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pmayoif,ljcif;

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pGrf;rmefpkHnD? tnm&yfqDrS?

9OD;OuHo rSefausmif;q&mawmf (1344-rS? 1345-xd) (1)ESpfapmihfa&Smuf/

4/ awmfvGef;ax&m? jrwfq&mvnf;? omoemawmfa&;? t&SnfawG;onf? aemifa&;aemif&m? ausmif;wdkufwmwGuf? rsm;pGmtm;xm;? yk*dKvfrsm;rS? xif&Sm;OD;aqmif? vyGwvkyfawmifrS? (t&Sif)OuHo[k? emrbGJUac:?rSefausmif;qawmfonf? xifay:aeNyD;? rax&fBuD;rdkY? a0;eD;ae&m? tjzmjzmrS? 'g,umrsm;? wynhfom;wkdY?xif&Sm;pka0;? ausmif;wkdufa&;udk? pnf;a0;nDnm? rdrdwmudk? aocsmuse? &GufaqmifMubkdY? ,l&0efwm? ra&SmifcGmbJ?om,mapjcif;? udk;e0if;ausmif;? t&Snfaumif;? aemifaMumif;jrifhMum? wnfEkdif&mbkdY? jrwfpGmAk'? a[mnTefjycJh?"rjzmjzm? y&d,wfygrS? y#dygwfyg? rSefuefpGmjzifh? acrmpcef;? omoemyef;onf? &Tifvef;&SnfMum? wnfEdkifygaMumif;?o'gaumif;jzifh? rSefausmif;q&m? 'g,umESihf? aocsmuse? wdkifyifMu? rSxifvif;? udk;e0if;ausmif;?t&Snfaumif;bkdY? xyfavmif;Munfhtyf? y&d,wfausmif;? jzpfajrmufaMumif;udk? ausmif; quf&Sd? rsm;wynhfrS?OD;0deE? om&bGJU&Sd? wynfhonf? wwfodvdrm? pGrf;Edkif&m[k? tcgrqdkif;? Mucwf0kdif;ac:? EdkifiHausmfonfh?pmawmfoif&m? ausmif;wkdufwmrS? pmcswpfOD;? atmifjrifxl;rkdY? yJcl;NrdKUr? xifu&onfh? ]]aZ,srked}}? bGJUrnf&Sdonfh?jrwfbdausmif;wGif? ausmif;xkdifyifwnf;/

tvsifrqdkif;? tac:ckdif;? rSef;wdkif;aocsm? vyGwmNrdKU? awZmyGifhvif;? udk;e0if;ausmif;? tcgaumif;wGif?raESmif;rMum? a&mufcJhygonf/

b'E0deEom& (1345-rS? 1357-xd) (12)ESpf/

5/ ausmfvGef;{&m? vyGwmNrdKU? csdefcgaumif;wGif? a&mufaMumif;yifwnf;? t&Sif0deE? om&uvnf;?omoemhrsufESm? axmufIUcgjzihf? i,frS&if;csm? rSefausmif;q&m\? Mo0g'pum;? ry,f&Sm;bJ? ckoGm;ae&m?yJcl;rSm\? aZ,srked? Xme&SdrS? jrwfbd0d[m? vyGwmNrdKU? tcgMuvsif;? udk;e0if;odkY?

10

rsm;vS'g,um? nDnGwfpGmjzifh? obmyGifhvif;? udk;e0if;\? aqmifjcif;nDrIU? omoemjyK[k? wGif;rIYr,Gif;?jrwftoif;udk? aumif;jcif;nDpGm? wnfaxmifygonf? qufcge0if;? atmifjrifjcif;udk? aumif;jcif;pkHpGm? ausmif;wkdufwmwGuf? q&m0deEom&? OD;aqmifjywkdif;? cgrqdkif;bJ? rSefwdkif;atmifcg? ausmif;wkdufwmudk? csdefcg(q,fESpf)?OD;aqmifjzpf? xGef;opfapom;? &GufaqmifoGm;onf? a&mufjim;aumZm? axmifokH;&mrS? pGef;cgig;q,f? (cGefESpf)0,fwGif? 0ifhx,fwifh

11

a&T&wk armfuGef;ausmufpm

vyGwmNrdKY? udk;e0if;ausmif;ordkif;

aZ,swk oAr*Fvm=atmiftwdwfjzm atmifMobmtcg omoemESpf(2483)? aumZmou&mZf(1301)ck? c&pfESpf (1939)ck aAm"dausmif;q&mawmf b'EokeEonf OD;pHjrifh+a':aiGnTefU orD;-a':pdefwif?a':pdef&SifwdkY aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;tyfaom ausmif;aqmifESihfy&d0kPfudk tvSLcHawmfrlonf/ udk;e0if;apwDudktrSDjyK udk;e0if;ausmif;[ktrnfwGifonf/ udk;e0if;atmifcsrf;omapwDawmfudk 1292-ckESpf (bk&m;uav;i,fi,f? udk;awmifjynfhwnf? i,fomi,f? u,fq,frnfhbk&m;? "mwfaumvD 300-jynfhrSm? zl;Mutrsm;)twdwfwabmift& wnfxm;ylaZmfonf/

ausmif;xkdiftpOftquf/

1/ b'EokeE (1301 rS? 1302 xd)/

2/ b'Eynm&HoD (1306 rS? 1328 xd)/

3/ b'EynmaZmw (1328 rS? 1344 xd)/

q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf udk;e0if;omoemomru vyGwmNrdKU? omoemordkif; xif&Sm;aom q&mawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ udk;e0if;ausmif;rS udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwdkufopfodkY b'EOuHo rSefausmif;q&mawmfonfudk;e0if;ausmif;wdkufudk 1344-ckESpf wm0ef,l&aomtcg q&m-'um qE&SdcJhonfhtwdkif; pmoifwkdufzGifhvSpf&ef wynfhjzpfaom b'E0deEom& (tpdk;&"rmp&d,)tm; wm0efay; 1345-ckESpf? wefcl;vjynfhausmf4-&ufaeY r*Fvmtcsdef NrdKUe,foHCem,uOu|q&mawmf b'Eukovmpm&ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;? tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;? NrdKUrd^ NrdKUzrsm;? wynhf'g,um^'g,dumrrsm; wufa&mufzGifhvSpfonf/ oHCm 13-yg;jzifhpwifoDwif;okH;aom pmoifwdkufESihftwl udk;e0if;omoemjyK toif;BuD;vnf; ay:xGef;cJhonf/

1/ od&Dr*Fvmausmif;aqmif (1301)/2/ oDv0daom"eDodrf (1302)/3/ opfom;"rmkHawmfBuD; okH;aqmifom&SdcJhonf/

pmoifwdkufzGifhvSpfNyD;aemuf-

4/ edrdwmkHausmif;aqmif (1347)/5/ a&csKd;aqmif (1347)/6/ a&T&wkausmif;aqmif (1348)/7/ abmfMunf"rmkH (1349)/8/ ausmif;0ifrkcfOD;ESifh ewfvrf;rBuD; (1351)/9/ aomufa&avSmifuef;BuD; (1351)/

10/ bwomvmaqmif (1353)/ taqmuftOD;wdkYudk csJUaqmufvkyfcJhonf/ 0gqdkoHCmvnf; 75-yg;txd wdk;wufvmonf/

Z

12

ESpf(50)jynfh a&T&wkordkif;usOf;b'E0deEom&ESifh udk;e0if;omoemjyKtoif;BuD;wkdY udk;e0if;ausmif;ESpf(50)jynfh a&T&wkyGJjyKvkyfa&;

twGuf (1347)ckESpfup aqmif&GufoifhonfwkdYudk BudKwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ aqmif&GufrI txdkuftavsmufNyD;pD;aomtcg udk;e0if;omoemjyKtoif;BuD;ESihf NrdKUe,foHCem,uq&mawmfrsm; tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;?NrdKUrd^ NrdKUzrsm;ESihf tBudrfBudrf ndEIdif;csuft& ESpf(50)jynfh a&T&wkyGJudk (1353)ck? aESmif;wefcl;vqef;(3)&ufrS(7)&uf? (5-4-92) rS (9-4-92)aeYtxd 5-&ufwdkif usif;y&ef owfrSwfcJhonf/ a&T&wkyGJudk vyGwmwpfNrdKUe,fvkH;\ tiftm;udk&,l&ef &ufuGuf 10-ck? aus;&Gmtkyfpk 50-wdkYudk pDrHcsufcs tvSLawmfaiGaumufcH&efudkvnf; owfrSwfcJhonf/

a&T&wkyGJ atmifjrifpGm usif;yEdkifa&;twGuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/

(u) Mo0g'q&mawmfrsm;

1/ b'EOuHo? rSefausmif;q&mawmf/

2/ b'EaEmbmo? Ou|? NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJU aAm"dausmif;/

3/ b'Eomoe? (A[kd0efaqmif) usKdufxD;kd;ausmif;/

4/ b'Eukrm&? tusKd;awmfaqmif? NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJU? uHhaumfausmif;/

5/ b'EawZmeE0Ho? wGJ^tusKd;awmfaqmif NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJU acgif;awmfBuD;ausmif;/

6/ b'EP? NrdKUOD;ausmif;/

7/ b'Eom*&? txufausmif;/

8/ b'EPdE? o&ufawmausmif;/

9/ b'EEu? omoaem',ausmif;/

10/ b'EoD&dEmpm&? a0VK0wDur|mef;wdkuf? ajrmif;jr/

(c) em,uvlBuD;rsm;

1/ AdkvfrI;0if;aqG (Ou| r.0.w)/

2/ AdkvfrI;jrifharmif

(tNidrf;pm;? Ou| p.x.w)/

3/ OD;nTefYarmif/

4/ OD;jr/

5/ OD;usKH;/

6/ OD;xif

13

(*) a&T&wkusif;ya&; OD;pD;aumfrwDrsm;-

1/ OD;vS&D (taxGaxGOD;pD;rI;) Ou|/

2/ OD;vSarmif 'k^Ou|-1/

3/ OD;cif 'k^Ou|-2/

4/ OD;jrifhEG,f (NrdKUe,fomoema&;OD;pD;rI;)

'k^ Ou|-3/5/ OD;0ifMunf twGif;a&;rI;-1/

6/ OD;pkd;jrihf twGif;a&;rI;-2/

7/ OD;uH0if; wGJ^twGif;a&;rI;-1/

8/ OD;ausmfat; wGJ^twGif;a&;rI;-2/

(C) tzGJU0ifrsm;-

1/ OD;jrodef;/

2/ OD;wifvIdif/

3/ OD;jrifhat;/

4/ OD;ukvm;/

5/ OD;tkef;wif/

6/ OD;odef;jrifh/

7/ OD;pHjrifh/

8/ OD;oef;0if;/

9/ OD;oef;pdef/

10/ OD;odef;0if;/

11/ OD;vSoef;/

12/ OD;oef;aqmif/

13/ OD;ausmfpdef/

14/ OD;wifMunf/

15/ OD;AkdvfcsKyf/

16/ OD;apm/

17/ OD;atmifoef;/

18/ OD;pkd;wifh/

19/ a':usifar (urmvkH;)/

20/ a':vSMunf/

21/ a':vSMunf (uGrf;)/

22/ a':ao;ao;/

23/ a':vS&D

wdkYESihf qyfaumfrwD (11)zGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/

xdkqyfaumfrwDwdkY\ tm;oGefcGefpdkuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufcsuft& a&pBudK? jrif;NcH? yJcl;? &efukef?ajrmif;jr? rtlyif? vyGwmNrdKUe,fwdkYrS tvSLawmfaiG574667d^usyf aumufcH&&SdcJhonf/ xkdwGif(9)&yfuGufrS 46170d^ usyf? ukudKtkyfpkrS 42350d^usyf? ukefoG,fv,f,mrS 23270d^ usyf trsm;qkH;vSL'gef;yg0ifonf/

a&T&wkyGJtwGuf BudKwifjyifqifcsuf

a&S;OD;pGm a&T&wkEId;aqmf qdkif;bkwf 2-ck?NrdKUwGif; pkdufxl;jcif;/ a&T&wkpmaqmif? a&T&wkvufqGJtdwf? a&T&wktrSwftom; &ifxkd;wHqdyf?ajreef;r@yf? yef;r@yf? qifjzLawmf? rkcfOD; 2-ck? a&T&wkusif;y&m abmfMunf"rmkHawmfBuD;udktcrf;tem;BuD;tjzpf jyifqifjcif;? bk&m;vrf;urf;em;vrf; 0J,mbufwdkY omoemhtvH 100-ausmf pdkufxljcif;? ausmif;rsufESmpmbuf omoemhtvHrsm; pdkufxljcif;? vQpfppfrD;rsm; wyfqifjcif;wkdYudk pDpOfaqmif&Gufxm;onf/

a&T&wkyGJ NcdrfhNcdrfhoJ

5-4-92-&ufaeY eHeuf 10-em&D r*Fvmtcsdef'kwd,rkcfOD;a&SU a&T&wkzGifhyGJ tcrf;tem;BuD;udka&T&wk usif;ya&; aumfrwDvlBuD;rif;rsm;?em,u vlBuD;rif;rsm;? NrdKUol^ om;rsm;? txu(1)

14

q&m^q&mrrsm;? ausmif;ol^ om;rsm;/ ukuKdaus;&Gmtkyfpk tvSL&Sifrsm; NcH&Hvsuf em,uvlBuD; OD;nTefYarmifu zJBudK;jzwf zGifhvSpfay;cJhonf/

zGifhyGJaeYrSp 5-&ufwkdifwkdif atmifcsrf;omapwDawmfjrwftm; yef;r@yfjzifh ylaZmfjcif;?b'EoH0&? b'E*Erm aomwkZet&SifjrwfESpfyg;rS yd#utm*kHjyefqkd ylaZmfjcif;? yifhoHCm(250)ESihf ausmif;wkduf&Sd oHCmawmf t&SifjrwfwdkYtm; tmkHqGrf;? aeYqGrf; qufuyfvSL'gef;jcif;?{nfhy&dowfwdkYtm;vnf; xrif;auR;jcif;? npOfr*Fvmqdkif;awmfjzifhvnf;aumif;? AGD'D,kdjzihfvnf;aumif; azsmfajz{nfh cHjcif;? 8-4-92-&ufaeYaeYvnf 2-em&Dtcsdef a'0g0if;? &mZm0if; cif;{nfhy&dowfwpfaxmifausmfwkdYu vSLzG,fypnf;rsm;udkifaqmifNyD; rBuHKpzl;xl;uJpGm vSnfhvnfyGJusif;yonf/

9-4-92-&ufaeY 12-em&DtcsdefwdwdjyKorQ'ge tpkpkwkdYudk a&pufoGef;cs om"ktEkarm"em ac:qkdNyD; yifhoHCmESihf ausmif;wdkuf&SdoHCmawmfwdkYtm; (850)usyfwef vSLzG,fypnf;rsm;udk qufuyfvSL'gef;jcif;? aiGqGrf;avmif;vSLjcif;wkdYjzihf a&T&wkyGJBuD;udk atmifjrifpGm usif;yNyD;pD;onf/

yGJawmfusif;yonfh tpDtpOftm;vkH;udk tprStqkH;xd AGD'D,kdum; ig;acGjzihf pdef&wk taxmuftul jzpfap&ef rSwfwrf;wifxm;aMumif; ausmufpm a&;xkd;tyfownf;/

{&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD; vyGwmckdif vyGwmNrdKU

udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwkdufopf (32)jynhftxdrf;trSwf

*kPfjyKa&;pyf ylaZmftyfaom &Spfq,fay:aw;xyf

{&ma0qm a&ZvmcwJh?a&Twme*& a&Turf;ajc?

ajrr[myxAsm ab;bsrf;aoGw,f?at;csrf;e,fajr ac:wGifom;?

udk;e0if;wkdufopfy&d,wfwnfvQif?

y#dywfrSDusifhw&m;wnfvdrfhwum;?ESpfaygif;a&wGuf EIH;cs,fvSpfazmf?

okH;q,fESpfaomf a&mufvm;jim;?

bkef;toG,foG,f jzpfay:awmuf

15

EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuodkvf(&efukef)

Ak'a'oemjyefYyGm;a&;ynmXme

enf;jyq&mawmf

b'ErmC0 \ axkywdq&mawmfb'ErmC0udk rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;? a&pBudKNrdKUe,f? acsmif;awmifbufaus;&Gmae crnf;awmf

OD;Munfcif+r,fawmfa':jrifhoef;wdkYrS 1338-ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvqkwf 14-&uf? (21-10-1976)Mumoyaw;aeYwGif rD;&SL;oefYpifzGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ arG;csif; 7-a,muf&Sd&mwGif yxrqkH;aom om;&wemjzpfonf/

q&mawmfonf a&pBudKNrdKUe,f? oJtif;aus;&Gm jrifxifausmif;q&mawmmf b'ENEd, r[max&fjrwfudk OyZm,fjyK a&pBudKNrdKUe,f? acsmif;awmifbufaus;&Gmae crnf;awmf OD;Munfcif+r,fawmfa':jrifhoef;wdkY\ yp,mEk*[udkcH,lNyD; &SifomraPtjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/ bGJUawmfrSm &SifrmC0 jzpfonf/q&mawmfonf 1358-ckESpf? e,kefvqef;2-&uf? (18-5-1996) paeaeY? eHeuf ( 8 )em&D ( 2 )rdepftcsdefwGif{&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;? ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,f? uRef;awm&yfuGuf? a0VK0wDur|mef;ausmif; c@odrf ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,f?uRef;awm&yfuGuf? a0VK0wDur|mef;ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmf b'Eod&dEmpm& r[max&fjrwfudk OyZm,fjyK&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? A[ef;NrdKe,f? q&mpH&yfuGuf OD;armif&D+ a':oZifOD;rdom;pkwdkY\ yp,mEk*[ukdcH,lNyD; jrihfjrwfaom &[ef;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/

q&mawmfonf rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;? a&pBudKNrdKUe,f? oJtif;&Gm jrifxifausmif;wdkufq&mawmfb'ENEd,? vyGwmNrdKU? udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwdkufq&mawmf b'E0deEom&? pmcsb'EumkPdu?b'E0dpm&? ajrmif;jrNrdKU? a0VK0wDur|mef;ausmif;wdkufq&mawmf b'EoD&dEmpm&? A[ef;NrdKUe,f?ajcmufxyfBuD;bk&m;BuD;wdkuf &wem"rmHkausmif;q&mawmf b'EtmpdP? EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuokdvf(&efukef)rS ygarmucsKyfq&mawmf? 'kwd, ygarmucsKyfq&mawmf? ygarmuXmerSL; q&mawmfrsm;?uxdue,a'ouq&mawmfrsm;? jyify ynm&Sifq&mBuD;rsm;xH ynmqnf;yl;oif,lcJhygonf/ EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuodkvf(&efukef)rS omoewuoDv"rmp&d, B.A (Buddhism) bGJU? omoewuoDvr[m"rmp&d, M.A (Buddhism) bGJUwdkYudk &&SdcJhonf/

q&mawmfonf "ry'*gxm(29)avhvmjcif; ("rmp&d,bGJY,lpmwrf;)? uHudkPfESihfjzwfrS edAmef&r,f?Pfryg&if uHujc,fvS,foGm;vdrfhr,f(r[m"rmp&d,pkaygif;pmwrf;)? orwdpufav;yg;ESihfavmuBuD;yGm;a&;(r[m"rmp&d,bGJU,lusrf;)wdkYudk a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/

,cktcg EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuodkvf(&efukef) Ak'a'oemjyefYyGm;a&;ynmXme 26-9-2003ckESpf rS pwif e,a'ou(enf;jy)wm0ef? weoFm&Dwdkif;0dZmv,ausmif;aqmif taqmifrSL;wm0efwdkYudkxrf;aqmifum aEG&moD,Ofaus;vdrmoifwef;rsm;ydkYcsay;jcif;? awmifwef;omoemjyKoifwef;rsm; ydkYcsay;jcif;paom Ak'jrwfpGm omoemawmf oefY&Sif;wnfwHh jyefYyGm;a&;twGuf omoemjyKukodkvfxl;udk qnf;yl;jyKvkyftm;xkwfaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/

*kPfjyKylaZmfcH oHCmawmf

16

t&SifZdEkw&axkywdtusOf;

t&SifZdEkw&udk rauG;wkdif;? a&pBudKNrdKUe,f? eef;OD;aus;&Gm? crnf;awmf OD;atmifMunf(c)OD;zkd;Munf+r,fawmfa':aqGwkdYrS 1346-ckESpf? 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (10)&uf? t*FgaeYwGif zGm;jrifaom wwd,ajrmufom;&wemjzpfygonf/

1359-ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; (7)&ufaeYwGif rdbESpfyg;\ yp,mEk*[udk cH,lum &SifomraPtjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhygonf/

t&SifZdEkw&onf 1366-ckESpf? uqkefvqef; (6)&uf? eHeuf (9)em&D? (30)rdepf? (15)puefYtcsdefwGif {&m0wDwkdif;? vyGwmNrdKUe,f? trSwf(9)&yfuGuf? bk&m;vrf;? udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwkdufo'r0dvmodeDodrf b'EEmp&d,r[max&fudk OyZsm,fjyK {&m0wDwdkif;? vyGwmNrdKUe,f? trSwf(9)&yfuGuf? bk&m;vrf;ae OD;odef;0if; + a':pef;jrifh(c)a':csKd orD; rwifpkvwf rdom;pkwkdY\ yp,mEk*[udkcH,lum jrifhjrwfaom&[ef;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdcJhygonf/

t&SifZdEkw&onf rauG;wkdif; a&pBudKNrdKUe,f eef;OD;tkyfpk oJtif;aus;&Gm jrifxifausmif;q&mawmfb'ENEd,? {&m0wDwdkif; vyGwmNrdKU udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EEmp&d,ESifh pmcsq&mawmfrsm;? {&m0wDwdkif; ajrmif;jrNrdKU tmZmenfy&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EumkPdu? &Srf;jynfe,fawmif;ydkif; awmifBuD;NrdKU odrfawmify&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EqEm"duESifh pmcsq&mawmfrsm;?rEav;wkdif; rw&mNrdKU &efuif;rpkd;&drfwkdufopfy&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EpEmod&Dbd0Ho/ &efukefwdkif;r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f EdkifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuodkvf (&efukef)rS ygarmucsKyfq&mawmf XmerSL;q&mawmfe,a'ouq&mawmfrsm;ESihf jyifyynm&Sifq&m BuD;rsm;xHrS yd#uwfpmayrsm;oif,lcJhNyD; omoe"Z"rmp&d,?omoewuoDv"rmp&d, B.A (Buddhism) bGJYwkdYukd &&SdcJhygonf/

EkdifiHawmfy&d,wdomoemhwuokdvf(&efukef)rS omoemwuoDv"rmp&d, pwkwESpfatmifjrifNyD;csif;jynfe,f? uefyufvufNrdKUe,f? at;acsmif;omoemjyKXmewGif omoemhwm0efrsm;ukd (2)ESpfxrf;aqmifcJhNyD;,cktcg oD&dvuFmEkdifiH? ukdvHbkdNrdKU Kelaniya University ynmoif,lvsuf&Sdygonf/

*kPfjyKylaZmfcH oHCmawmf

17

t&Sif*kP0EaxkywdtusOf;

t&Sif*kP0Eukd {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;? vyGwmcdkif? vyGwmNrdKUe,f? *kHnif;wef;aus;&Gmtkyfpk?ESmacgif;aygufaus;&Gm crnf;awmfOD;vSaX;+ r,fawmfa':oefat;wdkYrS 1349-ckESpf? 0gacgifvqef; (2)&uf?wevFmaeYwGif rD;&SL;oefYpifzGm;jrifawmfrlonf/

1357-ckESpf? wefcl;vqkwf(11)&ufaeYwGif rdbESpfyg;\yp,mEk*[udkcH,lum vdyfopfaus;&Gm?aZmwdumkHausmif;wkdufq&mawmf b'Et*Pudk OyZsm,fjyK &SifomraPtjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlygonf/

1369-ckESpf? waygif;vqef; (15)&ufaeY? eHeuf (8)em&D? (30)rD;epftcsdefwGif weoFm&Dwkdif;a'o BuD;? xm;0,fckdif? NrdwfNrdKUae udkrdk;olatmif+rrLNzdK;wkdY\ yp,mEk*[udkcH,lNyD; uHomausmif;q&mawmfudk OyZsm,fjyK jrifhjrwfaom&[ef;tjzpfodkY a&mufawmfrlygonf/

t&Sif*kP0Eonf udk;e0if;y&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EEmp&d,ESifh pmcsq&mawmfrsm;?awmif BuD;NrdKU odrfawmfy&d,wdpmoifwkdufq&mawmf b'EqEm"duESifh pmcsq&mawmfrsm;xHrSyd#uwfpmayrsm;oif,l cJhNyD; ]0de,0d'l}bGJU? omoe"Z"rmp&d,bGJUwkdYukd &&SdcJhygonf/

,cktcg awmifBuD;NrdKU odrfawmify&d,wdpmoifwkdufwGif txufwef;pmayrsm;udk avhvmvdkufpm;&ifpm0grsm;ydkYcsum omoemjyKvkyfief;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygonf/

*kPfjyKylaZmfcH oHCmawmf

18

19

odrSwfp&m NrdKUa&Twm&SmazGpkpnf;wifjyol Nidrf;pdk;OD;

yx0D0iftaetxm;wnfae&m

vyGwmNrdKUe,fonf ajrmufvwDusK(15)'D*&D(44)rdepf(33)puefYrS(16)'D*&D(23)rdepftxdESihfta&SUavmifwDusK(94)'D*&D(33)rdepfrS(95)'D*&D(9)rdepfwGif wnf&Sdygonf/

e,ferdwf

vyGwmNrdKUe,fonf {&m0wDwdkif;twGif;wnf&SdNyD; wnfae&me,ferdwfrSm ajrmufbufwGif ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,f?ta&SUajrmufbufwGif 0g;c,frNrdKUe,f? armfvNrdKifuRef;NrdKUe,f? ta&SUbufwGif bdkuav;NrdKUe,f? awmifbufwGifuyvDyifv,f? taemufbufwGif iykawmNrdKUe,fwdkYESihf qufpyfvsuf&Sdonf/ vyGwmNrdKUe,fonf ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,fESihf(26)rdkif? 0g;c,frNrdKUe,fESihf(12)rdkif? armfvNrdKifuRef;NrdKUe,fESifh(16)rdkif? bkduav;NrdKUe,fESihf(28)rdkif?iykawmNrdKUe,fESihf(20)rdkifcefYrQ qufpyfvsuf&SdNyD; yifv,furf;kd;wef;rS rdkif(40)cefYrQ &Sdygonf/

tus,ft0ef;

vyGwmNrdKUe,fonf {&d,mpwk&ef;rdkifaygif;(1058.322)&Sdonf/ vyGwmNrdKUe,f\ {&d,m{urSm(677326){u&Sdonf/ vyGwmNrdKUudk (1)rS(9)&yfuGuftxd e,fajr{&d,m (1.03)pwk&ef;rdkif? (661.769){ucefYjzpfonf/

ajrrsufESmoGifjyifESihfa&qif;

vyGwmNrdKUe,fwpfNrdKUvkH;onf ajrjyefYvGifjyifydkif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ yifv,fa&rsufESmjyif\ ay(50)atmufwGifwnf&Sdojzihf ajredrfhajrjyefYjzpfonf/ jrpfacsmif;rsm; tvGefrsm;NyD; jrpfcGJaygif;rsm;pGm tcsif;csif; cGJjzmpD;qif;MuojzihfuRef;rsm;ozG,f wnf&Sdaeonf/ t"dujrpfrsm;rSm vyGwmNrdKUe,f ta&SUrS taemufodkY tpOftvdkuf {&m0wDjrpf?aomif'ljrpf? jyefravmhjrpf? a&G;jrpfESihf ou,faomifjrpfwdkY jzpfonf/ jyefravmh (Pyamalaw river)jrpftrnfonfrGefbmom pum;jzpfonf/ ]]vIdif;BuD;aomjrpf}}[k t"dyg,f&onf/

20

ausmuftrsKd;tpm;ESifh wGif;xGufypnf;jrpfacsmif;rsm;rS tenfydkYcsrIESihf yifv,fjyif\ tenfydkYcsaom tenfusausmufrsm;jzihf wnfaqmuf

xm;aom blrdaA'taetxm;&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf oufaESmif;uyf\ tDdkZif;uyf,k*fu ay:aygufcJhaomavmif;&SnfausmufpOfpkudk awGU&onf/

&moDOwk(u) tylcsdef

vyGwmNrdKUonf ysrf;rQtylcsdef(86.4)'D*&Dzm&if[kduf&Sdonf/ rwf? {NyDvwGif tjrihfqkH;tylcsdef (96'D*&D? 97 'D*&D? 98 'D*&D? 99 'D*&Dzm&if[dkufrS 102 'D*&Dzm&if[dkuf) txdjrihfwufNyD;? 'DZifbmvwGif(55)'D*&Dzm&if[dkuf&Sdonf/rdk;a&csdef

1981-wGif rdk;a&csdefpkpkaygif;(161.24)vufr? (123)&uf&Gmonf/1982-wGif rdk;a&csdefpkpkaygif;(140.48)vufr? 112-&uf&Gmonf/1983-wGif rdk;a&csdefpkpkaygif;(138.33)vufr?(130)&uf&Gmonf/1984-wGif rdk;a&csdefpkpkaygif;(120.49)vufr? (123)&uf &Gmonf/ESpfpOfysrf;rQ (140)vufr &Gmonf/ &GmoGef;aom&ufysrf;rQ (120)&uf&Sdonf/trsm;tm;jzihf arv(15)&ufrS

(20)&uftwGif; rkd;NzdKifNzdKifuswwfNyD; arvrS pufwifbmvukeftxd rdk;rsm;rsm;&GmoGef;onf/ atmufwdkbmvESihfEkd0ifbmvwdkYwGif rdk;&Gm&ufenf;NyD; r&Gmonfhtcgrsm;yif &Sdwwfonf/

obm0aygufyifvyGwmNrdKUe,fonf tylydkif;rkwfokH&moDOwkwGif usa&mufojzihf tylydkif;rkwfokefopfawmrsm; tjzpf

tif? unif? ydEJzdk? opfwdk? u&Spf? axmufMuefU? ysOf;r? xdef? opf,m? ysOf;uwdk;? uHaumf? ppf? ydawmuf?rusnf;? ukudkponfwdkY aygufa&mufonf/ 'Da&awmtjzpf uepdk? uefYbvm? AsL;? r'r? oa&m? jrif;u?ojAK? oifaygif;ponfwdkYaygufa&mufonf/ tdrfokH; awmxGuftyifrsm;rSm "rif;EG,f? oif? oaygh?"edponfwdkYESihftjcm;csKHyifrsm;rSm iSufusD;awmif? c&m ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ aq;0g;tjzpf awma&Smuf? bkr&mZm?aMumifyef;? uaZmif;BuD;? bkrodrf? awmawmifeHBuD;? eEGif;cg;? qifwkH;rEG,fponfwdkY aygufa&mufonf/

awGU&Sd&aomow0grsm;vyGwmNrdKUe,ftwGif;&Sd opfawmBudK;0kdif;rsm;wGif '&,f? acsi,f? qwf? *sD? arsmuf? awm0ufponfh

awmaumifrsm;ESihf a>rtrsKd;rsKd;? iSuftrsKd;rsKd;? ykpGef? rdausmif;ponfha&csKda&iefae ow0gtrsKd;rsKd;wdkYudk awGY&Sd&onf/

vyGwmNrdKUe,f ordkif;tusOf;jrefrmEkdifiHwGif rGefwd? rGefp? rGefn[l rGefokH;&yf&SdcJhonf/ rGefbk&ifr &Sifapmyk(1452-71)onf

&efolrsm;\ tE&m,frS wdrf;a&Smif&if; vyGwmNrdKwnfae&modkYa&muf&SdNyD; ydkwdk;wufvmonfh&GmBuD; jzpfvmcJhonf/

21

awm&ausmif;twGif;&Sd bk&m;okH;ql? bk&m;BuD;ukef;bk&m;? &efuif;awmifbk&m;wdkYrSm rGefbk&ifrBuD; &Sifapmyk\tquftEG,frsm; wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhMuonf[k Mum;odcJh&ygonf/ bk&ifrBuD;onf ykodrfNrdKUodkY jyefvnfqefwufcJhaomtcg aus;uRefrsm;jzpfMuonfh zdk;jrausmf? zdk;vSausmf? zkd;bausmf? zkd;rif;ausmfwdkY usef&pfcJhonf/,if;wdkYaexdkifaom&yfuGufudk ausmfav;ausmf[k wGifcJhonf/ vyGwm&Gmudk ,ckawm&ausmif;teD;&Sdbk&m;okH;qlt&yfu pwifwnfcJhonf[k ,l&onf/ vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;(60)cefYu bk&m;okH;qludk odkufq&mrsm;uwl;azmfaomtcg rGefausmufpmrsm;awGY&aomfvnf; txdef;todrf;r&Sd aysmufysufoGm;NyD;jzpfonf/vyGwm&Gmonf rGefrsm;wnfcJhaom &Gmjzpfonf[k ,lq&ef&Sdayonf/]]vyGwf}}[laompum;rSm rGefbmom]]vywf}}\ yk'fysufjzpf ]]jrpfESpfoG,fudk qufoG,fxm;aoma&ausmf}}[k t"dyg,f&onf/ rGefbmom]]wm}}[laompum;rSm jrefrmvdk]]xef;}}jzpfavonf/ xkdpum;ESpf&yfudk aygif;&aomf ]]xef;yif a&ausmf}}(ac:)]]vyGwm}}[laom AsKywfonf ,kwd&Sdonf/

vyGwmtaemufbuf (4)rdkifcefYtuGmwGif vyGwvkyf(a&S;tac:)vyGw&kyf&Gm&Sdonf/ vyGwmESihfvyGwvkyfMum;wGif &Sifapmykwnfxm;onf[kqdkaom bk&m;BuD;ukef;jynfvkH;csrf;om apwDawmfBuD; wpfql&Sdonf/ZrL'DyOaqmif;usrf;pmwrf;wGif yr0wDjzpfta&SUbufudk ajrmif;jre,f? taemufbufudk ykodrfe,f[kjrefrmrif;rsm;tqufqufowfrSwfaMumif;qdkonf/ vyGwmonf yr0wDESihfqufoG,faom ou,faomif\ ta&SUbufusojzihf jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufuyif ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,fxJwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ 1852-ck NAdwdoQwdkY jrefrmEkdifiHatmufydkif;odrf;aomtcg vyGwm&Gmonf ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,fxJwGif tusKH;0if ykodrfc&dkifwGif yg0ifonf/ajrmif;jrc&dkif[k zGJYpnf;aomtcg vyGwm&Gmonf ajrmif;jrNrdKUtydkifjzpfvmonf/ (1892-93)ckESpf twGif;vyGwm&Gmajrudk pwifowfrSwfonf/

vyGwmNrdKUonf rlvu qm;csufaom&Gmuav;wrQomjzpfonf/ qm;csufvkyfief;ESihf,SOfa&vkyfief;vkyfMuojzihf ig;ydvkyfief;vnf; BuD;us,fvmonf/ 1869-ckESpf pl;tuf (Suez) wl;ajrmif;vrf;zGihfaomtcg pyg;pkdufysKd;a&;udk csJUxGifvkyfudkifvmonf/ (1914-18) yxrurmppf twGif;wGif pyg;pdkufysKd;a&;txl;wdk;wufzGYHNzdK;vmonf/

vyGwmNrdKYe,f1917-ck? atmufwdkbmv(23)aeYpGJyg taxGaxGXme trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf(315)t& vyGwmudk

ajrmif;jrNrdKUe,frSxkwfvyGwmNrdKUe,f[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ 1918-ck? 'DZifbmv(27)&uf? aeYpGJyg tcGefawmfXmetrdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf(127)t& ajrmif;jrNrdKU ta&;ydkifrpwma*stufpfzmeDb,f vufxufwGif ]]vyGwm}}&Gmudk]]vyGwm}}NrdKU[k aMumjimonf/ NrdKUwnfpu tus,ft0ef;rSm(0.09)pwk&ef;rdkif&Sdonf/ 1921-ckwGifaus;&Gmudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tufOya't& vyGwmaps;? aq;&kH? pmoifausmif;wdkYudk ajrmif;jrc&dkifaumifpDESihfausmif;bkwftzGJUu tkyfcsKyfonf/ 1925-ckESpfwGif NrdKUe,f&kH;udk aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;onf/ 1948-ckESpf?NrdKUajrjyefvnfowfrSwf&m (0.73)pwk&ef;rdkif jzpfvmonf/vyGwmNrdKUudk aAm"drP&yfuGuf? eEmaZ,s&yfuGuf?oD&dr*Fvm&yfuGuf? ok'e&yfuGuf? aZ,sbkrd&yfuGuf? &wemoD&d&yfuGuf? pEmoD&d&yfuGuf? NrdKUacsmif;&yfuGuf?rEk&yfuGuf? okcAv&yfuGuf? atmifcsrf;om&yfuGuf? wvdkif;acsmif;&yfuGuf? tued|&yfuGuf? pnfyifom&yfuGuf? a0[ydKvf&yfuGuf? pdw0HoD&yfuGuf[l &yfuGuf(16)&yfuGuf owfrSwfcJhonf/(30.12.72)aeY

22

jynfxJa&;ESihf omoema&;0efBuD;Xme trdefYaMumfjimjzihf &yfuGuf(9)ck? aus;&Gmtkyfpk(50)? &G,fi,faygif;(395)&Gmyg0ifaom]]vyGwmNrdKUe,f}}[k owfrSwfcJhonf/ (7.1282)aeY jynfxJa&;ESihfomoema&;0efBuD;Xme\trdefYaMumfjimpmt& vyGwmNrdKUudk pnfyifom,ma&;e,fajr (Municipality)tjzpfjzihf vsmxm;owfrSwfNyD;(1)rS(9)&yfuGuftxd e,fajr{&d,m(1.03)pwk&ef;rdkif?(661.769){u owfrSwfonf/

aus;&Gmtkyfpk(50)rSm (1)uu&ef? (2) uaZmif;? (3)unifukef;? (4)ukudK? (5)uefYbvm? (6)uefbuf?(7)ausmufarSmf? (8)uRef;acsmif;? (9)BuD;acsmif;? (10)MuLawm? (11)Budrfukef;BuD;? (12)BudrfuGif;? (13)*efYtdwf?(14)*kHnif;wef;? (15)pvlqdyf? (16)qm;usif;? (17)qm;csuf? (18)qifajc&m? (19)anmifacsmif;? (20)anmifvef;?(21)anmifvdef? (22)w,fyifudkif;? (23)wyfuGif;? (24)xif;ykHuGif;? (25)"edqdyf? (26)yufNyJ? (27)jyifpvl?(28)jyiftvef;? (29)zsmvdyf? (30)bDwGwf? (31)ab;ayguf? (32)bdk;jynfh? (33)bdkif;a'gifhacsmif;? (34)armifi,f?(35)jrpfBuD;bdk;? (36)jrpfayguf? (37)a&wGif;ukef;? (38)a&wGif;qdyf? (39)a&G;? (40)a&Smfacsmif;?(41)vyGwvkyf(awmif)? (42)vyGwvkyf(ajrmuf)? (43)vIdif;bkef;? (44)trwf? (49)tv,fa&ausmf?(50)tkef;wyifwdkY jzpfMuonf/

1948-ckESpfu &yfuGuf (10)ck? a&qdkifukef;? opfykwf? bdkukef;? Zif&TJtkyfpk[l &yfuGufaus;&Gmtkyfpkwdk;csJUzGJUpnf;&ef wifjyxm;vsuf&Sdygonf/

e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;ESifh qdk&S,fvpfBudK;yrf;rI

1938-ckESpfwGif vyGwmNrdKU wdkYArmtpnf;t&kH;0if ocifrsm;taejzihf pwifzGJYpnf;vsuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;?zufqpfwGef;vSefa&;wdkYwGif yg0ifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ ocifausmf (wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;Ou|)? ocifbkd;&ef(twGif;a&;rSL;)?ocifxif;0def? ocifpdrf;? ocifatmifwif? ocifarmifarmif? ocifbdk;OD;? ocifarmifvS? ocifbvS? ocif[efodef;tp&Sdaom ocifrsm;yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ (1942-ckESpf) t*Fvdyfe,fcsJUudk awmfvSef&mwGif yg0ifcJhNyD;*syef0ifvmonfh tcsdefwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;rsm;rSm tzGJUrsm;cGJ awmfvSefcJhMuonf/ 1943-ckESpfwGifta&SUtm&Swdkuf vli,frsm;tpnf;tkH;wGif Ou|tjzpf ocifausmf? *sDautdkif0efxrf;wyfwGif ocifbvS?ocifodef;armif? ocifbtkef;ESihf OD;bnGefUponfwdkYu wm0efcGJa0aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ 1945-ckESpf? {NyD(6)&ufaeYwGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wdkufyGJ0if ocif(18)OD;wdkYudk *syefppfAdkvf rpwm[Dwdkrmu zrf;qD;NyD;ajrmif;jraxmifwGif csKyfaESmifxm;um 1945-ckESpf? arv (6)&ufaeYwGif owfypfcJhMuonf/ ocifacgif;aqmiftmZmenf(18)OD;rSm-

1/ ocifausmf(wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;Ou|)2/ ocifxif;0def(tm&Svli,fOu|)3/ ocifpHwif(tm&Svli,f'kOu|)4/ OD;bNidrf;(tm&Sv,fi,fb@ma&;rSL;)5/ ocifwifwif6/ ocifarmifarmif7/ ocifbvS8/ ocifbtkef;

23

9/ ocif[efwif(tm&Smvli,f)10/ ocifbkHuif;(c)cspfvGif11/ ocifq&modef;armif12/ ocifq&mOD;om[ef(tm&Svli,f)13/ tbq&mcif14/ pufydkifOD;bpdef15/ ocifarmifvS16/ ocif[efodef;17/ ocifcspfnGefU18/ ocifatmifwifwdkYjzpfMuonf/

1946-ckESpf t*Fvdyfjyef0ifvmcsdef vyGwmNrdKUwGif zqyv uGefjrLepfygwDtzGJUrsm; ay:aygufvmcJhNyD;zqyvtzGJUwGif Ou| OD;wifvS? twGif;a&;rSL;OD;cifarmifwdkYrS aqmif&GufcJhonf/ uGefjrLepfygwDwGif OD;cspfNrdKif?OD;wifjrwdkYu OD;aqmifNyD; awmifolv,form;or*tzGJUudkvnf; zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ 1947-ckESpfwGif vli,ftpnf;tkH;udk Ou|OD;bdk;usifyg0ifaomtzGJUjzihf jyefvnf zGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ jynfolU&JabmfygwDudk cdkifwm0efcHtjzpfOD;oef;armif? OD;ausmfodef;? OD;rsKd;nGefUOD;? OD;eDvm(c)OD;rsKd;wif? OD;bvSodef;? OD;vSodef;? AkdvfaersKd;? OD;pHjrihfwdkYjzihfzGJUpnf;vIyf&Sm;cJhygonf/

AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; bdvyfwGif vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qkdoGm;pOf &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,f tcsKdUu AkdvfcsKyfonf &Srf;jynfe,fudk,fpm;vS,fr[kwf[k bdvyfodkY aMu;eef;ydkYcJhonfudk vyGwmNrdKUe,f jynfolU&Jabmf ygwDonfrcHr&yfEkdifjzpf ]]e,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;}} wGif yg0ifcJhMuonf/ AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqkH;NyD;aemuf 1948 vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfESihf jynfolU&JabmfygwD? uGefjrLepfygwDwdkY awmcdkcJhMuonf/

xkdpOfrSp vyGwmNrdKUe,frS a&mifpkHaomif;usef;olrsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIaMumihf at;csrf;om,m wnfNidrfrIr&SdbJteufa&mife,fajrjzpfcJhonf/ 1948 vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf zqyvtzGJUwGif Ou|OD;wifvS? twGif;a&;rSL;OD;cifarmifwdkYu aqmif&GufcJhMuNyD; 1958-ckESpfwGif wnfNrJ? oefY&Sif;[l zqyvESpfjcrf;uGJcsdefwGif wnfNrJzqyvOu|OD;jrxGef;? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;armifav;wdkY aqmuf&GufcJhMuonf/ 1960-jynfhESpf yxrtzGJUwGif NrdKUe,fOu|OD;at;armifav;? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;xGef;atmifwdkY aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/

xif&Sm;aom bk&m;? ykxdk;? apwD? ausmif;vyGwmNrdKUESihf vyGwvkyfMum; &SifapmykwnfcJhonfqdkaom apwDawmfBuD;jzpfonfh ]]bk&m;BuD;ukef;

bk&m;}}? vyGwmNrdKUay:wGif ousrm&Zdef qkawmif;jynhfbk&m;? av;rsufESmapwD? cav;bk&m;(c)aerif;wif-vrif;wifbk&m;? oydwfBudKapwD? a':tkef;apwD? a*gif;awmfBuD;bk&m;? pufawmf&mausmif;0if;xJ&Sd pufawmf&m?wm0wombk&m;? atmifawmfrlapwD? awmausmif;a&SU&Sd aMu;oGef;r[mjrwfrkedbk&m;? &Sifomavsmif;bk&m;?usKdufxD;dk;ykHapwDawmf? txufpufawmf&m? atmufpufawmf&m? odMum;bk&m;? urmat;apwD? vyGwvkyf(ajrmuf)&efuif;awmifapwD? OuH'Dwdkufbk&m;? qm;usif;ausmufqif;wkbk&m;? yudwfuav; ausmufqif;wkbk&m;?bdkif;a'gifhacsmif;apwDawmf? jyefravmhjrpfurf;ZD;jzL&Gm&Sdbk&m;? ausmufarSmfapwDawmfwdkYonf xif&Sm;onf/

24

av;xyfpmoifwdkuf? awmausmif;? ur|mef;ausmif;? aAm"dausmif;? uHhaumfausmif;? 0g;ausmif;?o&ufawmpmoifwdkuf? usKdufxD;dk;ausmif;? NrdKUOD;ausmif;? udk;e0if;ausmif;? cgawmrSDausmif;? rif;ausmif;?eE0efausmif;ponfwdkYonf xif&Sm;onf/

0g;ausmif;wGif ygVdausmufpm(4)csyf? yudwfuav;wGif.......aZ,swk? wihfwdk;usufoa&? jrihfNzdK;a0om;?y&arOD;aoQmif? ig;rm&fatmifonf? okH;axmifxuf0uf? udavcufudk? r*f0ZD&m? Pfr[mjzihf?vSefumjzKwfy,f.....tpcsDaom OD;i,f&m\ uwyknarmfuGef;pm ausmufpmwpfcsyf&Sdonf/vyGwmNrdKU&JUordkif;udk uRefawmfodrDoavmuf-

1/ vyGwmNrdKUtxu aiG&wkr*Zif;(1975)2/ pmwwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI trSwfw&vyGwmr*Zif;(1982)3/ vyGwmNrdKUrSwfwrf;(1985)4/ {&m0wDwkdif;r*Zif;(1985)5/ vyGwmNrdKUrSwfwrf;-vufESdyfpufrl(1994)wdkYrSm awGU&SdcJhygonf/vyGwmNrdKUordkif;jzpf&yfawGudk azmfjy&mrSm wpfckeJUwpfck ul;,lazmfjyxm;wJh tcsuftvufawG[m

wlnDaeygw,f/ ukd;um;rIawGtaeeJU OD;boef;\ ausmif;okH;jrefrm&mZ0if? jrefrmhpG,fpkHusrf; twGJ-11(1970)ckESpf?yxrykHESdyfjcif; pwmawGudk tokH;jyKcJhaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ,ckazmfjyxm;aom ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSm vyGwmNrdKUrSwfwrf;(1985)rS jzpfygonf/ (ul;,lay;aom roufxm;udkvnf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&SdygaMumif; rSwfwrf;jyKygonf/)

xkdrSwfwrf;wGif yg0ifaom tcsuftvufrsm;rSm ,ckxufwdkif jyifqifjznhfpGufjcif;rsm; tjyKvkyfEkdifao;wmawGY&ygonf/ acwfESihftnD trSefodkY csOf;uyfEkdifaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKNyD; ESpftvdkufrSwfwrf;rsm;xGuf&SdEkdifrSom ydkrdkaumif;rGefjynfhpkHaom vyGwmNrdKU&JU rSwfwrf;rsm; xGufay:vmr,fvdkU ,kHMunfaerdygonf/

vyGwmNrdKUe,fonf 2008-ckESpf? em*pfrkefwdkif;'Pfudkvnf; BuKHcJh&aomaMumihf tajymif;tvJrsm;[mydkrdkaernf[kvnf; ,lqrdygonf/ ordkif;rSmawGU&aom rGefbk&ifr &Sifapmyk&JU toufrSmyif uGJvGJrI&SdaeovdkvlOD;a&? obm0aygufyif? awGU&SdEkdifonfh wd&pmefrStp tajymif;tvJrsm;pGm &SdaeNyDjzpfygonf/acwfawGvnf;ajymif;vJcJhNyDrdkU acwfESihftnD ordkif;rsm;ESifhnDnGwfaom vyGwmNrdKU rSwfwrf;ay:aygufa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;?0efxrf;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESihftwl pkaygif;taumiftxnfazmfEkdifMuap&ef arQmfvihfygonf/ xif&Sm;aombk&m;ordkif;rsm;(Oyrm-atmifawmfrlapwDawmf? qkawmif;jynhfbk&m;BuD;? oydwfBudKapwDawmf? bk&m;BuD;ukef;apwDawmfponfjzihf? aus;&Gmrsm;\ ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;)udkyg vufvSrf;rDoavmuf taxmuftxm;cdkifvkHpGmjznhfqnf;jyKpkoGm;Mu&r,fvdkY ,lqaerdygonf/

&SmazGpkpnf;wifjyol = Nidrf;pdk;OD;

(2014-ckESpf vyGwmNrdKU? jrwfq&mylaZmfyGJtrSwfw&r*Zif;rS)

25

t*Fgudk;0 cGJa0jy

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wd0kwuH ed'geH? 0JykvsH p o Zmwurf/

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(wdyd#u ygVd+jrefrm tbd"mef? twGJ (10) pmrsufESm-454)/

t*Fgudk;ck tus,fIU

t*Fgukd;ckwdkYwGif---

1/ a*,spaom emrnfxl;&Edkifaom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ pum;awmfonf (yg&daooenf;tm;jzihf) okwrnfygonf/ Obawm0dbif;? plVeda'o? r[meda'o? plV0*? r[m0*? cEu? okwedygwfyg0ifaomr*Fvokwf? &weokwf? emvuokwf? tjcm;okwftrnf&aom bk&m;pum;awmfudk ]okw}rnf\ [lodxkduf\/

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26

jzpfaom *gxmESihfwuGjzpfaom pkPd,okwfudk ]a*,s}[l odxkduf\/ txl;tm;jzihf oH,kwedum,fo*gxm0*ftm;vkH;udk ]a*,s}[l odxdkuf\/

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5/ 0rf;ajrmufawmfrlvS pdwfwGif;rSm jzpfay:vmaom *gxmwkdYudk (pdwfrSydkvQH tefxGufvmouJhodkY)EIwfawmfjzihf usL;&ifhaomtcg ]O'gef;}[kac:&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf qDonf csifcGufrSydkvQH tjyifokdYxGufaomtcg]t0aoou}[k ac:ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? BuD;pGmaom rkd;&Gmojzifh uefrS vQHxGufvmaoma&ukd ]ra[mC}[kac:ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;wnf;/

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27

t*Fgudk;csuf ra&m,Suf

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t*Fgudk;oG,f vkdufemzG,f

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]&[ef;- tpD;tyGm;udk &Smavh&Sd oem;apmihfa&SmufwwfwJh q&mjzpfaom igonf wynfhwdkYtm;oem;apmihfa&SmufrIudk taMumif;jyK oifwdkYtwGuf tJ'DjyKzG,fudk igjyKNyD;NyD? 'D[mawGum;-opfyif&if;wdkYwnf;?'D[mawG[mum; qdwfNidrf&m t&yfwdkYyifwnf;}?

}&[ef;-uyfIUMuavmh? rarhravsmhMuukefvifh? aemufrS(tm;rxkwfvdkuf&vdkY) aemifwwpfzef ylyefjcif;rjzpfMuapukefvifh? 'D[mum;- oifwdkYtm; igwkdY&JU tqkH;tryifwnf;}../

1/ omoemwGif;? udk;e0if;? ax&frif; vGwfkH;awmf/2/ oifMuusihfMu? wlpkHrQ? Ak' csD;rGrf;aomf/

3/ qdyfNidrft&yf? wdkYcsOf;uyf? IrSwfMupkdYaemf/

a0VK0wD-&[ef;awmf

28

yxro*Fg,emwif&jcif;taMumif;

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]]a,m acg ye tmeE r,m "arm p 0dea,m p a'odawm? ynawm? aom a0g rrpa,eowm/

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xdkokdYBuHpnfawmfrljzpfonfrSmvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAmefpHawmfrlNyD;ptcsdef idka

29

t&Sifr[muy\ 'kwd,tBuHawmfrSm]]xkdYtjyif jrwfpGmbk&m;onf ighudk ]uy...oifonf ig\ydkufqHavsmf yhHokulouFef;awmfwkdYudkaqmifEkdifoavm}[k rdefYawmfrl ouFef; wlaomokH;aqmifjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? ]&[ef;wdkY... igbk&m;onf 0wKudavom ESpfjzmaomumrwdkYrS uif;qdwfyXrpsmefokdYa&muf aeEkdifawmfrlouJhokdY uyonfvnf; aeEkdif\}ponfjzihf ormywf 9-yg;?tbdnmOf 6-yg;[laom Ow&drEk"r udk,fawmfESihfxyfwlxyfrQ xm;awmfrljcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; csD;ajrmufawmfrltyfNyD/ igonf o*Fg,emwifjcif;rSwpfyg;a

30

vjynfhausmf 5-&ufaeY pwifcJhonf/

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31

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32

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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49

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50

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51

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52

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