Введение - Геологический портал geokniga ...«Горные...
TRANSCRIPT
-
1
,
. , ,
, , .
. ,
,
, .
,
,
.
, .
,
,
- . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
,
, , -
.
.
, , ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
( ) :
(2002)
( ) (2004),
.
, , , ,
.
,
. -
, , .
, ,
.
, .
-
2
.
.
.
, ,
.
1.
1.1.
.
.
.
, .
. .
(. 1.1).
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
1. ,
, .
1.1. 1979-2000 (
, : ,
, ) [ 1 ]
,
:
1 , ,
, ( ) .
-
3
, 2 :
o
o
,
,
.
. -
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
-
() , ,
..
, [2]. ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
, .
, .
,
.
, , ,
, .
, . ,
,
, .
,
.
, . .
,
.
, ( , ),
()
(). ,
, , ,
.
. ,
,
.
.
-
4
, . .
, .
- .
.
, ,
,
. , ;
,
. ,
,
. ,
, -
.
, .
,
. , ,
.
,
.
,
, .
. -
- .
. ,
. , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
. .
,
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
(,
) .
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.
1.2. [ 3 ]
30
.
,
.
.
-
5
, , ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
?
. ,
, ,
.
(),
.
1.1 % .
,
30 .
1.2.1. ()
30 .
,
(.1.2).
.
. 1960-
. .
1970- 3-
.
.
.
, 1980-.
3-
.
3-
.
,
. , ,
.
80- :
, , .
, , ,
90-.
, ..
, .
, . ,
, .
-
6
1.2.
1.2.2.
, ,
.
,
.
, .. .
() ,
- .
(ERP ), . ,
.
4 ,
: , "-
",
.
.
. "-"
.
,
.
, .
IBM, Microsoft, Oracle
.
.
-
7
,
. ,
Gemcom, Datamine, Surpac, Maptek, Mincom .
,
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
(KPI)
-
,
.
1.3. -
- ,
. , -
, . ,
,
, . ,
( )
,
. ,
, .
KPI (key performance indicators)
, .
,
(. 1.3.).
, -
.
-
8
1.4. -
- .
,
, .
,
(), ,
.. .
.
-
(.1.4).
: .
(
) -
.
,
,
.
.
- , .
, , .
,
.
.
, ,
.
" - " .
, ,
.
-
9
.
, ''.
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
. ,
,
, .
,
.
, 10%-
.
, .
,
, .
- ,
.
1.2.3.
,
? ,
, . , ,
, . ,
,
. "
(Business Drivers)", .
:
- , , .
,
.
ASCII,
. ,
.
- ,
.
,
, ,
.
- ,
-
10
. ,
, .
. ,
- , ,
,
.
'' .
, ,
, .
, ,
.
- .
,
. ,
, -
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
:
- . ,
, ,
,
.
- , , , , .
, .
- , , .
.
,
.
- ,
,
. ,
, .
-
11
,
.
,
, .
, .
, ,
, . ,
,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
1.2.4.
.
, ,
.
, . -
,
.
1.5. .
. ,
. ,
, .
-
12
Gemcom (Gemcom Enterprise Mining System - GEMS)
( - ), ,
: ,
, ,
, .. - .
GEMS (-) ,
,
, , , .
,
,
.
:
,
(. 1.5). ,
.
, (ERP) ,
.
-
. ,
GEMS
.
1.2.5.
, ,
.
-
,
.
, ,
. ,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
-
.
,
.
.
,
.
- , ,
, .
,
,
-
13
(.
1.6).
,
, .
,
. -
.
1.6. .
-
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, . , ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
, .
, ,
.
, .
. ,
-
14
,
. , (GPS)
,
. GPS
,
, , ,
.
-
. , ,
.
, .
, -. ,
, , .
, .
-
. ,
.
, .
, ,
,
.
- -
10 - 15 .
,
. ' '
,
.
,
.
, - ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
1.3.
3
() [4]:
(exploration),
(development)
(production stages).
.
-
15
,
( ),
.
, .
,
,
.
. 1.6 .
,
.
. , ,
.
("Planning Phase") .
- Feasibility Study
Report. :
. , ,
(Design and Construction
Phase) (. 1.7).
(Production
Operational Phase), .
.
.
.
1.6.
.1.7 .
-
16
(implementation phase) 2- :
,
.
, .
,
.
- () ( The Commissioning Period).
. - .
.
2 .
,
. -
.
. 1.7,
-
.
1.7.
. ,
( ),
.
,
.
.
, .
,
. -
. .
1.
2.
3.
4.
-
17
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
3 .
1:
( )
.
.
1-2- .
.
2: - ( Pre-
feasibility study - PFS).
. ,
(Feasibility Study)
.
- .
2-3- ,
,
.
3: (Feasibility Study - FS)
,
.
. :
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
1
,
Aker Kvaerner. 2 .
-
18
(PFS).
:
;
;
;
() ;
( ) ;
;
;
;
;
. .
().
.
FS ().
,
,
,
.
:
,
,
. ,
.
.
+/- 5%.
(,
-
19
),
, ..
.
.
( )
, .
:
1.
, ,
.
2. ( )
, ,
.
.
2 : .
,
, .
,
.
.
()
.
,
.
.
: ,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
.
, ..
() .
.
,
.
,
, ,
.
. .
.
. :
: +/- 30%,
:+/- 20%,
:+/- 10%.
.
-
20
-
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
.
.
"/" .
80% . ,
, , ,
.
(,
FS)
, 1.5 .
0.5 - 1.5%
.
, , ,
.., 2 5%
.
1.4.
1.4.1. [5]
:
. -
. , ,
, .
.
,
, , ,
, ,
.
,
. - ,
, , . ,
- " "
.
, . ,
, , ,
:
, , ,
, .
, , ,
-
21
. ,
,
, , ,
, . ,
,
.
,
:
. ,
, .
,
,
.
.
,
,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, ,
, . ,
.
, ,
, .
: ,
, , .
, . ,
, -
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
. -
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
-
22
,
, , , , , .
, . ,
.
,
. .
,
, .
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
. ,
+/-5.0 %.
+/-50 %,
,
, , .
1.4.2.
:
( ), .
.
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
.
.
- . ,
.
, ,
, . ,
-.
,
.
, .
, : ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.. . ,
, ,
.
( )
. ,
-
23
,
,
, . , ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
. , , ,
.
, . , -
, ,
: ,
.
. 1960-,
. ,
,
.
.
1.4.3.
,
, .
, .
,
,
.
.
, .
.
.
, , ,
. , -
, 6 % -
, , , 6%-
. - ,
.
. ,
,
, : ,
(),
, , ,
-
24
. , ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
. , ..
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
. -,
. .. , ,
, -
, .
, -
; , ,
, ,
,
.
-, ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
, .
.
, .
.
,
.
, ,
.
.
, , .
:
(1) ,
(2) ,
-
25
(3) ,
,
(4)
(5) .
.
,
.
,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
. , ,
,
.
,
, . ,
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
. , -
. , ,
,
, .
. -
.
, , ___.
,
. , ,
, , , .
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
,
, , . ,
. ,
. , ,
.
-
26
, .
,
. ,
, .
, ,
1 , , , 20
. , 20
, .
. , ,
.
1.4.4.
,
, , -
. -
.
:
(1) , ,
, ;
(2) , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
.
.
,
, , ,
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
-,
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
- , , .
. ,
,
.
-
27
. , , 200
, , ,
, 1.10 $/, ,
, 200 . ;
,
200 . - , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
,
- . ,
, ,
,
. ,
, .
.
.
, ,
, . , ,
, , ,
, ;
, .. ,
. ,
,
.
:
, , , . ,
,
.
,
, .,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
, .
, , ,
(,
, ,
)
(, ).
, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, (NPV),
(ROI), (IRR), ,
.
-
28
, , / .
( );
, , , ;
; ;
, .
: , .
, ;
, ,
, , ,
.
- - , ,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, ( , ,
), .
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
, .
. , ,
,
, ,
.
: ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ),
( ), ( )
( ).
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
,
. ,
,
-
29
, .
,
, . ,
- ,
, ,
.
- ,
, .
. - ,
,
. , ,
,
..
1.4.5.
, ,
- .
, ,
, .
,
. .
,
. , -
, .
,
, .
( )
, , .
.
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
, ( ), ,
,
.
:
.
.
, .
-
30
, .
. .
, :
1) , ,
2) , ,
.
,
, .
,
. -
- ,
. .
-
.
,
. , , ,
, .
, , ,
. ,
.
,
,
, .
20 ,
.
,
, , .
, ,
. ,
, , .
.
.
,
,
.
,
50%
.
, ,
,
, ,
, .
, , -
, , , .
,
-
31
, , , . ,
, , ,
.
, .
. ?
?
?
() .
,
, .
, .
.
( -) .
. ,
. ,
, .
.
, .
: ,
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. - ,
, ,
.
( ,
) .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
() .
1.4.6.
, .
-
32
. , ,
.
. , , , ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
- ,
, .
, ,
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
, .
,
. ,
. 1980-
, .
,
. , (
), (
) (
).
,
.
,
, .
.
.
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
-
33
. , ,
,
.
.
:
,
. , .
,
.
.
.
, , ,
. -
.
. ,
- (,
). ,
,
.
. , -
,
.
,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
, -
, , ,
. ,
, .
.
, ,
.
-
34
, ,
, , . ,
,
-
. ,
,
,
.
, .
, ,
. , -
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
1.5. ,
1.5.1.
,
, , - "".
:
-
, ,
.
2
: () . ""
,
, .
- ,
, .
, ,
.
- . (P)
(D) (C )
, ..:
P D C (1.1) (Q)
(De).
(Ce).
:
P Q De Ce ( ) (1.2)
, . ,
-
35
, "-".
,
. ,
- .
,
, .
,
.
, - ( )
.
( .. - )
,
.
,
, ,
.
1.5.2. ,
, :
,
.
. 2
,
.
.
.
- 1$ 10%,
1.10 $ , ,
FW PV i 1 , (1.3) : FW - ,
PV - ,
i - .
, 2 1.21 $, ..
FW PV i i 1 1 . n
FW PV in
1 . (1.4)
, 5
1.61 $ 10%?
PVFW
in
1 (1.5)
-
36
, PV=1 $.
, 5 1 $.
( =10%)
, .
:
PV1 11$
1 0100 909$
..
...........................................................................................
:
PV5 51$
1 0100 621$
.. ,
- PV= 3.790 $ .
:
PV FW
i
i i
n
n
1 1
1 (1.6)
,
PV
10
1 01 1
01 1 013791$
5
5..
. ..
, 5 $ ( =0 )
, = 10%.
1 $. ?
PV (1)1=-5 $.
n
n
PV1.011.0
11.010.1)2(
(1.7)
, NPV ( ) 0,
..
n
n
PVPVNPV10.110.0
110.1$1$5)2()1(
=0
5 NPV =-1.209 $ ,
n= 6 NPV = -0.645 $ ,
n= 7 NPV = -0.132 $
n= 8 NPV = +0.335 $
, 7.25 .
, 0
5 $. 10
( ) 1 $ .
-
37
5 $, i 10
2.4.
101 15 iFW ( 10 ) 1 $
FW A
i
im2
101 1
, (1.8)
Am
i, FW FW1 2 ,
(ROR). 0.15 15%.
, NPV , ..:
i =0.15.
.
( Cash flow(CF))
,
.
:
Gross revenue
- Operating expense -
= Gross profit (taxable income) =
- Tax -
= Net profit =
- Capital costs -
= Cash flow (CF) =
.1.2.
200 $ , 1- 100 $ . 6 .
1.2. .
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
170 200 230 260 290
-40 -50 -60 -70 -80
-200 -100
-30 -40 -50 -60 -70
CF -200 -100 +100 +110 +120 +130 +140
( DCF)
.
. NPV n
= 15% :
NPV
CFn
n
n1 015.
, (1.9)
-
38
n - .
NPV = -86.96,
NPV = +64.63, , CF = 55.75 $ .
,
= 15%.
( DCFROR IRR)
CF ,
.
Gross revenue
- Operating expense -
- Depreciation -
= Gross profit (taxable income) =
- Tax -
= Profit =
+ Depreciation +
- Capital costs -
= Cash flow =
.
, Y
. ,
, ..
Dep=Inv/Y (1.10)
.
5- 100 $
. - 80 $ ,........., 5- - 96 $ .
- 30 $ ,........, 5- - 38 $ .
32%. CF 1.3.
1.3. CF
0 1 2 3 4 5
80 84 88 92 96 440
-- -30 -32 -34 -36 -38 -170
- -20 -20 -20 -20 -20 -100
= 1 30 32 34 36 38 170
- -9.6 -10.2 -10.9 -11.5 -12.2 -54.4
= 2 20.4 21.8 23.1 24.5 25.8 115.6
+ 20 20 20 20 20 100
- -100 -100
CF -100 40.4 41.8 43.1 44.5 45.8 115.6
NPV ( ) 15%
43.29 $ .
DCFROR, NPV 0, i=0.315.
-
39
( Depletion)
.
, .
, ( depletion).
2 :
1. ( )
2. ( )
,
, .
.
(. 1.8)
( ) -
.
1.8.
CF :
Gross revenue
- Operating expense -
- Depreciation -
- Depletion -
= Taxable income =
- Tax -
= Profit =
+ Depreciation +
+ Depletion +
- Capital costs -
= Cash flow =
(Net Smelter Return
-NSR)
, , ,
. , ,
Net Smelter Return (NSR), ,
.
, , G .
CM
CMG
100
2000, (1.11)
2000 - .
50%
2-
-
40
, , , .
, G% ,
CVG
P100
2000 , (1.12)
P- 1 .
,
, . .
, ,
. 3 .
1 ) . %
( ), .
2 ) .
.
3 ) 2- .
(Ge)
uGC
Ge 100 , (1.13)
: - %
u - .
,
2000
100
uGCM e
, , (1.14)
,
, (f). 100%
, = 1.0 , 1 , ,
GV M Pfe (1.15)
(BSR)
, , ..
TrPfMBSR e (1.16) : r- ( )
T-
.
(Y),
(X). Pe=(PF-
r), (1.16)
NSR M P T X Ye e (1.17)
.
(e1) :
1.
2.
3.
, ..
4. ,
5. 2-4 .
(e2) 2 3.
(1.17) .
-
41
Y+X-eT-er-PfM=NSR 21e (1.18)
. , ,
, .
at-mine-revenue AMR
AMR NSR R (1.19)
AMR ( CV),
-
PP=100*AMR/CV , (1.20)
45 95%.
, ,
.
1.6.
1. Camus, J.P. 2002. Management of mineral resources. Mining engineering (SME),
January, p.: 17-25.
2. Ian C. Runge. Mining Economics and Strategy, SME, USA, 1998, 316 p.
3. Stephen B. Cheeseman., Integration The Road to Increased Productivity., Gemcom
Software International Inc.,2000
4. Hustrulid W. Kuchta M. 1995. Open Pit Mine Planning & Design. A.A.Balkema.
Rotterdam
5. Thomas F. Torries. Evaluating Mineral Projects., 1998 Society for Mining, Metallurgy,
and Exploration, Inc
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
,
[1,2], ,
, ,
. .
,
, (.
3). ,
, ,
.
,
.
, : '
(Fellow)
/
, .
,
, .
-
42
, ,
, .. -
.
. 2.1. (, , .)
.
- ,
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
..
- ,
,
() . ,
.
(measured), (indicated)
(inferred).
(Measured) ,
, , , ,
;
.
, , ,
.
(Indicated)
, ,
.
(, ) (Inferred) .
, , , .. .
- ,
, , ..,
.
.
" " ,
.
, .
" " ,
. ,
-
.
:
(Proven) . ,
, , .
(Probable) . ,
, , . ,
(. .
2.1.)
-
43
, :
.
.
. ""
:
, mineral resource,
, identified resource,
, in situ resource.
: , `ore
reserve', , `minable reserve' , `recoverable
reserve.'
`possible reserve' `inferred
reserve' . ,
, ,
.
"" ,
.
,
. , "",
.
2 ,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
.
A,B,C1,C2,P1,P2 P3. 4
,
, .
() .
(),
. 3
inferred resources'
(reserves).
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
, -
,
, , .
-
44
Indicated
Inferred
Measured
Probable
Proved
: , , , , ,
2.1.
, /
, ,
, ?
. 3
:
1.
. , ,
.
2.
.
( ,
- ), .
3. , ( ),
,
.
.
3-
, ,
, .
-
45
2.1.2.
SRK GEOSTATISTICAL ORE RESERVE ESTIMATION - 2001.
2
:
2.2.
, .
(h) (Co+C) ,
100 %.
. , , ,
,
/.
,
(h). 66
%, Proven (Measured) Probable (Indicated) /.
, / , ,
, ("
"), Measured.
66 %,
, Indicated . 2.2.,
Measured/Proven ,
, ,
. Indicated
Inferred "a" , ,
,
, , Indicated. .
2.2. ,
,
Indicated .
, , , ,
Proven/Measured
.
( ) ,
.
-
46
2.2.
/ 2- .
,
. ,
[3] .
(), ,
.
.
, .
, ()
, ,
, .
, , , ,
-
47
, ,
, .
Royle 1977 ,
. ,
, ''
(break-even cut-off grade - BCOG). -
.
:
K
*
K BCOG)/ - (ZD (2.1) , : Z *K ,
K - .
BCOG = 3 / , - 3.125 /, -
0.04 (/)2, :
0.625 0.125/0.2 0.043)/-(3.125D
3.125 3.0 / - 0.234,
, , BCOG
0.5 + 0.234, - 0.734 ( 73.4 %).
Proven ,
. , ,
.
BCOG
, ,
Indicated . ,
, , . ,
Probable .
Royle ,
(BCOG), BCOG .
Diehl David 1982
( 2.1) (,
USBM/USGS). ()
( ) .
- k/Z*k . , Proven
Probable 10 % 80%- , , : *
8.0 /)100(10 Kk Z (2.2)
08 = 1.282 (, P = 0.80).
:
078.0)282.1100/(10/* KK Z
95 %,
, 0.051 ,
Proved .
, ,
-
48
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
BCOG, ,
. ,
.
.
, , ,
,
, .
/.
2.3. ,
80%- , -
,
. DIehl David (. 2.1.)
(BCR),
. ,
, , ,
80 %,
Proven. ,
, 60 %. .
, , ,
8 %, BCR - 85 %,
Proven Probable.
. ( )
( - 90 %) ,
. , 2.4.
. ,
10 % 20 %,
90%, Proven.
Probable 20 % 40 % ( - 0.4).
2.1. Diehl David (1982)
-
49
MEASURED
INDICATED
(POSSIBLE)
PROVED PROBABL
E
INFERRED
10%(1) 20%(1) 40%(1)
80%(1)
>80%(2) 60-80%(2) 40-60%(2)
20-40%(2)
10-20%(2)
-
50
2.4.. ,
(k / Zk )
2.1.3. / [4]
, ,
, , ..
, ()
. ,
, . Bre-X
1997
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
-
51
,
.
1971 (JORC). 1991, Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME)
Institute of Mining and
Metallurgy (IMM) ,
JORC. ,
1990-.
1994, 15- CMMI ,
(Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutes International Mineral
Reserves Committee - CMMI IMRC),
(Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy - AusIMM), (Canadian Institute of
Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum - CIM), (South African Institute of Mining
and Metallurgy - SAIMM), (IMM) (SME).
CMMI IMRC ,
,
.
1997 Bre-X
. CMMI
IMRC 1997, CMMI (, ,
, ) ()
: (resources)
(reserves) : measured, indicated
inferred proved, probable (. 2.5).
2.5. ,
( 1997 ).
-
52
, 1992, United Nations Commission for Europe (UN-ECE)
International Framework Classification for Mineral Reserves and Resources
( ), (UNFC).
,
UNFC (UN-ECE Energy/WP.1/R.70, , 1997),
, ,
. 1998 43
, , 37
UNFC ,
.
1998 CMMI IMRC UN-ECE
CMMI IMRC
, UNFC ,
. UN-ECE
CMMI .
CMMI. 1998
1999, UN-ECE
- . ,
() (),
UN-ECEFramework Classification. 1999
UNFC .
1999, Mining Standards Task
Force "Setting New Standards, Recommendations for Public Exploration and Mining
Companies" ,
, CIM
, .
1999, CMMI IMRC UN-ECE,
. :
mineral reserve,
proved mineral reserve,
probable mineral reserve,
mineral resource,
measured mineral resource,
indicated mineral resource
inferred mineral resource.
Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy. , 1999
JORC . UN-ECE
JORC UNFC. UNFC
Reconnaissance () Mineral
Resource, Pre-feasibility Mineral Resource, and Feasibility Mineral Resource, ,
, CMMI IMRC,
, Framework Classification UN-ECE.
1999 CMMI IMRC , ,
CMMI ,
.
:
-
53
Competent Person ( ),
(. 2),
( ) , ,
,
,
.
JORC .
1994, , CMMI IMRC
,
. , 2000
.
.
CRIRSCO, 1994 CMMI
( , 2002),
-,
:
(JORC),
( ),
(CIM),
(SAMREC),
(SME),
( )
(IGI & EFG).
CRIRSCO
,
-.
CRIRSCO ,
,
.
, , CRIRSCO, 90-95 %
.
,
.
,
,
(IASB). ,
CRIRSCO, ,
, ,
.
-
54
CRIRSCO,
2006 , , ,
.
,
(UNFC)
(SPE). ,
.
CRIRSCO
, , . ,
, ,
CRIRSCO.
,
'.
UNFC UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) 1997
,
,
. 1999 CRIRSCO
UNECE, CRIRSCO UNFC
, .
2003 UNFC , ..
.
CRIRSCO UNECE ,
, CRIRSCO,
UNFC.
2006 .
,
UNFC, (
) , ,
.
, CRIRSCO ,
.
2005 CRIRSCO IASB,
,
(IFRS). IASB
.
.
IASB CRIRSCO
, ,
() .
'',
, , ,
, . CRIRSCO ,
IFRS ,
.
-
55
UNECE IASB, ,
- ,
.
CRIRSCO ,
.
SPE Oil and Gas Reserves Committee ,
.
.
( 3),
.. ,
.
2.2. [5]
,
,
.
2.2.1.
-
.
.
( DCF),
30 ,
,
(NPV)
(IRR).
. NPV
, ,
,
,
.
, NPV
, NPV ,
. ,
NPV
IRR. , ,
,
.
, .
,
, .
, , , ,
, , .
, , , ,
() .
20 - 30
.
-
56
.
, , NPV (
, ).
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
,
NPV.
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
" " (Sustainable Development),
,
,
, .
,
.
2.2.2.
(1991 ), (1990 ) (1998 ).
,
, , - .
35
,
.
25
. .
39 20
, -
.
,
. 10%- ,
. , ,
, 50 % 75 % ,
, 10%- 20 % - 40%-
.
,
.
.
-
57
,
.
,
.
, .
,
( Busang). , ,
, ,
, . ,
,
,
, , .
.
,
.
, :
/ ;
;
;
.
, ,
:
, ;
;
, .
-
.
,
, :
;
;
.
10 - 20
. ,
,
.
:
;
, , ,
;
-
58
,
, ;
, , ;
.
15
- 25 , ,
, .
,
, .
5 10 ,
.
.
, , .
:
, ;
, ;
; ,
.
, .
.
- . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
- ,
, .
, .
,
.
-
59
, .
2.2.3. . (Grade Control)
,
, ,
.
, , ,
,
. , ,
, grade control (GC).
GC ,
: , ,
.
, .
,
. ,
- (. ).
,
, ,
. :
;
;
;
.
.
, .
,
" " (Mine Call Factor) .
, ,
, ,
,
.
, (,
)
,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
-
. ,
,
,
.
-
60
( JORC)
. ,
JORC, (. 2.1).
:
;
" (modifying factors) " ;
, , Measured Proved .
, Probable
;
, /.
,
, .
, ,
, .
,
,
().
JORC,
,
.
, .
. ,
,
.
(Sustainable Development)
,
, ,
-
.
, , .
:
, ;
, , ;
;
, ;
,
.
-
61
, ,
NPV ,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
. (- )
,
.
,
,
, -
.
2.3.
2.3.1.
() 1970 ,
-
. , -
,
.
2 , .
, - . ,
-
.
.
.
,
, -
[3]. ,
,
.
-
,
.
,
.
.
, (
, , )
, ,
-
62
, (
) . ,
.
(.
2.3.6).
,
, .
.
.
2.3.2.
. .
, Y(Xa) ,
E[Y(Xa)]= m.
X Z(X),
, Y(Xa).
,
,
.. Z(Xa)=Y(Xa).
Y*(X), Y(Xa),
.. Y*(Xa)=Y(Xa).
,
- Z(Xa).
- Z*(X).
3 Z(X), Y*(X) Z*(X).
[3], Z*(Xa) = Z(Xa)
Y*(Xa)=Y(Xa).
Zs(X) = Y*(X) + [Z(X) - Z*(X)],
Zs(Xa) = Y(Xa), ..
Z*(Xa) = Z(Xa) Y*(Xa)=Y(Xa).
"" [Z(X) - Z*(X)] Zs(X) no
Y*(X), , .
E(Zs(X)l = m, .. EtY*(X)]= m, E[Z(X)-Z*(X)i = 0 Y Z
. ! Y(Xa).
,
. 2.6.
-
63
Zs(X)
2.6.
,
,
.
()
,
, ,
.
15 ,
.
,
.
(..
, ..)
. ,
. , ,
,
.
, .
, .
(
),
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
- ( )
. ,
,
. (
) 10 ,
, 10
. 10
-
64
, , ,
.
, -
,
.
, 2 ,
,
, - . ,
,
, .
, ,
.
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
, .
, ,
:
- ,
,
;
-
.
()
, ,
, -
() .
.
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, ..
.
2.3.3. .
,
.
, .
,
-
65
, .
.
, -
. 12 ,
.
- - 0.51 % - 95%.
2 :
-2 8 , 2-
;
-1 15 , .
2 15x7.5x12
, 15x15x12 .
,
.
,
7.5x7.5 .
2- .
2-
, - , 4-
.
,
90x15x12 .
10 .
, , .2.2.
2.2
,%
10
, %
0
48
20
20
34
22
50
37
27
100
45
31
,
. ,
.. .
-
, 20% 90 .
(8), ..
2- ,
. 2-
, , (5).
,
0.33m, m - 10 .
2.3.
2.3.
-
66
,%
.
8(1)
34
22
23
8(2)
52
23
27
8(1)+8(2)
43
14
10
15
47
22
25
,
.
2.3.4.
- , 30
, ,
, .
:
, .
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
,
, . 2.7.
, -
, SGSIM -
Datamine.
NSCORE BACKTR .
-
. Datamine
,
. ,
,
.
CSMODEL
, ,
CSOWOPT,
-
.
() - ,
,
. ,
, DECLUST QUANTILE,
, CHART PPQQPLOT, .
,
,
- , Q-Q P-P .
-
67
P-P
.
, .. , ,
45 .
Q-Q ,
( %) .
0.2 ( 20%) .
, .. ,
, 45
.
Q-Q ,
.
.
NSCORE- , .
BACKTR- ( )
SGSIM - , .
CSMODEL- , /
CSOWOPT-
.
CHART PPQQPLOT
. 2.8. Datamine,
, .
, Excel
.
2.7. .
-
68
. 2.8. CHART PPQQPLOT
2.3.5. [6]
.
.
,
.
,
,
().
2.9 ,
, . ,
.
-
( ) .
(CDF) .
-
69
,
2.0 ,
. -
( )
(CV) 1.0 - 2.0.
2.10 .
CV 1.101,
(OK). ,
. ,
.
CDF (. 2.10) ,
,
0.035 / ( ).
(
2- )
( 3- ).
2.9. (
Au) .
-
70
2.10.
(CDF)
2.11. 2.5 x 2.5 ,
(MIK).
2.10. 2.5 x 2.5 ,
(SIS).
-
71
2.13. QQ (MIK) ,
(SIS) .
,
, .
, -
.
, 0.035 /
,
. ,
.
2.11 ,
2.5 x 2.5 , (MIK) .
. ,
, () 0.025,
. 2.12
, ,
(SIS). MIK SIS ,
,
, ,
MIK.
MIK SIS . 2.13,
- (quantile-quantile (Q-Q)),
.
MIK ,
SIS .
,
, ,
.
,
,
:
(CV)?
-
72
CDF ?
, ,
?
- '',
.
-
-
.
, .
.
- (spider diagram). ,
, ,
(,
..). ,
?
. 2.2. Park -10 %, ,
, .
2.2.
Park (1999) -10 %
Rozman (1998) -1 % +15 %
Gray (1999) -10 % +10 %
,
.
,
, , .
,
.
-
, , ,
:
(%) ?
?
?
?
- .
-
73
,
. ,
.
( ) -
(-) ,
. , , 11 ,
.
-
, .. , ( ), .
Etype,
.
, .
" ";
( ) ,
, , , 80%-
( ) 0.6
1.1 /.
,
0.2 2.0 /.
.
, Whittle Four-X NPV Sceduler,
11 .
.
.
, .
,
(),
.
(), . ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, .
, ,
.
-
74
- ,
,
.
, ,
, - .
. ,
,
.
, .
.
2.4. [7]
2.4.1.
? ,
? ,
-?
, ,
,
,
.
,
:
.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
, ; -
, .
:
( ,
..)
,
.
,
.
,
-
75
. ,
( ) ,
, . ""
, ,
.
-
. , ,
, ,
, .
,
, , .
"" , ,
,
, .
,
.
, , .
, ,
. :
,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
, . ,
(
- ). ,
, , .
,
, .
. ,
.
,
.
,
.
-
76
, , ,
" "
.
, , ,
.
.
2.4.2.
-
. ,
,
.
:
. "" (, ) ,
, ,
20 .
.
. ( ) -
. ,
. ,
.
. , . ,
.
,
, .
, /
.
.
.
,
(.. ),
. 20
, 10
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
.
-
77
,
, ,.
,
. (, )
,
(, ) " (proven)"
200 .
, .
, , .
, ,
,
.
.
. ,
, "" ,
.
.
,
.
; , .
: ,
:
, , , -
,
.
.
, , , , ,
..
. ,
(, ) .
- ,
,
,
. -
. -
,
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.
.
-
78
, ,
, , .
, , ,
- ,
, .
,
, , 3- , - ,
,
.
, , ,
, 100 %
"" (, ).
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
, .
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
.
4.
- ,
.
, , ""
:
.
, ( )
, ,
. .
, , ,
.
, ,
, ,
( ) ,
, .
,
-
79
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
"",
,
.
, - ,
, 3 , - ,
.
, , ,
, , 100 % "" (,
). , ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
.
- ,
.
, ,
, "" ,
:
.
,
( ,
, ..) .
.
, ,
,
, .
,
. , Lerchs-Grossman
(LG). ,
, .
.
, -
.
-
80
,
.
4.
2.4.3. .
: ,
,
. , ,
, .
,
.
, , ,
:
1. .
.
.
,
. ,
, - ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
- .
2. . "" ,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
3. .
,
. ,
,
,
.
, 10
,
- .
, ,
. ,
,
.
-
81
,
-
. , :
1.
, ( )
. , ,
, ,
,.
2. ,
,
. ,
.
.
.
, , ,
,
, (
) , .
/, .
,
( ),
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
. -
. ,
,
.
,
500 000 /.
.
, " "
5 /, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, , , , ,
. ,
, .
,
-
82
, -
.
, 2.5 ,
, , 3 ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
. , ,
, ,
- . , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
, , () , ,
,
,
.
,
, , ,
, ,
. - (
-) .
(
), , .
,
.
,
, ,
. () ,
() .
, .
, ,
, . ,
.
- .
-
83
.
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, (
) .
,
.
,
, .. ,
, - . , ,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
( ) .
, (
, ),
. ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
, .
.
,
.
2.5. [8]
(. 2.2). ,
-
84
, ,
,
, .
.
:
;
;
;
;
.
.
/ ,
, ,
, , , ,
.
2.5.1.
.
,
, ,
. (,
) ,
, ,
.
, - ,
, , , -
.
, ,
. , - ,
() , , -
. .
-, ,
.
- , .
,
,
, , .
.
, , .
, ,
.
..
, ,
-
85
, ,
.
,
,
, (Net Smelter Return)
. , , ,
.
,
,
proved , probable,
. ,
CMMI, ,
/. - ,
.
( ,
..), -
proved probable -
measured indicated .
,
, (A, B, C1, C2)
. ,
, , ,
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
- ,
, .
2.5.2.
. ,
, ,
geostatistics.
: .
.
( , ,
, , ..).
, ,
.
, (
) .
,
-
86
, ..
.
,
.
.
( ).
- ,
.
, . ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
, , - .
, ,
'' ,
(
,).
, (
), .
,
, ,
,
.
2.5.3.
, , ,
.
. , , ,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
' ' , ,
, ,
,
.
,
, , ,
.
-
87
2.5.4. .
,
. ,
(, , ..)
, ,
.
,
.
, -
.
- .
'' . , ''
.
,
,
, , .
CMMI : "-
: , , ,
, , , ."
, ,
- ,
, , , -
(PFS)
, .
,
,
.
, .
.
,
(PFS). ,
(" " ),
- .
'', '' ''
, , - -
.
( ) ,
,
- ,
, ,
. , ''
,
.
2.5.5.
, .
-
88
.
,
: . ,
- .
(, ,
) .
. ( - )
, ,
.
,
, ,
, ''
.
, , -,
/.
,
. ,
( ) -
. ,
,
.
'' (
),
.
,
.
.
, ( )
.
, ,
, , ,
.
/. ,
,
. , (,
)
, .
, ,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
.
-
89
(
),
,
.
,
, 1970- .
, , -
,
( "5.3 1.5
"), .
, ,
, ,
-
.
, -
-
. ,
'' ,
.
CMMI/UNECE ,
. , , ,
. , - , ,
proven 5.3 ( 1.1)
1.5 ( 0.3)?
''?
2.6. (Due Diligence) [9,10]
/ (Due diligence)
.
, ,
, .
(. 4)
.
.
Due diligence ,
. ,
,
.
, -
.
:
;
;
;
-
90
,
.
, ,
, .
,
.
.
, .
,
.
, ,
.
,
, - ,
. ,
.
"", .
,
.
, .
,
. ,
.
, :
;
, .. ;
;
,
2.6.1.
, .
,
, .
, ,
,
,
. :
;
;
;
.
,
,
.
-
91
- .
,
( ).
. ,
,
.
.
. , -
. ,
, .
, ,
.
-
, .
,
, ,
.
, .
,
.
.
,
.
,
.
(RC)
, - .
-
. ,
,
.
Echo Bays Cove ,
RC
.
- RC
.
RC . , Behre
Dolbear, RC
, .
RC
. -
RC , Behre Dolbear ,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
-
92
.
,
, .
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, RC 2
10 , , , .
10 30 ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
.
2.6.2.
.
, .
()
, ,
.
, .
,
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
.
2.6.3.
.
.
,
. ,
-
93
. ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
;
, .
"Specific Gravity - "
,
. ,
,
,
.
Behre Dolbear ,
2.6,
2.2, 15%- .
,
, ,
.
2.6.4. ,
" "
" ". ,
,
, ,
.
-
, .
, ,
, .
.
,
, . Behre Dolbear ,
. ,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
, :
-
94
;
, ;
;
;
;
, ..
,
, ,
.
, .
,
,
, , ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
, , - .
, ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
, .
.
,
- .
, ..
.
, .
,
,
.
2.6.5.
. ,
.
, .
, .
, ,
,
, .
-
95
, , ""
, , .
,
, ,
.
,
,
, , . :
,
,
, , ,
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
,
, -
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
(
)
.
,
,
/
. ,
.
, , ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
, . ,
:
?
?
-
96
, ?
" JORC, ,
-
, Indicated ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
",
", , ,
, , .
2.7.
1. A Guide for reporting exploration information, mineral resources, and mineral reserves (Submitted by: The resources and reserves committee to the board of directors of SME,
USA, 01 March 1999)
2. Code for reporting of mineral exploration results, mineral resources and mineral reserves (The reporting code), (Prepared by: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy working
group on resources and reserves in conjunction with the European Federation of geologists
of Ireland October 2001)
3. .., , , , 2002, 424
4. G. P Riddler, N. Miskelly, An international reporting standard for mineral reserves and resources, Mineral Resource Evaluation into the 21st Century, IMM, Cardiff, March 2000
5. G R Appleyard, Ore reserve estimation practice - a financial perspective, Mineral Resource Evaluation into the 21st Century, IMM, Cardiff, March 2000
6. Bruce H. Van Brunt Analyzing Project Risk Due to Deposit Grade Variation, Whittle North American Strategic Mine Planning Conference, Colorado, August, 2000
7. Ian C. Runge. Mining Economics and Strategy, SME, USA, 1998, 316 p. 8. S. Henley, Three R Resources, Reserves and Reality, Mineral Resource Evaluation into
the 21st Century, IMM, Cardiff, March 2000
9. Richard J Parker, Due diligence - geology and database, Mineral Resource Evaluation into the 21st Century, IMM, Cardiff, March 2000
10. Michael G Armitage, Due diligence - estimation and classification, Mineral Resource Evaluation into the 21st Century, IMM, Cardiff, March 2000
3.
3.1.
, ,
, ,
..,
.
-
:
,
http://www.imm.org.uk/mre21/apple.htm
-
97
( )
,
,
,
- ,
Vulcan, Datamine, Gemcom, Surpac ..
NPVScheduler,
Mineable Reserve Optimiser, Mine2-4D, Multimine .
(, MRO) Datamine (Studio 3),
.
, .
3.2. ()
1960-,
. ,
. ,
.
Four-X NPV Scheduler.
,
, .
,
. ,
, ,
.
Lerchs Grossmann 1964
() .
, ,
.
.
Three-D, Whittle 1985,
Lerchs-Grossmann.
( ) ,
, ,
.
.
- ,
,
, .
, .
, . , ,
, ,
.
, .
-
98
Four-D ( Four-X) NPV
Scheduler Lerchs-Grossmann ,
( ) .
,
, .
.
(
NPV Scheduler)
- ,
, Datamine
. 350000 ,
. (AU),
(CU) (DENSITY)
.
,
.
SULF1 ( --) SULF2
( - SXEW).
-
,
, Excel,
.
, , ,
. , (sunk)
.
, .
.
.
(, general and administration)
,
1 .
, ,
- .
, .
3.1.
3.1. -
. .
$/ 9.65
..
$/ 0.54
:
$/ 1.00
:
(MCAF*) $/ 1.04
(MCAF*) $/ 0.95
:
-
99
(MCAF*) $/ 0.97
(MCAF*) $/ 0.89
:
(MCAF*) $/ 1.08
(MCAF*) $/ 0.98
:
( +560 ) $// 0.01
$// 0.01
$/ 0.20
:
:
$/ 7.35
$/ 7.35
$/ 9.65
:
% 95.3
% 95.3
% 93.5
% 97.0
% 7.0
./ 3000.0
:
, .:
5.0 . 44.0
98.0 . 48.0
205.0 . 50.0
274.0 . 46.0
% 12.0
:
$/ 0.3
$/ 0.67
* MCAF
. MCAF , ..
= 1.
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
. , , .
.. ..
-
100
.
.
,
,
. :
, ( ):
o , o o ,
o (MCAF, PCAF) ( )
.
( ),
. ,
,
,
, , ..
. ( ),
(
).
NPVS,
NPVS.
()
,
,
. , ,
.
NPVS
- ,
, . 3.1.
-
101
3.1. ( Au)
NPVS
:
1. , .. , , .
2. , . :
AU CU
DENSITY
ROCKCODE 3. : AU /, CU %.
, ,
.
4. ( - $) ; : WASTE (), SULF1 (
) SULF2 ( )
:
Input Model Statistics
Model Dimensions: nX=80 nY=120 nZ=50
Block Dimensions: X=10.00 Y=10.00 Z=10.00
Model Origin: X=4700.00 Y=10000.00 Z=1800.00
Number of cells read: 321,078
Number of subcells read: 351,853
Field assignments
Density DENSITY
Rock types ROCKCODE
Product AU (grade)
Product CU (percentage grade)
Units
Rock tonnes
Volume CuM
AU grams
CU tonnes
-
102
.
,
.
, .
4 , NPVS
:
1. Revenue > rehabilitation cost ( > ) 2. Sum of (grades / cut-offs) > 1 (
(/) > 1)
3. All grades > cut-offs ( > ) 4. Any grade > cut-off ( > )
( ) , ,
.
, .
, , ,
, .
,
(marginal) , NPVS.
.
'' ,
, .
.
(Cut Off) :
Cut Off = ( * (1+))/ ( -
)
,
/ / .
, .
(grade/cut-off) ,
1, .
3- ,
. 4- ,
.
,
:
- .
- .
- / ( 4)
- .
- .
:
1. (PR) = (- )
***(1- )
2. (OC) = **PCAF (-
)
3. (PC) = * *
*(1- )
-
103
4. (ECOG) = OC/(PR+PC)
5. (MC)= * MCAF*
*
6. *, = PR OC PC MC
7. *, = -MC
* ECOG (
)
: .
: Revenue () ,
, , .
Revenue, ,
.
, ,
, , - .
:
Product Price Selling cost
AU 8.68 1.22
CU 2094.34 0.00
AU ,
. CU
( ), .
: ,
/// /
(gram/oz/lb/ton/tonne) . "selling cost" -
, .
, , ,
(G&A) .
; ($38 = $1.22 )
"Selling Cost", .
1 -
$0.62 - $0.08.
(dilution) (Mining recovery).
Mining cost 0.70
Mining dilution 0
Mining recovery 100
Mining CAF (MCAF),
1 . , MCAF =1,
SULF1 SULF2 - 1.186. ,
0.01 $//, ( ): 20, 24 26 ,
SULF1 SULF2 .
. - ,
.
SULF1 :
Mill ()
-
104
1 $3.63 ( $3.34 + $0.29
)
AU - 0.91, CU :
if(CU
-
105
3.2.
,
(cashflow)
.
cashflow (
-),
(shells).
( cashflow) ,
. :
-
-
-
,
(pushback).
(OES). OES ,
cashflow,
.
, ,
OES, , OES
NPV, ,
cashflow .
,
- DCF, ()
, .
-
106
-.
:
-
- , (
)
-
:
2- (, )
()
.
(
),
.
:
( ,
),
,
.
. , ,
( ),
. , ,
, .
- X-Y ,
. ,
, X-Y .
-
1% , 0
100% ( ).
:
Azimuth
(,
.)
Slope
(,
)
012 41
093 43
128 44
145 41
280 40
NPV :
-
107
Annual discounting
( , %) 10
Average ore output rate
(
, )
006,000,000
Per (, ) 365
Lerchs Grossman .
, ,
.. .
AutoCad NPVS.
.
:
Number of blocks in pit
( ) 49,584
Total ore ( ) 60,542,909 tonnes
Total waste ( ) 49,807,864 tonnes
Profit () 199,528,445 $
Revenue () 513,189,048 $
Processing costs (
) 221,028,933 $
Mining costs (
) 92,631,669 $
NPV estimates (
NPV*) 100,718,044 - 147,655,282 $
SULF1 ( ) 50,767,551 tonnes
SULF2 ( ) 9,775,358 tonnes
SULF1-AU (insitu) (
) 34,312,527 grams (0.676 g/t)
SULF2-AU (insitu) (
) 6,360,576 grams (0.651 g/t)
AU (total insitu) (
) 40,673,103 grams
SULF1-CU (insitu) (
) 141,855 tonnes (0.279%)
SULF2-CU (insitu) (
) 25,257 tonnes (0.258%)
CU (total insitu) (
) 167,112 tonnes
Strip ratio (- ,
/) 0.82
Estimated mine life (
, ) 10.09 years
-
108
* ,
.
.
.3.3. ,
.
.
3.3. 3D
( ).
,
.
NPVS ( ..
) . 3.4 3.5.
( 10% )
.
(.3.6.)
3.4. NPV
20 100% ( )
-
109
3.5. NPV
3.6. .
,
, ,
.
.
, Excel
. ,
(. 3.7.), :
/NPV -
/
- -
-
110
.
3.7. ///-
(%), Excel.
.
,
.
3- :
1. = -
2. NPV, IRR
3. , ,
- ,
. NPV
,
. NPV - ,
. , :
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
.
, .
-
111
, , NPV
, .
, .
() ,
/ .
, .
, .
,
(OES).
:
OES
( .asc NPVS).
, .
, ,
, -
, :
1. .
2. , ..,
.
3. .
4. .
5. 2-4, .
6. .
7. .
, ,
/.
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
, ( ) .
, .
,
.
-
112
, , ,
.
, , :
= -
NPV Scheduler,
, , , ,
, .
,
.
. , ,
, ,
.
,
.
" ,
",
, .
" ,
":
() (MCAF, PCAF),
,
() ,
(rehabilitation cost).
()
,