.. 1

( ):

" " , 6- 3- 6.070700 ( - ). 72 , 34 ., 38 . (2 ECTS).

" " , . " " , , , , - . " " , , , ( , ), .

- : " " - "" ( ). " " -, , , , . ( , , ) - "" 6.040103 ( - ) . , : - . .

: , . , . , . . .

: . , , -. .

- :

1. 1. (3 )2. (3 ) 1 (20 )

2. , 3. (4 )4. (5 ) 2 (40 )_____________________________________________________ (40 )_________________________________________ (100 ) 34 . 38 . !!!!!!

: .. . .: , 1985. 422 . .., .. . .: , 1976. - 365 . . .: , 1971. 311 . . . .: , 1985. 339 . .. . .: , 1973. 288 . .. . .: , 1987. 328 .

: .., .., .., .. . .: , 1990. 480 . Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements / Ed.: B.R.Lipin & G.A.McKay. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 21. Mineralogical Society of America, 1989. 348 p. White W.M. Geochemistry -2001

, :

" " , . " " , , , , - . " " , , , ( , ), .

, :

. , , , , .

. , ,

:

: , . .

[1-5, 7], -.

.. 2 :

.. 1 :

.. 2

(29/04/189306/01/1981). , (1935). . (. ). 1911-1914 . 1917 - . . 1918-1919 (), 1919-1921 - . . 1921-1923 - , . - . 1924-1929 - . , 1929-1945 - ( 1934 - ), 1945-1958 - -. 1958-1970 - - -, 1970 - . , - . (1932) , , , , . (1934) . - . 40- . , (1952) . , , ; , , ; . , : , , , . . , . , . . . (1950) , , , , . ( ). ; . . . (1934). , , II (1940- ) . , , , . :

. ( ) (), . , , , , ::

() : 1. : IV-V .. XIX ..

2. -: XIX 1960-

3. : 1960- 2020- ???

: 3- , , . ( 1980- 1990- ) . . , .

1. (IV-V .. XIX ..) . IV .. II .. . XI-XV (-, . , .). XV : (1) , (2) 1572 ( ) 1604 (, ) ., (3) (., 1608), (4) . 1610 . ( , ). .... XVII XIX , , . XVII . () (), ( -, )., XX , .

: () XIX .

2. - ( XIX 1960- ) (, ) (1859 .), , . , 1868 . . . . , . , . . 1838 . (, ). [ , 60 - 1778 . ( )] , , , (), () (, )

(Frank Wigglesworth Clarke ) - , (1911). (1867). 18741883 . 18831924 . . . .: Data of geochemistry, 5 ed., Wach., 1924; The composition of the Earth's crust, Wash., 1924 (. H. S. Washington); The evolution and disintegration of matter, Wash., 1924. .: F. W. Clarke, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1932, v. 88; Dennis L. ., F. W. Clarke, Science, 1931, v. 74, p. 21213.19.3.1847, 23.5.1931,

-. 1885 - . 1898 1911 . , , , . , , . 1915 1930 , . - . 1912 ( ). ( 27 1918) . 1922 1939 . 1922 1926 . 700 . , . 1927 . . . . . .28.02.1863, 6.01.1945,

(Victor Moritz Goldschmidt) . , . (Heinrich J. Goldschmidt) (Amelie Koehne) , . 1901 , ( ). . . (Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente) . . , . , . . , , . , . , 59 . 1954 . 27.01.1888, 20.03.1947,

2- . . , . : , , , , , ( , . , , ., , , , Gamow, , , .

(1879-1955 .) . , . (E=mc2); , ( ) ( ); ( ) . , , 1921 , .1879-1955 .

(Carl Friedrich von Weizscker), - - . 28 1912 (). 1933 . 1936-1942 ; 1942-1944 . 1946-1957 . 1957-1969 ; 1969 . II - . , , , , , , . ( ). . . . 1938-1939 - . 1940- : , , , . 1944 . . 28.06.1912 - 28.04.2007 .

(Hans Albrecht Bethe) , ( ). , 1927 Ph.D. . 1933 . . (Rudolph Peierls) . c 1935 2005. , 30- ( ), " ". 1938 , . CNO-, , ( [C.L.Critchfield]) - , , . ( [Edward Teller]) . 194346 . ( . . . 1967 . 2.07.1906 6.03.2005 .

(Teller) (Teller) 15 1908 . , ( . ) ( . ) . 192935 , , , . 193541 . 1941 ( - ). 194652 ; 194952 - ( ), 1953 . (193136) , 1936 . . -, . , , . .: 15.01.1908 . ()

George Gamow( ) . 4.03.1904 . 19221923 - (), 1926 . () -. 1928 . 19281931 , -. 19311933 ... - . 1933 , . 1934 . 1956 . - , 1956 . , , , , . 1928, , a- ( . .), . , ( ). 1936 . b-. 19371940 . 1942 . 19461948 ( ), . 1954 . 4.03.1904, 19.08.1968, (, )

, (1958). 1931 - , 1964-1984 - ( ), 1984 - . - . . - . .., - ; 1966 - -. , , , , , . 60- . . ; . , , , . , . 1962 , , , 1970 , . .. . . . , ..08.03.1914 ., , . - (1979), (1979) . , , . . - (1983), - (1984).

, .-. (1966). ( .). 1938 -, - . ... 1941 -. . . 1968 - . , 1944-1949 , . , , ; , ; . 40- . 1952 ; , . 1953 - ( , ) - (. . , ). . 1956 , . . . . , , , --. , (1972), (1966). (1960). . . - (1972).01.07.191603.03.1985 .

, 2- , - -. . , . , , , , . , . , . . ... . -, (1920 .)

.. 3-4 :

.. 2 :

.. 3-4

3. (1960- 2020- ??? ) , ,

1960-

, , , : (1907-1966)

12 1907 . . .

, , , : (Wernher von Braun)23.03.1912, 16.06.1977, . 1944 . V-2 (-2) ( 188 ). .Saturn V (Apollo)USA, 1969V-2Peenemnde1937-1945

3- () . : :

31- 1958 I 30 (11 ). 28- 1958 . : -1 4 1957 . -1 84 , 56 . 23 .

: , , -1. ..

: . , . . ., .

5 1961 ().

14. 1998 .

1967 .

25- .

: ( )

1967 .

: ()

1981 .

: ( )

, , 1988 .

:

( )

7 1971-1983 .

:

()

1973-1974 .

( 1979 . )

: ( - )

1986-2001 .

: 1998 .

: (. Hubble Space Telescope, HST) , . NASA . , ; . - , 710 , .

: (. Edwin Powell Hubble, 20 1889, , 28 1953, -, ) . 19141917 , 1919 . -. 1927 . . 1922 () (-). 19241926 , , , , . 1929 ( ).

.:-3 ()7.10.1959First image of the far side of the Moon The Luna 3 spacecraft returned the first views ever of the far side of the Moon. The first image was taken at 03:30 UT on 7 October at a distance of 63,500 km after Luna 3 had passed the Moon and looked back at the sunlit far side. The last image was taken 40 minutes later from 66,700 km. A total of 29 photographs were taken, covering 70% of the far side. The photographs were very noisy and of low resolution, but many features could be recognized. This is the first image returned by Luna 3, taken by the wide-angle lens, it showed the far side of the Moon was very different from the near side, most noticeably in its lack of lunar maria (the dark areas). The right three-quarters of the disk are the far side. The dark spot at upper right is Mare Moscoviense, the dark area at lower left is Mare Smythii. The small dark circle at lower right with the white dot in the center is the crater Tsiolkovskiy and its central peak. The Moon is 3475 km in diameter and north is up in this image. (Luna 3-1)

.:-931.01.1966

.:-1624.09.1970

.:-17(-1)17.11.1970

.: (6 1969-1972 .)

.: ()6 1969-1972 .

.: ()(15 1961-1984 .) : 7 (17.08.1970), - 9, 10,13, 14

.: () 1971 -2 -3. . -2 , -3 20 . 20 .

.: ()

.: () ,

.: Spirit Opportunity 2004

.: Spirit Opportunity 2004

.: Spirit Opportunity 2004

.: Spirit Opportunity 2004

.: (2007/2008)

.: , , . , . 2 1/2 , . . , - 179 C. , 15 . 85 , . 4.5 /, , 15 . . , 90 . . .

.: - . , , . . 90 , . , , . , , , . , , , .

.: , ? , , 3 . . - , , , . , - . , - .

.:

:

:

:

:

:

:

: M1. - " ", . , - - , , . 1054 . - 24 , 1999 ., 2000 . . , , . , . - , - , . 6500 .

: 1787 . NGC 2392 , . , . 2000 , , . , .. , 10 . , , , . "" , , , .

: . , , 20 , . NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer), ACS (Advanced Camera for Surveys), .. 3 . , HUDF 4 , (HDF), .

: ( ni 106 Si) CI- (Anders, Grevesse, 1989) ( n i 106 Si ) ( ns ) ( CI ) ( n CI )

H, He Z. (Si, O !!!) , (). : H, HeC, O, Mg, SiFeLiZrBaPt, Pb( 106 Si)

Log ( 106 Si )H, HeC, O, Mg, SiLiFeZrPt, PbBa REETh, U

() :

() :

.. 5

:: To grasp the wonders of the cosmos, and understand its infinite variety and splendor, we must collect and analyze radiation emitted by phenomena throughout the entire electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Towards that end, NASA proposed the concept of Great Observatories, a series of four space-borne observatories designed to conduct astronomical studies over many different wavelengths (visible, gamma rays, X-rays, and infrared). An important aspect of the Great Observatory program was to overlap the operations phases of the missions to enable astronomers to make contemporaneous observations of an object at different spectral wavelengths.

: (. Hubble Space Telescope, HST) , . NASA . , ; . - , 710 , .

:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was the second of NASA's Great Observatories. Compton, at 17 tons, was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at the time of its launch on April 5, 1991, aboard the space shuttle Atlantis. This mission collected data on some of the most violent physical processes in the Universe, characterized by their extremely high energies. Image to left: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was the second of NASA's Great Observatories. Credit: NASA Compton had four instruments that covered an unprecedented six decades of the electromagnetic spectrum, from 30 keV to 30 GeV. In order of increasing spectral energy coverage, these instruments were the Burst And Transient Source Experiment (BATSE), the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE), the Imaging Compton Telescope (COMPTEL), and the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET). For each of the instruments, an improvement in sensitivity of better than a factor of ten was realized over previous missions. Compton was safely deorbited and re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on June 4, 2000.

:Spitzer Space Telescope (. Spitzer; ) , 25 2003 ( ) . . () , . , . , , , ,

:Spitzer Space Telescope (M104), ( ) ( ). , . , , , .

:Chandra X-ray Observatory ( ) , 23 1999 ( ) . . , ,

, 1500 , . - . , ( . ) - . , , . - ( ). galaxias, .. . , , , .

, - (1=1000 ~3103 ~31019). , : . , , .

NGC1365:

NGC891: . : 30 (100 000 ), 1000 . 8 ( 26 000 ).

, . : . , , , . . (37 ) ; , . .

, .

, . , . , ( ).

: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; , - . : -

() - - (). , . . , 0.08 , , 60-100 ( 60-120sun , , -, ). , , , , . - ( 90% ). :

- , . , , , . , . , ( ).: . , - . , , . .

, . , . , ( ).

: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; , - . : -

, . , . : M*8sun. M*8sun . , . II

, . , . , ( ).

: 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; 5) ; , - . : -

- . . . : . . , 10000 . .

: , ( "" ).

: , ( "" ).

: , - , . , , , . , . , - . , , . (106 /c3). . . - 100,000 200,000 . (0.6 sun - 1.44Msun). "-", , . , , , .. . .

: . . ( )

: - , . , . c: I II. , II *>103sun. I , -, , , II - .

: .. 6 :