Paradigmatic Morfology

Morphologyimplies the study of grammatical changes of isolated

words ...

• by means of affixation • by auxiliaries and by word-order (analytically)

Two general trends in P. M.:

• Synonymy

paradigmatic equivalence

or interchangeability of

different morphemes:

Dog-s, Cow-s - ox-en, phenomen-a, etc.

• Variability of use

partial interchangeability of

morphological ‘categorial forms’

or of members of the opposition

that constitute the grammatical

Category: He is coming next Monday; Well, are we

feeling better today?

I. Synonymy• Neutral & archaic: Brother-s – breth-r-en, he hath – he

has, thou hast, thou doest.

• Br. & Amer: get –got/gotten, at the corner –on the corner

• Formal & informal: Whom are you talking to? - Who are you talking to?

• Abolishing the morphological differentiation between If I was = If I were

• Completely ‘ungrammatical’:

we, you, they (was); he don’t; says I

He comed, he seed

II. Variability of Categorial Forms

• Transposition of grammatically opposed member

• Neutralization of the grammatical meanings of the categories

Stylistic Significance of Nouns

• Singular (=plural): • To keep chick, to shot duck, to hunt pig • The faint fresh flame of the young year flushes From

leaf to flower and from flower to fruit And fruit and leaf are as gold and fire.

(Swinbum)

Plural (=singular):Plural (=singular):

• The clamour of waters, snows, winds, rains... (Hemingway)

• The lone and level sands stretch far away. (Shelly)• “Now what’s that? Reading books instead of

working?”(the delinquent is reading one book at the moment)

• The real war of the world was not between the Bill Davidson and the Jean Duvals and the Hans Muliers (R. Aldibgton)

Stylistic Significance of Adjectives

• Mrs. Thompson, Old Man Fellow's housekeeper had found him deader than a doornail... (Mangum)

• I wanted to bring the crub but Heidi and June said it was too dead (E. Hemingway)

• Advertisement: The orangemostest drink in the world.

• the sweetest baby, the newest fashion of all.

Stylistic Significance of Pronouns• WE• a) ‘editorial we’• b) ‘we’ as a symbol of royal authority: • And for that offence immediately do we exile

him hence. (Shakespeare)• c) ‘we’ in science works (researches)• d) jocular and excessively familiar style:

Other pronouns

• YOU• as an intensifier in an expressive address or imperative• Just you go in and win. (Waugh)• THEY• opposes the speaker and his interlocutor to this

indefinite collective group of people:• All the people like us are we, and everyone else is

they. (Kipling)

Stylistic Significance of Verbs:

• Category of tense: He is coming. She arrives tomorrow. (present – future)

• Ruth: You're burning yourself out. And for what?... George: You don't even begin to understand – you're

no different from the rest. Burning myself out! You bet I'm burning myself out! I've been doing that for so many years now – and who in hell cares? (Present-past)

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