3Ab Imperio, 2/2005

Contents

THE POLITICS OF LANGUAGE AND THE LANGUAGE OF POLITICSOF EMPIRE AND NATION

2005 annual theme:

LANGUAGES OF SELF-DESCRIPTIONIN EMPIRE AND MULTINATIONAL STATE

I. METHODOLOGY AND THEORY

16

21

63

11

101

10

From the Editors Politics of Language and Politics of Meaning

: - 1895-1914 .Andrew S. Thompson The Language of Imperialism and the Meaning of Empire:Imperial Discourse in British Politics, 1895-1914

: AIAndrew S. Thompson Imperial Languages: A Postscript for AI

` Bill Ashcroft Language

...Interview with Vladimir Alpatov Contemporary Russia Does Not Have a WellDefined Language Policy...

69

4/Contents

FORUM AI:

,

ALPHABET, LANGUAGE, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE

, Mikhail Dolbilov, Darius Stalinas Introduction to the Forum

- Henryk Gbocki Alexander Hilferding and the Slavophile Projects of Alterationof Cultural-National Identity in Western Borderlands of the Russian Empire

Johannes Remy The Ukrainian Alphabet as a Political Question in theRussian Empire before 1876 1876 .

` (1860-1906)Ricarda Vulpius Language Policy in the Russian Empire: A Case of Translationof the Bible into Ukrainian, 1860-1906

, 1860- Darius Stalinas Lithuanian Identity, Language, and Script in Russian NationalityPolicy (in the 1860s)

: - 1864-1882 .Mikhail Dolbilov Vicissitudes of Cyrillization: The Ban on Latin Alphabet andBureaucratic Russification of the Lithuanians in the Vilno General-Governorship,1864-1882

: - IX Sergei Tokt Latin or Cyrillic Alphabet: The Problem of Alphabet Choice inByelorussian National Movement in the Second Half of the 19th Early 20th Century

167

191

297

255

135

225

123

HISTORYII. 122

5Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- Ricarda Vulpius Ukrainian Language and Schooling in Late Imperial Period

` : Struggle for the Language: Publication of Documents

369

393

425

Margrethe B. Svik, Olga Filippova Images of Languages and thePolitics of Language and Identity in Ukraine:The Burden of the Pastand Contestation in the Present - :

William Fierman Kazakh Language and Prospects for Its Role inKazakh Groupness -

:

ABC: EMPIRE & NATIONALISMSTUDIES

V. 424

: `

THE ART OF HISTORY WRITING IN EMPIRE AND NATION: AZERBAIJAN

Lale Yaln-Heckmann Remembering the Dead and the Living of theKolkhoz and Sovkhoz: Past and Present of Gendered Rural Lifein Azerbaijan - :

Sergei Rumiantsev Heroic Epic Poetry and a Construction of the Image of theHistorical Enemy

Yasemin Kilit Aklar The Teaching of History in Azerbaijan and Na-tionalism

ARCHIVEIII. 320

331

321

, ,

SOCIOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY,POLITICAL SCIENCE

IV. 368

441

469

6/Contents

499

517

524

527

543

: , - Sergei Digol Paradigms and Paradoxes of the Concept of Nation State in Post-Soviet Moldova: Language, Statehood, and National Identity

Eric Naiman, Sex in Public: The Incarnation of Early Soviet Ideology(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). 320 pp., ills. Index.ISBN: 0-691-02625-4 (paperback).

. . - . : I -, 2001. 464 c.ISBN: 5-293-00038-1.

Wim van Meurs

Cynthia Hyla Whittaker (Ed.), Russia Engages the World, 1453-1825(London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002). 208pp.+120 ill. Index. ISBN: 0-674-0127-8-X.

. / . .-: , 2003. 304 . -, , . ISBN: 5-94716-032-3.

Oktay Tanrisever

. - . : i, 2004. 350 .ISBN: 985-458-096-2.

. : XIX . : - , 2002. 444 . `- , . ISBN: 5-292-03001-5.

Archimandrite Pavel Stefanov

534

NEWEST MYTHOLOGIESVI. 498

`` BOOK REVIEWSVII.

Reviews 517

538

7Ab Imperio, 2/2005

546

555

568

572

578

- : . - 25 2002 . : `; -; `, 2002. 148 .

Stphane A. Dudoignon (Ed.), Devout Societies vs. Impious States?Transmitting Islamic Learning in Russia, Central Asia, and China,through the Twentieth Century (Proceedings of an International Collo-quium Held in the Carr des Sciences, French Ministry of Research,Paris, November 12-13, 2001) (=Islamkundliche Untersuchungen,0939-1940, Band 258) (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2004). 296 p.Summaries, Glossary, Index. ISBN: 3-87997-314-8.

Michael Rouland

Pavel Polian, Against Their Will: The History and Geography of ForcedMigrations in the USSR (Budapest and New York: Central EuropeanUniversity Press, 2004). 425 p. Bibliography, Index of Personal Names,Index of Geographical Names. ISBN: 963-9241-73-3.

Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, The Play of Ideas in Russian Enlighten-ment Theater (DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003).296 pp. Appendix, Bibliography, Index. ISBN: 0-87580-310-5.

? / . -. -: , 2003. 337 . ISBN:5-8015-0159-2.

Sarah Abrevaya Stein, Making Jews Modern. The Yiddish and Ladi-no Press in the Russian and Ottoman Empires (Bloomington andIndianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004). 311 pp. Index. ISBN:0-253-34304-6.

Kate Brown, A Biography of No Place: From Ethnic Borderland toSoviet Heartland. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).308 pp. Index. ISBN: 3-631-38327-4.

552

563

8/Contents

603

597

List of Contributors

/Books for Review

600

11

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

Ab Imperio 2005 . - - , , : . - , - , - , , - , , . - -, , , -. - , , , - . , , - , - : , , -

12

,

, , , -. (-, ) , ( , ), .

- - . . , (.. - ). , - , - .

- ( -) , -. ., - - : , - (, -). / - - - . , - , - - . -

13

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- . , - - XIX XX . - / -/ - . - - . -, - ` ! Ab Imperio - - .

, , . - , . - ` . - , - - , , - - -. - , -. ` - - . - , , - , / -

14

,

, - . ` - - .

, - . , : , , - , , - , , - . - - , - - - , . , - , , . - - , - ( ), - . - -, . , - , , , , - .

- , -

15

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- ( - XX .) . - -. , , - , - (,, , ), /- - , - , .

, , , - , -. Ab Imperio - ABC: , - - .

- - .

Ab Imperio - - , - .

Ab Imperio:

. . A. M. A.

21

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

:

` 1895-1914 .*

, - . , , , .

. `. 1

.

* - (John Darwin), - (Peter Ghosh), - (Sarah Lenton), - (PaulLaity) , , (David Eastwood) , . : Andrew Thompson. The Language of Imperialismand the Meanings of Empire: Imperial Discourse in British Politics, 1895-1914 // Journalof British Studies. 1997. Vol. 36. April. Pp. 147-177.' 1997 by The North American Conference on British Studies. , The Univesity of ChicagoPress. . .1 Fabianism and the Empire. A Manifesto by the Fabian Society. London, 1900. P. 1.

22

. , ...

. `. 1900 . . `. , - : - .2 , - , .3 , , , - .4 , , , , , -, . ` , -, , - .

: -, , , - -. , - - , , - . 1895 . - . ( . ) . - , -

2 . . : J. Hobson.Imperialism. A Study. London, 1902. P. 1.3 .: R. Koebner, H. D. Schmidt. Imperialism. TheStory and Significance of a Political Word, 1840-1960. Cambridge, 1964. Pp. xiii-xvi. , 1840- 1960- .4 D. Eastwood. Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism // Journal of British Studies.1992. Vol. 31. Pp. 265-87; H. Cunningham. The Language of Patriotism, 1750-1914 //History Workshop Journal. 1981. Vol. 12. Pp. 8-33.

23

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.5

, , - - . , , - , , , -, , .6

- , - . XIX XX . . , - (Imperial South Africa Association, ), - , - - (Alfred Milner). - (Navy League), , , -, , - . - 1894 . , , . , -

5 - .: F. Coetzee. For Party orCountry? Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England.Oxford, 1990; B. Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform. English Social-ImperialistThought, 1895-1914. London, 1960; R. J. Scally. The Origins of the Lloyd GeorgeCoalition. The Politics of Social-Imperialism, 1900-1918. Princeton, NJ, 1975.6 : A. S. Thompson.Thinking Imperially? Imperial Pressure Groups and the Idea of Empire in Late-Victorianand Edwardian Britain / Ph. D. Dissertation; Oxford University, 1994. Chapt. 2, 3.

24

. , ...

, - ` . - , - , .

, - . (National LiberalFederation, ) -. 1877 . - . , .7 , ,8 - -, - , - , . (Increased ArmamentsProtest Committee, ), 1896 ., - - , ` (British Committee ofthe Indian National Congress, `), 1889 . - . , ` .9

7 .: D. A. Hamer. ThePolitics of Electoral Pressure. A Study in the History of Victorian Reform Agitations.Sussex, 1977. Chapt. 4; P. Auspos. Radicalism, Pressure Groups, and Party Politics.From the National Education League to the National Liberal Federation // Journal ofBritish Studies. 1980. Vol. 20. Pp. 184-204.8 , , , : G. L. Bernstein. Liberalism and Liberal Politicsin Edwardian England. London, 1986. Pp. 10, 23-24.9 - .: T. W. Heyck. The Dimensions of British Radicalism. The Case ofIreland, 1874-95. Urbana, Ill., 1974. Pp. 6-11, 154-55. 1874 1885 .

25

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , . , . - (the LabourRepresentation Committee), , - , , , .10 . , () (Independent Labour Party), , -, . (Lord Rosebery) , - .11 - , (John Clifford), (Sydney Olivier) (RamsayMacDonald) , - , - , -. - . . (J. A. Hobson) - . . (J. M. Robertson). -- , .12

, . 1886 1895 . 70 .10 ` : A. M. McBriar. Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884-1918. Cambridge,1962. Chapt. 9, 10, 11.11 B. Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform. P. 66.12 1899 . Manchester Guardian, Morning

26

. , ...

. . ` (, , , ), - , (the Rainbow Circle) , , , .13

, , - -, , 1895 1914 ., . , , , ` , , - . - . ` , - , - : - , - . - , , . - , - .

-, , , - - . - , - , - .

Post 1900 . , , - .13 . : M. Freeden (Ed.).Minutes of the Rainbow Circle, 1894-1924. London, 1989.

27

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.14 , - , .. - 1890- . XX . , ` . -, - , - . , , -. - , , , - . , - , . - , -, , - , , , , .

- ` , - . -

14 `, .: R. Blake. The ConservativeParty from Peel to Thatcher. London, 1979. P. 166. - .: R. Price. An ImperialWar and the British Working Class. Working Class Responses to the Boer War, 1899-1902. Bristol, 1972. , - : , -, , . `. -, .: B. Porter. The Edwardians and Their Empire // D. Read (Ed.). EdwardianEngland. London, 1982. Pp. 128-129. , - , . . . - -, .: A. P. Thornton. The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies. A Study in British Power.London, 1959. P. 109. , - - , . , XX . . .: Koebner, Schmidt. Imperialism. Pp. 221, 248-249.

28

. , ...

- , - , ` - .15 , , - - . , . , , .16 , , .

, - . , 1890- ., . , - . - - 1895 1914 .

I

, , - 1899 ., -

15 1905 . : D. Gilmour. Curzon. London, 1994. Chapt.22-25.16 India ` . , . , , , - , - .

29

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.17 , - . - ` , , -. , , , - . . , - , - ... .., ... - .18

-, , 1880- . , .19 , . . 1886 ., (home rule) -, . , - , , , , , . . , - .20 . . -

17 , . (George Wyndham), (Geoffrey Drage), - (Alfred Lyttelton) (Gilbert Parker). - , - , , . . .: A. S. Thompson. ThinkingImperially? Chapt. 2, 3.18 (Royal ColonialInstitute) 31 1897 ., . : W. D. Handcock (Ed.). English Historical Documents,1874-1914. London, 1977. P. 390.19 A. N. Porter. The Origins of the South African War. Joseph Chamberlain and theDiplomacy of Imperialism. Manchester, 1980. P. 58.20 J. Chamberlain. Home Rule and the Irish Question. London, 1887; J. Loughlin. Jo-seph Chamberlain, English Nationalism and the Ulster Question // History. 1992. Vol.77. Pp. 202-219. , ,

30

. , ...

, , , - - , - , - .

- . (George Wyndham) - - - , - .21 , 1899 ., - , , , , .22 , - . 1899 . - , - .23 (Geoffrey Drage), - , -. , , , -

, , -. - .21 ( 1897- 1905 .) ( 1900 1905 .). , - .22 , 28 1899 . .: BodleianLibrary. Oxford University. Milner Papers. Dep. 209. Fols. 123-126.23 , 18 1899 . .: BodleianLibrary. Oxford University. Milner Papers. Dep. 209. Fols. 99-100.

31

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.24

, , , - -, . -, ` - , , . - , -.25 . , , .26 , (LandSettlement Committee), - (Orange River Colony),27 -.28

- . , - , , , , -

24 [G. Drage]. Real Causes of the War, and Some Reasons for the Final Settlement.Speech by Mr. Drage M. P. at the Drill Hall, Derby, December 7, 1899. ISAA pamphlet. , .: Christ ChurchLibrary. Oxford University. The Geoffrey Drage Papers.25 .: Annual Report of the ISAA. Cambridge, 1905-06. - - .: Report of the AGM of ISAA. London, 1903. , - ` (Royal Commonwealth Society) . ` - .26 , 13 1901 . .: BodleianLibrary. Oxford University. Milner Papers. Dep. 180. Fol. 64.27 Christ Church Library. Oxford University. Drage Papers. Annual Report of the ISAA(1903-04); South Africa. Orange River Colony Land Settlement Scheme for CountrySettlements. ISAA pamphlet no. 9, no date.28 , (South African ColonisationSociety) ` (British Womens Emigration League)..: Annual Report of the ISAA (1904-05).

32

. , ...

. - , . , -, -, . - , , -, .29 . , , .30 , - , - , - . - , .31 , - ` , , . - , , , , : , , , .32

, - , XIX . -

29 H. Cunningham. The Conservative Party and Patriotism // R. Colls, P. Dodd (Eds.).Englishness. Politics and Political Culture, 1880-1920. London, 1986.30 - (Ross McKibbin), -, . .: R. McKibbin. WhyWas There No Marxism in Great Britain? // English Historical Review. 1984. Vol. 391.P. 316.31 .: K. Robbins. Nineteenth Century Britain. Integration and Diversity. Oxford, 1988;J. M. Mackenzie. Essay and Reflection. On Scotland and the Empire // InternationalHistory Review. 1993. Vol. 15. P. 714-739; L. Colley. Britons. Forging the Nation, 1707-1837. London, 1992.32 L. Colley. Britishness and Otherness // Journal of British Studies. 1992. Vol. 31. P.311; Idem. Britons. Forging the Nation. Pp.1-9.

33

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , , . , - 1897 . ` 60- ` - , - . , - , - , .33 , - , - . , . , . , lingua franca , - . , 1890- . - .

II

- `- , , -. 1900 . 134 -, . , , - . 1895 ., , - , , . - - , . . . , - 250 , `, , -

33 C. , , ..: W. T. Stead. Her Majesty the Queen. Studies of the Sovereign and theReign. A Memorial Volume of the Great Jubilee. London, 1897; Her Majestys GloriousJubilee // London Illustrated News. London, 1897; The Diamond Jubilee of Victoria.London, 1897; All About the Diamond Jubilee. London, 1897.

34

. , ...

, 400.000.34 1900 . , , , - . , - - .35 1897 ., 1899 . - . , ... , - , - , , . , ?36 -, , 1899 . ` - -. -? , , -? ` , , - . - - .

. `. - . , , -

34 A. Thornton. The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies. P. 106.35 , 1913 . 2700 . . , , - , , ` , - , . .: A. McBriar.Fabian Socialism and English Politics. Chapt. 8-9.36 Fabianism and the Empire. P. 98.

35

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.37 - , , - , . , , - , - . , , , - .

1900 ., DailyChronicle , , . ` .38 , ` -, , , - . , - , , , -, , ` - . - : . , - - .

, . - -. , - , - ,

37 , 23 . .: Nuffield College Library. OxfordUniversity. Fabian Society Papers. C. 39. Fabian News. 1900. February.38 Daily Chronicle, - , 23 1900 . .: Nuffield College. Fabian Society Papers. C. 39.

36

. , ...

, (welfare).39 , (Richard Haldane) - - . - (Liberal Forwards) , 1896 . - .40 - , , , - . , - , , .41

, - - , , ` (Benjamin Kidd). 1904 . , , . , , - . . `. - , - .42 -

39 B. Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform. Chapt. 3; R. Scally. The Origins of theLloyd George Coalition. Pp. 26-27.40 1902 . (Imperial Liberal Council), 1900 . . , - .41 Fabianism and the Empire. P. 7.42 B. Semmel. Imperialism and Social Reform. Pp. 29-31. ` - -: P. Crook. Darwinism, War and History. The Debate over the Biology of War fromthe Origin of Species to the First World War. Cambridge, 1994.

37

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

: - . .43 , - (Karl Pearson) (Francis Galton) . , , , . , , (Sidney Webb) , , - , , - .44

, , , -. , , - (Little Englander) . . (H. W. Paul), 1900 . , - . - - (Richard Cobden), ` (John Bright) - . , - , - , -, .45 , , , -

43 Fabianism and the Empire. P. 50.44 A. McBriar. Fabian Socialism and English Politics. Chapt. 4. , , - , - . Crook. Darwinism,War and History. P. 73.45 , 10 1899 . .: Nuffield College.Fabian Papers. C. 39. Daily News.

38

. , ...

. - (New Age), - - , - , - . -, , - ..., , , - , .46 , - , - ?

. ? , , , -- , - . , , - , . - - . (Leo Amery), - , - , ` .., - , (welfare state) -, , , , -, .47

, - , , , -. 1900 . . . , : ,

46 Strange Case of the Fabian Society // New Age. 1899. December 16. . : , 12 1899 . .: Nuffield College. FabianSociety Papers. C. 39.47 L. S. Amery. My Political Life. England before the Storm, 1896-1914. Vol. 1. London,1953. P. 223.

39

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , - .48 . 1901 ., , - - , , , -, , , . - 1902 . , - - ., , - , . 1899 . - , . , - -, .49 ,, - .50 - , . . , -, . , , 2000 .51

48 . : H. H. Hewison. Hedge of Wild Almonds. South Africa and the QuakerConscience, 1890-1910. Portsmouth, 1989. P. 122.49 , 20 - 1899 . // Nuffield College. Fabian Society Papers. C. 7.50 , 27 - 1899 . // Nuffield College. Fabian Society Papers. C. 7.51 1901-1903 . - . .: ,10 1901 ., 28 1902, 12 1903 . // Nuffield College. Fabian SocietyPapers. C. 8.

40

. , ...

? -, - . - - . `, - , - . , . 1902 . ` -, *, - .52 , - , , .

- , - , 1902 . - . - , - . - XX: .53 , , , - , . `, , , -. , , . , 1902 . - - . - - , .

* Limps . Liberal Imperialists, . .52 H. C. G. Matthew. The Liberal Imperialists. The Ideas and Politics of a Post-GladstonianElite. London, 1973. P. 89.53 Tract no. 108 // Nuffield College. Fabian Society Papers. 1901. November.

41

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

(John Clifford) - . - , - , (Robert Perks) - - , . . , - , -- . , - , .

III

, , - . , , - - , - . - . - 1900 . -.54 - . 1901 . , - , - , .55 1901 ., , , , . , , - -`, - .56

54 R. Spence Watson. The National Liberal Federation, from Its Commencement to theGeneral Election. London, 1907. Pp. 242-244.55 Ibid. P. 254.56 -` 14 1901 ., . : J. A. Spender. The Life ofthe Right Hon. Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. London, 1923. Pp. 335-336.

42

. , ...

, , . - . , - 1900 ., - .57 , ` -, - , - . - . . :, 1902 . , - 1904 . `(Augustine Birrell), , 1906 .,

... , , , , , - , , , . - , , - , , - , ... !58

, , - ,

57 J. M. Robertson. Wrecking the Empire. London, 1901. - 1906 1918 . 1900 . Morning Leader : , . - (Scrutator).58 Spence Watson. The National Liberal Federation. P. 289. ` 1907 1916 .

43

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , - .59 - . , , - . , 1870- . , 1890- . : - - , , , .60 - 1899 . . : , , (love of more country). -, ... .61

, , - , -- . -? , . , - 1897 ., , , - . - - , .

1890- . , , . ? - -

59 - . - (Robert Lowe) : R. Koebner Schmid. Imperialism. Pp. 148-150.`, , , , .60 H. Cunningham. The Language of Patriotism // R. Samuel (Ed.). Patriotism. The Makingand Unmaking of British National Identity. Vol. 1. History and Politics. London, 1989.61 J. M. Robertson. Patriotism and the Empire. London, 1899. P. 138.

44

. , ...

. - - .62 , - - , , -. 1894 . - . , , - 1896 ., - -. - , - .63

, . , - 1870 .64 -, , - XIX ., .65 , - , , - , - , , .66 - , ., (Robert SpenceWatson), .67 -

62 J. M. Robertson. The Future of Liberalism. Bradford, 1895. P. 29.63 1901 ., , - -, . , - .64 J. Hobson. Imperialism. Pp. 18-19.65 Ibid. Pp. 35-42.66 Ibid. Pp. 51-66.67 1899 . (International Arbitration and Peace Association). -, . . .

45

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , - , , , - .68 , -, , . , , - , . - , . - , -- , , -: .69 ` , , - , . - , - , `- . , - , , , .

- - . -, , . , , . , -, , ` , , - . ` - :

. - , .68 . : Empire. Trade and Armaments. An Exposure. IAPC Pamphlet.London, 1896.69 Ibid. Part 3.

46

. , ...

, -, -. (John Morley) - 1904 . : , , - , - , , , , .70 -. , - , , - .

, , . - , , . , , . , - , , , . - . - ., . , -, , - , , , , - .71 - . , , -, , - , - . , , -

70 Spence Watson. The National Liberal Federation. P. 292.71 J. Robertson. Wrecking the Empire. P. xxxvi.

47

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, . - , , - .

, , - , .72

, -, - . , , - . , ` , - : , , . - .73 ` , - 1890- ., , .

, . - , : . , -

72 , , , ,, , - . - .: L. T. Hobhouse. Democracy and Reaction. London, 1904. Pp. 28-56. , - , - . `, - , - , . - .73 B. Porter. Critics of Empire. British Radical Attitudes to Colonisation in Africa, 1895-1914. New York, 1968. Pp. 84-94.

48

. , ...

- , , , - .74 , - , - , , . - , , -, .75 - , - , - .76

, , . , - . 1899 ., - , . --` : , , -, , -, , , , , - . , - . ,

74 : [G. Wyndham]. Speech Delivered on Behalf of theISAA by Mr George Wyndham, Edinburgh, March 9, 1898. . : Bodleian Library.Oxford University. Milner Papers. Dep. 337. Fol. 11. , - : - . , .: A. K. Russell. Liberal Landslide. The General Election of 1906.Newton Abbot, 1973. Pp. 196-197. . ` 1904 ., . : Spence Watson. The National Liberal Federation. P. 102.75 A. Russell. Liberal Landslide. Pp. 106-107.76 Our Imperial Responsibilities to the Transvaal. An Address by Gilbert Parker to theJunior Constitutional Club, Picadilly, March 23, 1904. ISAA pamphlet no. 11. 1906 . , -.

49

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.77 , - , - , -, - -, - . , .

, , 1899 ., - . - 1898 . - -, - , , , .78 1897 ., - , , , ` ` (Gods Greater Britain) , - (Sir Charles Dilke), . , .79

, ` , - , , , .80 , . - -, , - -

77 Spence Watson. The National Liberal Federation. P. 238.78 Westbourne Park Record. 1899. January. . : M. R. Watts. John Clifford andRadical Nonconformity, 1836-1923 / Ph. D. Dissertation; Oxford University, 1967. P.290.79 J. Clifford. Gods Greater Britain. Letters and Addresses by John Clifford. London,1899. P. 11.80 Ibid. P. 177.

50

. , ...

, ` . -, , - ... , .81

, -. , : - .82 - , , - - .83 - . . . - , .

. - , -.84 , , . - -, - . . . , .

81 M. Watts. John Clifford and Radical Nonconformity. P. 3.82 .: Hobson. Imperialism. Pp. 120-130, 235-304. , -, ` -, -.83 J. Clifford. Brotherhood and the War in South Africa. London, 1900. P. 24.84 F. Lee. Fabianism and Colonialism. The Life and Thought of Lord Sydney Olivier.London, 1988.

51

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

1895 . Daily Chronicle , - - . 1890- ., , , , , - , , -, . - , - .85 - , .

. . , - 1898 . (Ethical World), , , , , - . 1902 . - . - , , , - .86 , , , : , -, , , , , - .87 - , , , - - .

85 (Edward Pease), 16 1899, : NuffieldCollege. Fabian Society Papers. C. 7.86 R. MacDonald. What I Saw in South Africa. London, 1902. P. 53.87 Ibid. P. 52.

52

. , ...

, - . . , , -, , - .88 , , , , - . ` - .89 - :

? , - . ? , - . , . - , - , , - , . , , , , , , -, , - -. , , .90

, , - ,

88 J. M. Robertson. The Meaning of Liberalism. London, 1912. P. 128.89 ` , , , . 1906 . , `, 155 . 155 30 40 , - , , , , 1907-1908 .90 Wanted. A Juridical Enquiry // India. 1897. July. P. 241.

53

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, -, - .91 , - -, , - . `,

- , - , . - , ... - . . , - , -, , - . , , ... .92

, -, , . . -, , : - , - , . , - . , - , - : , . - .

91 - . , - 1918 . .: S. Howe. Anti-colonialism in British Politics. The Left and the End of Empire, 1918-1964. Oxford,1993. P. 37.92 Imperialism with a Difference // India. 1900. September 28. P. 160.

54

. , ...

- .

IV

, - . - . , (Little Englander), -, - , , . - , , , 1890- .: - - . , , - , - 1895 . 1902 ., - 1905-1906 1911 ., - , - .

, . - - -, , - . 1906 ., , . - - , , , - , . , -, , 1906 . , , -. ,

55

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.93 - VII (1901-1910) - , : XX ... - - .94

, , - 1870-1880- . , 1899 . - . - , . - , - , ` -.95 , - - , - , - . - , - , , , 1890- . - -, - , - , .96 , - , - (Harold Wyatt), , - , , .97

93 .: J. Hobson. Imperialism. Pp. 151-152.94 J. M. Robertson. The Meaning of Empire. P. 126.95 - 12 . 1901 ., 20. 1908 . 127 . 1914 . F. Coetzee. For Party or Country? Pp.25, 138; Navy. 1914. September.96 Marshall Pike. Are Our Wage-Earners Imperialists? // Navy. 1914. April. P. 139.97 Navy League Journal. 1904. November. P. 284.

56

. , ...

- . , . - - - , . , , - , . - , - . 1908 . . - -, 1908-1909 . , -, - - .

, - . ` - , - . (Robert Yerburgh), , . , . .98 . (H. T. C. Knox) -, .99 , - . , , , . , 1905 . (Sir John Colomb) , -- :

98 Ibid. 1906. June. P. 139.99 Ibid. 1907. February.

57

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.100 , , - , .

, - ? , - - - . ` , - , -. , - . (Lord Meath) , - , - , , . , - , . - , , - - . , -, , - .101 - -.102 , - .

100 Ibid. 1905. November. P. 279.101 B. Anderson. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread ofNationalism. London, 1983. Pp. 13-16; E. J. Hobsbawm. Nations and Nationalism since1870. Programme, Myth and Reality. Cambridge, 1990. Pp. 9-13.102 , . . - : G. Stedman Jones. Rethinking Chartism // G. StedmanJones. The Languages of Class. Studies in English Working-Class History, 1832-1982.Cambridge, 1983.

58

. , ...

, . , - .103 , - , . , , -.

` -, -, , , - , , - , , - , .104 . , - - , , , - . : , . -, - . - . , . , I , , .105 . , , - , , , . , , .106 --

103 D. Eastwood. Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism. Pp. 265-266.104 B. Anderson. Imagined Communities. P. 19.105 Envoy to the Colonies // Navy League Journal. 1904. February.106 Navy League Journal. 1904. May. P. 142.

59

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- : [.. - . . ] -, .107 - , , .108

- . ` , , -, . - , - , ,109 , , .110 , , - - , , - , , , , , , , .111

. , - . , , , , - .112 - , . - , -

107 Navy. 1912. January. P. 22.108 The Objects of the Navy League. No date. : House of Lords Record Office. London. The Patrick Hannon Papers.109 Navy. 1914. January. P. 1.110 , , . .: Navy. 1912. April. P. 110.111 Navy. 1912. September. P. 241.112 Annual Report of the ISAA (1899-1900); Speech by Gilbert Parker to the AGM ofthe ISAA, July 1905 // Annual Report of the ISAA. 1905.

60

. , ...

, , 1870- . -, , -, . VII, - , -, - , , , (Primrose League). , - - - . - , . , - , , , , - .113 - , , -, , - .

, - - , , - . , , . , -- - 1890- . , , , - .114

113 Navy League Annual (1908-1909).114 . , : S. R. Mehrotra. India and theCommonwealth, 1885-1929. London, 1965. Pp. 243-44. - VII . : G. N. Curzon. The Place of India in the Empire: Address Delivered before thePhilosophical Institute of Edinburgh, October 19th, 1909. London, 1909.

61

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

V

- - ? , 1900-1914 . , . , , - . ` , , - , - , . , - . - - , -, . - , , - . , - : , , , , ,- ` , . - - , , - - , - .

, - , - . - , , - , 1890- ., , . - - . , , .

62

. , ...

, .115

, , , - , - , . . . . .116 , , - . , , , . -, , - , - , . -, - - , . - - 1890- . - - , .

115 , , . , , . .: R. Price. Society, Status and Jingoism.The Social Roots of Lower Middle-Class Patriotism, 1870-1900 // G. Crossick (Ed.). TheLower Middle Class in Britain 1870-1914. London, 1977. -, , , . , - , , - , . .: G. Phillips. The Diehards.Aristocratic Society and Politics in Edwardian England. London, 1979. , , , - , , (, ` - ). , - -. : - , .116 P. J. Cain, A. G. Hopkins. British Imperialism. Innovation and Expansion. 1688-1914. London, 1993. Chapt. 1.

63

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

:

AI*

C ... 1990- ., . - -, . ` , ( ) - .

- - (David Eastwood) -.1 , , -, . ` , - -, .

.

* . .1 David Eastwood. Robert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism // Journal of BritishStudies. 1992. Vol. 31. Pp. 265-287.

64

. , : AI

, . , - , - . 1980- ., , - -, - .

`, - , , , . (Koebner) (Schmidt) . - . 1840-19602 - ., , (Hugh Cunningham) , 1750-1914,3 -, , - - . - . , . (D. Cole) ( - )4 - , . , , , , , , - (John Darwin), ` (Phil Buckner), ` (Carl Bridge), (Kent Fedorowich) `- () , -

2 R. Koebner, H. D. Schmidt. Imperialism. The Story and Significance of a PoliticalWord, 1840-1960. Cambridge, 1964.3 Hugh Cunningham. The Language of Patriotism, 1750-1914 // History WorkshopJournal. 1981. Vol. 12. Pp. 8-33.4 D. Cole. The Problem of Nationalism and Imperialism in British Settlement Colo-nies // Journal of British Studies. 1971. Vol. 10. Pp. 160-182.

65

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

( , ) ` . , ` - `.

, . - ? , , - , , . , . ` , - , . -, , , - - . , - ! , - , - . ( , - - `, ). , , - , ` - , , , , - .

-, , XIX XX . - , (Seeley) .5 , , , - - , - . , , - ( . -

5 J. R. Seeley. The Expansion of England. Two Courses of Lectures. London, 1883.

66

. , : AI

Ab Imperio. 1/2005. . 122). - `. -, .

-, - , , - , 1945 . , , -, , - . ? ` XIX ,6 interalia , - `. - ( - ) : , .

-, , -, -, . - , , , ` , . - , , `. ` , `.

, - , 1997 (.: InSearch of a New Imperial History // Ab Imperio. 2005. No. 1. Pp. 1-33). : -?

6 Andrew Thompson. The Empire Strikes Back? The Impact of Imperialism on Britainfrom the Mid-Nineteenth Century. New York, 2005.

67

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

I . - 2005 , - - . XIX - ? , -. , Ab Imperio - . , , - , - , . , - , - . , - , , -, , . Ab Imperio, - , - , .

1 2005

68

. , : AI

SUMMARY

In the Imperial Languages: Postscript Andrew Thompson reconstructsintellectual history of his article and reflects on the future of imperial identitypolitics studies. Among the biggest influences on his understanding ofimperial languages A. Thompson cites David Eastwoods pioneering essayRobert Southey and the Meanings of Patriotism (1992), Koebners andSchmidts Imperialism. The Story and Significance of a Political Word,1840-1960 (); Hugh Cunninghams The Language of Patriotism, 1750-1914 (1981); studies on the semantic of nationalism and imperialismwritten in terms of dominion historiography. More generally, he describesthe context in which several scholars most notably, John Darwin, PhilBuckner, Carl Bridge, Kent Fedorowich were formulating the idea of aBritish (imperial) world, thereby re-positioning the empires settler soci-eties (neo-Britains) at the center of Commonwealth-Imperial historiogra-phy. These trends inspired Thompson to embark on the task of charting thehistory of the British world as a political concept in later-Victorian andEdwardian Britain. Among the main ideas his article was meant to conveyThompson singles out the role of political imaginings of empire that re-solved around the self-governing or settler regions of empire, and struggledto accommodate the tropical dependencies India included. Second, hewanted to show how closely entwined were definitions of nation andempire in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In doing this,he intended to go beyond official or high political discourses to look atrepresentations of empire from the subaltern groups of British politics.All these themes are developed further in his new book, The Empire StrikesBack? The impact of imperialism on Britain from the mid-nineteenth centu-ry (2005). Thompson welcomes the fact that historians of other empires arenow grappling with similar questions, but suggest to think about the biggerquestion of where we go next?, namely about the future of identity pol-itics in twenty-first century imperial historiography. Set in this context, hefounds Ab-Imperios exploration of the relationship between Europeanempires and the rise of the nation-state very timely.

69

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

`

*

[ ] , , . , , - , , - . , - - . - ` (Braj Kachru), lingua franca , , .1 , (Ngugi wa Thiongo) , -

* : Bill Ashcroft. Post-Colonial Transformation. London: Routledge,2001. Pp. 56-81.' Routledge, 2001. AI ` . . .1 Braj Kachru. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of Non-Native Englishes. Oxford, 1986.

70

`. ,

.2

[] [] - . , -, - . : -? , . , , (Edouard Glissant):

, , -, -, - . . , , - . .3

-, , . - ? : -, , -? - , . , -, , - . , , - .

, (Frantz Fanon) , `-

2 Ngugi wa Thiongo. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in AfricanLiterature. London, 1981. P. 28.3 Edouard Glissant. Caribbean Discourse: Selected Essays / Transl. with Introduction, byJ. Michael Dash. Charlottesville, 1989. P. 166.

71

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

: , -. , , , .4 - -, , - . -, . - , . , . , - ( - ). , - , . . - , . (Selwyn Cudjoe) - (Eric Williams), :

- . , , , , - , - . , , - , .5

- . -

4 Frantz Fanon. Black Skin, White Masks / Trans. Charles Lam Markham. New York,1967. P. 38.5 Selwyn Cudjoe. Eric Williams Speaks: Essays on Colonialism and Independence.Wellesley, 1993. P. 43.

72

`. ,

: - . -, . - . , -, . , . - , , . `, , -, . . - .

- . 1955 , : , -. , , .6 -, . , - - , . -, . - .7

, - -

6 Wilton De Rogers. The Rise of the Peoples National Movement. Port of Spain, n.d. P. 29.7 Selwyn Cudjoe. Eric Williams Speaks. P. 46.

73

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. - , ( , - , - ) - . , , -. , , - , - , , -.

, - , ., , , , - --. , . - , , - . - , .

- - . , , , , -, -, . , - ( ), : - -? , ? , , - , a priori -

74

`. ,

, -, . , , -, . , , - .

, , . - . , , , , - , . , , , , , , - , , . - -. , : , , -, , . - . , , -.

`, -, , , ( , ), , . ? , , , - - , . - , , , -, .. , -

75

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , - . , -. - - .

, - - . - , . , , , - - . - , . , , - , - . , , , -, , . -, , , . , , , , . . , . , , , .

, , - , - -. , , , - , . , .

76

`. ,

, , , . - , . , , - , . - , , , . - . - .

, , - , - . , , -. - , - , - , ; , - , - . , , - - - . , , . - , , - , , , .

- , - . - ,

77

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

( ) . - , - , . , -; , - , ( - ). , ` , - , -, - . - , , -, . , - .

, - , -, , -. , - , .

. , - , . (). , , ,, , , , .8

8 Jacques Derrida. Wiring and Difference / Transl. Alan Bass. London, 1978. P. 12. : . / . .. . ., 2000. . 19.

78

`. ,

, - , , . - , . , - , . - , , . - -, , -. . , . - , - - . - , - . . - -, .

- . , , , . , - , , - , . , , . - . - , , ( , - ) - . ,

79

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , - , - .9 , - , , - . -, . - , , -, .10 , , - , , .

, - , , . . (Gerard Manley Hopkins), (Josef Conrad) (scar Wilde) - , , , .11 . -, , - .

- . -, . langue parole , parole, .. .12 Langue, , -

9 Edward Said. The World, the Text and the Critic. London, 1983. P. 39.10 Ibid. P. 39.11 Ibid. P. 40.12 Ferdinand de Saussure. Course in General Linguistics (1916) / Trans. W. Baskin.Glasgow, 1974.

80

`. ,

, parole , , -. arole , (1916) . - , , .

-, parole - . arole - , , , . , parole - . - - - .13 - - , -,14 - , - . -, . . -, parole, , - , . - , - .

(constitutive semiology) - : , - , , ,

13 Derek Bickerton. On the Nature of Creole Continuum // Language. 1973. Vol. 49. No.3. Pp. 640-669.14 Richard Terdiman. Discourse/Counter Discourse: The Theory and Practice of SymbolicResistance in Nineteenth-Century France. Ithaca and London, 1985.

81

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , . - , , -, . , , -, . , -, . , . , , - . , .

, , , .15 - , , , ( , , , - ..) ( -). . , - , . - , - . - , , - . , -. , , - . , , -, - .

, - .

15 J. L. Austin. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford, 1962.

82

`. ,

, , , , .16 , , , , -, , . , - . - . - - , , . , -: -, .. , -, , .

. . - , , , . , , - - , , - . - , . - , , .

, - , , . , , -, () (). ,

16 Jacques Derrida. Wiring and Difference. P. 12.

83

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , - , - . - , , -, , - ( ) . - - , -- . - - . , - , , , .

. , , , , , , , , , ., , . , , , -, . , (bush), - , , . - - -. (Gabriel Okara)17 - - , . , - , - .

, , , , . , , , -

17 Gabriel Okara. The Voice. London, 1964.

84

`. ,

, . , , . , - , , - . , , - - , . - - , - . , -, .

, , , , . (Edward Sapir) - : , - , , , , , , .18

(Whorf) : , , - .

( , ) - - . , , -, - , . - , - . , , -

18 D. Mandelbaum. Selected Writings of Edward Sapir. Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1949.P. 162.

85

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.19

. , - ( , ) . , - , - () . , , - ( , , ?), . .

, , , , - - . - , , , .. -. . , - , - , , , . , , , - -. - - , - , . - . , , , , -. , , , .

19 Benjamin Lee Whorf. Collected Papers on Metalinguistics. Washington, DC, 1952. P.5.

86

`. ,

- , . , - , () , , - , . - , , , , . . , , - . - (Margaret Atwood) - - , , . - -. , , . - , , . : / , -, , .

, . , , , - . , -, , - . - , , , .

, , - . , , - . , , , . , -,

87

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , , -, , , , - .

, , - , - , .. -. , , - , . - , , - .20

. , - () , - ( ) -.21 - , , . , - , , .

. , , , . , ,- - -? - , -. -, , , , -

20 Michel Foucault. What is the Author? (1969) / Tras. J. V. Harari // J. V. Harari (Ed.).Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism. London, 1979.21 Michel Foucault. What is the Author? // Language, Counter-Memory, Practice. Oxford,1977. Pp. 124-125.

88

`. ,

, -, -. , , - -, . - - , , -. - (Linton Kwesi Johnson):

(di lan) (rack) (shattahrin to) (sun) (shadows daak) (fraid) (fi) (waak)

` (fraid) (fi) (fink), (fraid fi taak)

(di pass) (di present).22

, , , - . , - , -. , , , - . - , , . - -. , , , . , , . , . - . , , , ( )

22 Alison Donnell and Sarah Lawson Welsh. The Routledge Reader in CaribbeanLiterature. London, 1996. P. 375. , . .

89

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

(Pintjantjajara)23 (), - , .

, - , . . , - -: , , -. , , - . , , . - , , -. , , , . - , , -, . . , - , . parole, .

, , , - . . -, -, , , . -, - , , - . , . -

23 . .

90

`. ,

. ` , , , , - . , ( - ), , - .

, - . - . - , -. , , , . : , - . - , . , - . -, , , , - .

- . , , - , , , - . : -, , ? - . , , -, -. , , . . - . , , - . , , - .

91

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, - . - , - . , - , - . , . , , - , , , - - , .

, , - . - - , , -. , ,24 , - -.25 , - , - , , , .26 , , - . - , -, , , , .

, - - , , - , -.

24 Ludwig Wittgenstein. Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough / Edited by Rush Rees.Trans. A. C. Miles. Retford, 1979. P. 3e.25 . . 6.26 . . 4.

92

`. ,

, - . , , - , . - , , -- . - , - , . - .

: - , - , ? , ? , , - . , , - - . , . , , - , -. , -. . - . , .. - , - . - .

, , -

93

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , , . , , , . , -, - . - ( ) , . : , , - , .

- , - . , -, . . -? , , , , , - . - , -. , - , - , .

. - , .. , , , - , , , - . - -

94

`. ,

. , , - (.. , - , ), -.

, - , , . . . (Naipaul) `-, . - :

, ` . . . , . ., `. [ ],

, . , . , . ? . , ?

, , ., , ., ,

.27

- , -. - - . - , - .

(JohnKasaipwalova) - - , - , - .

27 V. S. Naipaul. The Mystic Masseur. Harmondsworth, 1986. P. 77.

95

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , , . -, , , . . -, [- ]. , , , -? , , , , - !28

, , , - . - , . - . .

. , , - : - . , (Akanisi Sobusobu), - , . - , . , - . . , , , - :

? .

28 Kasaipwalova John. Betel-nut is Bad Magic for Aeroplanes (1971) // G. Powell (Ed.).Through Melanesian Eyes. Melbourne, 1987. P. 71. (, ) . .

96

`. ,

, .

.29

- , , . - , , , , , , . , , , . ` - - .

-. - , - , - ; - , - ; - ; , - ; , - , , .30

- , , , , - . , -,

29 Akanisi Sobusobu. The Taboo // Albert Wendt (Ed.). Lali: A Pacific Anthology.Auckland, 1980. P. 28.30 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory andPractice in Post-Colonial Literature. London, 1989. Pp. 61-77.

97

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

.31 -, , - , , . - -. . - , -, , , . , - , , .

, - , . , , - : (, - ), ( , , ) ( ).32 (Northrop Frye), , , : , ; , - ; , , .33 - . , - - .

, -- , . , , - . -

31 Albert Wendt (Ed.). Lali: A pacific Anthology. Auckland, 1980. P. 28.32 . Giambattista Vico. The New Science of Giambatista Vico / Trans. T. G. Berginand Max Fish. Ithaca, 1968; Northrop Frye. The Great Code: The Bible and Literature.New York, 1982.33 Northrop Frye. The Great Code. . 5.

98

`. ,

- , . `-, , -.

- , , , - . , - . - . , . - -, . . , , - . -, . . , , , -, , . , , .

, - (.. ). , - . - , - , , -, , . -, , . ,

99

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , - -, - . - , - . - , , , , , . .

, - , - (Chinua Achebe), - :

- . -, , . ; -. - , , - .34

, - . , - . - , - . , - , - . , , , . - - , .

, , - : -

34 Chinua Achebe. Arrow of God. London, 1964. P. 112.

100

`. ,

, -. , - . , , , - . , , - .

-, . ` , ,, - - - . : , . , -, - - , .

101

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

...*

` , , . , , , , ... , .1

`. , - , . - , . , , () .

* .1 // . XI XII. , 1978. . 22-24.

102

- ? - (, ) - ?

. , - , , . , , , , , -, .

, -, - . - , -, . -, , , , , , , , - - , -- . , , , , - . , , - . , , , , , , . , , - : , . , , - , , , , , -. ` , ( , , ): - , . - , , - , - , .2 , , -

2 . . . 150 : 1917-1997. , 1997.

103

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , , . : - , , , , ( -, ). - , - , - , .

, , , , - , , , . . , , , , - , - , - . , ,, , -, . , , , , , , , - , . , , , - . , - , , . - , , , . - , - . , , , , - ; - . ,, , - , , , -

104

, - , . , - - . , .

. , - , , , - , , , - . , - . , - , , - - , . , , , - . , - , , , XIX - , , , -. - , , , , . , , - ,

. , , ., , ; , - , : , , , -, , . , . , -, , . - - . -, , , , .

105

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , -, , . , , .

. , - , , , ?

. , -, . , - , , , - .

. , - . , . , , , - .

. , , -, . - : -, . , . , - -. . , , , - , . . -, , -, , , - . , , . ,, , . `, - , -, , , - . , - - , , - , -, `, ; ,

106

. , , , , , - , . , , - . - , 1905 ,, -, .

. , 1917 - . , . - . -, , .

. , - . - , , . - , , , . ` , , , . - , , - .. , ( , , - - ), , , ` - . , . , , - ,3 , ` , , , -. , . , , - - - . , , - . , .

3 R. M. W. Dixon. The Languages of Australia. Cambridge, 1980.

107

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , , , , , , - . -

. , , . , - , - -, , , - . , - .

. , , , -

. , , - , , , ; , . , , -, -. , , - , , , .

. , , , -, , - , - , . - . , - / -? - - ?

. -, -, .

108

. , , ` : ` , .. `- ..

. , ?

. . . , -- -

. ?

. , , . ` - , , , , , , , . -, , ( ) , , `., , -. , -, , - . - . ` - , - , , - . , -, , . . , - , - . ,

.

. . , - , ,, - - ` ? , , .

, . , , , - . - . , ,

109

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , - , , . , ., , - - , , , , , . , , - . , , , - .

`, - -. , , , - . -, , , -. , , -. . , - , , , , -, . , , .

, , , , - , ,, . . , : -, , - , , . -: , . , -, , , , , -, , - , . , . , ,

110

, , , , . , - . , -, , , , , . , , , - , , - - . , , , , - ( -): , , , - , - , ; -, . - . - .

, , , , -, , - . - - -? . , , , . : , , - . , - , - - . , ., - , , - , . , -

111

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. . ? . , - , - - : , - ; , , - ; , . , , -, . , , `-. , , . : - , - . - , , , ? , - , ? -, , . , - .

. , - - : - ( . , - . ), , - ( . ). -? , , ? // -- , ?

. , : , , - . ,

112

, , , , . , , - . -. , , - - . . . `, , , . , , , . - 10 , - , -. -, , ` ` . -, , `- , , , , -, , - . , - , `, , . ( ) -. , , - -. - - : , , . , , , - . , , , .- . -, - . -, , , . . . . ?4 -

4 . . , . . . ., 1984. 2 .

113

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, - , 1991 , -, -, , , - . -, .

, , . -. , - , , , , , . , , . , , -. , , - - . , -, , , . , , . , , - - , - - , . , , , , , , - . , , -- , -, , . , , , . , , -, , - , , , , , . - . , 1991 , , , , - , , , ,

114

. . , , .

. XIX , , - , , - ? -, , ?

. , XIX , , ( , - ). - . - , - . - : , , , , - , , , -, - . , , - .

. , - ?

. , , - , - , , , - . - XIX . , - . CCC . 1950- , -. , . , , - . - -, , , :

115

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , , , , . , - . - , , - , 1950- .

. , , - , - - . , , , - , -? , -, , ? - ? , - ?

. -, - . , , - , . : , . ` , , - . , . , , , -, , , , -. , - ! , - -, . . , . , ,

116

, -, . , , . - , , , . . - , , , . , - , . ` -: , -, - . ( , ) - . - . -, - , , , . - -. , . , , -, - . . - , . , - , , - , . , , - .

-, - , . . , , : , ( , , ), , - . , -

117

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , . , , - , XIX . , ` , , - . . , . .

. XIX , , , , - , - ?

. , -, , , - -. , - , . , - , , -, , - , , , . - - - ` - . -. . . ` . ,, , , -, .- , , .

. , - - - , ?

118

. , , , , , , , - . , , , .

. , - ( - ) - ( ). ? , - , - (, - , )? - ?

. , - . , , - , . , , , , . , , . - , , , , , , . - . , - , - , , - . , , - , - ; , , - .

119

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. - - , - - -. , , , , , .

SUMMARY

In this issue of Ab Imperio, the editors asked one of Russias leadingspecialists on the history of linguistics and language policy, VladimirMikhailovich Alpatov, to discuss several questions pertaining to the vol-umes thematic focus.

In response to a question about the specificity of the linguistic situationin the Russian Empire and USSR, Alpatov suggested that the only specificfeature of Russias linguistic composition is the relative linguistic diversityand greater distance between various languages. Alpatov believes that thedistinction between language and dialect is a complex one that often sug-gests a projection of a sociolinguistic concept onto linguistics (as illustrat-ed by the fact that the linguistic difference between some languages is rel-atively small compared with the differences between some dialects within asingle language).

Discussing well-known cases of the linguistic assimilation of Russiansinto various languages, Alpatov suggested that this might have been due togreater numbers of non-Russians in isolated regions of the country and tothe peripheral nature of Russian nationalism. Responding to the editorsquestion about the contours of language policies in the Western border-lands of the Russian Empire, Alpatov stressed the authorities fear of (espe-cially Polish) separatism and the common 19th-century belief that differ-ences between Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians were of minor ethno-graphic nature, as well as the commonalities between Russian imperial pol-icies in the Western borderlands and those conducted by Britain in Wales orIreland and France in Bretagne. In response to the editors question about

120

missionary activities and alphabet creation in the 19th century, Alpatov ar-gued that such attempts were relatively unsuccessful, although for certainnumerous peoples, especially in the Volga region, literatures were createddue to these efforts. Alpatov also maintained that such attempts were notspecific to Russia, albeit in the Russian Empire alphabet creation by mis-sionaries was a relatively large scale venture due to numerical size of peo-ples involved. Elaborating on a question about the applicability of post-colonial paradigms to Russian linguistic history and contemporary poli-cies, Alpatov argued that the Russian Empire was never a colonial empirestricto sensu. Russian language policies in the 19th century are more useful-ly compared with British policies in Ireland rather than with British poli-cies in India. The Russian language was, indeed, a language of domination,but it also played a crucial role as a language of inter-ethnic and inter-national communication. Alpatov also stressed that in certain regions lan-guages other than Russian fulfilled that role. Responding to a question aboutthe nature of Russian linguistics as a modern discipline and its role in de-scribing the linguistic space of Russia in terms of a national or an impe-rial discipline, Alpatov suggested that the concept of language union doeshave potential. Alpatov believes that the language union of Eurasia as de-scribed by R. Jakobson may well be a myth, but such ideas do apply to theBalkans or Southeastern Asia. Alpatov argued that linguistics in the Rus-sian Empire was an imperial discipline in the sense of the diverse origins ofthe scholars who built it. Alpatov also suggested that there was little to noconflict between scholars of Russian and those of other languages of theRussian Empire and the USSR, although in many parts of the country lin-guistics emerged under the strong influence of Russian linguistics, to theextent that in some cases characteristics of Russian were projected ontoother languages of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Nineteenth-centurylinguistics described for the most part the Russian language (understood ascomposed from the Great Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian dialects),whereas other languages of the empire were described under the umbrellaof Oriental or Indo-European studies. Responding to a question on Russifi-cation and the national turn in late 19th-century linguistic policies, Alpa-tov suggested that at times Russification were extremely heavy. At the sametime, Alpatov believes that the government did not want to turn all subjectsof the Empire into Russians. In the Soviet period, the initial insistence onthe importance of national languages was replaced with a later model inwhich the Russians monolingualism was tolerated and bilingualism amongnationalities was promoted. In certain parts of the USSR, processes similar

121

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

to Russification occurred, in which smaller languages were suppressed infavor of the titular languages of the national republics. In todays Russia,Alpatov suggested, an unregulated and elementary process of Russifica-tion, driven by market forces, is underway. Finally, discussing his own con-ception of language policies in a multiethnic state as defined by the dynam-ics of two necessities that of identity and that of mutual understanding Alpatov argued that this model may be applied universally. In the case ofthe Russian Empire, the stress has always been on the need to communicaterather than to provide opportunities for the expression for particular identi-ties.

123

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

`

,

, - , - , - . , , - , - . , . , , - - .

, I - : , - , - - .

124

. , . ,

, . .1

I. , , - , , , , . (1844 1852 .), - , - 1863 .2 - - .3 1853 . -, , - .

, - , , -, , - . . . -, , - 1840-1860- .4 - , .. , XIX . . . - , - ( , ).5 , I, - i, s.

1 . . . XVIII . , 1996. . 73-88.2 `. . . I ( : ) //`. . . - . , 2004. . 123-155.3 , , .4 ., .: [. .] Predlogenie vseem Ruschim gramotnhim ldeam. .,1862.5 . . .

125

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

( - SMS ), XIX . , , , - .

1853 . - ( - ). 1850- . - . , - - , (-), , , , -. , - . . - - . , , - .6

1859 . , - . , -, 1863 .: , , , , , . - (.. -- ) -

6 A. Miller. Kalba, tapaty ir lojalumas Rusijos imperijos valdios politikoje // Raididraudimo metai / Sud. D. Stalinas. Vilnius, 2004. Pp. 19-20.

126

. , . ,

, - .

. - , . -, . . , -,7 . . , , , . , ( ) , . .

, , - . , - . - .. 1876 .

- . () ,8 ,9 , - . , ( ,

7 .: . . : // Ab Imperio. 2003. 1. . 266-270.8 . .: . -. // / . . . , . . -. , 2005 ( ).9 Theodore Weeks. Official Russia and Lithuanians, 1863-1905 // Lithuanian HistoricalStudies. 2001. Vol. 5. Pp. 68-84; A. Miller. Kalba, tapaty ir lojalumas Rusijos imperijosvaldios politikoje. P. 22.

127

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

) , , . . , , - , . . - , -, , , - , .

, , . XX . , . , , - : , , , , -.

, - , . . , - - , . , - . - , , - , . - , - - .

( XIX . , , - ` -). , -

128

. , . ,

, ,10 , . () - , .

, - XIX., - . - . - , - -, - . ` -. , . - - , - , , - . , - , - , - .

* * *

-, - , , - . - (, , , - ). -

10 , - . ., : J. Venskien. Kirilika raytaslietuvikas atvirukas (XX amiaus pradia?) // Archivum lithuanicum. 2004. T. 6. Pp.315-318.

129

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, - . . . . .11 , - (, , ) - - ( ) . - - , , - . . - ( , - - XIX ., ) - - ? , , - . . , . - . , , - 1860- . - , -, . -, .

, , - ( ) , - , . , o -

11 . . . - ( XIX .). -, 2000. . 31-41; . . -. ` - // : -. , 2001. . 129-150; . . . . . // - . , 2004. . 263-285.

130

. , . ,

, - ? ( - , , -.) , -, . . [ . .] , - , - , , - . - - , , , , . () , , - , , 3, , - .

. / ( - , -). . . , -,12 - -, , . -

12 . ( 14), - ( , ) , . , , , - . - , , (, ), - , . . : . . // . 1998. 5. . 28-37.

131

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, , , .

- . . - XIX . , , , - , , - .13 ( ), , , , - , . , - 1835 ., . - jzyk polsko-ruski - . -, polsko-ruski , - , , - . Ruski , -, ( rosyjski), -, (- - . ). , - .

* * *

- , - XX . 1920- ., , ,

13 . : ` . . . 2003. -, 2003. . 184-188 ( . ).

132

. , . ,

, . , , , (, .). . 1920- . - , , , - . , - , .14

1930- . c - . 1950- . , 19201930- . . . -, - , - , - (, , , ) - . - ( 16 2004 .) : - (, - ), , - , -- - , - , - .15 , , - ,16

14 Terry Martin. The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the SovietUnion, 1923-1939. Ithaca and London, 2001. Pp. 182-207.15 . http://www.ksrf.ru/doc/postan/p16_04.htm ( 8 2005 .).16 . http://www.akdi.ru/gd/plen_z/2002/06/s05-06_v.htm; http://wbase.duma.gov.ru/steno/nph-sdb.exe?B0CW[F11&15.11.2002&F11&15.11.2002&F11&&F258&^&]H1560 ( 8 2005 .).

133

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, - .

- - . -, (, -) - , , - , ! . - - ? : , , - - , - ? . - -, , XIX . - - . . . o - - ( - , -, ?).

, , - - - . - , - - -. , , , -

134

. , . ,

- - . , ,, , - , ( ) - .

SUMMARY

The guest editors of the Ab Imperio special forum on Alphabet, Lan-guage and National Identity in the Russian Empire introduce in their fore-word the general historiographic context for discussing alphabet reforms inthe Russian Empire, as well as present the contributions published in thisforum. Mikhail Dolbilov and Darius Stalinas note that the alphabet ques-tion in the Russian Empire does not appear to be a narrow subject in so faras alphabet preservation and reforms were intrinsically linked to the sym-bolic dimension of language as a marker and instrument of national identi-ty. The guest editors trace the history of alphabet reforms in respect to theRussian language and stress the acute character of linguistic debates in thewake of the Great Reforms, when processes of constructing and negotiatingnational identity swept the emancipated peasantry. The guest editors col-late the findings of the articles authors, noting the diverse structure of gov-ernmental decision making and the impact of governmental policies on themultifaceted competition between different nation-building projects andvisions of national and cultural boundaries. They also explicate the ratio-nale for excluding from consideration the language policies and alphabetreforms of the Volga-Kama region, observing that government policy therewas to a much greater extent influenced and mediated by an expert commu-nity of linguists. Finally, Dolbilov and Stalinas trace the political and sym-bolic significance of alphabet preservation and reform in the history of the20th century and in the context of globalization and contemporary politicaland legal debates on the Latinization and Cyrillicization of languages in theRussian Federation.

135

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

`

-

*

!

- 1830- 1850- . - - . - - . , -

* `. , 2003 . Fundacji Kultury Polskiej.

136

. , ...

.1 - , - . - ( -) , .

- - , . - -, - . - . - , - ! - , , -, souverainet du peuple - .

- . (-, `, ). - , , , - .

, , , -

1 O .: . . -. . . . // / . . . , 2004. . 272-274. .: . . . ( XIX .). ., 2000. . 36-37.

137

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, .2

- . - , , - , , . - , , - . , , - - . , .3 - , - , -, , , . - , .

-, , , 1863 . , , , - , , . - , , - , (.. -), -. -

2 . . . , 26- 1862 . // . . . . . 3. - - . , 1886. . 13.3 M. Dolbilov. The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia and the Nationalism of theImperial Bureaucracy // T. Hayashi (Ed.). Construction and Deconstruction of NationalHistories in Slavic Eurasia. Sapporo, 2003.

138

. , ...

, , - , . - , . - - .

, 1863 . - , - .. . - .4 , I 1852 .5 , - ( - -), , . - -, (-) .6

, - , , , - . -

4 . . : // Ab Imperio.2003. 1. . 261-292.5 L. Zasztowt. Kresy 1832-1864. Szkolnictwo na ziemiach litewskich i ruskich dawnejRzeczpospolitej. Warszawa. 1997. S. 247-248.6 . : . . .

139

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , - - , .7 , - , , -, -, , .

, - ( !) - , - - , . .

. . (1831-1872) - - . , - , , - - - . , - - -, - . , , , - , - - -. , - .8

7 . . 1861 .:. 1861. 21 . 2. . 15.8 . . . a: [. . ]. A. . // . 1872. 10. . 452; 1800-1917. `. M, 1989. . 1. . 560-561 ( ,

140

. , ...

, , - , - . - , ( -). , , - , , , . . .

,, , , . . - , - , . (, ). - , .9

?

, -

. . ); . . `-. // . 1892. . 9. . 2-14; . . . // . . 5. ., 1916. . 195-204; - ` . . VIIIa. ., 1893. . 685; . . -. - 50-70- XIX . (. . - . . ) // . . 1976. 2. .34-35. .: Biblioteka Polskiej Akademii Nauk / Polskiej Akademii Umiejtnoci wKrakowie, syg. rkps 715. T. 4: Korespondencja Antoniego Wagi, 1843-1865, A.Hilferding do A. Wagi ( ). B.d. K. 794-807.9 . , . 2 : . . . -. . . . 2. ., 1868. . 3-15, 53-109, 251-262, 265-276, 279-288.

141

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

, . - 1861 . , . 1863 ., - - (), , - (, ), - . , -. - , - , - . , -, - . .10

- - ( ), - . , 1862 . - ( ). - - , , -, - .

- - - ( , ). -

10 . . . . . // .1916. 2. . 210-211.

142

. , ...

. , - 1863 . - - , .

- , - . , , , , - , , , - .11

. - -. - , - , , , . , - , -. - .

, , . 1862 , .12 1863 . - .

11 . . . . ., 1998.12 `. . 169. . 42. . . 6. . 52. . . .

143

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- , - 1863 . .13 -, . , , , . , - . : - .14

- , , , - . - , : - , - .15

. . - -, , - - , . - -

13 . - : . . 940. . 1. . 4, 5, 6, 8; .: H. Gbocki. Fatalna sprawa. Kwestia polskaw rosyjskiej myli politycznej (1856-1866). Krakw, 2000. S. 246-252.14 . . 940. . 1. . 6. . 100.15 . . 5. . 3 ( - ).

144

. , ...

, , - - .16 - , - - . . - , , : -, , , - , , -, , -. - , . . - . , . , , .

, 1863 ., - -.17 , - . - , -

16 . a: // . 1863. 30 1 . 71; - // . 1863. 30 10 . 166; // . 1863. 254, 255, 261. : . . . .. . 2. ., 1868.17 O o . . .: H. Gbocki. Polska w myli politycznej Jurija Samarina. // Polacy a Rosjanie.Materiay z konferencji Polska Rosja. Rola polskich powsta narodowych wksztatowaniu wzajemnych wyobrae. Warszawa-Pock, 14-17 maja 1998 r. / Pod.red. T. Epszteina. Warszawa, 2000. S. 129-156.

145

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

. , - . , 1863 . , - - . , . - , , , . -, -, - , , . , , . - . - . , , , .

- , .. - , . , , - , , , -, . - , -. .

- , - 1772 ., -

146

. , ...

. - , , .

- . - , , . .

- - -, , , . - , ,, , , .

, - , 22 (. .) 1864 .18 - , - - . , -, - . - , . , , , . , . -, , - .

18 , - [. .] . . 4. ., 1864.. 1-5. .: 15 1864 . // -. 1893. . 7-8. . 300-320.

147

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

- , - .19 - - -.20 I.21 1863 . - , , - , .22 , , , - , -, , .23

19 . : . . 1270. . 1. . 68. (Wzorykaligraficzne polskie. Warszawa, 1866 ( )); . . 34-109 ; . . 6. . 68. . 32-32. ( . . . . 15/27 1866 . - -). .: M. Brzezina. Propozycja zastosowania gradanki do jzyka polskiego z drugiejpoowy XIX wieku // Sowianie Wschodni. Midzy jzykiem a kultur / Pod red. A. Bolek,A. Faowski, B. Zinkiewcz-Tomanek. Krakw, 1997. S. 161-168; Idem. Nieznane polskiepodrczniki do szk podstawowych pisane gradank // Socjolingwistyka. Krakw,1994. T. XIV. S. 85-98. ` - , (PolskaAkademia Umiejtnoci. Krakw, 2005).20 .: . M. // . 1865. . 5. . 14-15. .: . . 436. . 1. . 1649. 23 1854 .21 . `. . I ( : ) // DieWelt der Slaven. 2004. Bd. XLIX. S. 1-38.22 . Alkar [A. Kraushar]. Czasy szkolne za Apuchtina. Kartki z pamitnika.Wyd. II. Warszawa, 1896. S. 18-23 ( ). .: J. Boudoin de Courtenay.Krytyczne i bibliograficzne uwagi. Kilka sw z powodu wszechsowiaskiegoabecada // Hilferding czy ksidz Malinowski. Moskale czy Polacy dadz Sowianomwszechsowiaskie abecado. Pozna, 1872.23 . . . . . . . 1. ., 1868. . 331-332. . 1 ( ).

148

. , ...

- ( ) - - . - XVII . .

- , - - - . , , , - , - , . - -, 1871 . - , .24 , 1865 ., . . - . , , , 1864 ., - - . 1864 . ( ) - . , - , .25

- 1870- . . . - ,

24 . .. 1871, . 3 ( - ).25 L. Rzepecki. Przedmowa // Hilferding czy ksidz Malinowski. S. I-IV.

149

Ab Imperio, 2/2005

-. - , .

* * *

Mo , - - . , , - ( , ), . - . - - . , - , - -.

, - , - . , . , - , - -. -, , .26 - `, 10 1861 . (1569) (1658) . -

26 . a : A. Nowak. Emigracyjne TowarzystwoLitewskie i Ziem Ruskich (1831-1833) w laboratorium rozpadu przednowoczesnegonarodu Rzeczpospolitej // A. Nowak. Od imperium do imperium. Spojrzenia na historiEuropy Wschodniej. Krakw, 2004. S. 196-223.

150

. , ...

. 1863-1864 . - , gente Ruthenus natione Polonus gente Lituanus natione Polonus.

27

- , - . , . , - , - , . - . - , , .. , , - .28

, - , , -