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***
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Tips :
https://maps.google.com/ (Application)
My GPS location, My GPS coordinates GPS locator for
trekking
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20% 50% 30%
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5,000 kcal/kg
3,500 kcal/kg
4,400 kcal/kg
= 5,000 x 0.2 = 1,000 = 24.57% 0.2457
= 3,500 x 0.5 = 1,750 = 43.00% 0.4300
= 4,400 x 0.3 = 1,320 = 32.43% 0.3243
0.2457+0.4300+0.3243 = 1 ( 1)
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(SO2) (CO)
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(NOx) (CO)
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1-107
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1 - 107 (Influent) 500 .. ( ) (BOD Load of Influent) 100
1 107
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1) 10 2) 20
1 - 107 (VOCs) 36
42, 44, 49 89
(VOCs) 36 42, 44, 49 89
11 (3) 11 (4)
11(6) 20
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16 40,000 ( 24 )
18 600,000
19(2) 600,000
38(1) 50
38(2) 50
42-48
- (Na2O3) (NaOH) (HCl) (Cl2) (NaOCl) (Bleaching Powder) 100
42(1) 100
42(1) 100 (VOCs) 36
43(1)
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44 100 36
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57(1)
59, 64(2), 64(10), 100(5)
100 1) 2) 2.1) (Rolling) (Cold Roll Forming) (Skin pass Temper rolling) 2.2) (Hot forging) 2.3) ( ) 2.4) (Ferrous metal foundries)
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EIA
(Oxide of Nitrogen as NO2) (Sulfur Dioxide) (Carbonmonoxide)
- (Oxide of Nitrogen as NO2) (Carbonmonoxide)
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1-107 (Influent) 500 .. ( ) (BOD Load of Influent) 100
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1-107
10
20
1-107 (VOCs) 36
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42-48 - (Na2O3) (NaOH) (HCl) (Cl2) (NaOCl) (Bleaching Powder) 100
11(3) 11(4)
11(6) 20
16 40,000
18 600,000
19(2) 600,000
38(1) 50
38(2) 50
42(1) 100
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43(1)
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57(1)
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100 1) 2) 2.1) (Rolling) (Cold Roll Forming) (Skin pass Temper rolling) 2.2) (Hot forging) 2.3) ( ) 2.4) (Ferrous metal foundries)
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(pH) (pH Meter)
(BOD) (Azide Modification) 20C
5
(COD) (Potassium Dichromate Digestion)
(SS) (Glass Fiber Filter Disc)
(Temperature)
(TDS) 103-105 oC 1
(TKN) (Kjeldahl)
(Oil & Grease)
(Mercury) (Atomic
Absorption Cold Vapour Techique)
(Selenium) (Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry)
(Hydride Generation)
-
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Cadmium) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Lead) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Arsenic) (Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometry)
(Hydride Generation)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Trivalent Chromium, Cr3+)
(Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
-
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Hexavalent Chromium,
Cr6+)
(Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Barium) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Nickel) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Copper) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
-
(Zinc) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Manganese) (Atomic
Absorption Spectro Photometry)
(Direct Aspiration)
(Plasma Emission Spectroscopy)
(Inductively Coupled Plama : ICP)
(Sulphide)
(H2S)
(Titrate)
(Cyanide)
(HCN)
(Pyridine
Barbituric Acid)
(Formaldehyde)
(Spectrophotometry)
(Phenols 4- (Distillation, 4-
-
Compound) Aminoantipyrine)
(Pesticide) (Gas-Chromatography)
-
*
(TSP)
- US EPA Method 1,2,3,4 5 (Isokinetic Sampler)
(SO2) - US EPA Method 6C (NDIR)
- US EPA Method 8 (NOx) - US EPA Method 7E (Chemiluminescence)
(CO) - US EPA Method 10 (NDIR)
(Cl2) - US EPA Method 26 (Non-Isokinetic)
- US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic) (HCl) - US EPA Method 26 (Non-Isokinetic)
- US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic) (HF) - US EPA Method 26A (Isokinetic)
(H2S) - US EPA Method 15
(Xylene) - US EPA Method 18
(Cresol) - US EPA Method 18
(Dioxin)
(Furans)
- US EPA Method 23
- (Antimony)
- US EPA Method 29
-
*
- (Arsenic)
- (Copper)
- (Lead)
- (Mercury)
- (Cadmium) (Opacity) - US EPA Method 9 Visual opacity
(Sulfuric acid) - US EPA Method 8
(TVOCs)
(Stationary Source)
- US EPA Method 25A (FID)
- US EPA Method 25B (NDIR)
Fugitive Emission (TOC)
- US EPA Method 21
(Benzene) - US EPA TO-15 (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)
1,3 (1,3-
butadiene)
- US EPA TO-15 (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry)
- Thermocouple
(CO2) - US EPA Method 3A (NDIR)
*
-
SM Standard Method for the examination of water and water, 22nd edition 2012
ASTM American Society for testing and Materials Standard US EPA United State Environmental Protection Agency
-
(Heating Values of Fuels)
()
() ()
11 A (Bunker A) (L) 41.27 MJ/L 12 B (Bunker B) (L) MJ/L 13 C (Bunker C) (L) 38.17 MJ/L
14 (Crude oil) (L) 36.33 MJ/L
15 (Processed used-oil) (L) MJ/L 16 (Naphtha) (L) 29.59 MJ/L NCV = 44.5 TJ/Gg IPCC Density = 665 kg/m3
17 (Kerosene) (L) 34.53 MJ/L
18 (Biodiesel) (L) MJ/L 19 (Diesel) (L) 36.42 MJ/L FMECTT 20 (Gasoline) (L) 31.48 MJ/L FMECTT
21 (Ethanol) (L)
LHV = 21.26 MJ/L HHV = 23.55 MJ/L
LHV = 26.95 HHV = 29.85 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy Density = 789 kg/m3
Methanol (L)
LHV = 15.89 MJ/L HHV = 18.10 MJ/L
LHV = 20.09 HHV = 22.88 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy Density = 791 kg/m3
Butanol (L)
LHV = 27.84 MJ/L HHV = 30.24 MJ/L
LHV = 34.37 HHV = 37.33 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy Density = 810 kg/m3
29 (Other liquid fuels) .............. (L) MJ/L
31 (Anthracite) (kg) 31.40 MJ/kg
32 (Bituminous) (kg) 26.37 MJ/kg
-
()
() ()
33 (Sub-bituminous) (kg) 18.9 MJ/kg NCV = 18.9 TJ/Gg IPCC 34 (Lignite) (kg) 10.47 MJ/kg
. (kg) 18.42 MJ/kg
. (kg) 10.88 MJ/kg
. (kg) 10.47 MJ/kg
. (kg) 15.11 MJ/kg
35 (Coke) (kg) 27.63 MJ/kg
36 (Charcoal) (kg) 28.88 MJ/kg
37 (Biomass).............. (kg)
/Fuel wood (kg) 15.99 MJ/kg
/ Rice Husk (kg) 14.4 MJ/kg
/Bagasse (kg) 7.53 MJ/kg
/Saw Dust (kg) 10.88 MJ/kg
-
()
() ()
/Corn Stover (kg)
LHV = 16.8 - 18.1 MJ/kg HHV = 17.6 - 18.5 MJ/kg U.S.Department of Energy
() (kg)
LHV = 12.0 - 18.56 MJ/kg HHV = 13.1 - 19.90 MJ/kg U.S.Department of Energy
39 (Other solid fuels) .............. (kg) MJ/kg 41 (NG) (Nm3) 40.69 MJ/m3 NCV = 48 TJ/Gg IPCC MW=19 kg/kg-mol 42 (LNG) (Nm3) 44.2 TJ/Gg NCV = 44.2 TJ/Gg IPCC 43 / (LPG) (Nm3) 47.3 TJ/Gg NCV IPCC
LPG (: 30:70%)** (Nm3) 27.72 MJ/L 27.72 MJ/L = PTT MW=53.92 g/g-mol LPG (: 50:50%)** (Nm3) 27.25 MJ/L PTT MW=51.11 g/g-mol
44 (Hydrogen) (Nm3)
LHV = 27.84 MJ/Nm3 HHV = 30.24 MJ/ Nm3
LHV = 120.21 HHV = 142.18 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy MW=2.016 kg/kg-mol
45 (Propane) (Nm3)
LHV = 27.84 MJ/Nm3 HHV = 30.24 MJ/ Nm3
LHV = 46.29 HHV = 50.24 MJ/Kg U.S.Department of Energy MW=44.097 kg/kg-mol
46 (Biogas) (Nm3) 20.93 MJ/Nm3
47 (Coke Oven Gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 NCV = 38.7 TJ/Gg IPCC MW = N/A 48 (Converter gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 49 (Off-gas) (Nm3) MJ/Nm3
59 (Other gaseous fuels) ................ (Nm3) MJ/Nm3 61 (Iron, Iron ore) (kg) MJ/kg 62 (Sulfide ore) (kg) MJ/kg
-
()
() ()
63 (Coking coal) (kg) MJ/kg 64 (Raw coke) (kg) MJ/kg 69 (Other feedstocks) .................... (kg) MJ/kg 71 (Pulp effluent) (kg) MJ/kg 72 (Municipal waste) (kg) MJ/kg 73 (RDF: Refuse derived fuel) (kg) MJ/kg 74 (Solid waste) (kg) MJ/kg 79 71-74 ................... (kg) MJ/kg
81 (Electricity (kWh) 3.6 MJ/kWh
** http://www.unitrove.com/engineering/tools/gas/natural-gas-calorific-value
-
** 1 (kcal) = 4186 (joules)
= 3.968 (Btu)
1 (toe) = 10.093 (Gcal)
= 42.244 (GJ)
= 40.047 x 10 6 (Btu)
1 (barrel) = 158.99 (litres)
1
(cu.m. of solid wood)
= 600 (kg.)
1
(kg. of charcoal)
= 250 (kg.)
5
(kg. of fuel wood)
= 1 (kg. of
charcoal product)
1
(litre of LPG)
= 0.54 (kg.)
* IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2006, Net calorific value Lower Upper limit 95% Confident intervals
** U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/tools/lower-and-higher-heating-values-fuels
**
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