnuli da is, rac eqvemdebareba

aRricxvas da Sinaarsis gadmocemas, Txrobas mxolod im saidumlos

zedapirul Sres qmnis, romelic saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli.

magram aRniSnul SresTan odnav Sexebac ki sakmarisia, rom gveuwyos

am saidumlos siRrme da siZliere, romelic misgan ganuyofelia.

saxelis axsnis erT-erTi adrindeli (Tu pirveli ara) versia

aris Sesaqmis miTebSi misi Sedareba misi (saxelis) Cenis momentTan.

marTlac, saxeli amgvar miTebSi nebismierad ar Semodis ( dasawyisSi

ar Semodis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba Zlier filosofizebuli

da sakmaod mogviano xanis SemTxvevebi, magaliTad, rogoricaa

“dasawyisSi iyo sityva...”), aramed Sesaqmis romeliRac gansazRvrul

etapze da saxelis dabadebis amgvari kavSiri mTel konteqstTan, ra

Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar aris. SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom Sesaqme

umeteswilad iwyeba qaosis gardaqmniT, romelic gaigeba, rogorc

entropiis maqsimumi _ imis mixedviT, iqneba is sayovelTao Serevis

Sedegi Tu warmoiSveba am ze-CaxlarTulobidan, aRreulobidan, Tu

piriqiT, absoluturi ufskrulidan, universaluri araras

sicarielidan; demiurgi an “asufTavebs” am qaoss (pirvel SemTxvevaSi)

an “avsebs” (meore SemTxvevaSi). detalebis ugulebelyofiT,

xazgasasmelia mTavari: Semoqmedi energiis isari im adgilidan ki ar

modis, sadac adamiani (anu Sesaqme visTvisac xorcieldeba) imyofeba,

aramed garedan, zemodan. Tavdapirvelad wesrigi myardeba stiqiebSi

da iqmneba kosmologiuri wesrigis ZiriTadi parametrebi-principebi

_ xmeleTi da ufskruli, zeda da qveda, naTeli da bneli, forma da

uformoba (saxe da usaxoba) da a.S. Sesaqmis yoveli nabiji

damaaxloebelia centrTan – imasTan, rac mis SigniTaa da romelmac

unda Seimecnos yvelaferi, rac ki ganxorcielda da, maT Soris,

sakuTari Tavic. rodesac am intensiurma moZraobam Tavisi Sedegebi

307

gamoiRo, Seiqmna samyaros zonebi, ganisazRvra sul ufro da ufro

gamkvrivebuli samyaros bunebriv-materialuri Semadgenloba; bolos,

rodesac adamiani da pirveli socialuri institutebi gaCnda, demiurgma,

sanam igi adamians sakuTar Tavs miandobda, ganaxorciela onomateturi

aqti _ saxeli daarqva yvelafers Seqmnils da yvelafers, rac

samyaros Seadgens. aqedan moyolebuli, unda iTqvas, mTavrdeba

kosmologia, bunebriv-materialuris batonoba da iwyeba “semiologia”,

cxovreba niSanSi, rogorc pirveli safexuri pnevmatologiisa,

cxovrebisa sulSi.

2. aRniSnuli onomateturi aqtis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

samyaros mTeli materialuri Semadgenloba aRmoCnda TiTqos-da

niSnobrivad (niSniT) dublirebuli: saxelma gaaormaga da gaaZliera

igi, yovel saganSi erTgvari Sinagani adgilis aRniSvniT, romelSic

am sagnis xateba unda moTavsebuliyo. sagnis saxelis Cena aRmniSvnelia

ara marto faqtisa, rom mas aqvs Tavisi moculoba (tevadoba),

aramed sakuTari mniSvneloba-azric, romelic saganTan aris

dakavSirebuli, magram ideaSi misi meSveobiT ki ar ganisazRvreba,

aramed im saxeliT, romelic meoradia (yovel SemTxvevaSi empiriul

doneze) saganTan mimarTebaSi. amgvar pirobebSi ixsneba ori

sapirispiro mimarTuleba: yoveli sagani an unda gadaiqces

absoluturad pirobiT, TviTnebur indeqsad an, piriqiT, unda daiTesos

am saxelSi azris marcvlebi, romelnic Tavisi potenciiT iswrafvian

simbolos statusisken, anu umaRlesi energiis niSnisken, romelic

ara marto mianiSnebs movlenaze, aramed TviTon aRmoaCens sakuTar

Tavs, rogorc am movlenas, rogorc erTgvar epifanias, rogorc

fenomenaluri Sris garRvevas sxva saxis Zalis mier. swored am

pirobebSi Cndeba im idealuri yofis azri, romelic miecema mxolod

ukidures situaciebSi da ver gamodis empiriuli kerZo azrebis

jamidan, ramdenic ar unda iyos is. yoveli saxeli _ sityvaa, xolo

yoveli sityva Tavis sawyisiT da Tavisi maqsimumiT _ saxelia.

TviTon saxeldebis faqtiT demiurgi didad endoba adamians; saxeli

misTvisaa gankuTvnili, eZleva mas dasaxmareblad, rogorc uZvirfasesi

resursi mis momaval yvela saxis peripetiaSi. magram, SesaZloa,

kidev ufro mniSvnelovani is iyo, rom onomateturi aqti adamianSi

Tavisufali nebis aRiarebas gulisxmobs. darqmeuli saxeli Tavis

Tavad “kargia”, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi saboloo ar aris da

adamiani arCevanis winaSea. saxeli adamians saSualebas aZlevs imuSaos

ori mimarTulebiT: igi SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas konvencionalobamde


308

da, am konvencionalobis garda, sxva arafriT motivirebul niSnamde

(rogorc mecnierebis rig xelovnur enaSia, an iq, sadac mniSvnelovania

ara pozitiuri azri, aramed kontrastis an gansxvavebis meSveobiT

garCeva da cnoba); magram saxelis ayvana SesaZloa im doneze, sadac

is gamodis umaRlesi azris matareblad da am TvalsazrisiT,

(rogorc es religiur gancxadebebSi an poeziaSia) iswrafvis

absoluturi motivirebisken. bunebrivi ena orive am Taviseburebas

iTavsebs sakuTar TavSi, magram sxvadasxva viTarebaSi (gare da Sina)

xan dreifs iwyebs “TviTneburobisken”, xan miemarTeba Suagulisken,

siRrmuli azrobrivi plastebisken. cnobiereba da aracnobiereba, am

procesebSi, saxeldobr TviT “TviTneburobis” da “motivirebulobis

sawyisTa dozirebisas, erT uRelqveS arian da maTi wili erTi

SexedviT yovelTvis naTeli ar aris. upriania kidev erTxel xazgasma,

rom bevri ram damokidebulia ara mxolod “gare” ZalTa ganzraxvaze,

aramed TviTon Tavisuflebazec, romelsac TviTon saxeli aZlevs

sakuTar momxmarebels. sakuTari zRvruli mdgomareobiT, romelic

imyofeba cnobierad aqtiursa da aracnobierad pasiurs Soris,

Sinaarssa da formas Soris, sulsa da materias Soris. Uufro

metic, saxeli enis is paradoqsuli nawilia, sadac mizezi da Sedegi

ver ganirCeva erTmaneTisgan, sadac “bolo” azri formas ucvlis

“pirvels”; saxeli kulturis impulsia, ramdenadac mas adamiani

Sehyavs niSanTa kosmosSi, magram igi misi Sedegicaa, ramdenadac misi

azrebi izrdeba kulturis sivrceSi, misi meSveobiT arian daculni

da mismierve mowmdebian (kulturis ti pisTvis swored es

Taviseburebani xdian saxels erT-erT umniSvnelovanes indikatorad).

sityva, iseve rogorc demiurgi, gaxsnilia adamianisTvis, romelsac

SeuZlia axsnas is, rogorc azrisgan ukiduresad daclili

“zedsaxeli” sagnisa da, aseve, rogorc azrisa da azris Seqmnis

umaRlesi zRvari da saSualeba, erTdroulad. sityva saxelisTvis

SemTxveviT ar gaigeba, rogorc Sig Cadebuli gansazRvra im arsisa,

romelsac es sityva “gaaTamaSebs”. mxolod sulis udides energiasa

da mis Zalebs SeuZliaT saxelis erTianobaSi SeinarCunos es garegnuli

im SinaganTan, anu CvenTvis advilad asaxsneli gare niSani da is

Zneli da sakuTar idumalebaSi mudam amouwuravi azri, romelTan

miaxloebisas TiTqos da TavisTavad aRar aris saWiro garegnuli-

niSnoba da ixsneba perspeqtiva “daZleuli” niSnobisa – mdumareba

da sxva formebi “nulovani” qcevisa.

3. sxvadasxva situaciaSi adamiani saxelis mimarT gansxvavebul

pozicias irCevda. Tavisi Semoqmedebis saukeTeso periodebSi igi

vladimer toporovi

309

yovelTvis cdilobda gaexsna saxelSi misi umaRlesi azri _

usasrulo perspeqtiva azrebisa, romelic gzamkvlevi iqneboda

sulisTvis. “mdabal” cxovrebaSi da Znel pirobebSi adamiani mets

fiqrobda imaze, Tu rogor SeenarCunebina enaSi is saxelebi –

azrebi, romlebic mas praqtikulad esaWiroeboda saaqaoSi, Tundac

miaxloebiT mainc yofiliyvnen isini misi Sesabamisi da erTgvarad

“adamianuri”. ufro uares droSi adamians SeeZlo cinikuri poziciis

dakavebac ki; igi mzad iyo saxels mopyroboda xativiT: “varga _

RmerTs locavde, ar varga _ qoTnebs faravde”. isec xdeboda, rom

boroti Zalebi moiTxovdnen saxelis, masSi yvelaze Zvirfasis (rasac

misTvis cxovrebiseuli azrebisa da naTesauri, intimuri kavSirebis

Sinaarsi gaaCnda) uaryofas an mis Secvlas “anti-saxeliT”, “anti-

sityviT”, TeTris Savad darqmevis gziT da piriqiT. magram Znelia

gaxseneba, Tu rodis unda gaSliliyo amgvari totaluri agresia

saxeli-azris, saxeli-mexsierebis, saxeli-sindisis winaaRmdeg, saxelis

mimarT, romelic Tavisi bunebiT adamians hgavs da adamianTan

Sefardebulia, rogorc es Cvens qveyanaSi iyo gasul aTwleulebSi.

gvaxsovs ra tragikuli danakargebi, momavlis winaSe mTeli

pasuxismgeblobiT unda iTqvas, rom: “onomateturma inJineriam”,

romelic enobrivi politikis ZiriTadi nawili gaxda, Cvens kulturas

didi danakargi moutana ( cru saxels cru saqme mohyva). magram

borot ZalTa xelSi, romelnic acnobiereben situacias, amgvari

“onomateturi inJineria” SesaZloa kidev ufro saSiS iaraRad iqces,

romelic Tavdapirvelad mimarTuli iqneba kulturis mimarT, xolo

misi meSveobiT da mis Semdeg adamianis mimarT, msgavsad “genuri

inJineriisa”, imave uwmindur xelebSi moxvedrili. revoluciis Semdgom

Catarebulma “denominaciam”, romelmac ase radikalurad daarRvia

da daangria saxelis adrindeli ekologia, makro planSi rom

ganvixiloT, mas Tan sdevda is miznebi, rac yvelanair Zaladobas

axlavs Tan. sazarel masStabebsa da tempSi “niu-spiqis” SeqmniT, igi

Tavis axal miznebs emsaxureboda _ gaeognebina adamiani, daeeWvebina

igi Zveli sityvaris keTil safuZvlebSi, daeviwyebina sakuTari Tavi

ara marto sakuTari Tavis gadaxazviT, waSliT, amoRebiT, adamianisa

da sulieri kulturis materialuri ganxorcielebis ganadgurebiT,

aramed enis “dabinZurebiT”, ara misi materiis gauqmebiT, aramed

masSi “anti-azrebis” meqanizmebis CarTviT, romelic xrwnis –

TvalsaCinod da uCinrad _ winandel mniSvnelobebs, TviT rwmenas

enisa, cxovrebis gaazrebulobis Sesaxeb im umaRles azrs, romelic

cxovrebas auwonav niWad aqcevs.


310

imisTvis, rom sicocxlis wyarosTan mimavali gamqrali bilikebi

vipovoT, unda aRdges dakarguli, dasaxiCrebuli, naxevrad

miviwyebuli da yvela SemTxvevaSi deficituri azrebi. AaRniSnulis

ganxorcieleba Znelia, iseve, rogorc Znelia warmoidgino yvela

dabrkoleba am gzaze. veranair demiurgs ZaluZs Seqmnas da mogvaniWos

mza saxiT axali sityvari: saWiroa saerTo Zalisxmeva, xangrZlivi

erToblivi Sroma da paralelurad TviTganwmenda. amitom axali

onomateturi aqti jerjerobiT ver iqneba sruli; saukeTeso

SemTxvevaSi, is iqneba pirobiTi. magram misi pirveli nawili naTelia.

yvelafer imas, rac mimarTuli iyo adamianis, sicocxlis, enis sulis,

saxelis azris winaaRmdeg (sityvis, saxelis, sibrZnis didi tradiciis

xsovniT _ slavi pirveli maswavleblebidan dawyebuli vl.

soloviovamde, bulgakovamde, florenskimde da mecxramete saukunis

saxelTa madideblebamde) eTqvas mtkice _”ganved”.

Targmna

nino abakeliam

vladimer toporovi

სემიოტიკა #2

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