2001 63 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. (Heat cycle) 4 .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. (mho) (R-X ) .7. .8. GPS(Global Positioning System) .9. .10. , , 1 .11. 500[MVA], 18[kV], 0.58 3 . .12. .13. .

: :

2

6 4 . (25)1. .2. SF6 .3. , , .4. Monopolar, Bipolar, Homopolar .5. Digital Transmission Line Relaying System .6. .

3

6 4 . (25)1. . .2. , CT, PT . CT, PT CT PT () .3. .4. .5. SSR(SubSynchronous Resonance) .6. .

: :

4

4 . (25)1. .2. .3. 0.6(), 50[kVA] 20[kVar] [%] . , .4. 380[V], 50[kVA] (jX1) j1.2[] 380[V], 50[kVA] . I[A] (pu) . , (jXd) (self base) 30[%], (Z1) 50 + j65[%].

5. 22/3.3[kV], 60[Hz], 1000[kVA] . 1100[V], 10[kW]. 1 0.8() .

6. F 1 P . , Z1, Z2 ZF .

2001 65 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. .2. Pinch .3. Maxwell 2 .4. s Ends = .5. () . .6. Peltier Thomson .7. . . , , 8. EMS .9. (FAS Switch) .10. . .11. .12. .13. Zero Sequence

: :

2

6 4 . (25)1. . () .2. .3. base 30kVA, base 480V. P.U .

4. ) , 5km . 200m, 2m , 450m3, .

) .(, = 86%, = 90%, = 65%)

5. ) (PWR) .) .

6. , CO2 . , .

: :

3

6 4 . (25)1. , . . , SN QC .(, LN V)

2. , P-V T-S, i-S .3. , .4. , . .5. . . .6. . (, )

: :

4

6 4 . (25)1. PV PV .2. .1) 2) , 3) 4) 3. . .4. . .5. 3 .6. Base 100MVA Base 230kV. 1) Ybus .2) .3) .

2002 66 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. ( ) .2. (Specific inductive capacity) .3. 2 Vector .4. (PT)/ (CT)/ (MOF) .5. (Pilot wire protection) .6. 10[MVA], 0.75 0.85 [KVar] .7. T() - S() , .8. ( AFC ; Automatic Frequency Control) AFC .9. R L i=I1m sin t + i=I3m sin(3t + Q3) , .

10. () , .11. CV( ) V-t . (, V; , t ; )12. ( ) () .13. . : :

2

6 4 . (25)1. .2. .3. .4. 22.9[] (Bucket Truck) . () .5. (CBP : Cost Based Generation Pool) , .6. (IGCC ; Integrated Coal Gasification combined Cycle) (PFBC ; Pressurized Fluidzed Bed Combustion) .

3

6 4 . (25)1. .2. SVC(Static Var Compensater) .3. Y-Y .4. . ( .)5. . ( ) . 6. , .

: :

4

6 4 . (25)1. .2. , .(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 3. .4. (Full insulation), (Uniform insulation), (Graded insulation), (Reduced insulation) .5. (HVDC) (DC) .6. .

2002 68 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. .2. () .3. .4. 4 4 4 .

5. CN/CV .6. .7. , , .8. (Apparent Effect) .9. .10. (NGR : Neutral Ground Reactor) .11. Surge Absorbor .12. .13. Paschen . : :

2

6 4 . (25)1. 3 3 , , .(1) , level Level ? (2) Level % ?

2. 3 200kW, 80% . 80% kVA ?(, , .)

3. . () , , .

4. , .

5.

0 , =60 .

6. 154kV , .

: :

3

6 4 . (25)1. .2. , Wn= /X .

3. (SMES) , .

4. , .

5. , .

6. , .

: :

4

6 4 . (25)1. (Switching Surge) .2. .3. 2 F Zf If . ? EA=EB=1.0 pu, ZA=ZB=0.2pu, Zf=0.1pu PAB PAB ? , EA, EB AB .

4. .5. .6. , , .2003 69 : :

1

13 10 . (10) : :

10. 3 , 3 .

11. 1 1[kW] 860[kcal] . 2 .

12. THD(Total Harmonic Distortion) EDC(Equivalent Disturbing Current) .

13. . 1 ei .

2

6 4 . (25)1. 22.9[kV] , .2. .3. . .4. () .5. , . (, . )6. . : :

3

6 4 . (25) : :

4

6 4 . (25)1. , (ABC) . ABC .

2. R[m] B r[m] A . B A, B V[V] .

3. . 22.9[kV] .

4. , 20,000kVA, 1,000kVA .

5. .

6. 765[kV] .

2003 71 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. 3 .2. 3 .3. SIL(Surge Impedance Loading) (V)[kV], (L)[H/km], (C)[F/km] . (L)[H/km], (C)[F/km] .4. 80% ( ), () . , ( )=0.8, ( ) =0.6( , degree )5. , , , 3 .6. (Power Flow Calculation) (Slack ) () () .7. . .8. . .9. . 3 .10. .11. 200[MW], 4[%] 100[MW] 5[%] 80[%] 60[Hz] 170[MW] .12. 3 .13. GPS(Global Positioning System) 3 . : :

2

6 4 . (25)1. Vs 345[kV] VR[kV] R +jx[%] , 0.8 (PR) 1.0[pu] . RX X 10[%] .2. 1/2000 4[km] . 200[m] 2[m] 1[m] 60[] 1) [kW] ? (15)2) 60[%] ? [kWh] (10), 87[%] 95[%] .3. .4. S 3 . 3 3 ., G1, G2 : 30,000[kVA] 22[kV] 30[%] Tr 60,000[kVA] 22/154[kV] 10[%] Tr, S 120[km] Z=O+j0.5[/km] .

5. .6. . .

: :

3

6 4 . (25)1. .2. .3. (FACTS ; Flexible AC Transmission System) UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller) .4. x1 a, b E ro ?

5. B [MVA] ? , % 100[MVA] .6. 500,000[kW] . . W=1,600[t/h], Pg=500,000[kW], 96[%], =820[kcal/kg], =518[kcal/kg], 28[] 28[kcal/kg] .1) .2) .

: :

4

6 4 . (25)1. 3 . PR 450[MW] G1 . [MW].

2. (Direct Load Cantrol) .3. .4. 100,000[kW] 150,000[kW] 8 . 80[m] : 80% 180,000[] [m] ?

5. 3 . C .

6. ( ) . .

2004 72 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. (Power Flow Calculation) (Swing) (Slack) , () () ?2. 3 .3. XLPE CN/CV-W .4. . Zo .

5. .6. .7. 154kV .8. % .9. .10. .11. 154kV .12. .13. .

: :

2

6 4 . (25)1. GIS , r[m], R[m] . , V[v] . R R/e ., () e 2.781 .

2. ASS(Auto Section Switch) 154kV/22.9kV-y .3. . . .4. 765kV .5. .6. Surge .

: :

3

6 4 . (25)1. a R[] a . . , , , , , [].

2. . .3. .4. (off-set) .5. .6. 154kV .

4

6 4 . (25)1. .2. .

: :

3. 500[kW]4, 5.5[kW]4, 30[kW], 20[kW] . 92[%], 1[kVA/kW], 85[%], 80[%]. , 90%.

4. .5. . .6. .

2004 74 : :

1

13 10 . (10)1. , , , .2. () 5 .3. . .4. 154/66/6.6[kV], 100/30/30/ [MVA] 3 . . PU (100MVA) . %Z

1 2 10011

2 3 304

3 1 3010

5. % , 2 1 2 %Z .

6. .

7. 15KV, 400MVA, Xd= 20% . (1) (2) 360[MW]+j160[MVAR] 2 3 [A] .

8. 3 E . 0 . (, Z, .) : :

1 2

9. , .

10. 3 Sequence Network .

11. 12. .13. .

2

6 4 . (25)1. , .2. . , . 3. . : :

4. 3,000[kVA] 2,000[kVA] 200[MVA] . 20,000[kVA] S X . X .(, 2,000[kVA] .)

5. HVDC . HVDC 10 .6. . .1) , 2) 3)

3

6 4 . (25)

1. , (Free) .2. P-V, V-Q .3. (Sheath) .4. E , V , R+jX . R X . P E V , Q . : :

5. .6. 3 , 3 86.6% .

4

6 4 . (25)1. .2. , , . 3. . , .( 3 )4. .(, BUS 1[PU], PU.)

1) YBUS .2) 3 (PU) .3) (PU) .4) , , (PU) .

5. EMS(Energy Management System) .

6. , .

75 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)

1. , .2. (off-set) .3. () () () .4. (Flexible AC Transmission System) .5. (Flicker) .6. (galloping) , .7. 3 .8. .9. A 45[/kwh], B 50[/kwh] , ( ) .

75 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)

10. (Micro Gas Turbine) .

11. , 154[kv], 345[kv] .

12. , , (A), (B) ?

(A) (B)

13. (Corona) .

75 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. .

2. .

3. 22.9KV-Y .

4. .

75 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

5. 3 n=1.0 Ybus . [pu].

6. , .

75 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. 2 . [, , , (PT/CT)]

2. system , () .

3. 1) , 2) .

4. .

5. , . .

6. . , 1.25[pu], 1.0, .

75 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. .

2. F ? , t1t2t3

75 4 (: 100)

4. 1 , .

5. .

6. , , .

77 1 (: 100)

10 . ( 10)1. Y .2. () Surge Absorber .3. (Line Drop Compensator) .4. (Restriking Voltage) (Recovery Voltage) .5. 5 , .6. . (Adequacy and Security) .7. .8. (8) .9. 5 .10. 1000[kVA] 3 - Bank [kVA] .11. . .12. 2 .

13. 825[kcal/kg], 280[kcal/kg], 300[t/h] 75,000[kw]. 0.98 .

77 2 (: 100)

4 . ( 25)1. 4 .

2. . . .

3. - , Qo, Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 .

4. . . , .

5. E( ) d1(m) C, d2(m) P E I C . [61.8(%) ] .

6. CLR() CLR .

77 3 (: 100)

4 . ( 25)1. 154kV Y-Delta , 22kV . . Zigzag . Zigzag .

2. 220/380[V] . .. . F ( ), Vector .

3. (6) .

4. 3 345kV 100MVA ZBUS . . , ZBUS

1) 3 3 ?2) 1) 1 2 ?, 345kV.

77 3 (: 100)

5. 60Hz 50Hz ( )1) 2) 3) 4)

6. 154kV , (V1/V2) .G : C1 : C2 : L : :

77 4 (: 100)

4 . ( 25)1. (Total Transfer Capability) .

2. .

3. .

4. , . . , 300[kVA] 70% 300[kVA] 90% , [kVA], [kW] ( 90%)

5. A,B 3 85% 2400A 1/2 . A 1500A A B ? (, )

6. (Cascade) , .

78 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)

1. .2. (EMS) (Power System State Estimation) .3. (Underreach) (Overreach) .4. ACSR (Bird Cage) .5. .6. . .7. .8. 110[m3/s], 50[m3/s], 70[m] ., t 87[%], g 96[%].

(1) (2) (3)

78 1 (: 100)

9. .

10. () .11. .

12. 3 , .

13. 154[kV] C 3 , C . %X 100[MVA].

78 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. .

2. 800[MW] 1,200[MW] 2 . , 1,500[MW] . , 2.5[%], 3[%].

3. (Power flow calculation) .

4. 3 . (pu) . . .

5. 1 A 1 .

78 2 (: 100)

6. . . (T ) 4 . . () 3 3 VR[KV], cos, P[MW], Z[], Y[ ] T Es[KV] Is[A] .

78 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. 2(Double bus) .

2. 3 .

3. .

4. . . Es , ER, Z=R+jX.

78 3 (: 100)

5. () , .

6. (nuclear cycle) .

78 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. .. , . .

2. 3 900[MW] . .

3. 1 . , .

78 4 (: 100)

4. , (1.2) , a b . , %Z 100[MVA] . , c a b off .

5. , Vs=345[kV], % 2+j10[%], Pr=1.0[pu], 90% [kV] .

6. .

80 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)1. - (Biot-Savart law) .

2. (Bernouli's theorem) .

3. (Carnot cycle) .

4. (r) .

5. 4 YBUS .

80 1 (: 100)

6. (duty cycle, operating duty) (IEC) .

7. (condenser) , . .

8. 765[kV] 1.70+j50.0[]. [pu] . 345[kV] . , 100[MVA] .

9. (Logic Circuit) , NAND , .

10. 240Vac . 8[kW] 0.8 .. (P+jQ) [kVA].

11. (Capability Curve) .

12. .

13. / .

80 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. ?, Ns 1, 2 .

1. [m]

2001,800

50530

: (kaplan)(tubular)390390320

()40200

: 306002018020

2. Ns

12Ns23

Ns +3065150150250250350

Ns +40150250

Ns +50350800

80 2 (: 100)

2. 345kV 765kV 2 (Y (Phase) ) . .

3. . , (Small Disturbance Stability) .

4. 1000[KVA] 800[KVA], () 80% . 300[KVA], () 70% ?

5. , , .6. ., .

80 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. , (%) (%) .

2. ., .

3. (Static Excitation System) , . (PSS) Setting .

4. , , 33 , Level ?

80 3 (: 100)

5. - - .

6. 2 1- .

. 2 ( 2X) E V .E, V, X, E P -(P-) .. 1 1 , .( Pm , Pe , o )

80 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. 3 b, c , .

2. Mechanism . 4 , 70 [Nm3/h] [Nm3/h] ., 85%, 12%, 2% , (H) (H2) 2, (S) 32 , (C) (%) 1.055 .

80 4 (: 100)

3. . SVC( ) . SVC , (Static Condenser) (V-Q ) .

4. .

5. 3 3 .

6. , . . , . .

81 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)1. . .

2. (Nuclear Reactor) .

3. .

4. 2 .

5. . .

6. 6.6[], 1000[] .

7. .

8. 765[] , .

81 1 (: 100)

9. 250[] 50[] . (Junction) . 1000[V] (Junction) .

10. a .

11. .

12. , , .

13. 154[], 100[MVA] B 5[MVA] (SC) B . (, .)

81 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. Surge Impedance Loading(SIL) SIL . SIL .

2. N 1 .

3. 300/5[A], 30[VA], 5P10 (class) (CT) .

4. Ia E/ , V/0 , (, ) jXs . .

5. SVC(Static Var Compensator) STATCOM(Static Compensator) .

6. .

81 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. 500[] flow diagram . , , .

2. . . .

3. 3 (Synchroscope) .

4. 0.02 0.05 2 . 500[] 300[] 240 150 400[], 90 600[] . (Load Duration Curve) . MWh . , 500[] 300[] .

5. .

6. .

81 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. 3 .

2. (B) (A) 500[] 1 , . , KA=40[/0.1], KB=60[]/0.1], 0.

3. .

4. .

5. (Power flow) . . - 4( 2, 2) 2 .

6. .

83 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)

1. 154kV XLPE .

2. , , , .

3. 5 114 . .

4. UPS kW kVA .

5. (screening curve method) .

6. .. . . 3

7. 3 .

2-1

83 1 (: 100)

8. .

9. () .

10. IEEE C57.12.8 Vector Yd1 Yyod1 .

11. (STACIR) .

12. IL .

13. (IEEE Device No.) . 46 59/81 21 32 60

2-2 83 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. , ( ) .

2. , XL .. . E 30 . E 45

3. . 2 .

2-1 83 2 (: 100)

4. .. (Acceleration Factor). Slack(Swing) Bus. (Voltage Control Bus). Sparcity . Newton-Raphson Gauss-Seidal , ,

5. 7 , .

6. 30,000kVA1Bank 6.6[kV] .

2-2 83 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. (Switching Surge) .

2. a, b , a, b , [A] a, b 10 [kJ] ., 90% , 3 .

3. (Superconductor) (Current Limiter) , (Superconducting Current Limiter) .

2-1 83 3 (: 100)

4. () . .

5. , . . .

6. 1000[kVA] 5[%] 100[%] 750[kVA] . 2 10% . 40[%], F(7.2kVA/kW), Zero .

2-2 83 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. KSC IEC 60364-3 TT TN .

2. 345[kV], 1000[MVA] (2+j50)[%] 500[MW]( 90%) , , Y() () ( ) ., 345[kV] .

3. 6.6[kV] 400[MVA] 6.6[kV] 10,000[kW] . 6.6[kV]. 3 ., : 10,000[kW], 6.6[kV], 0.9, 0.8, 6 : 40kA sym rms, 1 : 1500/5 A , C200 : coil impedance 2 ohm, CT2 48Amp : , CT2 30A, 23 CT 2 0.1 ohm/meter, 30 meter . .

2-1 83 4 (: 100)

4. (FACTS) , , .

5. 3,000[kW], ; 35[%], ; 67.27[/kWh], (); 75, ; 5%/, ; 0.4%, ; 80,000,000/, 50 . , , . , , (, ), (B/C ratio) .

6. . PLC(Power Line Communication) PLC .

2-2 84 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)

1. , .

2. 4 Y-bus .(, PU .)

2 - 1 84 1 (: 100)

3. .(a) (b) (c) ( 3 )

4. (Power Flow Calculation) () () () .

5. 4 .

6. 100[MVA] 22.9[kV] 154[kV] , .

7. (Hot Line Washing System) .

8. .

9. (Once Through Boiler) .

10. 3 .

11. .

12. , , .

13. .

2-2 84 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. (reactive power) (Black Out) . . ? 2 . (active power) .

2. (inductive interference) . ? 2 . .

3. () , (V) .

2 - 1 84 2 (: 100)

4. 3 .

5. D 10[kV] . . (, 100[MVA] . D 200[kV])

6. (HVDC) - . HVDC 5 .

2 - 2 84 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. .

2. (Gas Insulated Substation) .

3. (Bus) .

4. (Common Grounding) .

5. .

6. . 84 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. , .

2. .

3. 154[kV]345[kV]765[kV] .3 , 765[kV] .1) 2)

4. 3 2 .

5. 23[kV] 5000[kVar](6.6[kV], 278[kVar]18) .

6. .

86 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)1. -(off-set) .

2. 3 4 .

3. (full insulation) (uniform insulation) .

4. .

5. 1,000[kVA], 12[kW], 48[kW] 0.8 .

6. , .

7. , .

8. (By-pass) .

2 - 1 86 1 (: 100)

9. 3 480V () . , . .10. .

G: 60MVA 20kV X=9%T1: 50MVA 20/200kV X=10% T2: 50MVA 200/20kV X=10%M: 43.2MVA 18kV X=8%Line: 200kV Z=120+j200

(1) 100MVA base p.u. .(2) 45MVA, 0.8 lagging 18kV . . 11. .

12. (Reliability), (Adequacy), (Security) .

13. .

2 - 2 86 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. l .

(1) 60 50 (2) 50 60

2. , , , .

3. , , . , .

4. , .

5. , . , .

2 - 1 86 2 (: 100)

6. , 1) 2) (%) . 3) CT . (, )

2

154kV22.9kV

Y(wye)(delta)

30/40 MVA @ ONAN/ONAF

CT 200/5 A1200/5 A

Tap

Relay Current Tap [A]2.9-3.2-3.8-4.2-4.6-5.0-8.7

, (1) : 10%(2) CT : 10%(3) : 5% .

2 - 2 86 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. Mesh (Estep) (Etouch) , Mesh( ) ( ) .2. (1) R, X, , , I, , .

2, 3 ( = 0) 3, 4 ( = 0)(2) (kVA) % (kW) (kVar), (kVA) (%) % .3. , Load flow Optimal Power flow . . , .

2 - 1

86 3 (: 100)

4. 22.9kV .

5. (CT) ANSI IEC (Accuracy) , .(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) C200 (CT 2 : 5A, : 20) (6) CT (7)

6. A, B .() A s =3, 5000[kV/m]() B s =5, 4000[kV/m](), () .(, a=1[cm], b=2[cm], c=3[cm] .)

2 - 2 86 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)1. 20MW, 20MVA, 300rpm . 6.5(kWs/kVA) (dead time) 0.4, (closing time) 2.5. .(, .)

2. . utility 95% , MCC 80% . utility . utility .(, utility 200MVA , 100MVA .)

3 - 1 86 4 (: 100)

3. turbine-governor , LFC(Load frequency control) .

4. , . (, .)

: 87G, 59, 40, 32, 24, 81, 51V, 46, 64F, 59GN, 60, 87T, 87U

5. F . (, % , , 3 . .)

3 - 2 86 4 (: 100)

6. 6,600V 3 . a b 0.12, c 0.1. 2 ? (, 60:1.)

3 - 3 87 1 (: 100)

10 . (10)1. 20[MW] 50[Hz] . 50.2[Hz] .(, 4[%], .)

2. 4 .

3. 2 . [pu] .(, 3.0 [pu], : , : .)

4. 0.1[], A 100[V], B, D 25[A], 50[A] B [V] .

2 - 1 87 1 (: 100)

5. 3 1 3 () [], 1 []. E[V], f[] 3 . (, .)

6. , .

7. .

8. 300[m] 9[m]. 10[m] [m] .

9. .

10. (Power System Stabilizer; PSS) , PSS [MW] .

11. , .

12. Snake .

13. 1 [MW] .

2 - 2 87 2 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. 3 3W , , .2. (Voltage Sag) .

3. (Power Flow) () , ( ) .

NodeNode

0.4

0.5

0.2

4. () .

5. Con'c , , Con'c . , . .

6. , .

87 3 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. R R .

2. .

3. , , , , Automatic Generation Control . , .

4. . .2 - 1 87 3 (: 100)

5. 345kV, 154kV , , .. 345kV 1 2(Inverse Type, Open Type) .. 345kV ( GIS ) 2 154kV 1.. GIS 154kV 1 2.. 154kV 2 23kV 1.

6. . .

2 - 2 87 4 (: 100)

4 . (25)

1. b, c 1/2 .

2. , . .

3. , . . 100[A] TDD(Total Demand Distortion) , .

. 01234567891011

Ampere(RMS)05004302901801003

4. Micro-Grid , Micro-Grid , Micro-Grid

2 - 1 87 4 (: 100)

5. 1,000[kVA], 5[%] 3 800[kVA] ( 100[%]) . 2 10[%] ., 25[%], F(7.0[kVA/kW]), 0 .

6. PG , UPS, VVVF RG . .

2 - 2