basic concepts 2: morphemes and...

2주차. Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs

지난강의

• Why morphology? • What is a word? - Basic properties of words - lexical items, lexemes, word forms,

grammatical words

학습내용

• Morphologically complex words - Roots and affixes - Roots and bases - Bound roots - Combining forms (= neoclassical

elements) • Morphemes, morphs, allomorphs • Allomorphs: types, conditioning

2주차. Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs

Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs

• Words are broken into one or more morphemes (= the smallest unit of a language that has its own meaning).

Taking words apart

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• Morphologically simple or simplex (or monomorphemic) words

- giraffe, fraud, chair, great, murmur, pistachio, brow, just, great, matter

• Morphologically complex (or poly-morphemic) words

Taking words apart

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• Exercise 1, Lieber, p.9

1. Are the following words simple or complex?

a. members b. prioritize c. handsome

d. fizzy e. dizzy f. grammar

g. writer h. rewind i. reject

j. alligator

If you have difficulty deciding whether particular words are simple or complex, explain why you find them problematic.

Exercise

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• How do you break the following words apart?

readable, hearing,

enlarge, performance,

whiteness, darken, seeker

Morphologically complex words

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• free vs. bound morphemes

• root vs. affix (prefix, suffix)

- Free morphemes can stand on their own.

- Roots are the central meaningful element (or the ‘core’) of a word.

- Affixes are bound morphemes.

- Roots may be free or bound.

Types of morphemes

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• The part of word to which an affix is attached is called base.

• The part of a base that cannot be analyzed further into morphemes is called a root.

Roots vs. bases

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1 Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs

• colony + al +ize + ation

colonialize base of -ation

colonial base of -ize

colony root & base of -al

• A base is sometimes called a stem, especially if an inflectional (as opposed to derivational) affix attaches to it.

2

Roots vs. bases


• legible, magnify, rendition, obfuscate, applicant

• approbate, approbation, approbatory, approbator

2

Bound roots


• simulant, simulate, simulation

• audible, auditory, audition, audience

• What are the roots?

2

Bound roots


• Most of the free morphemes were inherited through the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family to which English belong.

• Bound roots were borrowed from Latin, either directly or via French.

2

Bound roots (cont)


• Among the most widely used words, the Germanic element still predominates.

read-able leg-ible

hear-ing audi-ence

en-large magn-ify

perform-ance rend-ition

dark-en obfusc-ate

seek-er applic-ant

2

Bound roots (cont)


• cran-berry, huckle-berry, gorm-less, luke-warm, in-ert, laugh-ter, feck-less

• A cranberry morpheme is so limited in its distribution that it occurs in just one complex word.

• A cranberry morpheme is a bound root that occurs in only one word.

2

Cranberry morphemes

1 Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs 2

Cranberry morphemes (cont)

Following is a list of nonword roots. Add a prefix to each root to form an exising English word.

Words Nonwords

*descript

*cognito

*beknownst

*peccable

*promptu

*plussed

*domitable

*nomer

1 Basic concepts 2: morphemes and allomorphs 2

Types of morphemes (English) morpheme (potentially) free (obligatorily) bound affix root

derivation inflection frog prefix suffix suffix ride audi-

re- -ness -ed simul- un- -ize -s


• free root + affix (e.g. readable)

• bound root + affix (e.g. legible)

• free root + free root compounds (11th week)

• But what about pathology, dermatitis; and electrometer, Sino-Korean?

2

Types of morphologically complex words


• Many linguists and dictionary-makers classify these bound morphemes as neither affixes nor bound roots but place them in a special category of combining forms. (Carstairs-McCarthy, p.21)

2

Combining forms (or neoclassical elements)


• Combining forms are bound morpheme, more root-like than affix-like, usually of Greek or Latin origin, that occurs only in compounds, usually with other combining forms (e.g. bio, ology in biology) (Carstairs-McCarthy, p.142)

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• pathology, psychopath; dermatitis, pachyderm; electroscopy two combining forms (combining form + combining form)

• electrometer, Sino-Korean one combining form (combining form + free root)

2



• free root + affix (e.g. readable)

• bound root + affix (e.g. legible)

• free root + free root compounds (11th week)

• But what about pathology, dermatitis; and electrometer, Sino-Korean?

2

Types of morphologically complex words


• Exercises 1.3, Plag, pp.18-19

Identify the individual morphemes in the

words given below and determine whether

they are free or bound morphemes,

suffixes, prefixes or roots:

computerize bathroom numerous

unthinkable intersperse actors

2

Exercises


• Exercise 1, Lieber, p.56 (difficult)

Divide the following words into

morphemes and label each morpheme as

a prefix, suffix, free base, or bound base.

hypoallergenic non-morphological

telephonic overcomprensation

reheatability monomaniacal

2

Exercises


• We just learned that dermatitis and endoderm are examples of morpho-logically complex words, which are made up of two morphemes.

• What are the morphemes?

• Consider arthritis and bronchitis. Can you see the problem now?

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Allomorphs, allomorphy


• Now consider the following examples. What are morphemes then?

- dermatology, dermatosis, pachyderm

- hepatitis, hepatic, hepatology

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Allomorphs, allomorphy


• A single morpheme may appear in different forms (i.e. pronunciation) in ‘different’ contexts. (e.g. cats, dogs, foxes; walked, rolled, spotted; inactive, impossible, illegal, irregular)

• These different forms are called allomorphs of the same morpheme, and the phenomenon itself is called allomorphy.

2

Allomorphs, allomorphy (cont)


[s] [z] [Iz] [t] [d] [Id] [In] [Im] [IN] [Il] [Ir]

[s] [t] [In]

• [s], [z], [Iz] ; [t], [d], [Id]; [In], [Im], [IN], [Il], [Ir] are all morphs (i.e. the forms that are actually pronounced).

• [s], [z], [Iz] are allomorphs of the morpheme {s}.

• [t], [d], [Id] are allomorphs of the morpheme {t}.

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Morphs, allomorphs, morphemes


• Where allomorphy occurs:

- affix or base (or root) allomorphy

• Depending on the relation among allomorphs:

- phonological or suppletive allomorphy

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Types of allomorphy


• Depending on the conditions under which different allomorphs are selected:

- phonological, grammatical, or lexical conditioning

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Types of allomorphy


• Allomorphy is quite frequent in English, and it affects both bases (or roots) and affixes.

2

Affix allomorphy


- cats, dogs, foxes - walked, rolled, spotted - inactive, impossible, illegal, irresponsible - causal, inflectional, polar, modular,

cellular - believable, workable, divisible,

admissible - abortion, salutation, accusation,

definition - adaptive, affirmative, representative,

competitive

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Affix allomorphy


• courage, courageous • malign, malignant • autumn, autumnal • divide, divisible • maintain, maintenance • profane, profanity • knife, knives; house, houses • explain, explanation, explanatory • receive, receptive; consume,

consumptive

2

Base (or root) allomorphy


• The relation between allomorphs may be phonological or suppletive (weak, strong).

• Phonological allomorphy

- cats, dogs, foxes

- walked, rolled, spotted

- inactive, impossible, illegal, irresponsible

2

Relation between allomorphs


• Suppletive allomorphy

- Weak suppletive allomorphy

• Allomorphy exhibit some similarity, but this cannot be described by phonological rules.

• buy, bought; catch, caught

- Strong suppletive allomorphy

• Allomorphs exhibit no similarity at all.

• go, went; good, better

2

Relation between allomorphs (cont)


• Depending upon the conditions under which different allomorphs are selected,

- phonological conditioning

- grammatical conditioning

- lexical conditioning

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Conditioning of allomorphy


• Choice of allomorphs depends on phonological context

- cats, dogs, foxes

- walked, rolled, spotted

- inactive, impossible, illegal, irresponsible

- causal, inflectional, polar, modular, cellular

- 을~를, 은~는, 이~가

2

Phonological conditioning


• Choice of allomorphs depends on the grammatical context

• German

ein gross-er Wagen ‘a big car (masculine)’

ein gross-es Haus ‘a big house (neuter)’

eine gross-e Feder ‘a big feather (feminine)’

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Grammatical conditioning


• Choice of allomorphs depends on the individual lexical item

• English past participle –en/-ed is unpredictable and depends on individual verbs. (abuse-abused, rise-risen)

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Lexical conditioning

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• Exercise 2.3, Plag, p.42

Explain the notion of base allomorphy using the following words for illustration. Transcribe the words in phonetic transcription and compare the phonetic forms.

active-activity curious-curiosity

affect-affection possess-possession

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Exercises


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