علم المواد التطبيقي والتآكل
TRANSCRIPT
אאאאאאאא
١٦١١٦١
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אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאאאאWא
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א א ?אא אא ?? ?אאאאאאאאK
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א ١٦١
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א אאא،אאאאאK אאאאאאאא،
אאאאKאאאאKאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא،אאא
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F١ J١EאW אאאא
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אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
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١K ،א ٢K אאאא، ٣K ،אא ٤K ،אאאאאאא ٥K אאאא، ٦K ،אאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٢ -
٧K אאאאאאאאאאאא،אא
٨K אK אאאאאאא،
אאאאFא١٩٧٥E١٨Kאאאאאאאאאא
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אאאאא،אאאאאK
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W
١K ،א ٢K ،אאא ٣K אאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣ -
F١ J٣EאאאW אאאאאא
K،אאW
Zn + 2 HCl → Zn Cl2 + H2
אאאאאא
אKאאאW
Zn + 2 H+ + 2Cl- → Zn2+ + 2Cl- + H2
אא،אא
אאאאW
Zn + 2 H+ → Zn2+ + H2
F١ J١EאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٤ -
אאא،
W
١ J א(Anodic reaction)אאW
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
٢ J אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW
2 H+ + 2e- → H2
אאאאH٢א
אאאאא،H١K
א(M)א،אאW
M → M n+ + ne-
nא،אא( Transfered electrons )אאKאאFAnodic reactionEא،
אאא،אאKאאאאאאאאא∆GאF
אאEא∆Gאאאא،אאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٥ -
אאא(M)אאאאאאאW
Fe → Fe 2+ + 2e-
Al → Al 3+ + 3e-
אאאאאא،אא،،Kאאא
،FFECathodic reactionE،אאאאW
O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4OH-
אאא،אאKאאאאאאאא
Kא
אא،אאFאEאאאא،אFאEאא
א،אאאFאE،אאאאKFEא،
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א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٦ -
אאFאE،אW
١ JאאאאאאאW
2H+ + 2 e- → 2H → H2
٢ J אאאאW M3+ + e- → M2+
Fe3+ + e- → Fe 2+
Sn4+ +2e- → Sn2+
٣ JאאאאאאאאאאW
O2 + 2H2 O + 4 e- → 4 OH-
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- → 2H2 O
٤ Jאאאאא،אאאאאאאOH-H+ W
2H2 O + 2 e- → H2 + 2 OH-
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٧ -
F١ J٤EאאW אאF١ J٢Eאא
אKאאאא(Aqueous corrosion )אאW
١ J א(Anode)Wאאאא
אאאאאאK ٢ J א(Cathode)Wאאאאאא
אK ٣ J אFאE(Electrolyte)Wאאאא
אאאK ٤ J Wאאאאא
K
F١ J٢EאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٨ -
F١ J٥EאאW
אW אאאא(Salt
drop experiment ) אF١ J٣E٣٪אאא
FאאאאEאFאאאאאאKE
אW
אא،אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאFאEFאאEאFאFEאאאEאK
אאאאאKאאFאEאFאאאE
אאאאאKא،אאאFאאEא
אKאאאאאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٩ -
F١ J٣EאאW JאאאאאFEאFKE
Jא،אאאאK JאאאאK
F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W
אאאאאא،אאאא
אאKאא،אאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאאאK
אF١ J٤Eאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאא،אאאא،א
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ١٠ -
Bאאאאאא(Critical current)،אDא
EאD-Eאא(Passive current)،אאאאאא
אאאKE،אאא،אאאא،אאא
אאK،אאאאאאאאא،א
אאK
F١ J٤EאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ١١ -
F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W א F١ J٥ E א א א
١٨٤٠KאאאאאאW
١K אאאאאאאאK
٢K ؟א،אאאאא ٣K א،אאאK ٤K אאאאאK
אאא؟
אF١ J٥EאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ١٢ -
F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W
אאאאאאאאאא،אא
א،אאאאא،אא(Anodic reaction)א
אW
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e-
אא( Cathodic reaction)אאW
2 H+ + 2e- → H2
F١ J٩EאאW אW
Wאא(Activation polarization)W אאא
אאאאF١ J٦KE ١K ،אאא ٢K אא،אא ٣K ،אאאא ٤K אאK
אאאאאאאK
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- ١٣ -
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Wאא(Concentration polarization)W אאאאאא
אאKאF١ J٧KE
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א،אאאאK
- ١ -
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אאאאאאאא
א
אא
א
٢
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ١٥ -
F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W אאא،אאאאאא
אאאא(Spontaneous) ،אאא
אא( Free energy, ∆G)אאאKאאW
Mg + H2O + ½ O2 → Mg O2 , ∆G = -142600 cal.
Cu + H2O + ½ O2 → Cu(OH)2, ∆G = -28600 cal. Au + 3/2H2O + 3/4O2 → Au(OH)3, ∆G = +28600 cal.
א∆Gא،אאא∆Gא
אא،∆G∆GאK∆Gאאא
∆G אאK
F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W
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Electrode potential )Eא،،אאאKאאאאK
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- ١٦ -
F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W אאZ١L،
٢٥◦אאE◦אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאW ∆ G◦ = - n F E
nZאאאM → M n+ + ne- FZאא( Faraday constant = 96500 coulomb/equivalent ) EZא( Cell potential , V )
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אאא(Potential standard hydrogen electrode)אאאאאא
אKאאאא،אאאאE◦אאאאא،אאK
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אא،אא( Electrochemical series)אF٢ J١E،
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אאאאFאKE
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ١٧ -
F٢ J١EאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
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אE◦،אאאא،אא
אאאאK
F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W א
א،אאא،אאאא،אא
אאאW
Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn
אאא،אאאאא،אא( Reduction potential )אא
F٢ J١E،W
Cu = Cu2+ + 2e- , E° = - 0.342 V vs. SHE אאאאK
Zn+2 + 2e- = Zn , E° = - 0.762 V vs. SHE
אא א אא א
אK Cu + Zn+2 = Cu+2 + Zn
אאאW
Ecell = E°(Cu) + E° (Zn)
Ecell = ( - 0.342 V ) + ( - 0.762 V ) = - 1.104 V vs. SHE
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ١٩ -
אא،∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאאאK
אאW
Cu + Zn+2 ← Cu+2 + Zn
Zn + Cu+2 → Cu + Zn+2
אאאאאאאאK
WאאאאאאאW
3Pb + 2Al+3 Z 3Pb+2 + 2 Al
אאW
3Pb Z 3Pb+2 + 2e- , E° = + 0.126 V vs. SHE
אאאאK
2Al+3 + 3e- Z 2 Al , E° = - 1.662 V vs. SHE
Ecell = E°(Pb) + E° (Al)
Ecell = ( + 0.126 V ) + ( - 1.662 V ) = - 1.536 V vs. SHE
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٠ -
،אא∆ G◦ ،אא،אאאאאאא
אKאאW
3Pb + 2Al+3 ← 3Pb+2 + 2 Al
3Pb+2 + 2 Al → 3Pb + 2Al+3
אאאאאאאאK
Wאאאאא
אאW Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2 + H2 Zn → Zn2+ + 2e- , E° = + 0.762 V vs. SHE 2H+ + 2e- → H2 , E° = 0.000 V vs. SHE
Ecell = E°(Zn) + E° (H) Ecell = ( + 0.762 V ) + ( 0.000 V ) = + 0.762 V vs. SHE
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א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢١ -
F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W
אאאאא،אKאאאאא
אאאא٦٥٤א،אאאKאאאאא
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F٢ J٦EאאW
אאאאאא،אאאאא
א(Nernst equation )K אאאW
a A + m H+ + ne- = b B + d H2O
(Nernst equation )W
E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(אא) / ( אא ) ]
E = E° + 2.3 (RT/nF) log [(A)a (H+)m/ (B)b (H2O)d ] W E = אא E°Zאאאא n Z אאאK C Z אאFLKE T Z אאא(K)K F Z אאK R Z אאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٣ -
אאאאאאאאאאW
אאאאW
אאH+אאK
אאאאאF٢ J٣E
F٢ J٣EאאאK
א אא א
א
אא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٤ -
F٢ J٧E(Pourbaix diagrams )W
אאאאא،אאאאאאאאא
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אאא(Applied potential)אאא(pH)Kאאא،،א
אאאאאאא(Thermal equilibrium)K
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Fe → Fe++ + 2e א٢٥،א
אW
אE = E◦ אא١
L،אאאאE◦–٤٤}٠אZ١LK ،א١C١٠ J٢
،אאאאW -0.5V0.059--0.44
)101log( 22059.0
≈=
×+= −oEE
C logEE 2059.0+= o
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٥ -
אאZ١C١٠ J٦אW
אאאאZ J٤٤}٠
אאאZ١LאZ J٠٥אZ١C١٠ J٢LאאאאZ J٦٢}٠،
אZ١C١٠ J٦LK٠٦٢}٠אאאא
٥٠אאא،אאאא(Immunity)אKא،אא
אא،אא١L،אאאא،F٢ J٤Eא
אאאא(Film passive)א،אא،אא
(Passivity)KאF٢ J٤Eאאאאאא،אאאאאאFא
אאאZ١٠Lאאא،–٢Z١٠ J٢L،١٠ J٦LאKE
אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאW
-0.62V0.18--0.44
)611log(2059.044.0EE
==
−−×−−=
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٦ -
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٧ -
F٢ J٤EK
אF٢ J٤Eאא
אאKאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאW
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאאא
- ٢٨ -
אWא corrosion CAN occur אWאcorrosion CAN NOT occur
אאאאאאאF٢ J٥KE
F٢ J٥EK
- ١٥ -
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אאאאאאאא
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٣
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
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אאאאא K אאאאאKאאאאאW
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- ٣٠ -
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א(Corrosion rates)Kא،،FE◦ ZאFEאא J٦٧}١،Z J٤٤}٠
KEאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאא،Kאא،אאאא،
אK
אאאא(Corrosion current)אאא
،אאאאא אאאאK
אאאאאW
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٢ -
∆m= K I t
W ∆m Z אאt I = אFE t Z אFE K Z אאDאאC٩٦٥٠٠
אאFאאא
אאא(Polarization curves)،אFEא
FEאאאאKאא،אאא
א،F٣א J١ J،E
F٣ J١EאאK
Icorr
Ecorr
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٣ -
א،אאאאאא(Mixed corrosion potential)F٣א J
١ JEאאא–،א–،א
אFאEאאאK
אא،א(Concentration polarization)אאאאאא
F،אא…אE،אאאאאאא(Activation polarization)אאאא
،אאאאא ( Linear polarization resistance )אא(Resistance polarization)אאא
אאאK
אא( Linear polarization resistance )W
،אאאאאאאאKא
אאאא±٢٠אKאאאאF٣ J٥KEאאאW
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٤ -
βa ،βcא،F٣ J٣EאKאF٣ J٢EאאKאאא
W
אאאאאאאאאW
We: is the electrochemical equivalent = molecular wt./no. of electrons involved in the anodic reaction;
d: is the density of the tested material (g/cm3);. Icorr: corrosion current (µA/m2).
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٥ -
F٣ J٢EאאK
F٣ J٢EאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٦ -
F٣ J٣EאאאK
F٣ J٤EאאW
אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאK
אאאא(Electrical resistance probes)אF٣ J٤KE
א ١٦١ אא אאאא א
- ٣٧ -
F٣ J٤EאאK
אאאאאאW
R = ρL/A
ρ : resistivity, L: length and A: cross-sectional area of the conductor.
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאF٣ J٣KE
F٣ J٣EאאאאK
א א ١
٣ J٥ א ١٠
אא
אאאאאאאא
א
٤
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٣٨ -
אאאאאאאאF٤ J١EK
F٤ J١EאאK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٣٩ -
אW
F٤ J١EאאאW
א،אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאא،אאKאאאאאא
،א،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא٣٪F٠٠٠}٣٠
אEאאKאאאאאא(Low alloy steels )،אKאאא
(Carbon steel )אאKאא(Corrosion allowance )١٠אאאאא
אאאאאF٢٥EאF٤ J١EאאאאK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٠ -
F٤ J١EאאאאK
א אL(µpy)
אאא ٨٠ J٣٠٠ א٦٠ א J٢٠٠ א٢٠ א J٦٠ ١٥ א J٣٠
١٠ א J٥٠ ١٠ א J٨٠ א–٩٠ J٥ ١٠ J٥٠
א–٧٠ J٣٠ ٥}٢
١ –– ١
F٤ J٢EאאW אאאאאאאא
א،،אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאKאא
אFאאאאEאאאאאא
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤١ -
אאא،אאאKאאאאאאאא،אFא
אEא،אאאאKאאא
،אאאKאL،אא٣}٠א
KאאאאKאF٤ J٢Eאא،
אאאאKF٤ J٢EאאאאאאK
F٤ J٢Eאא،אאאא
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٢ -
F٤ J٢EאאאאאאK
F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W אא(Pitting corrosion )،
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א،אאאאא(Surface defects)،אאאKאאאאא
א،אאאKאאא،אאאאאאאKאאא،א
،אאאא،אאאאאK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٣ -
F٤ J٣EאאK
אF٤ J٤EM(aerated)א،א
אאאFאאEאאאK،אאאאאא
אMClאאאאKאאFאEאאFKEאא،אאאאKאא
،،אא،אאאאאא(stagnant waters)،אא(stainless steels)אא
אאאKאאFאאאEא،אFאאאEא
FאאKEאF٤ J٣Eאאאאאאא٣١٦אא
א(hastelloy C, F)אK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٤ -
F٤ J٣EאאאאאאK
א אL
(µmpy ) א٤٠٠ א–٨٠٠ ١٠٠٠–٣٠٠٠
א١٥٠ א–٣٠٠ – ٣٠–١٥٠
١٥٠٠–١٨٠٠ ٥٠–١٨٠٠
א א––
F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W אאא(Crevice corrosion)אאא
אא،،אאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאא(Mill scale)אאאאאאאאאאא(Differential
aeration zones)Kאאאא،אא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא(Gaskets)אאאאאאאא(Spot welding)،F٤ J٥KE
אאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٥ -
F٤ J٥EאאK
F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W אא(Intergranular corrosion)אאא
אא(Grain boundaries)אאKאאאFאאEא
Kאאאאא(Alloying additions)،،אאא(Segregation)אאא
אKאאאאאאKאאF٣٠٤אW١٨–٨E
אא(Chromium depletion)אא(Sensitized)٥١٠–٧٨٧○،אאאא
אF٤ J٦E،אאאאFאE٪אאK
אאאא١٠٩٣○،אאא(Strong carbide formers)א،א
אאאאאKאאאאא٠٢}٠K٪
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٦ -
F٤ J٦EאאK
א ١٦١ אאא אאאא א
- ٤٧ -
F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W
אאאאאאאאאאא،אK
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאא(Stress corrosion cracking)א،אאאאאאא
(Residual)אKא(Static)(Dynamic)Kאאאא،אאK
א(Corrosion fatigue )אאאא،אאאא،Kאא
א،אא،אאKאKאא،،א
אאאKאאאאא،אאאא،אאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאא(Aluminum brass)אאאאאK
אאאK
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- ٤٨ -
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- ٤٩ -
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- ٥٠ -
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אאאאK FE אא(Fretting corrosion)אא
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F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W
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- ٥١ -
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- ٥٢ -
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אאא(Corrosion inhibitors)אאאאK
אאאא،אאאאאא(Immunity)א،א
אא(Passivation)K
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- ٥٣ -
F٥ J١EאאW אא(Cathodic protection)אא
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- ٥٤ -
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- ٥٥ -
F٥ J٣EאאאאאK
F٥ J٢EאאW
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- ٥٦ -
F٥ J٣EאW א(Corrosion inhibitors)
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אאאF٥ J١EאאK
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- ٥٧ -
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א א
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- ٥٨ -
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F٥ J٥EאאW
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- ٥٩ -
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Kאא،אאאK F٥ J٦EאW
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- ٥٥ -
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- ٦٠ -
F٦ J١EאאW אאאאאאאאא
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- ٦١ -
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א(Brittleness)W א F Eא א
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א(Tensile strength)W
אא א א א א א א ،א א א א א אא
אאא (Ultimate strength)K
א(Ductility)W אאאאאא،אאא
אא א א א ،א א
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٦٢ -
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א(Fatigue)W
אאא(Cyclic)אאKאאאא
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א(Toughness)W
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א(Modulus of elasticity)W
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- ٦٣ -
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- ٦٤ -
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٢٠٠٠K
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- ٦٥ -
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א١٧٢٠٢٥א٧٧١٠א J ١١١٥א J ٢٢٢٨א J
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א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٦٦ -
٣ Jאאא( Ceramics )W אאאאאאאאאא
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- ٦٧ -
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٤ Jאאא( Composites )W
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- ٦٨ -
F٦ J٤EאאאאאW אאאאאאאאאאאא
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- ٧٣ -
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- ٧٤ -
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אK
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- ٧٥ -
F٦ J٢Eאא
א א
א א
UNS No.
S31603
S31600 S30403
S30400
S30100
אא
316L 316 S04L 304 301
UNS No.
S31254
N08904 S30815 S31000 S32100
אא
254SMO
904L 253MA™
310 321
אאא
UNS No.
S44600
S44400 S43000 S40900
אא
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430 409
אא
UNS No.
S44004 S43100 S42000 S41000
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440C 431 420 410
אא
UNS No.
S32760
S32550 S32750 S31803 S32304
אא
Zeron 100™
Ferralliw™
m255™
2507 2205 2304
אא
UNS No.
S15500 S17700 S17400
אא
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or 631
17-4PH or 630
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٧٦ -
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א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٧٧ -
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אא،אא،א18:8אKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאKא٤٤٢٤٤٦
אאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אא،אאא٤٠٥אאאא،א،א
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אאא١٨W٨אאאאK
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אאאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאא،אא
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א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٧٨ -
אאאאאאאאא،א CD-4M Cu،אאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאK אאאאאF٣٠٤EF٣٠٤LEF٣١٦EF٣١٦LEא،F٦ J٣EK
٣١٦אאאאאאKאאF٣٠٤LEאF٣٠٤E،אא
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אאאאאK
F٦ J٣EאאF٣٠٤EF٣٠٤LEF٣١٦EF٣١٦LE ٪ ٪ ٪ ٪ א
18.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.08 max 30418.0 - 20.0 8.0 - 10.5 - 0.03 max 304L16.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0.08 max 31616.0 - 18.0 10.0 - 14.0 2.0 - 3.0 0. 316L
אאאWאאא
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- ٧٩ -
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אאאאאאאאא،א
אאאK
٤ J٤א אאאאאא(Reactive)
،אא،
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٠ -
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אKאאאא،אאא–،א
א،אאאK אאאאאאKא
אF٣٠٠٣EאאאאאאF٦ J٤Eאאאא،
אKאאא–אאF٥٠٥٢KEאאאאאאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨١ -
א،–א–אאאא،אאאאא،אא
א،אא،אאאאאא،אאאאא
(Si+Mg)אF٦٠٦٣EאF٧}٠٪EF٥}٠٪Eא،،אאא
אK،אאאאHאאHאHאא
אא،אא،אאאאא
אאאאאK ،،אאאאא
אאאאאאא،،א
אא،א،אאאאאאFאא
אאEאאאא(Temper Des-ignation)אF٧ J٤EאאאאאאאאKאאאא(O)אאK
אא(H)אאאאאא،א(H)אאאא
،אאא١٨Hאא،א١٤Hא،אאא١٢Hא
אאKאא(T)אא،אאאאא،אאא(T)אא
אאKאF٧ J٤E،אאא،אאF٠ J١١٠٠Eאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٢ -
אא،אאF١٤H J١١٠٠KEאאF٧ J٤Eאא
אאאF٦T J٧٠٧٥אאאאאF١١٠٠KE אא
אאאאKEאא_אאF٤٣EאF٥E٪א
F٣٥٦EאF٧E٪F٣}٠E٪،אאK
א–א–אאF١٩٥KE،אאאאאאK
٥ J٤א
אאאאאאאאאא
אKאKאאאאאא
KאאאאאאF٣٠٠ J٤٠٠EאאאKא
אאאאK אאאא
אאאאאאF٢١٠EאF١٤٠٠
EאאאK אאאאאא Jא
אאא (Brass)א،אאאאאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٣ -
KאאאאאאFNickel SilverEאאא
،א،אאאא،?F?(Everdurא
אאאאאאאאא،אאא
אאKא،אאאאאאאאאאא
،א Jא،אאאK
א،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٦ J٤א
אאאאאאאא،
،אא،אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،אא
،אאאאF٢E٪،אאאא،K
אאאאאאא،אאאF١٠KE٪אFInconelEאאאאF٩ J٤E
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٤ -
،א،אאאאאאאאK אאאאא
אאאאFאEאאאאאאאא
אא–אF٣٥٪EF٢٠٪EF٥٢EאKא،א–
אא،אKא JCFHestalloy –CEאאאא?–B
F?B JHestalloyEאאK–DF D JHestalloy E،
אאאK?א J٦٠٠F600 InconelEאא،אא
אאאאK
٧ J٤א ،אאאF١٧٤٠E،
אF٢٧١٠EאF٧٨٠٠KEאא،אאאא
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאFAnodesEאאא
אאKאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٥ -
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאKא
א،אאאK،אאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אא،אאאאאא،אKאK
אאאאאאאKאאאאאK،אאאאאK
אKאאאF١٠٠ J٣٥٠KEא
א–א،אא٥}١٪אאאאא،F٢٠٠ J٢٨٠E
אאF٥ J٤E٪א،Kאאאאאאא
אאאF١٤E٪F١E٪،אאאאF٢٢KE٪
٨ J٤א
אאאאאאאאא،אK
אא،אאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٦ -
?אאFGalvanized SteelEאאFHot DippingEאFSprayingEאK
،אא–אא،אאאא–F١}٤E٪אא،–א
אF١E٪KאאאאאFDie-CastingEא FPressure Die-castingKE
،אא،אאאאאK
٩ J٤א
אאF٣}١١E،א،א
א،Kאאאאא
אאFSulfidesEאאKאאאאאאאאא
،אאא،אאאאF١١ J١EאאKאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא،אK אאאא،
אאFBearingsE،א،אא–،،א
אאאFSoft SolderingEאאאאFTerneplateKEא
אאאאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٧ -
אאאFאאEאאא(Safety Plugs)،אאאאא،אאאא
אF٥٠E٪אF٢٥ J٣٠E٪אאאKאאאאאאK
אאא،אאאא،?אא?(Chemical Lead)א
F٠٦}٠E٪אאאאאאאאאא،אא
אאאאאK
١٠ J٤א אאא،אא
،אאאא،אאאאאKאא،אא
،אאאא،אאאאאא،אא
(Hot Dipping)،אKאאאא،אאKא
،אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאK،אאאאאא،אK
،אאאאאאאאאאא
א،אאאאKאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٨ -
אאאאאאאK،אא
אאאאאאאאאKאא(Foils)א
אאאא،אאאאאאאאKאאא (Mineral
Acids) אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאKא
אא،אאאKאאאKאאא??(Pewter)א
א،אאF٦ J٧E٪F١ J٢E٪K،אאאאאאאא
،אאאF١٧٥EאאKאא
אאKאאאאאאאאK
١١ J٤א
אאאאאKאאאא،
א–א Jא–אאKאאא،א
אK،אאאאאאאאאאא
א،אאאאאאKאאאאאא
אFEא،א
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٨٩ -
אFאאEאאאK
אאKאאאאאאא،א
אאKאאאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאF٧٠EאאF٥٠E٪،אF٣٢٠KE
١٢–٤א
אאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאK אF٣٠E٪
אKאאאאאאאKאא
אאא،אאא،אאאאאF١٥}٠E٪K
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٩٠ -
אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאKאF١٠ J٤EאאאאאK
١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) אא،אאאאאא،אא،אאאא
אF١١ J٤KEאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא،אK
٢ J١٣ J٤אW אאאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאא(MoO3)אאא
F٧٠٠EאאאאאK
٣ J١٣ J٤אW אא،אאא
אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאKא
אאאFאאEKאאא،אאאאא
אאאK ،אאאא
אאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٩١ -
٤ J١٣ J٤אW אאאאא
אF١١ J٤Eאאאאאאא،אא،אאאK
אאאאאאאאKאאאאF١٦٥٠E١٤٠K
٥ J١٣ J٤אW
אאאא،אאאאא(Thermal Neutron Cross Section)
אאאאKאאאאKאאא
אאאFאאEא،אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאKאאאא،אאאאאאא،אא
אאאאKאאאFא
אEאKאF١١٢EאF٤٢٥EF٥٦٠EאאK
١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals)
،אאאאאאאF٢ J٣KEאאאא
אFאאאאKEא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٩٢ -
FEאא،אאאKאאאא
א،אאא،אאKאאאאא
KאאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאKאF١٢ J٤EאאאאאK
١ J١٤ J٤אW
אא،אא،אאאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאKאאא،אאאאאK،א
،אאאF٢٤E،אאאF١L٢٤EאKאאF٥٠E٪F١٢EאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאKאאא
אא(Aque Regia)אאאאאאK
٢ J١٤ J٤אW אאאא
אאאאאאאא(Thermocouples)(Pt-PtRh)אאאא(Crucibles)אא
אאאאאאאF١٨٠٠Eאאאאא
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٩٣ -
אאאKאאאאאKא،אא
אKא،אאאאF70Au 30PtEא(Spinnerets)אאKא
א(Anodes)אאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאא
אF١٢ J٤KEאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא אאא
- ٩٤ -
٣ J١٤ J٤אW אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא(Bus-bar)אאאאKא
אאKאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא
(Autoclaves)א،אאאאאאאא،אאK
،א،א،אא(Tarnishing)אא،H2S
אאאKאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאאאאK
א ١٦١ אא אאאא
- ٩٥ -
אא 1. Fontana, M.G. and Greene, N.D., Corrosion Engineering, McGraw-
Hill, 1978. 2. Laque, F .L., Marine Corrosion: Causes and Prevention, J. Wiley,
1975. 3. Nace Corrosion Engineers Reference Book, 3ed., NACE
International, 2002. 4. Uhlig, H.H., Uhlig Corrosion Handbook, Electrochemical Society,
John Wiley, 2 ed, 2000. 5. Denny, A.J., Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, 2ed., Prentice-
Hall Inc. 1996. 6. Dillon, C. P., Corrosion Control in the Chemical Industries,
McGraw-Hill, 1986. 7. Verink, E. D. and Syrett, B. C., Testing Made Easy: The Basics,
Corrosion Testing Made Easy, NACE International, 1994. 8. Neil, G. T. etl., Testing Made Easy: DC Electrochemical Test
Methods, Corrosion, NACE International, 1998. ٩K ،אא،אא،א
،א١٩٩٠אK ١٠K אאא،אא،א،
١٤١٦،١٩٩٥K
א ١٦١ א אאאא
א F١ J١EאW ................................................................................................. ١
F١ J٣EאאאW ........................................................................ ٣
F١ J٤EאאW ................................................................................... ٧
F١ J٥EאאW .................................................................. ٨
F١ J٦Eא(Passivity)W ...................................................................................... ٩
F١ J٧Eא(Faraday experiment)W ............................................................. ١١
F١ J٨Eא(Polarization)W ........................................................................... ١٢
F١ J٩EאאW ............................................................................................ ١٢
F٢ J١Eאא( Free energy, ∆G)W ................................................................ ١٥
F٢ J٢Eא( Electrode potential )W .............................................................. ١٥
F٢ J٣Eאא( Standard electrode potential, E° )W ............................. ١٦
F٢ J٤Eא(Ecell )W .............................................................................. ١٨
F٢ J٥Eאאא(Reference electrodes)W ............................................... ٢١
F٢ J٦EאאW ...................................................................... ٢٢
F٣ J١Eא ................................................................................................ ٢٩
F٣ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................ ٢٩
F٣ J٣EאאW ..................................................................................... ٣١
F٣ J٤EאאW ........................................................................................ ٣٦
F٤ J١EאאאW ...................................................................................... ٣٩
F٤ J٢EאאW ............................................................................................ ٤٠
F٤ J٣Eאא(Pitting corrosion )W ............................................................... ٤٢
F٤ J٤Eאא(Crevice corrosion )W ........................................................... ٤٤
F٤ J٥Eאא(Intergranular corrosion )W ................................................ ٤٥
F٤ J٦Eאא(Stress corrosion)W ............................................................... ٤٧
א ١٦١ א אאאא
F٤ J٧Eאא( Erosion corrosion )W .......................................................... ٤٧
F٤ J٨Eאא(Bacterial corrosion )W ......................................................... ٥٠
F٥ J١EאאW .......................................................................................... ٥٣
F٥ J٢EאאW ........................................................................................... ٥٥
F٥ J٣EאW ............................................................................................. ٥٦
F٥ J٤EאאW .............................................................................................. ٥٨
F٥ J٥EאאW ............................................................................................ ٥٨
F٦ J١EאאW .................................................................................................. ٦٠
F٦ J٢EאאאאW ................................................................................. ٦١
F٦ J٣EאאW ................................................................................................. ٦٣
F٦ J٤EאאאאאW .............................................................. ٦٨
٤ J٤٧٩ ............................................................................................... א
٥ J٤٨٢ ............................................................................................... א
٦ J٤٨٣ ................................................................................................ א
٧ J٤٨٤ ............................................................................................ א
٨ J٤٨٥ ................................................................................................. א
٩ J٤٨٦ .............................................................................................. א
١٠ J٤٨٧ ............................................................................................. א
١١ J٤٨٨ ....................................................................................................... א
١٢–٤٨٩ ............................................................................................ א
١٣ J٤אאא (Refractory Metals) ............................................................... ٩٠
١٤ J٤אא (Noble Metals) ...................................................................... ٩١
א٩٥ .................................................................................................................. א