[ module 1] city sanitation plan - relevance and added values

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

[Module 1]City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added

values


2Module 1: Basics

City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

What is urban sanitation?

Status and common threats of sanitation in Indian cities

NUSP and former policy schemes targeting sanitation

Rationale and added value of a CSP

Rating of sanitation in your city


3Module 1: Basics

Sanitation – Definition

Safe management of human excreta including its safe

confinement, collection, treatment, disposal and

associated hygiene-related practices (NUSP).


4Module 1: Activities

Sanitation and public health Quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route

Faeces

Food New host

P

P

S

S

Primary barrier e.g.:• safe excreta disposal

(toilets), • protecting water

sources• water handling• hand washing at critical

times• food hygiene

Secondary barrier e.g:• food hygiene (cover

food, wash, cook vegetables before use),

• avoid barefoot walking,- use slippers,

• deal with pets & animals with care

P

P

S

Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

The scheme shows the faecal – oral transmission route of pathogens which can cause severe problems for public and individual health.

The four ellipses in the center symbolize four possible transmission paths for pathogens. These can be controlled by various strategies making use of primary and secondary barriers.

Assign the following four terms to the correct transmission paths considering the effects of possible primary and secondary barriers:

Fingers, Fields, Flies, Fluids



Sanitation and public health Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the faecal - oral transmission route

Faeces

Fields

Flies

Fluid

Fingers

Food New host

1 gram of excreta can contain• 1,00,00,000 viruses • 10,00,000 bacteria • 1,000 parasite cysts • 100 parasite eggs

Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta

P

P

S

P

S

Modified & developed (Dabrase, Pramod; Bank, Peter , 2012) after (1)

Common diseases are: Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis

Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity – Hand washing with soap: 30% Point of use Water treatment : 39% Sanitation (toilet): 32%


6Module 1: Basics

Impacts of inadequate sanitation Human health

• Global death toll: more than 2.2 million people per year, mostly children under age of 5 years

• 17% of total deaths among children under age of 5

• In India more than 2,000 children below 5 years die every day

Economy• More than 2 billions of human hours lost

annually • Economic costs related to health care expenses

= INR 212 billion/year• Productivity loss due to helath problems caused

by inadequate sanitation = INR 217 billion/year

Gender aspects• Women & girls face drudgery & serious health

disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time

• Girls lose school days, discontinue schools• High rate of crimes and violence against women

- when they are out for defecation

Indirect impacts• Contamination and eutrophication of the

environment (soils, ground water, water bodies)• Reduced ecosystem services• Reduced value of properties, • Reduced income from tourism• Reduced scenic beauty



Quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

71.7%

7.8%

20.0%

0.5%Economic Impact

HealthWaterAccess timeTourism

Overall annual costs sum up to Rs. 2.4 Trillion (approx. US$ 53.8 Billion), equal to annual state incomes of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu or Gujarat and equal to 6.4% of India‘s GDP in 2006.

Diagram shows distribution of costs to 4 sectors. Which sectors are displayed?

Select from the following list and assign to the respective sector:

IndustryTourismAgricultureHealthWater supplyWaiting time / access to servicesEducationTrade



Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?

71.7%

7.8%

20.0%

0.5%

Economic Impact

Health

Water

Access time

Tourism



Answer to quiz: Are you aware of the economic impacts of inadequate sanitation in India?


10

Module 1: Basics

Waters to be managed by urban sanitation

Grey water consists of waste water from bathroom, laundry, etc.

Black water consists of waste water from toilets. Major difference between grey water and black water is its pollution load (carry diseases causing pathogens) making black water harmful to human beings

Storm water runoffcan be polluted / loaded with septic tank overflow, faeces, pet waste, oil, heavy metals, organic pollutants etc.


11

Module 1: Basics

Sanitation scheme

Leach Pit Land Application

decentralized on-site sanitation

User Interface /toilet

Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds

centralized off-site sanitation

Emptying Transportation

Leaching field

decentralized on-site / off-site sanitationSeptic Tank


12

Module 1: Extras

Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop

Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban Water and Wastewater Management, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International Water Association


13

Module 1: Basics

Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities

Source: Centre for Science and Environment (2012): Excreta Matters – A profile oft he water and sewage situation in 71 Indian cities (Citizen’s Seventh Report on the State of India’s Environment)

• between 28-40% of the households are connected to a sewage system, whilst 34-46% rely on often uncontrolled on site disposal,

• This ends up in safe disposal of human excreta of only 18-52% of Indian households, whilst excreta of 48-82% of the households are disposed unsafe

17%9%

74%

Sanitation in households

open defecation

community toilet

household toilet

Source: MoUD (GTZ-ASEM Consultation workshop on City Sanitation Plans, April 16th, 2010, New Delhi):


14

Module 1: Basics

http://www.cstindustries.com/applications/industrial/

Status and challenges for sanitation in Indian cities

Infra-structure

Access to service

Institutional Arrangeents

Service usage


15

Module 1: Basics

Funding schemes before NUSP

IDSMT• 1979• small towns• sanitation

amongst others

ILCSS• 1980• reduce manual

scavenging• improve latrines

Mega City Scheme• 1993• sanitation

amongst others

JNNURM• since 2005• 35 + 28 cities• integrated

infrastructure development

• basic services for urban poor


16

Module 1: Basics

Introduction to National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP)

1. Awareness Generation and Behaviour Change

2. Achieving Open Defecation Free Cities

3. Achieving Integrated City-Wide Sanitation

All cities & towns become

1. totally sanitized, healthy and liveable ,

2. and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens

3. with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.

Vision

MOUD, GOI launched a NUSP to address all aspects related to urban sanitation in a comprehensive manner on November 12, 2008.

Specific goals


17

Module 1: Basics

NUSP - Implementation strategy

NUSP

State Sanitation Strategies

City Sanitation

Plans

Detailed Project Reports

Implementation

Instruments GoI

• Assistance to prepare DPRs• PPP for key projects• Funding of projects under existing

schemes:• national and state level, • PPP,• external funding agencies

• Support clarification of institutional roles and responsibilities

• National information, education and communication strategy

• National capacity building strategy• M&E: Periodic rating of cities

State Rewards Scheme

CitiesStates


18

Module 1: Basics

CSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas

Access to toilets

Waste water management

River pollution and storm water

mamnagement

Water supply

Solid waste management

Governance and institutional fram

ework

Capacity

building

Aw

areness generation &

behavioural

change

Financial sustainability

Technology options

Components

Support pillars

Base line

StrategyAction plan


19

Module 1: Basics

Inception

Phase I: Diagnosis

Phase II: Consultation, analysis and evaluation

Phase III: Strategy development

Finalisation

Cap

acity

bui

ldin

gCSP as a framework to formulate solutions for the illustrated problem areas City Sanitation

Planning as a participatory planning process


20

Module 1: Basics

Responsibilities and tasks of municipalities related to sanitation

(as per 74th Constitutional Amendment)

Sector ULBsWater supply Water supply for domestic/industrial/commercial purpose Sanitation including solid waste

Public health,

Sanitation conservancy

SWM

Public amenities including public conveniencesUrban planning Urban planning including town planning

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings

Planning for economic and social developmentSocio-economic development and poverty alleviation

Safeguarding interests of weaker sections of society

Slum improvement and upgradationEnvironmental protection Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects

Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries

State • Policy formulation, regulatory role, and institutional provisions• Financial provisions• Establishing & administrating the specific boards • Monitoring and rewards


21

Module 1: Activities

Activity: Rating of sanitation in your hometown – status of achievement of NUSP goals

Rate the implementation of urban sanitation services / status of achievement of NUSP goals in your municipality marking the specific rating score

The scores have the following meaning:-2: item not existing-1: item requires remarkable

improvement0: situation reasonable+1: good situation / performance+2: best practice example, should be

shared

Transfer your individual rating to the poster


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Module 1: Basics 25

Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH

Sustainable Urban HabitatB-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02

Thank you very much

[ module 1] city sanitation plan - relevance and added values

Documents

improved sanitation

csprating of sanitation

sanitation toilet

common threats of sanitation

ascariasis food sanitation

urban development

point of use water treatment

nusp goals