Chapter 9Expanding Markets and Moving West

Essential Question What were the causes and consequences of

Westward Expansion?

Section 1 – The Market Revolution

Objectives:o Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted

the U.S. economy.o Identify the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and

helped fuel the country’s economic growth.o Explain how transportation and communication systems

helped to link America’s regions and make them interdependent.

Early 19th CenturyRural Workers

Produced own goodstraded when necessary

Farm FamiliesSelf Sufficient

Mid 19th Century More Industrialized – Northeast Rise of textile mills Developed factory system Farmers change to specialization (raising crop for

a profit) Led to Market Revolution

Market Revolution People buy and sell goods rather than making

them for own use Changed U.S. economy Changed lives of Americans

Capitalism Economic system in which private businesses and

individuals control the means of production (factories, machines, land) and use it for a profit

Francis Cabot Lowell Capitalist who risked his own money to start a

company Known as an entrepreneur 1813 formed the Boston Manufacturing Company Produced textiles

Charles Goodyear Entrepreneur who helped developed vulcanized

rubber 1839 discovered when rubber is mixed with sulfur

and heated it toughens into a durable elastic. Named it vulcanization after the mythological god

of fire – Vulcan First used to protect boots

Elias Howe 1846 – sewing machine First used in shoe factories

I. M. Singer Invention the foot treadle Reduced the time to sew garments Led to production of clothing Reduced the cost of clothing

Economic Revolution Impacted consumers Enhanced business activities Improved transportation system

Impact on Communication

Samuel Morse – 1837 telegraph Carried messages tapped in code across copper

wire Telegraph lines connected larger cities on the

East Coast Business could transmit orders, relay up-to-date

information on prices and sales Used by trains to maintain schedules and warn of

hazards By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph wire crossed

the country

Impact of Transportation

Robert Fulton – 1807 invented the Clermont, first successful steamboat. (traveled 150 miles up Hudson River from NYC to Albany in 32 hours)

Increased canals in the U.S. (1816 100 miles of canals, 1840 3,300 miles of canals)

Erie Canal First major canal in the U.S. Joined the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean Cut the cost of freight from 19 cents to 2 cents a

ton per mile

Emergence of Railroads

RR caused transportation by canals to decline RR offered speed (4 X faster than canals) Pulled freight at ten miles an hour Trains could operate in the winter Trains brought goods to people who lived inland Safe and reliable 1850 10,000 miles of RR had been laid 1859 RR carried 2 billion tons of freight a year

New Markets Link Regions in the U.S.

1818 National Road Extended from Cumberland, MD to Wheeling, VA. 1838 extended to Springfield, IL Contributed to the development of regional

specialties

Southern Agriculture Cash crops – tobacco, rice, cotton Exported cotton to England and New England

(Northeast)

Northeast Shipping and Manufacturing

Center of American commerce Erie Canal made New York City the central link

between American agriculture and European markets (exported more cotton than any other city)

NE manufacturing produced more and better goods at lower prices than before

Midwest Farming 2 inventions that helped cultivate the land

o Steel Plow – 1837 by John Deereo Mechanical Reaper – Cyrus McCormick

Manifest Destiny The belief that Americans should spread over the

whole North American continent from the Atlantic to Pacific Ocean

Trails West Dangerous Feared Native American attacks Many died

Santa Fe Trail Busiest and most well known avenues of trade Helped to open trade with Mexico 780 miles Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Oregon Trail Started in Independence, Missouri Ended in Portland, Oregon Led to Oregon Territory – controlled by British Wanted to reach the Pacific Ocean 54-40 or fight – 49th parallel

Mormon Trail Used by Mormons to travel to Salt Lake City, Utah Led by Brigham Young

California Trail Gold Rush

Expansion in Texas Mission System – convert Native Americans to

Catholicism Impact of Mexican Independence – resulted in

loose control over Mexican settlements in Texas and New Mexico

Mexico invites U.S. settlers – gave land grants to American settlers (empresarios) who pledged to obey Mexican laws

Stephen Austin Most successful empresario Brought first settlers to Texas

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president

Battle of the Alamo Old Spanish mission Against Mexicans Most Texans died “Remember the Alamo”

William Travis Alabama lawyer Led the Battle of the Alamo

Battle of San Jancito Defeated Mexican general Santa Anna

Sam Houston Led Texans at the Battle of San Jacinto Created the Republic of Texas (Lone Star

Republic)

1836 Texas won their independence from Mexico

1845 President Polk wanted to annex Texas Texas became a state 28th state

War with Mexico Causes

o Hostilities during the Texas Revolutiono President Polk wanted New Mexico and Californiao Disagreement over Texas-Mexico southern border

Bear Flag Rebellion Americans in California rebelled against Mexico Started the Mexican War California became known as the Bear Flag

Republic

Zachary Taylor U.S. General Ordered to block the Rio Grande River

Sectionalism Attitude about War with Mexico

Southerners wanted to extend slavery and increase power in Congress

Abolitionists were strongly opposed to expansion Wilmot Proviso – proposed to prohibit slavery in

lands gained from Mexico

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 Mexico agreed to the Rio Grande as southern

border of Texas Mexico ceded New Mexico and California to U.S. U.S. agreed to pay Mexico 15 million

Gadsden Purchase President Franklin Pierce paid $10 million to

Mexico to secure southern border below the Gila River

Compromise of 1850 Established because of California Gold Rush and

need to be admitted as a state Admitted California as a free state