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x S GM H G GH GU} U U G S UH J

4...... GG S S }G GG S S S

} U G S S U U U U v } G}

? GU} Hx : x GG S SzG }GGH U

x v SH U, SG HHU, SG zGHU U

G-} U U S S U ? GG S S

GU} : xG ! U GU} Hx : x GG S- G SgGU

GGUGU U x } U| SHH U S G U, U GG S- G } S GG S SzG }GGH } S J

5...... GG S S} G GUG zGU U GGUGU U }-GHGU H GGG U S | U

G U GH U G} G-H}, S G

S GUG U GG S S} G GG S

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

47

GHH }G S } GH GU} GG S S} S GG U : U }

J 6...... }}H }} GG S- G

GU , SG H }U GUG zGU U}-GHGU G }G GG S- G G S zG GU} GG U : SHH !

} U U GGUG U, wG U GUS} } GG S- G SgGU U J 7...... GG S-

G} G GG S- S }G x SzGS GU} GG S- GG U : S G U GUS} S U GGU U S }GSGU} ! } GG S- G SgGU } U , } } S U S } } GH UM, ! GM U | U}S HGU x{ G U S U U J 8...... SHH U }GUGU :

U SH , G S }} (}} G U) GU} : }S} ! S wGS (GH }GUGU)U GGU S U } } Ux S S } } H U }G-}H } G ,

H U GUS} ! } U GG S }GUGU (S }) } U S} (SzG }GGH) U GRU U S U } UH J

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

48

SH G} U G-G} SH} ! U GUG S }H} U

SG SG U GUH G }G SH S }} , U H } }G GGU SH U GUG U GGU G U Gv} U U, SG HHU U GGU }}H S S G US U S | U , G GU S GUGU M} }G U U} , S S , U }G , GUG zGU | GUG } S U , S }GUGU U S }S} S UH J ( }S} U S GUG U vG G UH U SGG S} , HU } GG U S} x GUSS x) UGU S GUG S }GUGU U x H x UG } U }S} U } }vGS U }G H GGG, xG}wG }} U G-G} U U H ,HU U S S H :

wG } U US U }H US U }HU UH} } UH} GU U GUS}

(GGU wG, S. 80)

US U SS U }GUGU }G SH } GUS U S S U GGG G-G} } GUGU , S U S U S | U S --} UGH} : } } H } GRU H U J U zGG , SU S --} UGH } : UH } H H S J S G zGG UH UH S S , S UH H GU --} UGH } : U S S - H U J U GUG x , S U GGGGU U GU}, --} UGH } : SH UG} GU U J S GUG U S S} S GH GU} GU }S , S U zGG G-G} } U} U v }, } ( x})

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

49

GUS G H GU U SS G }HS }xGG S S H H U } G U} U U} U H U S Uv J | } }vGS GGU U}GUGU S G U SG }GUGU U GU U , }GUGU } S U } U } }-GHGU x UG H GUS GUS U U H U}GUG }H , HU ! U U SG SH } x UU U , U S }v J

wG UG U G--U G GUU S xG x

}GUGU S GUG zGU U HH U GG S- GSgGU, G, G, GGUGU U } GzGGU U xG S U }vGS SH }}, }vU }- U U GUxG( G) Hx U U S HU S U } U G, GG S H } GG S- G SgGU GGUGU

U S U S }}H 10 GU H Ux SH } GG x, Hx } H }S} U GG S- G U GU }GH H S x }GUGU U }-GUGU }G GG x, G SHH GG S-G SgGU U } GH H :

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

50

--} UGH } : U U G H } } U U}G S H S} U } H } wGS U H x S U} } S S S G GSS H S U H G GG v } S S U }S} }Z }S} G U x}U U H S x v H x H H U GU x H U GUGH S U G} } G } S } } G S } G GG } S G U S S S U H } S UH S U } G} S SH S} H U GU G v } S U U } U S U H U G H }SG GU} U U| S U x } H } H SGU GU} H G} Gv} H Hx U }S} } UH U H U GG G } H } x H U GUGH S U G} } U H } } } H } S U }G J

SLH GUGH GG GH} }zG S }G}} G}g } } 12 U zGS } GU} : }S} U Gv} U

}S} U S U x} U x} }}G J G x} U UxG U S GH} U S }G-}H } x} x }zG UGG SH } S UH} U }} UGGU } | HGU H GH }} S GU} U } U x} v U, US }}U U SH U} x} U GG US x} U HzGG U G S G GS U S GH } U GGU U GS } U GG GUS} GU} U } U } H U J}SH : S S }H} U }S} x} U G US U

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

51

wGS } Hx xG S }S} U S U }-GUGU SGUU J (zGS GGH GGU, : 18, S-, GH : 12, S. 651)

SH} ! xG } G U GRU SU zGS } }GUSS , GU}H }} GG GH} }zG G} G

GU} : G S } }}H }} GG S-G SgGU } Hx J U }} }S} U } } U } Hx U S S H S G GU}x J (zGS LH GGU, : 18, S-, GH : 11, S. 422)

GH U S- G U GG G}HGH U }}H }} GG S- G SgGU,

G, G, GGUGU U RU H, }LH }}GUH GS GG S }} }G}} S}GH G vGH GU} : S- G U H }G--} GG S- }}M} S } , GU} U H G ( ) U GH GU} GG

S GG U : } H U RU U , U RU U US U J

}G G S xG} xS GG G GU MG SgGU }

S G} H SH}G--} GS }} U x GzGGU G }S U x , } U x S U x

U S H SH}(G UH} G, S. 1059)

SH} ! }GUGU U wG U G} Hx H H, U }-U H H }S} U GGG M U }H U H H U U U}

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

52

HU U S S U | GG S- G SgGU,G, GGUGU, G U S U S U }GH U SU S S U H U U U } U G G U GU G S G, }-SH GG S SGU GHG U G} Hx, GG S- }} U S G} UG G Hx S, SH U U G G GG S

{ x J HU S GUS GUS S S US U H H GGG U GGU S } } UH }Hx J G } wG G} S S GUG J GH }}H }} GGS- G SgGU G} S GGG x U G GU U } SG-M GGUGU}S} U x } }G }GGGG x JUS G S GGG H }G x }SGGU }G wG H U U U wG U U yG S G H

(GGU , S. 73)

S } Hx UGU SH} ! }}H }} GG S- G SgGU

Hx H G} GU , GU} }SGGU vGH SG U M S SS S }S} HG} U GG S- G U S } S U S G} S , GU S GG S- G U GGUGU G GG G S , | x U U USGU U U }} G} H S} , GSH} S UGU J

GRU U GUGH U vGS U U U }U U }} SHH U

(GGU wG, S. 152)

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

53

S H GG GU -G } GU} :}}H }} SgGU U GUGGU ( U }Hx) UG GHS J (GU -G, . 14, S. 245)

U }GU} vGH zGGH U GGU H U}-U Gv} UG Hx , GU} : () } GzGGU}-} G yG, G yG (U G) UG x G GG }}H }} SgGU SgGU ( H GH U }, H U} G M SH} --U GH GU}) U } S zGU }xGG }xGG }G (,H, GUH zG HGU xGG ) U S U G H U J

S H H S }G U }GH U zG U GU GU H G MG U , U xHS }SGGU U UH wG G}G , H SH SG S U S U }vGHx } S U HGU S G}, } S US U U } G G U, xSG - } } H H G}H J H SGGUGU }G U U U U GU wG U G H S U }G } S H U Sx SG U} U }GGG} }U}U S} J H S GGUGU }G U SGU SGUH S U S , S U GGU U SGU H , H GG, SG }H GS G G GU} :

xSG UGU U S GS ! U U S S H

(GGU , S. 77)

GzGGU G U HH SH} ! S U }} H GGU U }GUGU S

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

54

U }GUSS GU, GHGU H GG, SLH GUGH GGUG }zG S }G}}G}g } zGS GGH GGU U vGH GU} U GH S GUH GG }}H }} U GGUS GUH }yG} , U GH U GGG GU G U J

(zGS GGH GGU, : 18, S-, GH : 11, S. 651)

x HGUG GG S- G U U } GUGS G} | U HH S | GG S- G U S G} S U U H UGU U S } GGS SzG }GGH U S G} Hxx }wGSS vGS U S US G S SG U U GUH ,

GG S SzG }GGH G G, GHGU SLG, }G SH} GG GH}

}H }zG }G}} GUH GGU } GH GU G SGGHG } GU} GG : GG S SzG U S zG( GUG zGU) U GHG GU} : G } U US G SSG U GHH G G} G J SGGU ( ) | U U GS J G U HGU J G }}H }}(GG G SgGU ) U GUH vGH GU} : ! } US G U S~ H J

GG S SzG U }wGS GLGUGG S SzG }GGH U }wGS GLGU |

U }H-GG GU} : U U G} , S-H} , }} xG-G} U J G }GU SG G, G J xGG }} , 60 SH S G G} } SG J (H v}H (}}), S. 40)

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

55

U U } SH} ! HH GU GG S-

G SgGU GGUGU U GzGGU GS} U S U U G-G} U }G H U HH } }GG HHGU U U , SU }, GU GU S GGS- G SgGU U U S UH }yG} ,

U GU U GG S- G U SGU, SGU U GG H G M G} xG U U U } GU}, GG S S GS

S } U U}, SH }G} U GU}}GGG} : US U U } }H J

}} } U} U G G M GS U U }SGU , xG G H U }G, xG GGG GU} J

U U GH G SS SU U x GG U

G} xG GG G U G v GU} ? SH G} G-H}, xG GGUGU GH

S G , HU G H GH U G} } U x Gv} U GHU }SHG | U U G SGU S Hx U SU U GGG U }G-}H S H S , x US SU U}} } U} U G U U } U G U ? }GGU GU GS SGGH GGU }S} U} U }G G} GG G} xG J H S G U U G U GzGGU U G} xG, UG} xG GUGUG U }GUGU U G H S G G U U }}GUG GS S | G , S U

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

56

G} xG }SGGU U S GU SH U UH} GU } } GU} :

--} UGH } : xG }GH J

S }-U S }H} U }vU }- }SGGU xG G ( UNDERSTOOD) U x S U G}x J H H G-H} U G S G}HH G-H}

G} xG U H S }H}H J x SH } H GG,}} H S, GGU } SH GG U :

U xG v } S |H wG } UG M

(GGU wG, S. 264)

G UH} G : SHH ! U G-G} U v U ! } G x GH } }U S U S U x U U, H U xGH xG | GUGH U} S G U x U xG S USGG SU J

G x} GGU Hx U x G U G U G} xG }SGGU U G S , } G x{ U } U G GURU GG} }GU x H U GUS G H U U SG }U }SxZ J G} xG U H GG U U G S S | }} U} U GG H GH} xG U U } UG , SU SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 692 SGUG }}H U UGU UH} U } SH SGUG 244 248 :

U G} xG U }U }S} UGU ?SH : U G} xG U }U }S} UGU ? : G} xG U U U G S } UG G S } x}, G

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

57

S } UG , x}, GUSGU U | GU} }} S U zGSH GH , } GU H GG, }} H S }H }} G} GG U SH GHSH GU U } } H :1...... H GH} GG S U U GGU U SU J2...... SHH x } U} UH G xG U G} J3...... SHH U G} S G (S U }S} UGGU ), HS U G} G} vGS S xG SG (U S U,G} vGS U S U }GUH ) J4...... G} H U S-GU GSS ( }wGSS SGU) S } S UG }G}}SHH U U U | U xGHS U H SU S } GUyGG }U UGU }G HS J5...... G G} , xH, U G} xG } }G}}SHH

U }}SH () U GG vGS U SG(H) H UG J ( U } U) S }SHGM S U }U (U U H), } (}}H) U HH GUyGG UGU J GUS} H J6...... H U} (H } U--U S } }H}H U) U | U GH} xG }H }x S-G LSH

( SH U GG) J }GH (} GH GUGU) (H U xG U) U SGU SH U H GHG xG } H U}

U GH} xG U SH (UH) GSS } x} }G(G) J7...... H }G GSS SH }G U xG G}S ( GH} xG) S G U G} wG U U G}S( ) } S US GU (GSS) U G} US U x G GS}-LH } U }U (U U H) }G GS (vGS H) J GUS} } J8...... SHH U vG GU} ( GU} Ux S) U | G} }H J

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

58

9...... GG U H SS }G G G}S ( USSS U xG GH} U }} GSS) U G} J10...... }H }v GUH} }v HG H }H G H S G G U}} } U- } U }-- HG }GGUG S S G U G} S } } GU} }H zG G}S GH GU} x S U S U vG | HG S | }H J (GHS : HG }GGUG U U G U U H S U | S S GG U G} S } GU} U GH x GH} U }} zG U G} GH x GU} U vG | HG }GGUG H S U | G} S } x ) J11...... GG U GGUGU MG U | G} J12...... }H }- GU U | G} J }SH GUS} S}S U } G G-H} }} H S }wGHGU (U S S wGHGU UH) S U G GH GG x } }S GU (SH} U H U U H) US UG v } GHH (x}) GUSGU U | Gv} SU U H S }SH } J

(GU -G, . 29, S. 414, 415)

SH} ! }}H }} GG S- GSgGU GGUGU U GU } S S G-G} U }H-GG GU}, }SG GH } U }GUGU U} GS} UG H U U U S GU U S :

--} UGH } : S H S } } J

S S, H U G} }} {, S U U G U GH U SGx U G U Hx GH H G} }}}H }} GG S- G SgGU U GzGGU GS} UU Hx GU} x, } GUG U } S UG } U U GGG G H H GGG GU } S GU}

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

59

} } U H U } U H }}G GU} J} H S G x U } } }} }G--} GG

S- G U GUG S GUG GU}, U vGGU} H Gx G GGG G xG U GUGU GGGU} J (})

SH} ! S GUG zGU S } S }H U }U S S U, HG GUGGU U GU, S U Gv} S U G U }-GHGU U GG U :

GUGGU U GU, Gv} GUGGU Gg -G U US U G U } Hx U GUGGU U U x J

HG U } | U x }x HG U } Hx G UG G U } Hx H G J Gg GUGGU G SS (80) UG xGH} HS (40) J ( G, . 2, S. 394)

SH} S } U S U GGG H, S S USU U U U GU U UG S JH ! GG U GG SUx J HG GUGGU U G }}H GS }H-GG U HG :

GUGGU U G }}H GS--} UGH } : } H}Z G U U S H x S H J--} UGH } : S GU G Hx U x }G- U H SS UG Hx U Ux U| } GUSGU }x S U U H S UH wG H } J

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

60

GG S S } U GG U}, }SS} GU} : wGS }}HU G U } Hx

GU} U S G Hx x }x U GUG } xGH} S S S

U J GG S Gv} S } , U : U G

} U G U J GG S GH G} GU} : G U ? S U : J GU} : GUS} S U S UGUG } } ! GU} U S U S 80 UG } x J

x U G} U GGHx x U } Hx H U GG U U H H H

}H-GG , SH } wG } U }G U GU} U | GU} U U Hx U G S HU x J } H S U } U Hx }}

}Z G H G} x Hx J

vU }G U } SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 504 SGUG

}}H U xG U U SGUG 295 } H S, SH}, GG GH} }H HH }G}} S GG GU-G vU }G U } U GU} : vU }GG }Z } { S GG U U U US G U vU }, S S S U xG } } G S GG x U} Hx U S U US U S , U GU U ,S S }H , x U} U xG J U U G} x U GG U S G GSH U J S G} } U G xG GU }H-GGGU},

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

61

G } Hx U S HUGG GH} HHg SG GUG GSS } vGH U

: U wGS wG } G-GGU U : H } S v }G-}H U ? U : } }xGGU U J } :

}xGGU U v S ? U : S v U } U xH } U J } : GUGGU U v ? U : zGSS U } G }Hx U GS HU } xzG J

......! ......! ......! } Gx } U { x !......!

H x S G }xGH ! zGS U G }SHG zGSS ! US S S x SU x H UM U SHG UG x S U

(SH wG, S. 234)

SH} ! } } GG S- G U vG GU} H U SG }U U S G U

Gx HG} U U GUH GU U U G U H G U }- }GH } H U G-G GM x }- G | |S SGU} U SG }UH S SGU} U GSH S vGS U SH} SH} U }- }GH U wGU GHGU } H S | }G } U U SG J xS U } }G} U S | }H S Sx, S U SH}| H SH} U }- }GH wG U U GUGUGG GU}, SH} | U --U S S U SH} | }- }GH} x, S U SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG220 SGUG }}H U SH} U }- GSS HSGUG 142 :

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

62

UGU U GUG xH Sw (H SH} S{) U U SH} | U U H H

: -}GH }U (1410 S.., 1990 G.) } U xH S Sw (HSH} S{ US) } J SH} | U H } GU U U GGU SH U S }G UGU U--U H U J } | H ! }UGU x J U GHS xG }GH } H UGU } S GU

U } } S GM GU} S, GU G UGH S }S} U G S U H U x J

! }G UGU U --U S x S U GGU}H HxG GU S U GH}x xG SS GU, SH} U}- }GH } x J G S H, G}} GU S S, S SG UH, GUG S U S S U UGU S | U Hx ! xH } U HxG GU S U GH}x xG SS GU, SH} U }- U} U {} } U U H J ! }G xH } }HxG SH} }- U} U G}} , U U }} ( } ) | }- }GH S S U xH S GSG }GH } | }- GUG G , G LS GU U S U }-SH } HxG } SH} U G SH} U }-U} U G} G}} J

U U }} }S} }, }- }GH } U H } UGUwG H U} }, }- }GH } U H } UGU

(SH wG, S. 625)

- G GUG zGU


GUG G SgGU

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63

4...... S- G U GU}

}HS U G}}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU}

: U MU G U }HS S U J

SH} ! }}H }} GG S- G SgGU U }GU GU} GH S }H} U U , U S,

} U M U G --U GH UG , GUG }SGGU U GGU U GU UGS G M U G GS GH G} }HSU G J

U ! GUGH x S } vG G M U U G J

GRU M G G } GUGH x U G UH

(SH wG, S. 290)

}}H }} GG S- G SgGU U }G}G H G-H} , S U U U GUGU U S }GG , H GH ( GH H) }SH }SG U} U U GGU LG U, GU U} U U U, }G U U U G } GU GU} U U H } GU}

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

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64

xG S U H GSS USG U} x G }G } U }GU }}G }GU} GUG U , } S H U UGU GG GU} U G GH} }zG ,(1) }GUSS, GU}H }} GG GH} }zG G} G G} GU} : G } } ( wGHGU GG } S U) U S GH} GUGU S G J GH} GU, GH} GS U }G , G }GgS G GUGU J

GG S GH} }Sg GH }G}} G} G U } GU} :

}yGHGU }} U }} G S G GUGU J

U G S U, }, }G H G SS} SG U} U Gv} GU} : }

S G} ( GG G SgGU ) S GSH U J

U H SG SH }-SH G -} }SH U GH } U H

U GGU LG U G} Gv} S | }-UH GU}, U G x S UH H }- UH SG GGUGU x U GG S} U wG S x} x U H -x G} U H S U S} S}

(1)...... }}H }} S- G SgGU U G GSS U H SSSH U S- G SgGU U GU U GH}, GUGU,}GUSS, }GgS, GUSG U x S }-GGU U H S SSH U GH3 }H-GG GU} : (1)...... S- G G }GgS }zG J (2)...... S-G G }GUSS J (3)...... S- G U GUSG J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

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, G U }}H }} U S SG U U GGU |

GSH S U U }GUG G GU} : Hx ! }

} } U S SG U U GGU GGG G-G} GSH J

GMGU U S GMGU U S S 29 GU} G

SH} ! ! }}H }} GG S-G SgGU U 29 GU} }-U U xHS U S U

x x }- UH S GUG U SG U J

1 GG U wGGU GU

H S GU} GH, (--} UGH } : } S G U } GUH UMx) U U GG

U G U GUH GU} GU

U GH GU} S U S U wGHGU G-S U

H} GU} U U GGU GU , GG S

S } G} GU} : } }}H }} GG

S- G SgGU U G} --U } GG } GG U : }}H }} } SHH UwGHGU U }-GHGU G J GU} :

U GGU GU , v } GU G ?

--} UGH } : U } wG G U J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

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66

}U} wGHGU SH} ! G} }, }G}} }SGGU

U GU} G-G} : H wGHGU U -}U}}H U }H U U}H U U H } | J

GH SH} GG S }} }G}} }G}} xGGH GH GH} } U GS wGHGU, U S U wGHGUU SSH } GU} : U SH, G x x H } GG GG GU} U H H GGG S } SH U U U H U }GS }U} wGHGU S }G GU} J

G } GG U U : H ! } S U } S U | U J

GG U, H ! } wGHGU S J

}G}} U GMGU U S SGS wGHGU U GUGH } 4

wGHS U S S wGHGU U } GUGH ,wGS U S SGU 4 vGH GRU U , (1)...... GG S S }HU GU} U } USH, G x U GU} S : GS wGHGU U }H } S J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

67

(2)...... }}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} ,}}H G, SSS GU} : GS wGHGU U S U G U H U G H U -

U H J (3)...... GG S SG GS S U x }U}wGHGU (wG U) S wG U } Hx } SGU H HU G UG , wGS S U SU U GUGH SGUGU U S U }} J

(4)...... GG S }} }G}} }G}} xGGH GU} : GS wGHGU } wGHGU

GUGU J

SH} ! ! } } } GU GS wGHGU U }} x U }G , GS wGHGU } v v

G }H , } S U U GRU U }H-GG GU} :

GS wGHGU U 10 }}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} :

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(SH wG, S. 502)

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(G} H, S. 47)

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H GG }} G} G G S GS U U GGU} : }H U H GG M G ( H U GG GGU) (HG) G} J (GHH }gG H GSH G, S. 12)

wG} U }G}}}G GU} : }GH U US }H } U H

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7 }S G U GG }GGUS H }}H }} GG S- G SgGU

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} }Z U } }yG} U ? GU} : ! x J } SU H H S }Hx U UG U S UGx S

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GU} J

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}G GU} : }Z U U v U x | }HU U J

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S U SU GU} ( G} ) U U H , U U U xG U } x{ U S S S U U xG UH U S J SU H , } U

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GG GH} }G}} GGU } H : } UxG G U xG S , v U G wGS S }GGU U }}U U} S }GGU U }}U J

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J

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SG } U wG , SG S S U UG H , S U

Gx U } GH U H wGH } } U wG , GH S

S U UG H , S } } GH U xG Gx J

Hx } S S G SGU x U Hx } S S G SG GGUGUH U G} GGU

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GU S-GU }}H 25 }- UHH GG, }} H S, }g }H }} G} G

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GUG Hx, 70 G U x, 70 GUS} U H x J (7).... U

x J (8).... US GH x J (9).... GGU GH yG}

GG GSH x J (10).... } H }H x J (11).... G} H U H

x J (12).... }HU M |x J (13).... G H U U} Ux J

(14).... xGG H S GH x J (15).... U x wG x, }xGGU

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(18).... U G U} LS x J (19).... S } }G Gx G wG U

}G J (20).... G SGU } U |x U J

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} } x, GG G} x J (24).... G } GS H S

} x U }GUS xG } J (25).... G S }U x

} x GG , S GH}, S U} U H vGS

U SgGU } S S H GH x J (GU -G, . 23, S. 153)

SH} ! SG U US GUGH wGH U G UG U G } U SG U wGH S U US S

S-GU G U U J

v H U SG U SU ? ! H U H HzGG SG S}H U SU,

S U SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 692 SGUG }}H U UG UH} U } SH SGUG 130 GGGU, } H S, SH} GG GH} }H HH}G}} S GG GU GU} : H U SG

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11..... S-GU U GGU ......! SH} ! x G }vG } S-GU U GU

G S-GU U GGU S-GU U S G S GG S US-GU S U | U U} }vG } S-GU U S } S UGGU U GU} H U U U S G U x, }}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} U :S-GU } S US G U GGU v U S } S U GU} U S U G U S H x J

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(zGS GGH GGU, : 30, S-GGGH, GH : 7, S. 1116)

12 S-GU GG S SH} ! H H U U U }H

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S-GU U GH SH} GG S }} G} }G}} }G}} xGGH

GUG S-GU U U GU} : S-GU U HU U SH U S H S-GU , GzG G S-GU U |S , SH U H U S } S , S U }x S H S

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( G, S--GU GU~G U , SH US GHH US , GSS : 5, . 1, S. 945)

}HU }H ! SG U SG U SG ! } |SG U G GG GU} J

13...... S GUG G U xG}}H }} GG S- G SgGU G U

(S-H GUG U xG H ) GU} : } } S U S GUGG S GG J

S-H GUG wGGH U GS SH} ! S-H GUG U GUGH -U U v

U ! GG S S }HU S U SH G GU} : S GUG x ( wGGH H)

H S HG S G H U S J

GUvG GUGU S U SG}LH }} GG S GS} GG S

GH }SG U }-GH } } U G U H GU Hx S GU} Hx : } US G U U ? GG U : } x U JSzGS GU} : US G U wG ? GG U : } U G} U J

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SzGS GU} : v } U H US G U H H ? GG U : G } U J SzGS GU} : v } } GG S U GG U ? GGU : S H } S S U } S U U G JGG S GS} xG GU} : (}H H H ) S HGH U H G J GG U : } S G S U S Gx}G x, } GG U GU} S U S S-H GUG G GUvG GUGU } }H x J


U U GUGU

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U H G U U }SS J

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wG G |U GU} J

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(GUG S, . 1, S. 644)

} GU U GS}H} wG G |U U } }vU }- GU, }

} }SGGU U S J S U G-G} U v U ! G SG S, S G}, G H GGG }HU

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(GUG S, . 1, S. 484)

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U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

90

(3)..... SH G, G} } U GU} SGU : G {} }SU { G , x } GGU U } }} U }vGGU } H }G U vG }SU U U Gv} J }SU U U vG G}SU U xG G x 70 vG S zGGH J

(4)..... }GUSS GU GG S GH GS GU} : G}, GUG }} } }SU U Gv} GU} GU } x} U U GGU }SU (U GUG) U }-GHGU

GH x J (5)..... GG S GHH }G GU} : } } SU U S U }SU U H v U U U U}SU U U G U U }G U H G U GU GU S U G U GU U U H S , GU S } U GU G U } S U } | HU GU U } GH J

SH} ! }SU GU U --U U v U ! S } GU U S S } GU | , SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 499 SGUG }}H U }G UGU} SGUG 72 G GGU, } H S, SH} GGGH} }H HH }G}} S GG GU GU} :S ( }SU GU) } }-Gg U} G U GG U} S J

} U S } S GU}}H }} GG S- G SgGU S } U

}SU } S} (}) U GH } S GU J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

91

G U H }SU U Gv}}}H }} GG S- }} U } } U

U }SU } |x x }G

US U} } }SMGU }SU UG U U J

SH} U H }SU U U Gv} U } GU HGG }} G} G G U SH U } GU} : U H

}}H }} GG S- G SgGU U S HUx U G J U }SG S }Z U U}G , }SS

( U GUS} U }) UGU J (}GUG H GG, GSS S}, S. 357)

16...... S GU U GUGH

}}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU}U : }G GU U vG U }G-GUG U U } G wG J

}GU } GU U vG S } S GU , ! SGU U GUGH U v U U G |H wG U }}G , U wGS

x SH } GG U : SHH ! } S G}H S U GG H } zGG GG GU} J GU} : GU U vG U U v U } GUGH J U } , GG S

G} GU} : } S U U GU}

S U GU U }G S H vG ( S GU) G U v U } wG

J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

92

}}H }} GG S- G SgGU S U SH, GU} U GU U vG U S } , S S J U } U vG } S S G }G J

SH} ! SU }, G GU S U } } | GU }G-GUG wG U U H U x wG }xGGU U GGU J

! } GU U G}H }U }H-GGGU}, S- G GU} U } S, SG}, SG zGHU GUH } S US U S GU }G-GUG GU} S GU GU U vG U GU} J

}GU GU} G } GU U vG S } S GU HU GGS- G U GUH S U S SSH }GG U GUH | S U yGHGU J SLG, LGGU GGGH} }zG }G}} } GH G} G } GU} : zGH G} U S | S U yGHGU J

( G, S GUH U , GSS S}, . 1, S. 663)

! GU U H U S S }vU G U G U | U , GU } U GH S }G GU} : S S }GU S GU , U U G S U U S U }MG Ux U U U x H GGU UG x SH S U vGU U x HG S H GG U SU S H xG , U Gv} } UH }SH ~ J

17...... U U xG LwGS S SGU SH} ! U G}} U GGUGU } G U

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

93

}}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} : G ! x } U GGUGU } } S U G U U xG LwGS S SGU U J

G U G}} U GGUGU SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 1010 SGUG

}}H U } } H H }H 2, SGUG 184 GHSH}, g }} G} G }vU GUG vGH GU} UG G-H} U} GU} : G U ...... } S G U J ...... S U S} x J ...... S U Gv} UGG U J ...... S U xzG-x U vG G} J ...... S U } x G J ...... S vG S U J ...... S U G} }-x} S U GGG }H U }G-}H } S S G U J ...... S U S H G Hx J ...... }SU S } SGU J ...... S U }-x} } S S S U G} }-x } S U J ...... S U H U GGG U ...... S U GGU S U} U | G S} J

}G GU} : H S H G U U H U GG U U U U U U U G

GSH U v U S U GG J GUG G }, G x GH} U }HU }wG

GU} : G S GH } } U S U S SG } x J

S GH}, }SS} GU} : ...... U GG U H G U H } , } }H, S} } GU

S S vG U SxGGU U U U U GG }

J ...... G U GU} U S H , GU }} Hx U H J ...... G U G U

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

94

GS H U G } U U S S U G U H ...... G U G U xG S UH S U SH U GU S H | J

18...... G U SHG SH} ! G U SHG U S S G U SHG |

G GM , }}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} : GG U, SG HHU GU} : wGS Hx U G U U H U G x H (S U Hx U} }G-}H }) S UGU GU}x H U G U U Hx U GUx H S U Hx U S U x J

(U } | ) G U SHG Ux H S UG U SHG GU} x J

H } S U SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 56 SGUG

}}H SH U SG SGUG 49 GG S }} G}}G}} }G}} xGGH G U Sx U }} xU GU} : } G xG S S H ! S } wG xG GURU U S G}H U ! GU U} U S x J x }H} U vG U zG U S }H }}H} } wG U S GS } x} U U G GSU S U SHG LSx } }xGH }SMGU x }-SH UG

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

95

U SGU S x, U |H G G GSS x, U U U G U SGU S U U U Ux J wG S S} xG GURU U U } US U G S} GU} GvGH} U H UGU J

U LS G U SH U , xG G G x GU} : H } vHS } }H U , } }H } H G GU} J

G G U SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 43 SGUG

}}H U }} G} U S SGUG 14 }}H}}, SH }} GG S }} G} GGU GGS }} SGU U SG U GU} : SGG Hx U S} U xG }-x } | S GG U v U G}}G-}H S vG U SGG SU U G G U U U H J

SH} ! } GxZ U SHG G U US G }H-GG GU} ! GG S H GUS} GUS GU} U U GUS U S S, U U U GUSH ! H U U H zGS U U xH } GU U , ! S } H , S U S U vGS J xG G S U }} H xH U GGU x } | U S H, U x U } U GG S H GS U xG } } GU} , } S }H U xG S UH (|S U U) } H , } -GU }G GG GU} } }GU} J

Hx } S S xG }} U U }vGS J : S U S U

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

96

} SGU U S }GU} } zGS G S } Hx U HxU } } GH x, S Hx } H , } }} G Ux } GG GG U HGG Hx J } zGS U GH SwG zGS , } S }GG U U U : zGS ! S G U }Hx, } SU GSHx, GH U GUS} ! } } H U x U GU U x } | S x GUG x, U| | GUS U G USUx J HG } G } H U } } GH x zGSU wG U UMx J


19...... U H GU U } GU} :

--} UGH } : H S H S U H U UH x J

S U zGS } }}H }} GG S- G SgGU U GU} : (S S } U) H S U xG}

} UGU J

GGU wG S S U , }} U S, } U U

GU} GH : wGS GGU G S xG } } x G U { } S J

GG S GH G} GS GU} : H U GGU S U S } GU U G S-GU U S G

S J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

97

SH} ! x U US U U GGU xG U U S GGU G U U} | HG H } GGU G U U g J

27, S-G} } 46 } G G} U GU} GH :

--} UGH } : UGG G S S U H J

S }-U U zGS U GG S GH GS GU} : H }} S U GU} U GG G S GGU ( H) H U GG H S U GU} G J

S U U }-GHGU SG GGH GGU vGH

vGH GU} : 1...... G G} 2...... | U x UU S U SH U U U U SH J

(zGS GGH GGU, : 27, S-G}, GH : 46, S. 984)

20...... } xx U ? SH} ! G GU } S U GU G S | ,

G S S }G S U {U } }H U x U |H x H } U }GU Hx GH U GGUGU SS U U SG , S GH S }}H }} GG S- GSgGU } GU}, SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 301 SGUG }}H U GLg}G }S U SGUG 268 }} GG} GH G vGH GU} : GG S- G SgGU S x : }

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

98

xx U ? GU} : wG U U S} Hx J

wG S v ?

! U G } G xG U H SG U

S} GU} U U S U U| | U U GH U

v G U }H U S U U S}

x H GGG } }vGH | , S GU} GH } G S U

}G}} U x ! G S U }-GHGU U U U U , GH SH} GG S }} G} }G}} }G}} xGGH GUG

GU} U US ( ) } U GH S }yG} S

G S H U G} v} U U}H GHU G ( G S) J

H U }G, xG, }GG GH G G S U U U GU} : G S U H H

U G U }G J

G } HU

GG S GH GS GU} : HU G } : (1)...... }S (2)...... G S J GG S }} H GU

GG} GH G S GU} U vGH U U GU} :

GU U S H }G GU} U }S }

}S U S SG U GSH S }GM} U G S } x}

U SG U GSH U U U U S U J

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

99

wG S U GUGG S }} xGGH G S U GU U

GU} : G S U GU US , G S S U U UGGU H v U U U S } S U S HG G S SU U U US GU U , }G-}H U S H GH U S S GG U G S x U |H UGGU H U G x U S S |H S U H U v U x} } G U H U S S GG U |H x | U HGU LU U U U U U S} U S S U wG U x J U G }H U GHGU GG} S} GUG U GUH U GG H GS H S H U } U S GUGU S G G U U GU GGGU}, |H J U S G S U U S UGU S { S }H U GU U H U SU vS SG (U) U (U) v U }H G G GUS S U SGU GHS U zGG U} J

SH} ! ! G S GUG xGM } }H USH G xG U G U GUG }H-GG GU},

SH G xG U xx SH} U G }U--H } U }yGG 97 SGUG

}}H U U SGUG 53 : SH U U wGS xx U } G G ( G xG) U S S xG S U S H S GUx U J S xx wGS H } S : } SHU xx G G xG , x } U S }} U H } | G} GU} J S U S G U S x JG U S U x xG, S H } U : U } S

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

100

G xG U H - U xx ! } S US SU ! S G GGU S S wGS U }GG U U : S ! S GH S G} U G | : SGU} U G}H S S MG U, } S xx U (S U GS G US) wG G xG U G}H (S U U U GS) GG U J

x U H } G |S H ! G}

(SH wG, S. 270)

SH} ! ! U xx wGS GGU GU H } S GG US U S U wG U x U G U G x }x GGUGU }-U wGS U U x J G SH} G xG U G} } G U G S}Hx S U xx GU U vG U G } }H J xGxG G U U S H S U xx U H S}, } GH U GzG S U }H U vG wGHS U |U }x J

} G}H S SG U wGHS S GG H !

(SH wG, S. 78)

21, 22...... xG-H- GGU wG S }} 5 GU} G(1)...... }}H }} GG S- G SgGU xG-H-GGU G U vG GU} : U ! } wG (2)...... U ! } ( S U) (3)...... U ! } }^ U U H (4)...... US }GUG U wG U

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

101

GGU U U GU} : U ! } S wG U (5)...... U ! } G} U } S U U GUH GRU J

GG S HvG} U SG U GU} : } ! GU U x S} S } S Hx xGGU U S S x S} } U H SGU GGU G J

SG | GU} : } ! U G UGG H, S zGG x G U U H } } GS x J

SH} ! GGU G G H U GU} H U} S U G | G , GH SH}GG S }} }G}} }G}} xGGH GU} : GGU GU U} G U} - S U S }H G , U }}GS U }}G S U H LU G (G x) UH J

(GUG GH GH}, GGU U , GUSH : GGUGU GGU, S. 149)

23...... x}} U wG}}H }} GG S- G SgGU GU} :

U ! } x}} J SH} ! G SH }-SH, }}H }} GG

S- G SgGU, G, G U }GU GU} U GG HH U } SG U S} } J }LH }},GH-GUH }SH} GG S RU SgGU U SH}-SH U G U GU U U G SGU SGU U x GH} } GG} H wGS HGGG U GU wG U U ! } |H S x}} Hx } S J U GG S } } H S U H U yG} G U

- G U GU}


GUG G SgGU

U : }HS H }H G} ( SH})

102

x}} } , S U x H H GGG UH GG GU} S U U} G , S U

U wG x wG wG }H GUGH GG S }} }G}} }G}} xGGH GU} :

GH U , ! x U GGU S

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Spiritual