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VAWA Self-Petition: Protections for Immigrant Survivors of

Domestic and Sexual Abuse by Abusive Spouses and Parents

April 22, 2020

Webinar

NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law 1

Judge Rosemary Collins (Ret.)

Circuit Court Judge of the 17th

District Circuit Court of Winnebago County

Rocio MolinaDeputy Director

National Immigrant Women’s Advocacy Project,

American University Washington College of Law


Leslye OrloffDirector

National Immigrant Women’s Advocacy Project,

American University Washington College of Law

This project was supported by Grant No 2015-TA-AX-K043 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this program are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.


By the end of this webinar, you will be able to:• Identify who may be eligible for VAWA self-

petitioning immigration relief • Understand the requirements for each type

of VAWA self-petition• Know the role you can play to assist eligible

VAWA self-petitioners• Help VAWA self-petitioners access services

and assistance for which they are eligible


Poll 1: Let’s see who is on the webinar with us

Please check the box that best describes you:

A. Victim Advocates

B. Attorneys

C. Law enforcement/prosecution agency staff

D. Judges/court staff

E. Other – type in the chat


Violence Against Women Act and VAWA Self-Petitioning


Three Decades of Increasing Immigration Protections for Victims of • Spouse abuse• Elder abuse• Child abuse• Domestic violence• Sexual Assault • Stalking


Protections for Immigrant Victims

SIJSSpecial

Immigrant Juvenile

Status forchild victims

TVISAFor victims

of trafficking

CONTINUED PRESENCEFor victims oftrafficking

UVISAFor victims of Domes-tic Violence, Sexual Assault, Felonious Assault, Trafficking,Other Serious Crimes

VAWAFor victimsof DomesticViolence married to UScitizens or permanentresidents

CONSIDERATIONS

Victims of a severe form ofhuman trafficking and who maybe potential witnesses, or filed acivil action

Law enforcement supportis required

ASYLUMFor victims of

persecutionToapply:USCISor

ImmigrationJudge

CONSIDERATIONS

MMuusstt hhaavvee jjuuvveenniilleeccoouurrtt oorrddeerr

For victims ofabuse, abandon-ment, or neglect byone or both parents

Must be in the USon account ofthe trafficking

Law enforcementcertification is encouraged butnot required

CONSIDERATIONS

Qualifying crime must be in the US or haveviolated US law

Must have law enforcementcertification

CONSIDERATIONS

If approved,benefit provides:

1.Up to four years oftemporary nonimmigrant status2. Work authorization3.Ability to apply for permanent status

CONSIDERATIONS

Perpetrator must beUS citizen or Lawful Permanent Resident spouse or parent or US citizen adult son or daughter


1.Protection from removal2. Work authorization3.Ability to apply for permanent status


1.Protection from removal2. Work authorization3.Ability to apply for permanent status

Must fearpersecution onaccount of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membershipin particular social group

CONSIDERATIONS


1.Asylee status2. Work authorization3.Federal social services benefits4.Ability to apply for permanent status


1.Up to four years oftemporary nonimmi-grant status2. Work authorization3.Federal social services benefits4.Ability to apply for permanent status

1.Protection from removal designation may be granted initially for a period of 2 yearsand renewed in increments of up to 2 years2. Work authorization3. Access to federal social services benefits


Toapply:USCIS

Form I-360

Toapply:USCIS

FormI-360

FormI-589

Toapply:USCIS

FormI-918

Toapply:USCIS

FormI-914

Toapply:ICE- Federal law

enforcementmust seekthis

protection foryou

DHS.GOV/BLUE-CAMPAIGN


• This webinar focus on VAWA self-petition• Next webinar late summer on Battered

Spouse Waiver• Provide links to webinars and resources on

– U Visa– Special Immigrant Juvenile Status


Poll 2: Raise your hand if the you have worked on family violence case where involving an immigrant victim

whose perpetrator was a ---• Citizen or lawful permanent

resident spouse; • Citizen or lawful permanent

resident parent; or• Over 21-year-old citizen

child

NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law10

NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law

Judge Collins: how might identifying

that a victim is eligible to self-

petition impact a state family court

case?

11

VAWA Self-Petition Types• Created, Amended, and Improved by VAWA

– Battered Spouse Waiver (1990)– VAWA Self-Petition

• Abused Spouses/Former spouses (1994, 2000)• Abused Children (1994)• Abused Parents (2005)

– VAWA Cuban Adjustment Act (2000)– VAWA Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness

Act (HRIFA) (2000)– VAWA Nicaraguan and Central American Relief

Act (NACARA) (2000)


Why VAWA Self-Petitioning Was

Created


• Spouses and Parents – Control over the immigration status of – Immigration spouse and children

• Citizen or permanent resident controls– Whether to file– When to file – Whether immigrant family member can attain

or keep legal immigration status


Dependence On Spouse/Parent For Legal Immigration Status

• Exacerbates:– Likelihood of domestic violence– Severity of the violence – Isolation of the victim from help

• Power and control over immigration status keeps victims from– Seeking help– Getting protection orders– Calling police and working with prosecutors


• Provide a battered spouses access to immigration relief they were already entitled to

• Stop abuser/perpetrator use of immigration law as a weapon

• Sever abuser/ perpetrator’s control over:– Criminal justice system intervention– Victim and children

• Provide survivors access to justice, services, help, healing, safety, and economic security


• Refusal to file immigration papers on spouse/child/parent’s behalf

• Threats or taking steps to withdraw an immigration case filed on the survivor’s behalf

• Forcing survivor to work with false documents• Hiding notices to appear in immigration court• Threats/calls/attempts to report victim for

immigration enforcement and deportation• Calls to DHS to interfere in victim’s immigration case• Raising immigration in family court to win custody


Research Leading to Creation of VAWA Self-Petition

• Connection between abuse & power and control over immigration status

• Abuse rates among immigrant women – Lifetime as high as 49.8%– Married to citizens or lawful permanent residents –

50.8%– U.S. citizen spouse/former spouse abuse rate rises to

59.5%

• Almost three times the national averageHass, G. A., Ammar, N., Orloff, L. (2006). Battered Immigrants and U.S. Citizen Spouses


Coercive Control Over Immigration Status

• Among abusive spouses who could have filed legal immigration papers for survivors:– 72.3% never file immigration papers– The 27.7% who did file had a mean delay of 3.97

years.

• 65% of immigrant survivors report some form of immigration related abuse (NIJ, 2003)

• New York story

*Edna Erez and Nawal Ammar, Violence Against Immigrant Women and Systemic Responses: An Exploratory Study (2003)


Importance of Identifying Immigration Related Abuse

• Immigration Related Abuse– 10 times higher in relationships with

physical/sexual abuse as opposed to psychological abuse

– May predict abuse escalation– Corroborates existence of physical and sexual

abuse

Mary Ann Dutton, Leslye Orloff, and Giselle Hass, Characteristics of Help-Seeking Behaviors, Resources and Service Needs of Battered Immigrant Latinas: Legal and Policy Implications (Summer 2000)


21

Protecting Immigrant Mothers, Protects Children

– Immigrant victims who receive help including immigration relief child abuse likelihood drops significantly (77% to 23%).

– Children of help seekers 20% less likely to have abuser threaten them

– One third less likely to have abuser threaten to take them away from their mother

Nawal Ammar, Leslye Orloff, Giselle Hass, Mary Ann Dutton, Children of Battered Immigrant Women: An Assessment of the Cumulative Effects of Violence, Access to Services and Immigrant Status (2004)


Congress’ Response –The VAWA Self-Petition

• Created provisions for immigrants to “self-petition” to obtain lawful permanent residence, work authorization, and receive protection from deportation:– Without abuser’s sponsorship– If subjected to “battery or extreme cruelty”– By a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident

spouse or parent or citizen adult child• VAWA any credible evidence standard


• After filing high rates of justice system use– Protection orders 47.6%– Calls to police for help 36.2%– Help police/prosecutors in a criminal case

33.4%– Divorce 32%– Child support 26.1%


Krisztina E. Szabo & Leslye E. Orloff, The Central Role of Victim Advocacy for Victim Safety While Victims’ Immigration Cases Are Pending (2014)

Self-Petitioning Basics


• Battered spouse waiver• VAWA self-petitions

– Many elements of proof in common

• Main difference – Whether or not the abuser filed a family based

visa petition


Battered Spouse Waivers• Original immigration case filed by citizen spouse• Provides for waiver of the “condition” placed immigrant

spouses “green card” for marriages under 2 years• Waives both the joint filing requirement and two year

wait for full lawful permanent resident status• Requires proof that

– Marriage to U.S. citizen or permanent resident entered into in good faith and

– Spouse or child was battered or subjected to extreme cruelty• Child definition includes step-childImmigration and Nationality Act § 216(c)(4)


VAWA Self-Petitioning Requirements• Subjected to battery or extreme cruelty• By a U.S. Citizen or Lawful Permanent Resident

– Spouse/former spouse;– Parent/step-parent; or– U.S. Citizen adult son/daughter (over 21)

• With whom Self-Petitioner resided – No time period required

• Good moral character• Good faith marriage• VAWA cancellation of removal has similar eligibility• Time to formal protection (4-18 months) (2020)


VAWA Self-Petitioning Facts• Victim can “Self-Petition” without the abuser’s

– Help, support, or knowledge about the case

• Information from the abuser cannot be used against the victim

• Can include certain non-citizen family members• Open to victims with and without temporary legal

status• Approved self-petition leads to:

– Work authorization– Protection from deportation – Lawful Permanent Residency


• Spouse: When spouse, their child, or step-child suffered battering or extreme cruelty. • Status of abused child has no effect• Spouse can include under 21 year old unmarried

children/step-children in the application

• Child: When the child has suffered battering or extreme cruelty• Can include parent/step-parent and under 21 year old

children in the application

• Parent: The abused parent(s) of a US citizen over the age of 21• Can include under 21 year old children in the application


POLL 3: How many cases have you had involving a VAWA self-

petitioning eligible survivor?


A. Fewer than 5B. Between 6 and 15C. Between 16 and 25D. More than 25E. Do not know

Self-Petition: Discussion of Proof Required


• DHS required to accept any credible evidence submitted in support of the application

• No specific forms of evidence can be required– E.g., police reports, medical records, protection

orders are helpful but NOT required

• DHS decides weight to give the evidence• Must prove each element by preponderance =

51%


Effect of Marriage, Divorce, or Age of a Child

• Must file within 2 years of marriage termination/death

• Bigamy exception • Children abused under age 21 have up to age of 25

to file• Step-children must file before divorce• At least one incident of battering/extreme cruelty

occurred during the marriage– Abusive spouse could have become a U.S. citizen or Lawful

Permanent Resident before or after the abuse


• Abuse happened a long time ago– No statute of limitations

• No criminal or protection order case filed• Victim in removal proceedings• Abuser dies - Must file within 2 years of death

• Abuser is deported or denaturalized – Connected to the battering/extreme cruelty

• Survivor not in the U.S. – Abuse occurred in US, or– Abuse occurred abroad and abuser US government employee


Battery or Extreme Cruelty


Immigration Law Definition of Domestic Violence = Battering or

Extreme Cruelty• “Battery or Extreme Cruelty”• Includes:

– All forms of abuse covered in state civil protection order statute

– All forms of abuse that constitute domestic violence under states criminal laws

– Forms of abuse that constitute extreme cruelty• No physical harm, crime, attempted crime required


8 C.F.R.§204.2(c)(1). 4; 61 Fed. Reg. 13061 (March 26, 1996

“For the purpose of this chapter, the phrase ‘was battered by or was the subject of extreme cruelty’ includes, but is not limited to. being the victim of any act or threatened act of violence, including any forceful detention, which results or threatens to result in physical or mental injury. Psychological or sexual abuse or exploitation, including rape, molestation, incest (if the victim is a minor), or forced prostitution shall be considered acts of violence.”


8 C.F.R.§204.2(c)(1). 4; 61 Fed. Reg. 13061 (March 26, 1996

“The acts mentioned in this definition-rape, molestation, incest if the victim is a minor and forced prostitution will be regarded as acts of violence whenever they occur. Many other abusive actions may also be qualifying acts of violence under this rule. Acts that in and of themselves do not initially appear violent, may be a part of an overall pattern of violence…”


8 C.F.R.§204.2(c)(1). 4; 61 Fed. Reg. 13061 (March 26, 1996)

“It is not possible to cite all perpetrations that could be acts of violence under certain circumstances. The Service does not wish to mislead a potentially qualified self-petitioner by establishing a partial list that may be subject to misinterpretation. This rule therefore does not itemize abusive acts other than those few particularly egregious examples mentioned in the definition of the phrase “was battered or was subject to extreme cruelty.”


40NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law

• Correlate strongly with physical & sexual abuse– Isolation– Intimidation– Economic Abuse– Employment Related Abuse– Immigration related abuse

• Threats to kill or cause bodily harm• Threats to harm children or family members• Threats to take away money

Factors That Can Constitute Extreme Cruelty


• Emotional abuse• Economic abuse• Sexual abuse• Coercive control• Deportation threats• Immigration related

abuse

• Financial exploitation• Abuse at work

• Intimidation• Abandonment• Social isolation• Degradation• Possessiveness• Threats to harm• Harming pets• Caregiver neglect


• Abusive acts or Treatment that are Part of a Pattern of Coercive Control Process

• Defined by National Institute of Justice research to include:– Setting the Stage– Coercive Demand– Credible Threat– Surveillance– Delivery of threatened consequences


• Social isolation• Religious persecution• Monitoring phone and internet

use • Monitoring/controlling

movement, whereabouts• Social media control • Showing up at victim’s

work/school• Restricting what spouse eats• Cutting off access to medication

• Sleep deprivation• Threats of deportation• Abuse in front of the children• Threatening to take away the

children• Using children as a tool• Threatening physical violence• Displaying weapons • Stealing spouse’s sentimental

property, money, documents• Threats to commit suicide• Having spouse committed


• Self-petitioner’s declaration

• Others’ declarations (family, neighbors, friends, faith communities, workplace, school)

• Domestic abuse service providers (shelters, crisis lines, support groups)

• Protection orders• Criminal court records

• E-mails, notes, letters, voicemails

• Photos: injuries, broken windows, furniture

• Medical records (injuries, scars, PTSD, migraines, insomnia)

• Vet records• Counselors (marriage,

religious, mental health)• Police reports


• U.S. Citizen– Birth certificate– Passport– Naturalization certificate– Baptismal record– School record– Affidavits– “A” number if naturalized

• Lawful Permanent Resident – Copy of resident card (I-

551), front and back– Copy of passport or I-94

with “temporary proof of resident status” stamp

– Immigration correspondence or notice

– “A” immigration case #


• Standard of proof: At the time of entering into the marriage, the couple intended to establish a life together?



Poll 5: What are examples of proof

of good faith marriage?

A. ChildrenB. Battering or extreme crueltyC. Love lettersD. All of the above

• Children• The battering and/or extreme cruelty• Coercive control• Residence with the abuser• Evidence about:

– How the parties met– How the relationship developed– Burden of higher for shorter marriages

• No need for ongoing documentation from the time of marriage to – Time of separation or present date


• Dissolution of prior marriages• Evidence of formal marriage• Evidence of common law marriage

– Only if common law marriage occurred in CO, IA, KS, MT, NH, SC, TA, UT, or DC

– Could have later moved to another state


• Must have resided together during the marriage

• No specific amount of time required• Could have lived together inside or outside

of the US• No requirement that survivor currently

lives with abuser


• Lease or rental agreements• Utility or other bills• Children’s school or medical records• Letters to both spouses, or to each spouse if the

letters show the same address at the same time • Other documents listing self-petitioner and

abuser at same address at the same time• Declarations from landlords, neighbors, and

friends



Judge Collins: How could family

courts assist in providing evidence of:

• Legal marriage• Good faith marriage• Residence together

53

Good Moral Character Requirement• Must demonstrate that applicant is a person of

“Good Moral Character”

• USCIS looks at the past 3 years

Can be shown by police clearance letter

• Generally means the applicant follows the law

• Can also show positive contributions to her family and community

• There are exceptions – Waivers


Benefits of VAWA Protections• Deportation: Protection from deportation shortly after filing• VAWA Confidentiality: protections against the release of

information and reliance on abuser provided information• Public Benefits: As qualified immigrants (≈3 months), may

qualify for additional state funded benefits – See Public Benefits Map

• Employment Authorization/Drivers’ License: – Citizen abuser (≈ 6 months); – Lawful permanent resident abuser (≈ 18 months)

• Lawful Permanent Residency (If admissible):– Citizen perpetrator apply upon approval (1 year)– Lawful permanent resident perpetrator (≈ 5+ years-depends

on when a visa is available)


Other Types of VAWA Self-Petitions


VAWA Suspension of Deportation and VAWA Cancellation of Removal

• The immigrant (their child or step-child) was battered or subjected to extreme cruelty by

• A citizen or lawful permanent resident spouse, parent or step-parent

• Good moral character (connection to abuse exception)• Extreme Hardship to immigrant or the immigrant’s

child or child immigrant’s parent if immigrant is returned to their home country

• Three years physical presence in the U.S.• Not inadmissible


VAWA Suspension of Deportation and VAWA Cancellation of Removal

• Relationship to abusive party (broader than self-petition)– Parent of a child abused by the child’s other parent who is a citizen or

lawful permanent resident even when no marriage– More than 2 years have passed since

• Divorce from the abuser• Death of the abusive spouse or parent

– Abused step-child can file after divorce– Victims of child abuse who were abused under age 21 and did

not file before age 25 or who never resided with their abuser

• Country of origin of the victim and of the abuser not a factor• VAWA suspension of deportation applicants in removal

proceedings before 4/1/97 = VAWA NACARA


Poll 6: Raise your hand if you have worked with victims whose abusive spouse or parents have be in the U.S. since before

12/31/90 and were from any of the following ---

– Guatemala– El Salvador– Former Soviet

Block Countries


VAWA NACARA• NACARA = Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central

American Relief Act • Offered protection to certain applicants and their

spouses and children who were– El Salvadorans– Guatemalans– Eastern Europeans

• VAWA NACARA two forms of relief for spouses and children who were battered or subjected to extreme cruelty– NACARA 203 applications still accepted (Can include

protections for children and spouses) – NACARA 202 application deadline June 5, 2007


VAWA NACARA Victims: Battered or Subject to Extreme Cruelty by a Spouse, Parents, Step-Parent who --

• Is an El Salvadoran who:– Filed for asylum before 4/1/90, or– Entered the U.S. before 9/20/90 and who registered for ABA

or applied for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) on or before 10/31/91

• Is a Guatemalan who: – Filed for asylum before 4/1/90, or– Entered the U.S. before 10/2/90 and who registered for ABA

or applied for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) on or before 12/31/91.

• Must meet specific additional requirements• Spouses and children receive relief too if included in

application


VAWA NACARA Victims: Battered or Subject to Extreme Cruelty by a Spouse, Parents, Step-Parent who --

• Is an Eastern European who entered the U.S. on or before 12/31/90 and filed for asylum by 12/31/91

• Applicable countries: • Soviet Union (or any republic of the former Soviet

Union), Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, or Yugoslavia (or any state of the former Yugoslavia)

• Must meet specific additional requirements• Spouses and children receive relief too if included in

application


Additional Requirements Abusive Spouse/Parents Must Meet:

• Not apprehended during entry into US after 12/19/90

• 7 years continuous presence in US• Good moral character during time in US• Admissible & not convicted of aggravated felony• Extreme hardship to self or their spouse, child,

or parent who is a citizen or lawful permanent resident; and

• Deserving of suspension or cancellation relief


VAWA NACARA: Can Directly Apply and Prove--

• Battered or subjected to extreme cruelty – by NACARA 203 eligible spouse, parent or step-

parent

• No requirement to be residing in the U.S. with abusive spouse/parent/step-parent

• Both prior and current marriages or parent/child relationships qualify


VAWA NACARA: Time Frame for Marriage or Parent/Child Relationship

• When abusive spouse/parent NACARA 203 applicant– Was granted (or filed application) for suspension of

deportation or cancellation of removal– Registered for ABC benefits– Filed for Temporary Protective Status– Applied for asylum– Was granted suspension of deportation or

cancellation of removal


Poll 7: Raise your hand if you have worked with victims whose abusive

spouse or parent was Cuban?


VAWA Cuban Adjustment Act Abused Spouse or Child Eligibility

• Battered or subject to extreme cruelty by a Cuban Adjustment Act eligible Cuban spouse, parent or step-parent who – Was admitted or paroled into the U.S. – Was physically present in the U.S. for one

year, and– Filed for or obtained lawful permanent

residency


VAWA Cuban Adjustment Act Special Eligibility Rules for Abused Spouse or Child

• Abused spouse, child or step-child can self-petition for lawful permanent residency– At the same time or after the abusive Cuban

spouse/parent gains lawful permanent residency

• Exemptions that apply– Without currently residing with abuser– Can file within two years of

• Cuban spouse, parent, step-parent’s death• Termination of marriage that was connected to the

abuse and for some period lived with abusive Cuban spouse


Poll 8: Raise your hand if you have worked with Haitian victims whose

abusive Haitian spouse or parent had been in the U.S. since at least

12/31/95?


VAWA Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act (HRIFA) Self Petitioner

• VAWA HRIFA self-petitioner is a Haitian national • Who was battered or subject to extreme cruelty

by a spouse, parent, step-parent who is a Haitian national who was eligible to apply for HRIFA

• Must prove a marriage or parent-child relationship

• The abused spouse, child, or step-child’s – Marriage or parent-child relationship could have

been formed after 3/31/2000


Abusive HRIFA Eligible Spouse, Parent, or Step-Parent Must Have Been--

• Present in the U.S. on 12/31/95 • Paroled into U.S. or filed for Asylum before 12/31/95,

or an under 21 year old child on 12/31/95 who was– parentless at the time of arrival and remained parentless– Orphaned after arrival– Abandoned by parents before 4/1/98 and remained

abandoned

• Continuously present in U.S. and filed or eligible to file for lawful permanent residency under HRIFA between 6/11/99 and 3/31/00


VAWA HRIFA Abuser Need Not Have Filed

• Eligible whether or not the abusive Haitian spouse, parent or step-parent– Filed by the 3/31/2000 deadline – Ever became a lawful permanent resident– Included the abused spouse, child or step-child as a

dependent in any application that the abusive Haitian filed

• There is no application deadline for VAWA

HRIFA applications



Poll 9: The abuser and the victim must come from the same country to

qualify for --

A. VAWA cancellation/suspension B. VAWA Cuban AdjustmentC. VAWA HRIFA D. VAWA NACARA

Best Practices VAWA Cubans, NACARA, and HRIFA

• Screen for victims with open removal cases• Use training tools to screen for victims

from eligible countries– http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/vawa-

comparison-interlineated-statutes-ncara-hrifa-caa

• Refer victims to a trained attorney– Call NIWAP for technical assistance– Use the NIWAP Directory

www.directory.niwap.org


Resources, Training and Technical Assistance


Community of PracticeAdvocate Outreach

Opportunity for Victim Advocates/Victim Witness Staff

• One-hour interactive convenings where advocates will learn best practices from colleagues and other subject matter experts

• Access to a password-protected website with additional materials only for COP members

• Register here: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/BBHR3X3

NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law 08/06/2014 … 78

Community of Practice for Opportunity for Family Law Attorneys

• Monthly peer engagement to share best practices, experiences, and strategies on how to better represent immigrant survivors in family court cases.

• Led by NIWAP’s expert faculty and partners• Password-protected website with additional materials

only for COP members• Register here:

https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/TVGDCCV

NIWAP, American University Washington College of Law 08/06/2014 … 79

Training Materials and Tools• Recording of this webinar and materials

http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu/2020-vawa-self-petition-webinar

• Materials include: – All VAWA self-petitioning related government

publications– Screening tools, evidence lists, VAWA self-

petitioning materials for victim advocates and attorneys and legislative history

– On-line trainings


• Contact NIWAP for free technical assistance–Call: 202-274-4457–Email: [email protected]

• Materials library: http://niwaplibrary.wcl.american.edu–Contains over 2,000 free resources related to

immigrant crime victims

• Subscribe to NIWAP’s newsletter:


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