satoh@sit.ac.jp

10000km 1km 10m 10100 10010

12740km0km0km 100kmkm

IPCC2001:http://www.ipcc.ch

100km100km 1000km1000km 3

10010010=105 10001000100=108 ES 10000km100km 10km 1000km10km 1km 100km1km

subgrid

or

BruntVaisala

CFLCoulant-Friedrichs-Lewy

,vonNeumann

CFLx=10100kmz=1km t

n: Forwardexplicit, Euler n+1 Backward(implicit)n+1 ,un Forward-Backward (semi-implicit)

ForwardBackwardForward-Backward

RAMShttp://www.aster.comMM5 http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5ARPS http://www.caps.ou.eduWRF http://wrf-model.orgMRI/NPD-NHM () http://www.mri-jma.go.jp/Dep/fo/mrinpd/INDEXJ.htmCReSS () http://www.rain.ihas.nagoya-u.ac.jp/CReSS/

MRI/NPD-NHM1997122

orHEVEHIVIHEVI (split-explicit)

HEVEx = 10kmCFLt = 10km/300m/s = 30s z = 500mCFLt = 500m/300m/s = 1.7sHEVE

HIVI cs. s z .

Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR

Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR

HEVI3

Splittingmethodtdivergence damping

HIVIHEVI splitting cs=300m/s, U=10m/s

Euler semi-Lagrange CIP semi-Lagrange Godnov, van-LeerPPMLin and Rood1996

diffusiondispersion monotonicity(shape-preserving)2 limiter

Eulerq q Coulant

Semi-Lagrange q Lagrange qCoulant (but tdu/dx

Semi-Lagrangeq q Lagrange qCoulant (but tdu/dx

subgrid

10m1km LESkmMoller and Yamada

1km vs 100km Arakawa andSchubert

100km1km

(AGCM)semi-implicit

AGCM

=p/ps =/ =gz

N=Mm:n: I=3M+1 FFT J=2N T21 J=64x=625kmT42 J=128 x=312kmT106 J=320 x=125km T213 J=640 x=62.5km

Held and Suarez(1994) . (AquaPlanet)Neale and Hoskins(2000) AMIPAtmospheric Model Intercomparison Project) http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov

DynamicalCoreHeld and SuarezDWD T106L19

NCAR Eulerian T42L49NCARsemi-LagrangeT42L49

AquaPlanetNealeandHoskins

AMIPAtmosphericModelIntercomparison Project

10Tbl2_1

Model VersionHorizontalVertical

RepresentationResolutionCoordinatesNo. LevelsBottom, Top

BMRC BMRC2.3 (R31 L9) 1990spectralrhomboidal 31sigma9 (3, 3)991, 9 hPa

BMRC BMRC3.7 (R31 L17) 1995spectralrhomboidal 31sigma17 (5, 5)991, 9 hPa

BMRC BMRC3.7.1 (R31 L17) 1995spectralrhomboidal 31sigma17 (5, 5)991, 9 hPa

CCC GCMII (T32 L10) 1990spectralT32hybrid10 (3, 4)980, 5 hPa

CCSR/NIES AGCM (T21 L20) 1995spectralT21sigma20 (5, 8)995 hPa

CNRM EMERAUDE (T42 L30) 1992spectralT42hybrid30 (4, 20)995, 0.01 hPa

CNRM ARPEGE Cy11 (T42 L30) 1995spectralT42hybrid30 (4, 20)995, 0.01 hPa

COLA COLA1.1 (R40 L18) 1993spectralrhomboidal 40sigma18 (5, 4)995, 10 hPa

CSIRO CSIRO9 Mark1 (R21 L9) 1992spectralrhomboidal 21sigma9 (3, 3)979, 21 hPa

CSU CSU91 (4x5 L17) 1991finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma17 (2, 6)variable, 51 hPa

CSU CSU95 (4x5 L17) 1995finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma17 (2, 6)variable, 51 hPa

DERF GFDLSM392.2 (T42 L18) 1993spectralT42sigma18 (5, 5)998, 2 hPa

DERF GFDLSM195(T42 L18) 1995spectralT42sigma18 (5, 5)998, 2 hPa

DNM A5407.V1 (4x5 L7) 1991finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma7 (1, 1)929, 71 hPa

DNM A5407.V2 (4x5 L7) 1995finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma7 (1, 1)929, 71 hPa

ECMWF ECMWF Cy36 (T42 L19) 1990spectralT42hybrid19 (5, 7)996, 10 hPa

GFDL CDG1 (R30 L14) 1992spectralrhomboidal 30sigma14 (4, 4)997, 15 hPa

GISS Model II Prime (4x5 L9) 1994finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma9 (2, 2)975, 10 hPa

GLA GCM-01.0 AMIP-01 (4x5 L17) 1992finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma17 (5, 4)994, 12 hPa

GSFC GEOS-1 (4x5 L20) 1993finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma20 (5, 7)994, 10 hPa

IAP IAP-2L (4x5 L2) 1993finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma2 (0, 0)800, 200 hPa

JMA GSM8911 (T42 L21) 1993spectralT42hybrid21 (6, 7)995, 10 hPa

LLNL LLNL/UCLA MPP1 (4x5 L15) 1995finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma15 (2, 9)variable, 1 hPa

LMD LMD5 (3.6x5.6 L11) 1991finite difference50 sinlat x 64 lonsigma11 (3, 2)979, 4 hPa

LMD LMD6b (3.6x5.6 L11) 1995finite difference50 sinlat x 64 lonsigma11 (3, 2)979, 4 hPa

LMD LMD6s (3.6x5.6 L11) 1995finite difference50 sinlat x 64 lonsigma11 (3, 2)979, 4 hPa

MGO AMIP92 (T30 L14) 1992spectralT30sigma14 (5, 4)992, 13 hPa

MPI ECHAM3 (T42 L19) 1992spectralT42hybrid19 (5, 7)996, 10 hPa

MPI ECHAM4 (T42 L19) 1995spectralT42hybrid19 (5, 7)996, 10 hPa

MRI GCM-II (4x5 L15) 1993finite difference4 x 5 degreeshybrid15 (1, 9)variable, 1 hPa

MRI GCM-IIb (4x5 L15) 1995finite difference4 x 5 degreeshybrid15 (1, 9)variable, 1 hPa

NCAR CCM2 (T42 L18) 1992spectralT42hybrid18 (4, 7)992, 3 hPa

NMC MRF (T40 L18) 1992spectralT40sigma18 (5, 4)995, 21 hPa

NRL NOGAPS3.2 (T47 L18) 1993spectralT47hybrid18 (5, 5)995, 1 hPa

NRL NOGAPS3.4 (T47 L18) 1995spectralT47hybrid18 (5, 5)995, 1 hPa

NTU GCM (T42 L13) 1995spectralT42sigma13 (3, 4)962, 1 hPa

RPN NWP-D40P29 (T63 L23) 1993spectral semi-LagrangianT63sigma23 (7, 7)1000, 10 hPa

SUNYA CCM1-TG (R15 L12) 1990spectralrhomboidal 15sigma12 (3, 5)991, 9 hPa

SUNYA/NCAR GENESIS1.5 (T31 L18) 1994spectralT31hybrid/sigma18 (4, 7)993, 5 hPa

SUNYA/NCAR GENESIS1.5A (T31 L18) 1995spectralT31hybrid/sigma18 (4, 7)993, 5 hPa

UCLA AGCM6.4 (4x5 L15) 1992finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma15 (2, 9)variable, 1 hPa

UGAMP UGCM1.3 (T42 L19) 1993spectralT42hybrid19 (5, 7)996, 10 hPa

UIUC MLAM-AMIP (4x5 L7) 1993finite difference4 x 5 degreessigma7 (3, 0)990, 200 hPa

UKMO HADAM1 (2.5x3.75 L19) 1993finite difference2.5 x 3.75 degreeshybrid19 (4, 7)997, 5 hPa

YONU Tr5.1 (4x5 L5) 1994finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma5 (1, 1)900, 100 hPa

YONU Tr7.1 (4x5 L7) 1995finite difference4 x 5 degreesmodified sigma7 (3, 1)990, 100 hPa

BMRC BMRC2.3 (R31 L9) 1990

BMRC BMRC3.7 (R31 L17) 1995

BMRC BMRC3.7.1 (R31 L17) 1995

CCC GCMII (T32 L10) 1990

CCSR/NIES AGCM (T21 L20) 1995

CNRM EMERAUDE (T42 L30) 1992

CNRM ARPEGE Cy11 (T42 L30) 1995

COLA COLA1.1 (R40 L18) 1993

CSIRO CSIRO9 Mark1 (R21 L9) 1992

CSU CSU91 (4x5 L17) 1991

CSU CSU95 (4x5 L17) 1995

DERF GFDLSM392.2 (T42 L18) 1993

DERF GFDLSM195(T42 L18) 1995

DNM A5407.V1 (4x5 L7) 1991

DNM A5407.V2 (4x5 L7) 1995

ECMWF ECMWF Cy36 (T42 L19) 1990

GFDL CDG1 (R30 L14) 1992

GISS Model II Prime (4x5 L9) 1994

GLA GCM-01.0 AMIP-01 (4x5 L17) 1992

GSFC GEOS-1 (4x5 L20) 1993

IAP IAP-2L (4x5 L2) 1993

JMA GSM8911 (T42 L21) 1993

LLNL LLNL/UCLA MPP1 (4x5 L15) 1995

LMD LMD5 (3.6x5.6 L11) 1991

LMD LMD6b (3.6x5.6 L11) 1995

LMD LMD6s (3.6x5.6 L11) 1995

MGO AMIP92 (T30 L14) 1992

MPI ECHAM3 (T42 L19) 1992

MPI ECHAM4 (T42 L19) 1995

MRI GCM-II (4x5 L15) 1993

MRI GCM-IIb (4x5 L15) 1995

NCAR CCM2 (T42 L18) 1992

NMC MRF (T40 L18) 1992

NRL NOGAPS3.2 (T47 L18) 1993

NRL NOGAPS3.4 (T47 L18) 1995

NTU GCM (T42 L13) 1995

RPN NWP-D40P29 (T63 L23) 1993

SUNYA CCM1-TG (R15 L12) 1990

SUNYA/NCAR GENESIS1.5 (T31 L18) 1994

SUNYA/NCAR GENESIS1.5A (T31 L18) 1995

UCLA AGCM6.4 (4x5 L15) 1992

UGAMP UGCM1.3 (T42 L19) 1993

UIUC MLAM-AMIP (4x5 L7) 1993

UKMO HADAM1 (2.5x3.75 L19) 1993

YONU Tr5.1 (4x5 L5) 1994

YONU Tr7.1 (4x5 L7) 1995

PE PCWS Super computerPCorPCunix, WorkStationPCcluster, WS clusterscalar parallel: massive parallelvector computersuper computervector parallelvector massive parallel: EarthSimulator640node8PE

ES (640node8PE40TFLOPS 10TB

PEUSGCRP2000

10010010=105 10001000100=108 ES 10000km100km 10km 1000km10km 1km 100km1km

ES)10km1km

10km http://www.sit.ac.jp/~satoh/dc/

20

20 level 1 level 4 level 3 level 2Number of grid points of n-level:

level 9(~14km) level 10(~7km) level 8(~28km) level 7(~56km)

10x1020x2040x4080x80Number of grid points:

Williamson Test Case 5Conformal cubic gridSpectrum model(T213)Icosahedral grid

Cold bubble

Squall lineGCSS CASE1)

2002:()5-30km Dynamical Core EXP2002: Aqua Planet EXP2003: AMIPEXP

, 1km

10km)