absolutism 17 th and 18 th century political theory that suited the absolute monarchs of the time...
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 2: ENLIGHTENMENT AND FRENCH REVOLUTION
WHAT WERE SOME OF THE IDEAS/THEMES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT? BASED ON WHAT WE LEARNED YESTERDAY, DOES AN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY SUPPORT THESE BELIEFS?
ABSOLUTISM
ABSOLUTISM
Absolutism 17th and 18th Century political theory that suited the
absolute monarchs of the time and justified the ABSOLUTE and ORGANIC rule of all aspects of society through a monarchy
Absolute Monarchy Kings or queens who believed that all power within
their state’s boundaries rested in their hands Justified through idea of DIVINE RIGHT—idea that
God created the monarchy and the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth
ABSOLUTISM Principles of Absolutism
Basic Principle: Ruler has complete power over all aspects of
an individual citizen’s life Political Principle:
King/Queen creates and executes all laws and decisions involved in governing their nation
Social Principle: Ruler oversees nobility that oversees general
population King/Queen & Nobility on topeveryone else
on the bottom
ABSOLUTISM
Principles of Absolutism (cont.) Economic Principle:
King/Queen and Nobility oversee the flow and distribution of money
Heavy taxation Wealth heavily consolidated in the upper class
Cultural Principle: King/Queen dictate cultural trends and religion Heavy use of CENSORSHIP
ABSOLUTISM
Rise of Absolutism in France 17th Century France
Pinnacle (height) of power, wealth, and prestige
Oversees exploration and expansion Cultural and intellectual world leader
Forms of Authority Monarchy Estates General Local Governments
ABSOLUTISM The “Absolute” Louis XVI
Almost single-handedly decided all fates of France during his reign
Heavily taxed his people to build his Palace of Versailles and instigate costly wars
Declining economy due to high expenses
Limited power of nobility by promoting positions of upper-middle class
“L’etat c’est moi”
(“I am the State”)
ABSOLUTISM
The “Absolute” Louis XVI Not religiously tolerant
Revoked Edict of Nantes (1685)granted greater religious freedom to French protestants (Huguenots)
PALACE AT VERSAILLES OR CHÂTEAU DE VERSAILLES
The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
THE COST OF BUILDING VERSAILLES
What could you buy with 2 billion?
PAY ALEX RODRIGUEZ
10-year, $275 million contract (including $30 million dollar bonus if he breaks the all-time home run record)
Highest-paid player in sports history
BUY A GULFSTREAM JET
$15 million One of the nicest
private jets in the world
OPEN 50 NEW MCDONALD’S
$955,500 a piece Comes with
everything
1,000 STEINWAY PARLOR GRAND PIANOS
$39,400 per piano
LEBRON JAMES’ MANSION
$2.1 million Build one in each
state
BUILD A BASEBALL STADIUM
$346 million Holds 40,000+
people, home of the Phillies
10 BUGATTI VEYRONS
$1.7 million per car
World’s most expensive car
Can reach 253 mph
BUILD YOUR OWN THEME PARK
$250 million Excitement,
thrills…and ALL YOURS!
…AND YOU STILL HAVE MORE THAN $50 MILLION LEFT!!!
ABSOLUTISM
Absolutism’s Challenges All nations in Europe (not) England ruled by
Absolutism People began to resent total control and
question DIVINE RIGHT Renaissance ideals bred discussions of
DEMOCRACY Success of England’s Parliament intrigued
many in surrounding nations Emerging studies in Social Sciences such as
psychology and political science generated discussion of how to better rule people
ASSIGNMENT…
The popular French magazine “Louis Life” has chosen you to be its new investigative journalist. Your job is to go undercover and get a sneak peek at the life of Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles. To do this, you must use the following sources: the video clip we watch in class today; the article we read, and the notes we took in class. Your article will be a series of illustrations (after all, not everyone can read in France).
ASSIGNMENT
This would be a serious shortcoming for anybody else in the world, but fortunately you can draw very well. You are your group will create a series of sketches that indicate what life is like at the palace. You will create five different drawings, each one outlining a characteristic of Louis XIV (daily procedure, personality, surroundings, etc.) For each sketch you should include: A sketch showing who is involved and what is going on Your cartoon’s feelings about the subject (Silly? Useful?
Necessary?) A two-sentence summary explaining each sketch
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Enlightenment IdeasPeople begin to question
traditional beliefs
French RevolutionCitizens begin to question socioeconomic structure in
country
BASIC UNDERSTANDINGS
Old Regime Three Estates (social classes)
in France First Estate
Catholic Church Clergy (Bishops, abbots, priests)
1-2% of population Did not pay taxes Paid “free gift” of 2% of
income to the king
BASIC UNDERSTANDINGS
Old Regime (cont.) Second Estate
Nobility (Military officials
Court officers) What % of
population? 2% of the population
Did not pay taxes
BASIC UNDERSTANDINGS
Old Regime (cont.) Third Estate 97% of the population Paid all of France’s taxes Bourgeoisie (doctors, lawyers, bankers,
merchants) Urban Working Class (blacksmith, baker,
servant, peddler Peasants (farmers, homeless and poor, paid
“corvee”working tax)
FRENCH REVOLUTION SIMULATION
Group 1 – has good amount of food – smallest group (1 person)
Group 2 – has the most food- small group (2 people)
Group 3 – has least food – biggest group
The Queen needs “taxes” to be paid…
Group #1 - give 2 pieces
Group #3 – give half of food
Group #2 – give nothing
THE ESTATES (SOCIAL CLASSES)
How can we solve it?
WHAT’S THE PROBLEM?
Each group gets only one vote… Who votes that the third group should
pay the most taxes ? Raise your hand. Why is this unfair? What would you do if you were in
group 3 and were asked to pay the majority of the taxes?
LET’S TAKE A VOTE ON PAYING TAXES
Group 1 – The clergy – paid only low taxes
Group 2 – The Rich Nobles – paid almost no taxes
Group 3 – The Bourgeoisie (merchants, artisans), cooks, servants and peasants – paid the most taxes
Where were most people? Third Estate
IN FRANCE…
The social class inequities in France in the 1700’s led to unrest among the Third Estate.
This ultimately led to REVOLUTION!
THE RESULT
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
3 PARTS TO FRENCH REVOLUTION SECTION OF UNIT
Causes Processes Consequence
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of Revolution The Enlightenment Ideas
Liberty Reason Equality Progress Happiness
Philosophe Ideology Locke defended private property, limited sovereignty,
and fair government Voltaire attacked noble privileges and Church
authority
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of the Revolution (cont.) The American Revolution
Exhibited (showed) ideas of Enlightenment in action
French soldiers (i.e. Lafayette) that fought were instrumental (key) to inspiring lower-class French citizens
Placed Louis XIV in great debt
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of the Revolution (cont.) Failing French Economy
National debt was 4 billion livres 50 percent of government’s income went
to interest on debt No central bank or paper currency Inefficient and uneven taxation system
(varied by region and estate)
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of the Revolution (cont.) Feudal System
Estate system outdated Posed (presented) many
difficulties to rising middle class of Third Estate
Difficult to move upward in society (unless very rich)
Less well-off commoners resented the inequality of the three estates
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of the Revolution (cont.) Louis XVI
Good intentions Weak-willed Indecisive Marie-Antoinette
allowed to “dispense patronage amongst friends”
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of Revolution (cont.) Peasants’ situation
unbearable ‘Web of obligations’ Obviously unfairly
overtaxed Noble hunting privileges Land-starved Subsistence farmers
FRENCH REVOLUTION
Causes of the Revolution (cont.) Harvest Failures in 1787 & 88
Less food Higher prices Businesses failed Unemployment in cities
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION: STAGE 1 ESTATES GENERAL
Periodization of the French Revolution
Stage 1 (Spring and Summer of 1789)• Meeting
of the Estates-General
• Storming of the Bastille
• The Great Fear
Stage 2 (1789-1791)• National
Assembly• Declarati
on of the Rights of Man
• Constitution of 1791
Stage 3 (1791-1792)• Legislativ
e Assembly
• Emergence of 3 political groups
• September Massacre
Stage Four (1792-1795)• National
Convention
• Reign of Terror
• Committee of Public Safety
• Thermidorian Reaction
Stage 5 (1795-1799)• Directory• Coup
d’etat
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stages 1 Fiscal crisis forced Louis XXVI to call the
Estates-General (summer 1788; first time since 1614)
The Three Estates elected delegates: First Estate represented about 100,000
clergymen Second Estate represented about 400,000
noble men and women Third Estate represented about 24.5
million people
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stages 1 (cont.) Main disagreement was representation
Should the estates vote by estate or by individual?
Third Estate argued that all delegates should sit together and vote as individuals
Third Estate demanded as many delegates as the First and Second Estates combined “Doubling the Third”
WHO WERE THE THIRD ESTATE DELEGATES?
Represented the outlook of the elite 25 percent lawyers 43 percent governmental officials Strong sense of common grievance and
common purpose
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 1 (cont.) Storming of the
Bastille (July 14, 1789)
Bastille was a symbol of royal authority
Its fall symbolized of the people’s role in revolutionary change
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 1 (cont.) The Great Fear (July 20
—Aug. 5 1789) Rumors that the
King’s armies were on their way circulated
Peasants attacked and burned manor houses and destroyed manor records
POSTCARD FROM FRANCE
YOUR TASK
ON THE FRONT… ON THE BACK…
Create a colorful French Revolution Image
Postcard images may include Drawings of events Slogans or themes
Your art is not the key…your factual accuracy and effort are!
Write a short postcard message to a friend NOT in France during this time.
Explain what you have seen or experienced since the start of the Revolution.
Identify your perspective – 1st, 2nd, 3rd Estate?
STAGE 2: NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 2 May 5, 1789 the Estates General convened at
Versailles June 17, 1789 the Delegates of the Third
Estate declared themselves to be the National Assembly
Voted to end absolute monarch Intent on creating a representative
government Signed their pact on June 20, 1789Tennis
Court Oath
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
The Oath of the Tennis Court (June 20, 1789)The deputies of Versailles were shocked to
discover the doors to their chamber were locked and guarded by soldiers. Fearing an
attack by King Louis, the deputies congregated in a nearby indoor, real tennis
court where they took an oath “not to separate, and to reassemble wherever
circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established”
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 2 The Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen (August 26, 1789—Issued in Sept.)
Declared Natural Rights Private property Liberty, security, and
resistance to oppression Declared freedom of speech,
religious toleration, and liberty of the press to be inviolable
Equality before the law
EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 2 (cont.) August 4 1789 the National Assembly
voted to abolish all noble and other privileges
Church tithe The corvee Hunting privileges Tax exemptions and monopolies Obliterated the remnants of feudalism
STAGE 3: LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY
STAGES OF REVOLUTION
Stage 3 Legislative Assembly
is plagued with disagreements the Assembly splits into 3 political groups: Radicals Moderates Conservatives
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Radicals• Opposed the king and idea of
a monarchy; Proposed a Republic; Used violence; Peasants, intellectuals, urban working class
Moderates
•Wanted some changes but not as many as radicals; Believed power should not be in the hands of the masses; Bourgeoisie
Conservatives
•Upheld idea of limited monarchy; Wanted few or no changes; Bourgeoisie and some nobility
Stages 3 (cont.) Monarchies around Europe feared
revolutionary ideas may spread Austria states support for Louis XVI and
threatened to invade Legislative Assembly declared war on
Austria
France now has domestic and foreign conflicts
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 3 (cont.) Radicals begin to dominate Legislative
Assembly July 25, 1792: Radicals capture Louis XVI
and family and put in a stone tower in Paris
Radicals take over Legislative Assembly Ends limited monarchy and Constitution
of 1791 Louis XVI deposed as king Legislative Assembly dissolved
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 3 (cont.) September Massacre (September 1792)
French troops leaving Paris to fight Austrians Parisians fear less troops will allow captured
nobles to escape and regain control Radicals lead raid on imprisoned nobles and
clergy and kill 1000’s
STAGE 4: NATIONAL CONVENTION
Stage 4 Takes over after Legislative Assembly-
September 21, 1792 Made up of radical leaders from the
Jacobin Club Supported a REPUBLIC
3 Main Leaders
STAGES OF REVOLUTION
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Robespierre
Jean Paul Marat
George Danton
Stage 4 (cont.) Abolished monarchy and declared France a
REPUBLIC based on “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY”
All adult males could vote and hold office & Louis XVI common citizen
Citizen Army 1793- First Coalition takes on France GB, Holland, Spain, Austria and Prussia National Convention holds a draft By 1794, 800,000 men and WOMEN fighting to
protect France
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 4 (cont.) Robespierre Reign of Terror
Goal: use terror to enforce the Republic’s virtues
Committee of Public Safety Created and lead by Robespierre Seek out enemies of the Republic Try and execute enemies of the
Republic in an equal manner using guillotine
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
INFAMOUS EXECUTIONS
Louis XVI-King of France Marie Antoinette-Queen of
France George Danton-a leader of
National Convention
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Guillotine Device created by Dr.
Guillotin as a means to an enlightened execution without prejudice
How might the guillotine be an enlightened form of execution?
EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI
Louis XVI-King of France
Executed January 21, 1793
Said to have cried like a baby as he
climbed the scaffolding
Symbolic event signifying the
emergence of a true radical republic
EXECUTION OF GEORGE DANTON
George Danton A leader of National
Convention and close friend and
confidant of Robespierre
Executed by guillotine in spring
of 1794 Considered not RADICAL enough!
EXECUTION OF MARIE ANTOINETTE
Marie Antoinette- Queen of France
Executed on Oct. 16, 1793
Was never liked by the people of France
Was executed as a traitor for conspiring against France with
her brother the Emperor of Austria
MURDER OF JEAN PAUL MARAT
Jean Paul Marat Writer and publisher
of “The Friend of the People”
Murdered in his bath tub on July 13, 1793
Murdered by woman that feared his ideas
too radical Wanted an end to unnecessary violence
RADICALS TOO RADICAL?
How does this cartoon depict the “arms” of the radicals?
By the people represented in the cartoon…what might be the cartoonist’s opinion of the “radicals”?
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 4 (cont.) Even the Radicals
had enough National Convention
leaders secretly organize the arrest and execution of Robespierre
July 24, 1794-Thermodorian Reaction
After Robespierre’s execution, National Convention leaders rally to create a more
“moderate” government structure. Convention remains in place until the new
structure is created and new members elected
This will become the 5th and final stage…
THE DIRECTORY
END OF NATIONAL CONVENTION
STAGE 5: THE DIRECTORY
Stage 5 1795- members of defunct National Convention
create new “moderate” government Still have many economic and social problems to
tackle Made up of MODERATES, mostly bourgeoisie Corrupted; enriched themselves at the public’s
expense Structure:
2 House Legislature 5 Executive members
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
STAGES OF THE REVOLUTION
Stage 5 (cont.) Somewhat successful
Created sense of order and stability throughout France
Responsible for the rise of France’s greatest military mastermind…
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
Napoleon will overthrow the Directory in
November of 1799