UNITS 1-13

Unit one

WORD MANIPULATION 1. Supply a prefix: ………….imprison,………... unhelpful, ……unhindered

2. Turn into a person: polisher…….. yachtsman … balloonist ……………………………

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: a c/ c i d/ e n t, l i /b r a/ r y, h i n d/ r a n c e.

4. Change to nouns: bury ……burial……, modify ………modification……, suppose …… supposition….

5. Change to adjectives: absence absent , advantage ……advantageous……., error ………

erroneous………..

6. Write synonyms for: puzzle .. mystery, problem , absurdity …ridiculousness….., hinder ... hamper

7. Write antonyms for: coarse …smooth, cultured, polished., loosen …tighten ., hindrance..asset

8, Give the plural of: hero …heroes…, sheep … sheep….., basis …bases………..

9. Give the feminine of: actor …actress., nephew ……niece, aviator …aviatrix

10.Delete wrong word: A good band can create a martial spirit.Oranges are scarce this summer.A triumphal procession celebrated the victory

SUPPLY A PREPOSITION1. They warned us ……against.. entering the

cave.

2. He is getting used …to.. interruptions.

3. I take pleasure ……in…arriving early.

4. Police will look ……into... the crime.

5. You must look ..after… yourself.

SELECT THE APT WORDThe secretary of the club was asked to appear

before the board of management, which was

concerned at an evident leakage of funds. Before

the enquiry could take place, however, he

……………., taking most of the club’s banking

reserves.

(absconded)

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: …… disfavour, ………unlovable, ……uninteresting

2. Turn into a person: bicycle cyclist debt…………debtor Britain …Briton

3. Write homonyms for: queue ……cue., bough ……bow prize …prise

4. Change to nouns: accept ………acceptance .., choose ………choice., allege ……

allegation…

5. Change to adjectives: expedition …expeditionary; (expeditious = quick and efficient)…., injury

injurious…, mystery ……mysterious

6. Spell the plural of: ally ……allies……, alley ………alleys…., axis ………axes……

7. Write synonyms for: eerie ... weird…bizarre,.. fasten ....close, do up .. abominable ……detestable,

unpleasant

8. Write antonyms for: cheerful …sad, gloomy…., truly …falsely.., debt …asset………

9. What is the feminine of: adventurer …adventuress.., duke …duchess., god goddess

10.Delete wrong word: We gained access to the hospital.

I think we should accept this offer.

We ought to adjourn this meeting.

ELMINATE THE JARRING WORD

1. ardent, fervent, zealous.

2. Rigorous, stringent, strict.

3. Renowned, illustrious, eminent,

4. Diffident, timid, bashful.

5. Artifice, guile, stratagem.

Unit Two

SPELLING/VOCABULARYSmoky Confusion Travel Envelope Judg(e)ment

Woollen Stealthily Traveller Christened Enrol

Christian Language Travelling Proceeded Enrolment

Treasure Completely Refrigerator Realised Enrolled

Permission Adjoin Adroitness Shovel Dinghy

Gallop Autumn Parachute Shovelled Grease

Galloped Agreeable Accused Jewel Garage

Tunnel Practically Amazement Jewellery Schooner

Tunnelling Opinion Commit Mysterious Vehicle

Label Photograph Committed Excitement Wharves

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ……………………. incompletely, …………..… unrealised, ……………

prejudge…. misjudge

2. Turn into a person: parachutist ………, jeweller ……………………., linguist

…………………………

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: C h r i s /t i a n, s t e a l t h /i /l y, r e/ f r ig/ e r /a t /o r

4. Change to nouns: commitment …………, conviction……………….., realisation …………………………

5. Change to adjectives: exciting………….…, tumultuous …………., vehicular ………………

6. Spell the plural of: journeys ……………………, bamboos …………, nuclei

7. Write synonyms for: stealthily …furtively, surreptitiously, slyly…,adroitness .... skilfulness, dexterity,

amazed………surprised, astonished, astounded……..

8. Write antonyms for: confusion …understanding, certainty, order……………., brittle …flexible, strong,

sturdy,………., anxious …calm, …………….

9. What is the feminine of: cockerel …chick…………,colt ……filly……….,ram ewe

10.Delete wrong word: The conductor raised his baton.

I would advise you to accept.

It has adversely affected their morale.

SUBSTITUTE A WORD FOR1. Refusing to obey a superior …… insubordination……rebellion,…..

2. The practice of spying ………espionage………….

3. Foretelling future events …prediction, divination …………….

4. One who dies for his faith ……martyr………….

5. Incapable of error …………infallible……………..

Unit Three

SPELLING/VOCABULARYCushion Business Explosion Excellent Essential

Aborigine Eventually Buoy Serious Accompanied

Civilisation Exhausted Scythe Erected Election

Necessary Safety Village Appetite Funnel

Patience Boundary Stony Athletics Parliament

Original Affluent Woolly Racquet Parliamentary

Adventurous Conqueror Speech Referee Tremendous

Blasphemy Disguised Cellar Tobacco Successful

Centre Receive Balloon Coarse Hindrance

Prison Whether Surprise Storeys Suppose

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix:…………………..... unnecessary, ……..………… impatience, …………….

inessential

2. Turn into a person: parliamentarian…….., blasphemer ………………., electioneer …elector..

3. Write homonyms for: cellar …seller…….., racquet …racket…, storeys ………stories………

4. Change to nouns: exhaustion ………., excellence …………………., strangulation

……………………………

5. Change to adjectives: explosive ……., deceitful ………… appetising………

6. Spell the plurals of: volcanos ……….., negroes …………………….., banjos ………………

7. Write synonyms for: necessary …needed, essential….., agreement concord, pact, contract.,

accomplish……achieve…, complete…………………

8. Write antonyms for: safety …danger, peril serious …trivial, humorous, inane …, tremendous …

small, puerile, insignificant….

9. What is the feminine of: ……………, bachelor …spinster…., widower ……widow…

10.Delete wrong word: He is averse to smoking before breakfast.

We made our way across the border.

There was a narrow aisle between the desks.

SUPPLY A PREPOSITION1. I have no influence ……..over..children.

2. Your work is different …..........from (modern usage/ USA English would use “to”)...…… mine.

3. I was impressed …by.. her efficiency.

4. This kit is appropriate ….....for……hiking.

5. The fish tasted ……of…(“like” also possible, but the meaning is different)… onions.

Punctuate the following:

I once climbed up a large rock about 40 or 50 feet high in the middle of the jungle, and, standing on the top

was a superb sambhur deer, his antlers silhouetted against the sky. When he saw me, he went off down the

rock at full speed and, when he was half-way down, he just launched himself out into space, falling with a

crash on bushes or small trees, and disappeared into the jungle. It was a magnificent sight, the great deer

with his forelegs and hind legs flat out and his antlers flat on his back catapulting himself off the rock into the

air. (from Growing-An Autobiography, by Leonard Woolf)

Unit Four

SPELLING/VOCABULARYSpacious Accurate Quarrel Marvel Control

Kennel Accuracy Quarrelsome Marvellous Controlled

Occupants Deliberate Quarrelled Laughter Controllable

Traffic Competition Quarrelling Warfare Chorus

Initial Except Occasion Rebel Exhibition

Courteous Suspicious Occasionally Rebellious Quarter

Professional Screech Artificial Recess Principal

Compliment Intelligence Dictionary Sufficient Principle

Diary Haversack Queue Canvas Delicious

Adherence Britain Truly Programme Argument

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ………….………... discourteous, ………….……. inaccurate, ………….. insufficient

2. Turn into a person: adherent ………, suspect……………….., competitor……………………….

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of : i n/ t e l l/ I /g e n c e, o c/ c a s/ I o n/ a l /l y, q u a r/ t e r.

4. Change to nouns: deliberation……….., artifice…………………, impetuosity…………………………

5. Change to adjectives: complimentary….. competitive ……………., argumentative

6. Spell the plurals of: moneys …(for collections of money from different groups: The moneys collected from

the different forms added to a significant total)……….. buffaloes or buffalos………………….,

radii

7. Write synonyms for: recess…break., sufficient …enough, adequate., ardent ……passionate,

eager…

8. Write antonyms for: spacious …confined, small., artificial …natural…..,conservative …progressive,

radical…..

9. What is the contraction of: do not…don’t………., they are ……they’re…….., who is …who’s

10.Delete the wrong word: This word is correct in the sentence

The sand on this beach is coarse.

. They are all ready to leave.

Thomas Edison was an ingenious inventor.

ELMINATE THE JARRING WORD1. Dogmatic, moderate, imperious, dictatorial.

2. Staid, sober, frivolous, sedate.

3. Despise, venerate, revere, cherish.

4. Despondent, forlorn, elated, dejected.

5. Impute, attribute, vindicate, ascribe.

Punctuate the following:1. “There it goes,” she said, as the great liner left

the wharf.

2. Bursting into the house, he shouted menacingly, “Come out, wherever you are!”

3. Peter muttered, “I wanted ... break it anyway,” as his father scolded him.

4. As he left the meeting, the Prime Minister remarked, “I have never had such an enthusiastic audience,” and he looked very pleased.

5. “I know that it is a shock, coming so quickly after the death of your bother,” said the policeman, trying to be sympathetic.

6. The lecturer declared, “ Henry Fielding, although he was a magistrate himself, had a thoughtful sympathy for criminals and other people with weak consciences, and this sympathy is obvious in his novels.”

7. “Take the first turn to the right,” said the shopkeeper, pointing in a northerly direction, “and you can’t miss it.”

Unit Five

SPELLING/VOCABULARY

Amusement Amorphous Caution Medicine AnniversaryContrary Exceedingly Cautious Sheriff CeremoniesFiery Weird Cautiously Spoonful HungrilyGorgeous Disease Imitation Temperature ExtravaganceMurmuring Gypsy Recipe Torture ExhibitPermanent Nuisance Scissors Sovereign GenerousPrecious Peasant Soften Sovereignty GenerosityClumsily Terrific Shriek Bazaar PageantAutumn Agreeable Dinghy Vehicle ShovelledGalloped Wharves Stealthily Jewellery Enrolment

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ………ungenerous, ………………incautious, ……………..… impermanent

2. Turn into a person: torturer …………exhibitor………murmurer

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: e x /c e e d/ i n g /l y, a n/ n i /v e r s/ a/ r y, g e n/ e r /o s/ i t/ y.

4. Change to nouns: stealthily …stealth infer……inference… languid …languor

5. Change to adjectives: ceremonial ……………… medicinal …………………

extravagant…………………..

6. Spell the plurals of: tragedies ……………………oases …………………….. corps

7. Write synonyms for:weird…strange………........arduous …difficult……….Affable friendly, ……sociable……

8. Write antonyms for: cautious …daring, bold… precious …worthless.. Cursory …

searching, detailed….

9. What is the contraction of: it is …it’s…… you are you’re….. we are …

we’re……………………..

10.Delete the wrong word: This word is correct in the sentence. What they say is all altogether absurd.

The candles were placed on the altar.I shall imply that we want prompt delivery.

SUBSTITUTE A WORD FOR:1. Giving false evidence on oath ……perjury………………….…….

2. Publishing malicious reports of a person …….libel………defamation………slander…….

3. The bringer of a law-suit ………plaintiff………………………

4. The person charged at law ……defendant…………………………

5. False name (concealing identity) ………alias………………………

HOW TO PUNCTUATE Commas.The following sentences illustrate the confusion that can arise when commas are omitted. ( Insert the

commas.)

1. Many, if not most, of the answers are wrong.

2. She doesn’t like me, and Sally knows why.

3. After clearing these off, the table may be used.

4. If you have seen the doctor before, you notify the girl at the desk. ( or the receptionist, who is almost

certainly an adult woman!)

5. We struggled along, the corridor being crowded.

6. As soon as they entered, the room was plunged into darkness.

7. To the young, people of forty or more often show intolerance.

8. Della’s accident was a shock, for the family had been expecting her at any moment.

9. While mother was cooking, the baby wandered away.

10.My deepest wish, to visit Alice Springs, has not been realised.

11.On November 7, Red Guards occupied the Winter Palace.

12.As I said before, you entered this argument too late to know what we are talking about.

Unit Six

SPELLING/VOCABULARYSense Conductor Luxury Accommodation WholesaleGlamour Particularly Millionaire Treacherous GuaranteeGlamorous Physical Heiress Monotonous AmbitionMelodious Amateur Exquisite Advertisement AmbitiousVivacious Wiry Weight Recommendation ChequeOrchestra Fatigued Trespasser Interrupted BurglarAbsolutely Bruise Calendar whereabouts LightningEmperor Jealously Receipt Picturesque LightningOriginal Eventually Conqueror Essential PatienceSpeech Excellent Boundary Erected Parliamentary

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix:…misconduct, …………unoriginal, ……………uninterrupted

2. Turn into a person: parliamentarian advertiser guarantor

3. To three words in the lists above, ‘less’ can be added: ……senseless, speechless, weightless

4. Change to nouns: vivacious ……vivacity interrupted ……interruption…, fatigued …fatigue

5. Change to adjectives: sense …sensitive, sensible, senseless….luxury …luxurious…, hazardous

6. Spell the plurals of: echoes ………stimuli … hypotheses………………

7. Write synonyms for: monotonous …boring, unchanging guarantee …warranty, assurance. Bewilder

confuse, puzzle

8. Write antonyms for: fatigued …fresh, rested. convex …concave wholesale …retail

9. What is the contraction of: I am ……I’m could not ……couldn’t., who will …who’ll.

10.Delete the wrong word: Correct word is red.

He made an illusion/allusion to Shakespeare.

The lawyer sited/cited definite facts in evidence.

I counsel/council you to study it carefully.

SUPPLY A PREPOSITION1. She is never angry …..…with children. (AT is a common usage, but not correct in formal English)

2. I thought it was evident ……from . his looks.

3. Visitors are confused ……by…. the signs.

4. He is shy ……about…… asking for help. (Not of: This is used in a sentence like “I was just shy of the $100

I needed to buy the meal. This usage is also informal English.)

5. The team conferred amongst…one another. (Here the sense is of a group conferring together.)

Unit Seven

SPELLING/VOCABULARYMischief Inquisitive Endeavour Pamphlet AntipathyMischievous Vague Pneumonia Cannon StationaryValley Viciously Analysis Equipment StationeryNeighbour Indelible Analyst Equipped AmmunitionReservoir Mention Doubtful Barrel WorshippedTrough Epidemic Efficient Artillery CemeteryEarnest Infectious Efficiency Unique KnowledgeShepherd Penicillin Military Disciple KnowledgeableTraffic Accuracy Quarrel Control QuarterCourteously Suspicious Quarrelled Sufficient occasionally

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ………inefficient, …………… unequipped, …………undisciplined

2. Find three words in the lists above to which ‘ness’ can be added: earnestness, vagueness , uniqueness

……

3. Write the plural of: analysis …analyses….., cannon …cannon or cannons ., valley ……valleys

4. Change to nouns: sufficient …sufficiency., courteous ……courtesy, avoid avoidance…

5. Change to adverbs: accuracy …accurately, analysis analytically…, chronic chronically…

6. Spell the singular of: strata …stratum, torpedoes ……torpedo, phenomena ……phenomenon .

7. Write synonyms for: baffle …puzzle, confuserefute …..rebut, disprove, dearth …shortage, lack….

8. Write antonyms for: earnest …frivolous , vague …precise, ., doubtful certain

9. What is the contraction of: they have they’ve.., have not …haven’t, will not …won’t

10.Delete the wrong word: The correct word is in red.

That gadget is a devise/device for recording bird-calls.

He is an eminent/imminent authority on the weather.

That approach has lead/led others to disaster.

ELIMINATE THE JARRING WORDThe jarring word is in red.1. Unobtrusive, flagrant, glaring, outrageous.

2. Harass, tantalise, enliven, exasperate.

3. Fortuitous, random, accidental, planned.

4. Enrapture, captivate, repulse, enthral.

5. Industrious, slothful, diligent, assiduous.

Punctuate the following with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark:

1. Are you finished already?

2. He asked whether the class had finished.

3. What a life!

4. How exciting it is!

5. How exciting is it?

6. What will you do for a living?

7. What you will do for a living!

8. Gerry asked what you would do for a living.

9. Is he coming today?

10.Larry asked whether the holiday would be brief.

Unit Eight

SPELLING/VOCABULARYSalary Licence Celebrate Curious CommentaryForeign License Kerosene Curiosity ventilationElaborate Compulsory Liquor Benefit ConsumptionOpponent Squall Liquefy Benefited EmergencyCourageous Propellers Withheld Benefiting FortunatelyDiagram Quay Enamel Beneficial SuperintendentWholly Marriage Canoe Singeing EucalyptusPenetrate Chimneys Canoeing Gauge FascinatingGorgeous Weird Hungrily Sovereignty extravaganceMurmuring Spoonful Sheriff Medicine generosity

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: impenetrable, …… unventilated, …………… unfortunately

2. Turn into a person: canoeist …………, commentator … consumption consumer………

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: s i n/ g e i n g, f a s /c i n /a t /i n g, s u /p e r/ i n/ t e n/ d e n t

4. Change to nouns: compulsory ……compulsion fascinating …fascination, elaborate

…elaboration

5. Change to adjectives: diagram …diagrammatic generosity …generous audacity audacious

6. Spell the plurals of: larva ……larvae, cargo …cargoes. Mosquito ……mosquitoes

7. Write synonyms for: fascinating …enthralling., haphazard …random Blatant …obvious

8. Write antonyms for: elaborate …simple…, invigorate … debilitate, lucid … hazy, unclear

9. Show possession: the woman’s …….… bag, the women’s …. Bags, the children’s Toys.

10.Delete the wrong word: The correct word is red

He should renew his driving licence/license.

I shall try to elicit/illicit his reasons for acting in this way.

Defeat has damaged the moral/morale of the troops.

SUBSTITUTE A WORD FOR1. Concerning empire or emperor: …imperial…

2. Private ownership of firms: capitalism

3. Final warning to a country …ultimatum……

4. Prevent supplies reaching a country: …blockade……

5. Rebellion at sea: mutiny…………

Unit Nine

SPELLING/VOCABULARYCommotion Disaster Parallel Precise AssimilationEvaporate Disastrous Paralleled Précis DefiniteExhale Extremely Leveller Origin DefinitelyCylinder Leisure Levelling Solely DefinitionCollision Labour Descend Challenge ApproximatelyLiterature Labourer Descent Eruption MountainousHumour Laborious Descendant Psalm ExtraordinaryHumorous Acquainted Medi(a)eval Official AcceptanceAmbitious Cheque Receipt Treacherous MonotonousGlamorous Fatigue Calendar Advertisement accommodation

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ……….. unacquainted, ……… indefinite …….…………. imprecise

2. Turn into a person: mountain …mountaineer.., humour …humorist, origin ……

originator.

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: d i s /a s/ t r o u s, l a/ b o r/ i /o u s, e x/ t r a /o r /d i n /a r y.

4. Change to nouns: acquainted …acquaintance, exhale ……exhalation authentic

authenticity…

5. Change to adjectives: cylinder …cylindrical., literature …literary bestiality …bestial

6. Spell the plurals of: studio …studios….., octopus …octopuses erratum …errata

7. Write synonyms for: commotion …tumult, uproar, upheaval, disaster …catastrophe, calamity…absolve.

pardon, forgive,

8. Write antonyms for: humorous …serious, extraordinary …ordinary, mundane . Boastful modest,

self-deprecating…….

9. Show possession: our country’s ………flag, those countries’ Flags, Tom Jones bag. Tom Jones’ bag

10.Delete the wrong word:

The correct word is in red

I see that your/you’re ready at last.

Tell me who’s/whose going tomorrow.

The snake slid into it’s/its hole.

ORIGINS OF ENGLISHPREFIXES ….. Study the following:

1. CENT – hundred; as in centenary.

Give three more: …century, centurion,

centipede

2. PRE-before: as in prefix.

Give three more: …preamble, prelude,

precedent..

3. DE – away from; as in deduct.

Give two more: …deduce, deny, delouse…..

4. INTER-between; as in intercede.

Give three more: ……intermediary, interpret,

intermarry………………..

5. IN (TRA) (TRO) – into; as in introduce.

Give two more: …intranet, introverted,

introduction

6. IN, IM-not; as in insecure, impossible

Give three more: …inaudible, impenetrable,

invincible

SUPPLY A PREPOSITION1. You are responsible ……for .. the noise.

2. He is responsible only …to… the chief.

3. He is confident ……of.. an easy victory.

4. You are deprived ……of….. all privileges.

5. Your book is marred ……by.. blots.

Punctuate the following:

“The humour of the Marx Brothers was wonderful,”

she said. “Did you see their film ‘A Night at the

Opera’?”

“Yes’ on television’” he said, “but I prefer the

Beatles’ humour. Did you see ‘A Hard Day’s

Night’?”

Unit Ten

SPELLING/VOCABULARY

Ascent Abolish Prefer Conscious AccidentallyAscend Abolition Preference Conscience BumptiousAscendancy Catalogue Preferable Conscientious HopefullyAscension Resource Preferred Innocent CollapsibleGnarled Casualty Allege Innocuous CondemnGnash Apology Allegation Detention RegrettableSavagery Apologised Deceit Refer SubterraneanDelight Innovation Unnoticed Referred AllegianceVicious Epidemic Endeavour Equipped WorshippedMischievous Infectious Vague Efficiency Pamphlet

WORD MANIUPLATION1. Supply a prefix: ………….. undeceived, …………………. unapologetic, ……. uncatalogued

2. Put three words in the lists above, ‘ful’ can be added: …………delightful; resourceful; deceitful;

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: b u m p/ t i o u s (the p is silent), s u b/ t e r /r a n/ e/ a n, c o n/ s

c i /e n/ t i o u s

4. Change to nouns: condemnation …… hilarious …hilarity delude …delusion

5. Change to adjectives: affectation …affected (as in : I found his behaviour rather affected; it lacked

sincerity) bounty …bountiful hallucination …hallucinogenic

6. Spell the plurals of: silo …silos …….. criterion ……criteria…………… halo …Halos ……….

7. Write synonyms for: regrettable …unfortunate; lamentable… Divulge reveal garnish ……decorate…

8. Write antonyms for: deceit …truthfulness…. indolent …active… segregate unite, desegregate,

unify, integrate….

9. Show possession: Bill Davis’ …….. car, the mouse’s tail, two mice’s tails. (the tails of two mice sounds

more elegant)

10.Delete the wrong word :the correct word is red

The mayor greeted the princess respectively/respectfully.

As time passed/past they grew anxious.

He was welcomed formerly/formally into the club. (He was given a formal

welcome)

ELIMINATE THE JARRING WORD1. inhibit, restrain, stimulate, curb.

2. indispensable, requisite, superfluous, essential.

3. sardonic, scornful, approving, derisive

4. severe, lavish, profuse, abundant.

5. acknowledge, recant, retract, disclaim.

Punctuate this passage from Tolstroy’s War and

Peace:

“She is very attractive,” said Prince Andrew.

“Yes,” was all Peter answered.

Prince Basil shook hands with him as he passed

him.

“Take that young bear in hand and finish his

education,” he said, turning to Anna Pavlova. “He

has been in my house for months(,) and this is the

first time I have seen him in company. Nothing

forms a young man like the society of clever

women.”

Unit Eleven

SPELLING/VOCABULARY

Mattress Occur Councillor Transferred PiteousScarcity Occurred Counsellor Transference OrganisationPedal Occurrence Detach Confiscate ExistenceConceit Compelled Consistently Indulge UnnecessaryPostpone Miniature Hesitate Indulgence AccompliceImpostor Sphere Convenience Penniless AccomplishConceivable Emigration Considerable Sculptor AccompanimentEstablished Committee Occupied Sculpture AccompaniedForeign Kerosene Medicine Benefited EmergencyGauge Propellers Sovereignty Curiosity Liquor

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ……… inconceivable … inconsistent inconsiderable (although this is used only in the

negative: not inconsiderable He was heir to a not inconsiderable fortune.)

2. Turn into a person: emigration …emigrant…. Occupied …occupant accompanied …

accompanist

3. To three words in the lists above, ‘ment’ can be added: postponement, establishment, detachment,

accomplishment.

4. Change to nouns: compel …compulsion.. consistent …consistency. confiscate …confiscation

5. Change to adjectives: hesitate hesitant sphere …spherical residue ……residual…

6. Spell the plurals of : kidney …kidneys…. stimulus …stimuli …. hippopotamus ……

Hippopotamuses

7. Write synonyms for: accomplish …achieve impostor …fake assurance …confidence

8. Write antonyms for: scarcity …abundance. Conceit humility expansion contraction

9. Show possession: the fly’s …….. wing, the flies’ …… wings, the princess’s ….. gown

10.Delete the wrong word: The correct word is in red.

He liked to gambol/gamble at cards.

Take care or the flames will envelope/envelop you.

Why don’t you lay/lie down for a while?

ORIGINS OF ENGLISHPREFIXES …….. Study the following:1. RE-back, again; as in revert, retell.

Give three more: …reiterate; repossess; reinvent

2. PRO – forward: as in propose, proceed.Give two more: …procedure; propulsion; proposal, process

3. DIS-apart; as in divert, dismiss (not as in dislike).Give two more: diverge; diverse; divulge, dismantle

4. SUB-under; as in subnormal, submit.Give two more: …subatomic; subordinate

5. TRANS-across, over; as in transport.Give one more: …transatlantic; transposition; transpose

6. TELE-far off; as in telephone.Give two more: …telekinetic; telepathic, television

7. CIR (CUM) – around; as in circle.Give two more: …circumnavigate; circumvent; circumlocution

SUBSTITUTE A WORD FOR

1. Thought out beforehand: ……premeditated…..2. An associate in a crime: …accomplice

3. Failure to exercise due care :…negligence …..4. Completely freed from blame: …exonerated….

5. To give up a throne: …abdicate…….

HOW TO PUNCTUATE Apostrophes.The commonest use of the apostrophe is in showing possession, as in : Don’s book. We will treat this in Unit

14. Meanwhile, here are examples of the other uses of the apostrophe:

1. To indicate omission of a letter or letters, or of a figure or figures.

e.g., I’ve, he’s, don’t, it’ll, he’d, o’clock, ‘tis, am o’ shanter; I was born in ’48; a veteran of the ’14-118 war.

N.B.: usage has eliminated some apostrophes. There was a time when people wrote ‘bus, ’plane and

‘phone, for they were conscious that these were contractions of omnibus, aeroplane and telephone. Today,

we take the contractions for granted; so apostrophes are no longer required.

2. To denote plurals of letters and figures.

e.g., Dot your i’s and cross your t’s; the Depression of the 1930’s. (But the 1930s is also permissible.)

N.B: Usage appears to be determining that we shall write; the four M.P.s, the seven B.A.s. There was a

time when an apostrophe was written before the s, though no possession was involved.

Punctuate this European folk-saying, giving special attention to apostrophes, commas and question marks:

When someone is genuinely 55% right, that’s very good and there’s no use expecting more.

And if someone is 60% right, it’s wonderful; it’s great luck, and let’s thank God.

But what’s to be said about 75% right? Wise people say this is suspicious. (!)

Well, what about 100% right? Make no mistake, whoever says he’s 100% right is a fanatic, a fool, or a rascal

.(!)

Unit Twelve

SPELLING/VOCABULARYSurvey Separate Ballot Technical DilapidatedSurveyor Separable Balloted Technician ContributorUmbrella Fibre Slaughter Technique FlanneletteShrubbery Fibrous Budget Technology PeculiarityTragedy Moustache Suicide Boycott VentureAsphalt Illiterate Physician Sever VenturesomeDetergent Pavilion Fidgety Severe PerseverePersonnel Schedule Bulletin Colonel PerseveranceLiterature Laborious Descendant Eruption AcquaintedHumorous Disastrous Parallel Challenge Extraordinary

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: ……………….…… inseparable ……………… unscheduled …………..unparalleled2. Write antonyms for: tragedy …comedy Peculiar …ordinary, common Descendant ……

ancestor…..3. What is the feminine of: bachelor spinster Tragedian…comedian Comedian …tragedian 4. Change to nouns: illiterate ……illiteracy Frugal …frugality Separate ……separation5. Change to adjectives: tragedy …tragic Suicide …suicidal technology …technological6. Spell the plurals of: piano ……pianos salmon ……salmon parallel ……parallels7. Write synonyms for: sever …cut severe …strict, harsh schedule timetable 8. Write homonyms for: profit ……prophet wait ……weight. Straight ……strait9. Show possession: a hero’s ……. Welcome, a gentleman’s suit, gentlemen’s suits.10.Delete the wrong word: The correct word is red

The Opposition Leader moved a censor/censure motion.He paid her a gracious complement/compliment.Pat is a good friend in times of adversary/adversity.

ORIGINS OF ENGLISHPrefixes……. Study the following:1. ANTI-against; as in anti-climax.

Give two more: …antioxidant, antipathyHow does antidote fit in this group?An antidote will act against a poison.

2. ANTE – before; as in antecedent.Give two more: antechamber, antediluvian

3. BENE – well; as in beneficial.Give two more: benefit; benefactor; benediction; benevolence

4. ON (COUNTER) – against; as in counteract, contradict.

Counterinsurgent; counterproductive; contraband

5. OB (OF) (OP) – against; as in obstruct, offend, oppose.Give one of each: …obstruction; obstinate, obstacle, offensive; offender, opposition, opposite

6. POST – after: as in postscript.Give two more: …post-operative; post-natal

7. SE – apart, away; as in separate, seclude.Give two more: Seclusion; separation; segregated; segment

SUPPLY A PREPOSITION

1. That remark is indicative …of his attitude.2. He does not admit …to……. saying that.3. This does not admit ……of….. a second opinion.4. You are eligible ……for….. a prize.5. The firm are dispensing ……with…. his services.

HOW TO PUNCTUATE Apostrophes

Some students continually have difficulty with the sign of possession, ‘s, although a little thought about

method would soon solve the problem for all time. Take your pick from these alternative methods:

1. THE EASIEST WAY. There was no apostrophe in our language centuries ago. Possession had to be

indicated by adding –es to a noun as in a knightes armour (a knight’s armour) or a daeges work (a day’s

work). The –es was always sounded as a full syllable. Because this was slow and clumsy, the e was

gradually dropped and an apostrophe was used to mark its omission. The remaining s could thus be

joined to the previous syllable. Hence, ‘s became the sign of possession, and we can state this rule for

its use: To show possession add ‘s to singular and plural nouns, but omit the s if you get a clumsy sound

(it is then understood to be there but is not sounded). This is so simple that you might not believe that it

works. There is another, more analytical, method of reaching the same result ………..

2. ANOTHER WAY. Add ’s to singular nouns and only the apostrophe to plural nouns (a bird’s nest; three

birds’ nests). There are important exceptions to this rule:

a) ‘s is added to plural nouns that do not end in s (women’s, sheep’s, geese’s).

b) Only the apostrophe is added to singular nouns when the addition of an s gives a clumsy sound

(Jesus’ sake, Archimedes’ principle, Mr. Menzies’ speech).

Punctuate the following:

1. The Beatles’ humour is in the same tradition as the Goons’ zany capers, and the Goons owe something to

the Marx Brothers’ brand of comedy.

2. A lady’s handbag; the two ladies’ hats; a man’s world; those men’s cars; one sheep’s tail; ten sheep’s

fleeces; this ship’s funnels; both ships’ captains; John Keats’ poetry; my family’s attitude.

Unit Thirteen

SPELLING/VOCABULARY

Allot Fulfil Install Deter PropagandaAllotment Fulfilment Installation Deterred BereavementAllotted Fulfilled Instalment Deterrent CigaretteAllocate Professor Doctor Electricity AmbassadorDistil Sponsor Supervisor Electrician MannequinBachelor Surgeon Masseur Solicitor ChiropodistLieutenant Lawyer Playwright Musician GovernorPensioner Optician Satellite Gossiped GovernmentGnarled Casualty Allege Condemn ConscienceAbolition Apology Conscious Collapsible conscientious

WORD MANIPULATION1. Supply a prefix: unfulfilled ……… indispensable undeterred

2. Turn into a verb: abolition …abolish…..….. apology ……apologize….. masseur ………massage…..

3. Put a stroke between the syllables of: p l a y/ w r i g h t, i n/ s t a l l/ a /t I o n, e/ l e c/ t r i /c i a n.

4. Change to nouns: allocate ……allocation….., inspire …inspiration……, reclaim …

reclamation…

5. Change to adjectives: optician …optical…… calamity ……calamitous… surgeon ………surgical….

6. Spell the plurals of: merino merinos……. Dingo ………dingoes… parenthesis …parentheses…..

7. Write synonyms for: demonstrate …show calamity ……disaster… outlandish ……weird…bizarre

8. Write antonyms for: dejected ……depressed, saddened, discouraged garbled …clear veracity ……deceit

9. Show possession: two girls’ ……. cases, Charles’ ……… birthday, Tom Moss’s ………. Farm.

10.Delete the wrong word: The correct word is red

He is a man of high principles /principals.

The mantle/mantel of leadership has fallen on him.

I practice/practise the piano regularly.

ORIGINS OF ENGLISHPrefixes ….. Study the following:

1. A (N) – without; as in apathy, anonymous.

Give two more: …asexual; apathetic;

asymmetrical

2. HYPER – above; as in hyperbole.

Give two more: …hyperactive; hyperkinetic

3. MAL (E) – bad; as in malformed.

Give two more: …maladjusted, malady

4. EXTRA – beyond; as in extraordinary.

Give two more: extraterrestrial, extramural,

extracurricular

5. SEMI-half, partly; as in semi-circle.

Give two more: ……semiliterate,

semiconscious

6. POLY, MULTI – many; as in polysyllabic,

multiple.

Give the meaning of polygamy, the social

system whereby men have more than one wife

at the same tim;

multi-lingual: concerning more than one

language, able to speak more than one

language

REVISION: Add prefixes to each of the following:

……misconduct, inconvenient, biennial,

disrespect, illegal, … intervene

ELIMATE THE JARRING WORDThe jarring word is red1. Intrepid, dauntless, craven, valiant.

2. Fretful, placid, petulant, peevish.

3. Circumspect, prudent, careless, judicious.

4. Lavish, profuse, stinted, abundant.

5. Hackneyed, trite, original, stereotyped.

SELECT THE APT WORDFor a whole week a dreadful storm lashed the

ships carrying the Robinsons. When it

……………. they found to their consternation that

they had been deserted by the crew, all of whom

had put to sea in small boats. (subsided,

diminished, waned, abated)